1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
|
<?xml version='1.0' encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
]>
<chapter id="chapter-gtype">
<title>The GLib Dynamic Type System</title>
<para>
A type, as manipulated by the GLib type system, is much more generic than what
is usually understood as an Object type. It is best explained by looking at the
structure and the functions used to register new types in the type system.
<informalexample><programlisting>
typedef struct _GTypeInfo GTypeInfo;
struct _GTypeInfo
{
/* interface types, classed types, instantiated types */
guint16 class_size;
GBaseInitFunc base_init;
GBaseFinalizeFunc base_finalize;
/* classed types, instantiated types */
GClassInitFunc class_init;
GClassFinalizeFunc class_finalize;
gconstpointer class_data;
/* instantiated types */
guint16 instance_size;
guint16 n_preallocs;
GInstanceInitFunc instance_init;
/* value handling */
const GTypeValueTable *value_table;
};
GType g_type_register_static (GType parent_type,
const gchar *type_name,
const GTypeInfo *info,
GTypeFlags flags);
GType g_type_register_fundamental (GType type_id,
const gchar *type_name,
const GTypeInfo *info,
const GTypeFundamentalInfo *finfo,
GTypeFlags flags);
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
<function><link linkend="g-type-register-static">g_type_register_static</link></function>,
<function><link linkend="g-type-register-dynamic">g_type_register_dynamic</link></function> and
<function><link linkend="g-type-register-fundamental">g_type_register_fundamental</link></function>
are the C functions, defined in
<filename>gtype.h</filename> and implemented in <filename>gtype.c</filename>
which you should use to register a new <link linkend="GType"><type>GType</type></link> in the program's type system.
It is not likely you will ever need to use
<function><link linkend="g-type-register-fundamental">g_type_register_fundamental</link></function>
but in case you want to, the last chapter explains how to create
new fundamental types.
</para>
<para>
Fundamental types are top-level types which do not derive from any other type
while other non-fundamental types derive from other types.
Upon initialization, the type system not only initializes its
internal data structures but it also registers a number of core
types: some of these are fundamental types. Others are types derived from these
fundamental types.
</para>
<para>
Fundamental and non-fundamental types are defined by:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
class size: the class_size field in <link linkend="GTypeInfo"><type>GTypeInfo</type></link>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
class initialization functions (C++ constructor): the <function>base_init</function> and
<function>class_init</function> fields in <link linkend="GTypeInfo"><type>GTypeInfo</type></link>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
class destruction functions (C++ destructor): the base_finalize and
class_finalize fields in <link linkend="GTypeInfo"><type>GTypeInfo</type></link>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
instance size (C++ parameter to new): the instance_size field in
<link linkend="GTypeInfo"><type>GTypeInfo</type></link>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
instantiation policy (C++ type of new operator): the n_preallocs
field in <link linkend="GTypeInfo"><type>GTypeInfo</type></link>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
copy functions (C++ copy operators): the value_table field in
<link linkend="GTypeInfo"><type>GTypeInfo</type></link>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
type characteristic flags: <link linkend="GTypeFlags"><type>GTypeFlags</type></link>.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
Fundamental types are also defined by a set of <link linkend="GTypeFundamentalFlags"><type>GTypeFundamentalFlags</type></link>
which are stored in a <link linkend="GTypeFundamentalInfo"><type>GTypeFundamentalInfo</type></link>.
Non-fundamental types are furthermore defined by the type of their parent which is
passed as the parent_type parameter to <function><link linkend="g-type-register-static">g_type_register_static</link></function>
and <function><link linkend="g-type-register-dynamic">g_type_register_dynamic</link></function>.
</para>
<sect1 id="gtype-copy">
<title>Copy functions</title>
<para>
The major common point between <emphasis>all</emphasis> GLib types (fundamental and
non-fundamental, classed and non-classed, instantiatable and non-instantiatable) is that
they can all be manipulated through a single API to copy/assign them.
</para>
<para>
The <link linkend="GValue"><type>GValue</type></link> structure is used as an abstract container for all of these
types. Its simplistic API (defined in <filename>gobject/gvalue.h</filename>) can be
used to invoke the value_table functions registered
during type registration: for example <function><link linkend="g-value-copy">g_value_copy</link></function> copies the
content of a <link linkend="GValue"><type>GValue</type></link> to another <link linkend="GValue"><type>GValue</type></link>. This is similar
to a C++ assignment which invokes the C++ copy operator to modify the default
bit-by-bit copy semantics of C++/C structures/classes.
</para>
<para>
The following code shows how you can copy around a 64 bit integer, as well as a <link linkend="GObject"><type>GObject</type></link>
instance pointer:
<informalexample><programlisting>
static void test_int (void)
{
GValue a_value = G_VALUE_INIT;
GValue b_value = G_VALUE_INIT;
guint64 a, b;
a = 0xdeadbeef;
g_value_init (&a_value, G_TYPE_UINT64);
g_value_set_uint64 (&a_value, a);
g_value_init (&b_value, G_TYPE_UINT64);
g_value_copy (&a_value, &b_value);
b = g_value_get_uint64 (&b_value);
if (a == b) {
g_print ("Yay !! 10 lines of code to copy around a uint64.\n");
} else {
g_print ("Are you sure this is not a Z80 ?\n");
}
}
static void test_object (void)
{
GObject *obj;
GValue obj_vala = G_VALUE_INIT;
GValue obj_valb = G_VALUE_INIT;
obj = g_object_new (VIEWER_TYPE_FILE, NULL);
g_value_init (&obj_vala, VIEWER_TYPE_FILE);
g_value_set_object (&obj_vala, obj);
g_value_init (&obj_valb, G_TYPE_OBJECT);
/* g_value_copy's semantics for G_TYPE_OBJECT types is to copy the reference.
* This function thus calls g_object_ref.
* It is interesting to note that the assignment works here because
* VIEWER_TYPE_FILE is a G_TYPE_OBJECT.
*/
g_value_copy (&obj_vala, &obj_valb);
g_object_unref (G_OBJECT (obj));
g_object_unref (G_OBJECT (obj));
}
</programlisting></informalexample>
The important point about the above code is that the exact semantics of the copy calls
is undefined since they depend on the implementation of the copy function. Certain
copy functions might decide to allocate a new chunk of memory and then to copy the
data from the source to the destination. Others might want to simply increment
the reference count of the instance and copy the reference to the new GValue.
</para>
<para>
The value table used to specify these assignment functions is
documented in
<link linkend="GTypeValueTable"><type>GTypeValueTable</type></link>.
</para>
<para>
Interestingly, it is also very unlikely
you will ever need to specify a value_table during type registration
because these value_tables are inherited from the parent types for
non-fundamental types.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gtype-conventions">
<title>Conventions</title>
<para>
There are a number of conventions users are expected to follow when creating new types
which are to be exported in a header file:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>
Type names (including object names) must be at least three
characters long and start with ‘a–z’, ‘A–Z’ or ‘_’.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Use the <function>object_method</function> pattern for function names: to invoke
the method named <function>save</function> on an instance of object type <type>file</type>, call
<function>file_save</function>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Use prefixing to avoid namespace conflicts with other projects.
If your library (or application) is named <emphasis>Viewer</emphasis>,
prefix all your function names with <emphasis>viewer_</emphasis>.
For example: <function>viewer_object_method</function>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Create a macro named <function>PREFIX_TYPE_OBJECT</function> which always
returns the GType for the associated object type. For an object of type
<emphasis>File</emphasis> in the <emphasis>Viewer</emphasis> namespace,
use: <function>VIEWER_TYPE_FILE</function>.
This macro is implemented using a function named
<function>prefix_object_get_type</function>; for example, <function>viewer_file_get_type</function>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Use <link linkend="G-DECLARE-FINAL-TYPE:CAPS"><function>G_DECLARE_FINAL_TYPE</function></link>
or <link linkend="G-DECLARE-DERIVABLE-TYPE:CAPS"><function>G_DECLARE_DERIVABLE_TYPE</function></link>
to define various other conventional macros for your object:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><function>PREFIX_OBJECT (obj)</function>, which
returns a pointer of type <type>PrefixObject</type>. This macro is used to enforce
static type safety by doing explicit casts wherever needed. It also enforces
dynamic type safety by doing runtime checks. It is possible to disable the dynamic
type checks in production builds (see <link linkend="glib-building">building GLib</link>).
For example, we would create
<function>VIEWER_FILE (obj)</function> to keep the previous example.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>PREFIX_OBJECT_CLASS (klass)</function>, which
is strictly equivalent to the previous casting macro: it does static casting with
dynamic type checking of class structures. It is expected to return a pointer
to a class structure of type <type>PrefixObjectClass</type>. An example is:
<function>VIEWER_FILE_CLASS</function>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>PREFIX_IS_OBJECT (obj)</function>, which
returns a <type>gboolean</type> which indicates whether the input
object instance pointer is non-<type>NULL</type> and of type <type>OBJECT</type>.
For example, <function>VIEWER_IS_FILE</function>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>PREFIX_IS_OBJECT_CLASS (klass)</function>, which returns a boolean
if the input class pointer is a pointer to a class of type OBJECT.
For example, <function>VIEWER_IS_FILE_CLASS</function>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>PREFIX_OBJECT_GET_CLASS (obj)</function>,
which returns the class pointer associated to an instance of a given type. This macro
is used for static and dynamic type safety purposes (just like the previous casting
macros).
For example, <function>VIEWER_FILE_GET_CLASS</function>.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
The implementation of these macros is pretty straightforward: a number of simple-to-use
macros are provided in <filename>gtype.h</filename>. For the example we used above, we would
write the following trivial code to declare the macros:
<informalexample><programlisting>
#define VIEWER_TYPE_FILE viewer_file_get_type ()
G_DECLARE_FINAL_TYPE (ViewerFile, viewer_file, VIEWER, FILE, GObject)
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
Unless your code has special requirements, you can use the
<function><link linkend="G-DEFINE-TYPE:CAPS">G_DEFINE_TYPE</link></function>
macro to define a class:
<informalexample><programlisting>
G_DEFINE_TYPE (ViewerFile, viewer_file, G_TYPE_OBJECT)
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
Otherwise, the <function>viewer_file_get_type</function> function must be
implemented manually:
<informalexample><programlisting>
GType viewer_file_get_type (void)
{
static GType type = 0;
if (type == 0) {
const GTypeInfo info = {
/* You fill this structure. */
};
type = g_type_register_static (G_TYPE_OBJECT,
"ViewerFile",
&info, 0);
}
return type;
}
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gtype-non-instantiatable">
<title>Non-instantiatable non-classed fundamental types</title>
<para>
A lot of types are not instantiatable by the type system and do not have
a class. Most of these types are fundamental trivial types such as <emphasis>gchar</emphasis>,
and are already registered by GLib.
</para>
<para>
In the rare case of needing to register such a type in the type
system, fill a
<link linkend="GTypeInfo"><type>GTypeInfo</type></link> structure with zeros since these types are also most of the time
fundamental:
<informalexample><programlisting>
GTypeInfo info = {
0, /* class_size */
NULL, /* base_init */
NULL, /* base_destroy */
NULL, /* class_init */
NULL, /* class_destroy */
NULL, /* class_data */
0, /* instance_size */
0, /* n_preallocs */
NULL, /* instance_init */
NULL, /* value_table */
};
static const GTypeValueTable value_table = {
value_init_long0, /* value_init */
NULL, /* value_free */
value_copy_long0, /* value_copy */
NULL, /* value_peek_pointer */
"i", /* collect_format */
value_collect_int, /* collect_value */
"p", /* lcopy_format */
value_lcopy_char, /* lcopy_value */
};
info.value_table = &value_table;
type = g_type_register_fundamental (G_TYPE_CHAR, "gchar", &info, &finfo, 0);
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
Having non-instantiatable types might seem a bit useless: what good is a type
if you cannot instantiate an instance of that type ? Most of these types
are used in conjunction with <link linkend="GValue"><type>GValue</type></link>s: a GValue is initialized
with an integer or a string and it is passed around by using the registered
type's value_table. <link linkend="GValue"><type>GValue</type></link>s (and by extension these trivial fundamental
types) are most useful when used in conjunction with object properties and signals.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gtype-instantiatable-classed">
<title>Instantiatable classed types: objects</title>
<para>
This section covers the theory behind objects. See
<xref linkend="howto-gobject"/> for the recommended way to define a
GObject.
</para>
<para>
Types which are registered with a class and are declared instantiatable are
what most closely resembles an <emphasis>object</emphasis>.
Although <link linkend="GObject"><type>GObject</type></link>s (detailed in <xref linkend="chapter-gobject"/>)
are the most well known type of instantiatable
classed types, other kinds of similar objects used as the base of an inheritance
hierarchy have been externally developed and they are all built on the fundamental
features described below.
</para>
<para>
For example, the code below shows how you could register
such a fundamental object type in the type system (using none of the
GObject convenience API):
<informalexample><programlisting>
typedef struct {
GObject parent;
/* instance members */
gchar *filename;
} ViewerFile;
typedef struct {
GObjectClass parent;
/* class members */
/* the first is public, pure and virtual */
void (*open) (ViewerFile *self,
GError **error);
/* the second is public and virtual */
void (*close) (ViewerFile *self,
GError **error);
} ViewerFileClass;
#define VIEWER_TYPE_FILE (viewer_file_get_type ())
GType
viewer_file_get_type (void)
{
static GType type = 0;
if (type == 0) {
const GTypeInfo info = {
sizeof (ViewerFileClass),
NULL, /* base_init */
NULL, /* base_finalize */
(GClassInitFunc) viewer_file_class_init,
NULL, /* class_finalize */
NULL, /* class_data */
sizeof (ViewerFile),
0, /* n_preallocs */
(GInstanceInitFunc) NULL /* instance_init */
};
type = g_type_register_static (G_TYPE_OBJECT,
"ViewerFile",
&info, 0);
}
return type;
}
</programlisting></informalexample>
Upon the first call to <function>viewer_file_get_type</function>, the type named
<emphasis>ViewerFile</emphasis> will be registered in the type system as inheriting
from the type <emphasis>G_TYPE_OBJECT</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>
Every object must define two structures: its class structure and its
instance structure. All class structures must contain as first member
a <link linkend="GTypeClass"><type>GTypeClass</type></link> structure. All instance structures must contain as first
member a <link linkend="GTypeInstance"><type>GTypeInstance</type></link> structure. The declaration of these C types,
coming from <filename>gtype.h</filename> is shown below:
<informalexample><programlisting>
struct _GTypeClass
{
GType g_type;
};
struct _GTypeInstance
{
GTypeClass *g_class;
};
</programlisting></informalexample>
These constraints allow the type system to make sure that every object instance
(identified by a pointer to the object's instance structure) contains in its
first bytes a pointer to the object's class structure.
</para>
<para>
This relationship is best explained by an example: let's take object B which
inherits from object A:
<informalexample><programlisting>
/* A definitions */
typedef struct {
GTypeInstance parent;
int field_a;
int field_b;
} A;
typedef struct {
GTypeClass parent_class;
void (*method_a) (void);
void (*method_b) (void);
} AClass;
/* B definitions. */
typedef struct {
A parent;
int field_c;
int field_d;
} B;
typedef struct {
AClass parent_class;
void (*method_c) (void);
void (*method_d) (void);
} BClass;
</programlisting></informalexample>
The C standard mandates that the first field of a C structure is stored starting
in the first byte of the buffer used to hold the structure's fields in memory.
This means that the first field of an instance of an object B is A's first field
which in turn is <type>GTypeInstance</type>'s first field which in
turn is <structfield>g_class</structfield>, a pointer
to B's class structure.
</para>
<para>
Thanks to these simple conditions, it is possible to detect the type of every
object instance by doing:
<informalexample><programlisting>
B *b;
b->parent.parent.g_class->g_type
</programlisting></informalexample>
or, more quickly:
<informalexample><programlisting>
B *b;
((GTypeInstance *) b)->g_class->g_type
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<sect2 id="gtype-instantiatable-classed-init-done">
<title>Initialization and Destruction</title>
<para>
instantiation of these types can be done with
<function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function>,
which will look up the type information
structure associated with the type requested. Then, the instance size and instantiation
policy (if the <structfield>n_preallocs</structfield> field is set
to a non-zero value, the type system allocates
the object's instance structures in chunks rather than mallocing for every instance)
declared by the user are used to get a buffer to hold the object's instance
structure.
</para>
<para>
If this is the first instance of the object ever created, the type system must create a class structure.
It allocates a buffer to hold the object's class structure and initializes it. The first part of the
class structure (ie: the embedded parent class structure) is initialized by copying the contents from
the class structure of the parent class. The rest of class structure is initialized to zero. If there
is no parent, the entire class structure is initialized to zero. The type system then invokes the
<function>base_class_initialization</function> functions
(<link linkend="GBaseInitFunc"><type>GBaseInitFunc</type></link>) from topmost
fundamental object to bottom-most most derived object. The object's <function>class_init</function>
(<link linkend="GClassInitFunc"><type>GClassInitFunc</type></link>) function is invoked afterwards to complete
initialization of the class structure.
Finally, the object's interfaces are initialized (we will discuss interface initialization
in more detail later).
</para>
<para>
Once the type system has a pointer to an initialized class structure, it sets the object's
instance class pointer to the object's class structure and invokes the object's
<function>instance_init</function>
(<link linkend="GInstanceInitFunc"><type>GInstanceInitFunc</type></link>)
functions, from top-most fundamental
type to bottom-most most-derived type.
</para>
<para>
Object instance destruction through <function><link linkend="g-type-free-instance">g_type_free_instance</link></function> is very simple:
the instance structure is returned to the instance pool if there is one and if this was the
last living instance of the object, the class is destroyed.
</para>
<para>
Class destruction (the concept of destruction is sometimes partly
referred to as finalization in GType) is the symmetric process of
the initialization: interfaces are destroyed first.
Then, the most derived
class_finalize (<link linkend="GClassFinalizeFunc"><type>GClassFinalizeFunc</type></link>) function is invoked. Finally, the
base_class_finalize (<link linkend="GBaseFinalizeFunc"><type>GBaseFinalizeFunc</type></link>) functions are
invoked from bottom-most most-derived type to top-most fundamental type and
the class structure is freed.
</para>
<para>
The base initialization/finalization process is
very similar to the C++ constructor/destructor paradigm. The practical details are different
though and it is important not to get confused by superficial similarities.
GTypes have no instance destruction mechanism. It is
the user's responsibility to implement correct destruction semantics on top
of the existing GType code. (This is what GObject does: see
<xref linkend="chapter-gobject"/>.)
Furthermore, C++ code equivalent to the <function>base_init</function>
and <function>class_init</function> callbacks of GType is usually not needed because C++ cannot really create object
types at runtime.
</para>
<para>
The instantiation/finalization process can be summarized as follows:
<table id="gtype-init-fini-table">
<title>GType Instantiation/Finalization</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colwidth="*" colnum="1" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="*" colnum="2" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="8*" colnum="3" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Invocation time</entry>
<entry>Function invoked</entry>
<entry>Function's parameters</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="2">First call to <function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function> for target type</entry>
<entry>type's <function>base_init</function> function</entry>
<entry>On the inheritance tree of classes from fundamental type to target type.
<function>base_init</function> is invoked once for each class structure.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<!--entry>First call to <function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function> for target type</entry-->
<entry>target type's <function>class_init</function> function</entry>
<entry>On target type's class structure</entry>
</row>
<row>
<!--entry>First call to <function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function> for target type</entry-->
<entry>interface initialization, see
<xref linkend="gtype-non-instantiatable-classed-init"/></entry>
<entry></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Each call to <function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function> for target type</entry>
<entry>target type's <function>instance_init</function> function</entry>
<entry>On object's instance</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry morerows="2">Last call to <function><link linkend="g-type-free-instance">g_type_free_instance</link></function> for target type</entry>
<entry>interface destruction, see
<xref linkend="gtype-non-instantiatable-classed-dest"/></entry>
<entry></entry>
</row>
<row>
<!--entry>Last call to <function><link linkend="g-type-free-instance">g_type_free_instance</link></function> for target type</entry-->
<entry>target type's <function>class_finalize</function> function</entry>
<entry>On target type's class structure</entry>
</row>
<row>
<!--entry>Last call to <function><link linkend="g-type-free-instance">g_type_free_instance</link></function> for target type</entry-->
<entry>type's <function>base_finalize</function> function</entry>
<entry>On the inheritance tree of classes from fundamental type to target type.
<function>base_finalize</function> is invoked once for each class structure.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gtype-non-instantiatable-classed">
<title>Non-instantiatable classed types: interfaces</title>
<para>
This section covers the theory behind interfaces. See
<xref linkend="howto-interface"/> for the recommended way to define an
interface.
</para>
<para>
GType's interfaces are very similar to Java's interfaces. They allow
to describe a common API that several classes will adhere to.
Imagine the play, pause and stop buttons on hi-fi equipment — those can
be seen as a playback interface. Once you know what they do, you can
control your CD player, MP3 player or anything that uses these symbols.
To declare an interface you have to register a non-instantiatable
classed type which derives from
<link linkend="GTypeInterface"><type>GTypeInterface</type></link>. The following piece of code declares such an interface.
<informalexample><programlisting>
#define VIEWER_TYPE_EDITABLE viewer_editable_get_type ()
G_DECLARE_INTERFACE (ViewerEditable, viewer_editable, VIEWER, EDITABLE, GObject)
struct _ViewerEditableInterface {
GTypeInterface parent;
void (*save) (ViewerEditable *self,
GError **error);
};
void viewer_editable_save (ViewerEditable *self,
GError **error);
</programlisting></informalexample>
The interface function, <function>viewer_editable_save</function> is implemented
in a pretty simple way:
<informalexample><programlisting>
void
viewer_editable_save (ViewerEditable *self,
GError **error)
{
ViewerEditableinterface *iface;
g_return_if_fail (VIEWER_IS_EDITABLE (self));
g_return_if_fail (error == NULL || *error == NULL);
iface = VIEWER_EDITABLE_GET_IFACE (self);
g_return_if_fail (iface->save != NULL);
iface->save (self);
}
</programlisting></informalexample>
<function>viewer_editable_get_type</function> registers a type named <emphasis>ViewerEditable</emphasis>
which inherits from <type>G_TYPE_INTERFACE</type>. All interfaces must
be children of <type>G_TYPE_INTERFACE</type> in the inheritance tree.
</para>
<para>
An interface is defined by only one structure which must contain as first member
a <link linkend="GTypeInterface"><type>GTypeInterface</type></link> structure. The interface structure is expected to
contain the function pointers of the interface methods. It is good style to
define helper functions for each of the interface methods which simply call
the interface's method directly: <function>viewer_editable_save</function>
is one of these.
</para>
<para>
If you have no special requirements you can use the
<link linkend="G-IMPLEMENT-INTERFACE:CAPS">G_IMPLEMENT_INTERFACE</link> macro
to implement an interface:
<informalexample><programlisting>
static void
viewer_file_save (ViewerEditable *self)
{
g_print ("File implementation of editable interface save method.\n");
}
static void
viewer_file_editable_interface_init (ViewerEditableInterface *iface)
{
iface->save = viewer_file_save;
}
G_DEFINE_TYPE_WITH_CODE (ViewerFile, viewer_file, VIEWER_TYPE_FILE,
G_IMPLEMENT_INTERFACE (VIEWER_TYPE_EDITABLE,
viewer_file_editable_interface_init))
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
If your code does have special requirements, you must write a custom
<function>get_type</function> function to register your GType which
inherits from some <link linkend="GObject"><type>GObject</type></link>
and which implements the interface <type>ViewerEditable</type>. For
example, this code registers a new <type>ViewerFile</type> class which
implements <type>ViewerEditable</type>:
<informalexample><programlisting>
static void
viewer_file_save (ViewerEditable *editable)
{
g_print ("File implementation of editable interface save method.\n");
}
static void
viewer_file_editable_interface_init (gpointer g_iface,
gpointer iface_data)
{
ViewerEditableInterface *iface = g_iface;
iface->save = viewer_file_save;
}
GType
viewer_file_get_type (void)
{
static GType type = 0;
if (type == 0) {
const GTypeInfo info = {
sizeof (ViewerFileClass),
NULL, /* base_init */
NULL, /* base_finalize */
NULL, /* class_init */
NULL, /* class_finalize */
NULL, /* class_data */
sizeof (ViewerFile),
0, /* n_preallocs */
NULL /* instance_init */
};
const GInterfaceInfo editable_info = {
(GInterfaceInitFunc) viewer_file_editable_interface_init, /* interface_init */
NULL, /* interface_finalize */
NULL /* interface_data */
};
type = g_type_register_static (VIEWER_TYPE_FILE,
"ViewerFile",
&info, 0);
g_type_add_interface_static (type,
VIEWER_TYPE_EDITABLE,
&editable_info);
}
return type;
}
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
<function><link linkend="g-type-add-interface-static">g_type_add_interface_static</link></function> records in the type system that
a given type implements also <type>FooInterface</type>
(<function>foo_interface_get_type</function> returns the type of
<type>FooInterface</type>).
The <link linkend="GInterfaceInfo"><type>GInterfaceInfo</type></link> structure holds
information about the implementation of the interface:
<informalexample><programlisting>
struct _GInterfaceInfo
{
GInterfaceInitFunc interface_init;
GInterfaceFinalizeFunc interface_finalize;
gpointer interface_data;
};
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<sect2 id="gtype-non-instantiatable-classed-init">
<title>Interface Initialization</title>
<para>
When an instantiatable classed type which implements an interface
(either directly or by inheriting an implementation from a superclass)
is created for the first time, its class structure is initialized
following the process described in <xref linkend="gtype-instantiatable-classed"/>.
After that, the interface implementations associated with
the type are initialized.
</para>
<para>
First a memory buffer is allocated to hold the interface structure. The parent's
interface structure is then copied over to the new interface structure (the parent
interface is already initialized at that point). If there is no parent interface,
the interface structure is initialized with zeros. The
<structfield>g_type</structfield> and the
<structfield>g_instance_type</structfield> fields are then
initialized: <structfield>g_type</structfield> is set to the type of
the most-derived interface and
<structfield>g_instance_type</structfield> is set to the type of the
most derived type which implements this interface.
</para>
<para>
The interface's <function>base_init</function> function is called,
and then the interface's <function>default_init</function> is invoked.
Finally if the type has registered an implementation of the interface,
the implementation's <function>interface_init</function>
function is invoked. If there are multiple implementations of an
interface the <function>base_init</function> and
<function>interface_init</function> functions will be invoked once
for each implementation initialized.
</para>
<para>
It is thus recommended to use a <function>default_init</function> function to
initialize an interface. This function is called only once for the interface no
matter how many implementations there are. The
<function>default_init</function> function is declared by
<link linkend="G-DEFINE-INTERFACE:CAPS">G_DEFINE_INTERFACE</link>
which can be used to define the interface:
<informalexample><programlisting>
G_DEFINE_INTERFACE (ViewerEditable, viewer_editable, G_TYPE_OBJECT)
static void
viewer_editable_default_init (ViewerEditableInterface *iface)
{
/* add properties and signals here, will only be called once */
}
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
Or you can do that yourself in a GType function for your interface:
<informalexample><programlisting>
GType
viewer_editable_get_type (void)
{
static gsize type_id = 0;
if (g_once_init_enter (&type_id)) {
const GTypeInfo info = {
sizeof (ViewerEditableInterface),
NULL, /* base_init */
NULL, /* base_finalize */
viewer_editable_default_init, /* class_init */
NULL, /* class_finalize */
NULL, /* class_data */
0, /* instance_size */
0, /* n_preallocs */
NULL /* instance_init */
};
GType type = g_type_register_static (G_TYPE_INTERFACE,
"ViewerEditable",
&info, 0);
g_once_init_leave (&type_id, type);
}
return type_id;
}
static void
viewer_editable_default_init (ViewerEditableInterface *iface)
{
/* add properties and signals here, will only called once */
}
</programlisting></informalexample>
</para>
<para>
In summary, interface initialization uses the following functions:
</para>
<para>
<table id="ginterface-init-table">
<title>Interface Initialization</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colwidth="*" colnum="1" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="*" colnum="2" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="8*" colnum="3" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Invocation time</entry>
<entry>Function Invoked</entry>
<entry>Function's parameters</entry>
<entry>Remark</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>First call to <function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function>
for <emphasis>any</emphasis> type implementing interface
</entry>
<entry>interface's <function>base_init</function> function</entry>
<entry>On interface's vtable</entry>
<entry>Rarely necessary to use this. Called once per instantiated classed type implementing the interface.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>First call to <function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function>
for <emphasis>each</emphasis> type implementing interface
</entry>
<entry>interface's <function>default_init</function> function</entry>
<entry>On interface's vtable</entry>
<entry>Register interface's signals, properties, etc. here. Will be called once.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>First call to <function><link linkend="g-type-create-instance">g_type_create_instance</link></function>
for <emphasis>any</emphasis> type implementing interface
</entry>
<entry>implementation's <function>interface_init</function> function</entry>
<entry>On interface's vtable</entry>
<entry>
Initialize interface implementation. Called for each class that that
implements the interface. Initialize the interface method pointers
in the interface structure to the implementing class's implementation.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="gtype-non-instantiatable-classed-dest">
<title>Interface Destruction</title>
<para>
When the last instance of an instantiatable type which registered
an interface implementation is destroyed, the interface's
implementations associated to the type are destroyed.
</para>
<para>
To destroy an interface implementation, GType first calls the
implementation's <function>interface_finalize</function> function
and then the interface's most-derived
<function>base_finalize</function> function.
</para>
<para>
Again, it is important to understand, as in
<xref linkend="gtype-non-instantiatable-classed-init"/>,
that both <function>interface_finalize</function> and <function>base_finalize</function>
are invoked exactly once for the destruction of each implementation of an interface. Thus,
if you were to use one of these functions, you would need to use a static integer variable
which would hold the number of instances of implementations of an interface such that
the interface's class is destroyed only once (when the integer variable reaches zero).
</para>
<para>
The above process can be summarized as follows:
<table id="ginterface-fini-table">
<title>Interface Finalization</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colwidth="*" colnum="1" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="*" colnum="2" align="left"/>
<colspec colwidth="8*" colnum="3" align="left"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Invocation time</entry>
<entry>Function Invoked</entry>
<entry>Function's parameters</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="1">Last call to <function><link linkend="g-type-free-instance">g_type_free_instance</link></function> for type
implementing interface
</entry>
<entry>interface's <function>interface_finalize</function> function</entry>
<entry>On interface's vtable</entry>
</row>
<row>
<!--entry>Last call to <function><link linkend="g-type-free-instance">g_type_free_instance</link></function>for type
implementing interface
</entry-->
<entry>interface's <function>base_finalize</function> function</entry>
<entry>On interface's vtable</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
|