Merge branch 'jramsay-4012-improve-internationization-docs' into 'master'

Improve internationalization docs

See merge request gitlab-org/gitlab-ce!14570

6 files changed, 441 insertions, 306 deletions

diff --git a/doc/development/README.md b/doc/development/README.md
index 1448a4c0414..b648c7ce086 100644
--- a/doc/development/README.md
+++ b/doc/development/README.md
@@ -64,9 +64,11 @@
 - [Hash Indexes](hash_indexes.md)
 - [Swapping Tables](swapping_tables.md)
 
-## i18n
+## Internationalization (i18n)
 
-- [Internationalization for GitLab](i18n_guide.md)
+- [Introduction](i18n/index.md)
+- [Externalization](i18n/externalization.md)
+- [Translation](i18n/translation.md)
 
 ## Compliance
 
diff --git a/doc/development/i18n/externalization.md b/doc/development/i18n/externalization.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..167260b6e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/development/i18n/externalization.md
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+# Internationalization for GitLab
+
+> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/10669) in GitLab 9.2.
+
+For working with internationalization (i18n),
+[GNU gettext](https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/) is used given it's the most
+used tool for this task and there are a lot of applications that will help us to
+work with it.
+
+## Setting up GitLab Development Kit (GDK)
+
+In order to be able to work on the [GitLab Community Edition](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce)
+project you must download and configure it through [GDK](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-development-kit/blob/master/doc/set-up-gdk.md).
+
+Once you have the GitLab project ready, you can start working on the translation.
+
+## Tools
+
+The following tools are used:
+
+1. [`gettext_i18n_rails`](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails): this
+   gem allow us to translate content from models, views and controllers. Also
+   it gives us access to the following raketasks:
+    - `rake gettext:find`: Parses almost all the files from the
+      Rails application looking for content that has been marked for
+      translation. Finally, it updates the PO files with the new content that
+      it has found.
+    - `rake gettext:pack`: Processes the PO files and generates the
+      MO files that are binary and are finally used by the application.
+
+1. [`gettext_i18n_rails_js`](https://github.com/webhippie/gettext_i18n_rails_js):
+   this gem is useful to make the translations available in JavaScript. It
+   provides the following raketask:
+    - `rake gettext:po_to_json`: Reads the contents from the PO files and
+      generates JSON files containing all the available translations.
+
+1. PO editor: there are multiple applications that can help us to work with PO
+   files, a good option is [Poedit](https://poedit.net/download) which is
+   available for macOS, GNU/Linux and Windows.
+
+## Preparing a page for translation
+
+We basically have 4 types of files:
+
+1. Ruby files: basically Models and Controllers.
+1. HAML files: these are the view files.
+1. ERB files: used for email templates.
+1. JavaScript files: we mostly need to work with VUE JS templates.
+
+### Ruby files
+
+If there is a method or variable that works with a raw string, for instance:
+
+```ruby
+def hello
+  "Hello world!"
+end
+```
+
+Or:
+
+```ruby
+hello = "Hello world!"
+```
+
+You can easily mark that content for translation with:
+
+```ruby
+def hello
+  _("Hello world!")
+end
+```
+
+Or:
+
+```ruby
+hello = _("Hello world!")
+```
+
+### HAML files
+
+Given the following content in HAML:
+
+```haml
+%h1 Hello world!
+```
+
+You can mark that content for translation with:
+
+```haml
+%h1= _("Hello world!")
+```
+
+### ERB files
+
+Given the following content in ERB:
+
+```erb
+<h1>Hello world!</h1>
+```
+
+You can mark that content for translation with:
+
+```erb
+<h1><%= _("Hello world!") %></h1>
+```
+
+### JavaScript files
+
+In JavaScript we added the `__()` (double underscore parenthesis) function
+for translations.
+
+### Updating the PO files with the new content
+
+Now that the new content is marked for translation, we need to update the PO
+files with the following command:
+
+```sh
+bundle exec rake gettext:find
+```
+
+This command will update the `locale/**/gitlab.edit.po` file with the
+new content that the parser has found.
+
+New translations will be added with their default content and will be marked
+fuzzy. To use the translation, look for the `#, fuzzy` mention in `gitlab.edit.po`
+and remove it.
+
+We need to make sure we remove the `fuzzy` translations before generating the
+`locale/**/gitlab.po` file. When they aren't removed, the resulting `.po` will
+be treated as a binary file which could overwrite translations that were merged
+before the new translations.
+
+When we are just preparing a page to be translated, but not actually adding any
+translations. There's no need to generate `.po` files.
+
+Translations that aren't used in the source code anymore will be marked with
+`~#`; these can be removed to keep our translation files clutter-free.
+
+### Validating PO files
+
+To make sure we keep our translation files up to date, there's a linter that is
+running on CI as part of the `static-analysis` job.
+
+To lint the adjustments in PO files locally you can run `rake gettext:lint`.
+
+The linter will take the following into account:
+
+- Valid PO-file syntax
+- Variable usage
+  - Only one unnamed (`%d`) variable, since the order of variables might change
+    in different languages
+  - All variables used in the message-id are used in the translation
+  - There should be no variables used in a translation that aren't in the
+    message-id
+- Errors during translation.
+
+The errors are grouped per file, and per message ID:
+
+```
+Errors in `locale/zh_HK/gitlab.po`:
+  PO-syntax errors
+    SimplePoParser::ParserErrorSyntax error in lines
+    Syntax error in msgctxt
+    Syntax error in msgid
+    Syntax error in msgstr
+    Syntax error in message_line
+    There should be only whitespace until the end of line after the double quote character of a message text.
+    Parseing result before error: '{:msgid=>["", "You are going to remove %{project_name_with_namespace}.\\n", "Removed project CANNOT be restored!\\n", "Are you ABSOLUTELY sure?"]}'
+    SimplePoParser filtered backtrace: SimplePoParser::ParserError
+Errors in `locale/zh_TW/gitlab.po`:
+  1 pipeline
+    <%d 條流水線> is using unknown variables: [%d]
+    Failure translating to zh_TW with []: too few arguments
+```
+
+In this output the `locale/zh_HK/gitlab.po` has syntax errors.
+The `locale/zh_TW/gitlab.po` has variables that are used in the translation that
+aren't in the message with id `1 pipeline`.
+
+## Working with special content
+
+### Interpolation
+
+- In Ruby/HAML:
+
+    ```ruby
+    _("Hello %{name}") % { name: 'Joe' }
+    ```
+
+- In JavaScript: Not supported at this moment.
+
+### Plurals
+
+- In Ruby/HAML:
+
+    ```ruby
+    n_('Apple', 'Apples', 3) => 'Apples'
+    ```
+
+    Using interpolation:
+    ```ruby
+    n_("There is a mouse.", "There are %d mice.", size) % size
+    ```
+
+- In JavaScript:
+
+    ```js
+    n__('Apple', 'Apples', 3) => 'Apples'
+    ```
+
+    Using interpolation:
+
+    ```js
+    n__('Last day', 'Last %d days', 30) => 'Last 30 days'
+    ```
+
+### Namespaces
+
+Sometimes you need to add some context to the text that you want to translate
+(if the word occurs in a sentence and/or the word is ambiguous).
+
+- In Ruby/HAML:
+
+    ```ruby
+    s_('OpenedNDaysAgo|Opened')
+    ```
+
+    In case the translation is not found it will return `Opened`.
+
+- In JavaScript:
+
+    ```js
+    s__('OpenedNDaysAgo|Opened')
+    ```
+
+### Just marking content for parsing
+
+Sometimes there are some dynamic translations that can't be found by the
+parser when running `bundle exec rake gettext:find`. For these scenarios you can
+use the [`_N` method](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails/blob/c09e38d481e0899ca7d3fc01786834fa8e7aab97/Readme.md#unfound-translations-with-rake-gettextfind).
+
+There is also and alternative method to [translate messages from validation errors](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails/blob/c09e38d481e0899ca7d3fc01786834fa8e7aab97/Readme.md#option-a).
+
+## Adding a new language
+
+Let's suppose you want to add translations for a new language, let's say French.
+
+1. The first step is to register the new language in `lib/gitlab/i18n.rb`:
+
+    ```ruby
+    ...
+    AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES = {
+      ...,
+      'fr' => 'Français'
+    }.freeze
+    ...
+    ```
+
+1. Next, you need to add the language:
+
+    ```sh
+    bundle exec rake gettext:add_language[fr]
+    ```
+
+    If you want to add a new language for a specific region, the command is similar,
+    you just need to separate the region with an underscore (`_`). For example:
+
+    ```sh
+    bundle exec rake gettext:add_language[en_GB]
+    ```
+
+    Please note that you need to specify the region part in capitals.
+
+1. Now that the language is added, a new directory has been created under the
+   path: `locale/fr/`. You can now start using your PO editor to edit the PO file
+   located in: `locale/fr/gitlab.edit.po`.
+
+1. After you're done updating the translations, you need to process the PO files
+   in order to generate the binary MO files and finally update the JSON files
+   containing the translations:
+
+    ```sh
+    bundle exec rake gettext:compile
+    ```
+
+1. In order to see the translated content we need to change our preferred language
+   which can be found under the user's **Settings** (`/profile`).
+
+1. After checking that the changes are ok, you can proceed to commit the new files.
+   For example:
+
+    ```sh
+    git add locale/fr/ app/assets/javascripts/locale/fr/
+    git commit -m "Add French translations for Cycle Analytics page"
+    ```
diff --git a/doc/development/i18n/img/crowdin-editor.png b/doc/development/i18n/img/crowdin-editor.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5c31d8f0cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/development/i18n/img/crowdin-editor.png
diff --git a/doc/development/i18n/index.md b/doc/development/i18n/index.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4cb2624c098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/development/i18n/index.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Translate GitLab to your language
+
+The text in GitLab's user interface is in American English by default.
+Each string can be translated to other languages.
+As each string is translated, it is added to the languages translation file,
+and will be available in future releases of GitLab.
+
+Contributions to translations are always needed.
+Many strings are not yet available for translation because they have not been externalized.
+Helping externalize strings benefits all languages.
+Some translations are incomplete or inconsistent.
+Translating strings will help complete and improve each language.
+
+## How to contribute
+
+There are many ways you can contribute in translating GitLab.
+
+### Externalize strings
+
+Before a string can be translated, it must be externalized.
+This is the process where English strings in the GitLab source code are wrapped in a function that
+retrieves the translated string for the user's language.
+
+As new features are added and existing features are updated, the surrounding strings are being
+externalized, however, there are many parts of GitLab that still need more work to externalize all
+strings.
+
+See [Externalization for GitLab](externalization.md).
+
+### Translate strings
+
+The translation process is managed at [translate.gitlab.com](https://translate.gitlab.com)
+using [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/).
+You will need to create an account before you can submit translations.
+Once you are signed in, select the language you wish to contribute translations to.
+
+Voting for translations is also valuable, helping to confirm good and flag inaccurate translations.
+
+See [Translation guidelines](translation.md).
+
+### Proof reading
+
+Proof reading helps ensure the accuracy and consistency of translations.
+All translations are proof read before being accepted.
+If a translations requires changes, you will be notified with a comment explaining why.
+
+Community assistance proof reading translations is encouraged and appreciated.
+Requests to become a proof reader will be considered on the merits of previous translations.
+
+- Bulgarian
+- Chinese Simplified
+  - [Huang Tao](https://crowdin.com/profile/htve)
+- Chinese Traditional
+  - [Huang Tao](https://crowdin.com/profile/htve)
+- Chinese Traditional, Hong Kong
+  - [Huang Tao](https://crowdin.com/profile/htve)
+- Dutch
+- Esperanto
+- French
+- German
+- Italian
+- Japanese
+- Korean
+  - [Huang Tao](https://crowdin.com/profile/htve)
+- Portuguese, Brazilian
+- Russian
+  - [Alexy Lustin](https://crowdin.com/profile/lustin)
+  - [Nikita Grylov](https://crowdin.com/profile/nixel2007)
+- Spanish
+- Ukrainian
+
+If you would like to be added as a proof reader, please [open an issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues).
+
+## Release
+
+Translations are typically included in the next major or minor release.
diff --git a/doc/development/i18n/translation.md b/doc/development/i18n/translation.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..79707aaf671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/development/i18n/translation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Translating GitLab
+
+For managing the translation process we use [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com).
+
+## Using Crowdin
+
+The first step is to get familiar with Crowdin.
+
+### Sign In
+
+To contribute translations at [translate.gitlab.com](https://translate.gitlab.com)
+you must create a Crowdin account.
+You may create a new account or use any of their supported sign in services.
+
+### Language Selections
+
+GitLab is being translated into many languages.
+
+1. Select the language you would like to contribute translations to by clicking the flag
+1. You will see a list of files and folders.
+  Click `gitlab.pot` to open the translation editor.
+
+### Translation Editor
+
+The online translation editor is the easiest way to contribute translations.
+
+![Crowdin Editor](img/crowdin-editor.png)
+
+1. Strings for translation are listed in the left panel
+1. Translations are entered into the central panel.
+  Multiple translations will be required for strings that contains plurals.
+  The string to be translated is shown above with glossary terms highlighted.
+  If the string to be translated is not clear, you can 'Request Context'
+
+A glossary of common terms is available in the right panel by clicking Terms.
+Comments can be added to discuss a translation with the community.
+
+Remember to **Save** each translation.
+
+## Translation Guidelines
+
+Be sure to check the following guidelines before you translate any strings.
+
+### Technical terms
+
+Technical terms should be treated like proper nouns and not be translated.
+This helps maintain a logical connection and consistency between tools (e.g. `git` client) and
+GitLab.
+
+Technical terms that should always be in English are noted in the glossary when using
+[translate.gitlab.com](https://translate.gitlab.com).
+
+### Formality
+
+The level of formality used in software varies by language.
+For example, in French we translate `you` as the informal `tu`.
+
+You can refer to other translated strings and notes in the glossary to assist determining a
+suitable level of formality.
+
+### Updating the glossary
+
+To propose additions to the glossary please
+[open an issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues).
diff --git a/doc/development/i18n_guide.md b/doc/development/i18n_guide.md
index 29c8941a8f7..f6e949b5fd8 100644
--- a/doc/development/i18n_guide.md
+++ b/doc/development/i18n_guide.md
@@ -1,304 +1 @@
-# Internationalization for GitLab
-
-> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/10669) in GitLab 9.2.
-
-For working with internationalization (i18n) we use
-[GNU gettext](https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/) given it's the most used
-tool for this task and we have a lot of applications that will help us to work
-with it.
-
-## Setting up GitLab Development Kit (GDK)
-
-In order to be able to work on the [GitLab Community Edition](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce) project we must download and
-configure it through [GDK](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-development-kit), we can do it by following this [guide](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-development-kit/blob/master/doc/set-up-gdk.md).
-
-Once we have the GitLab project ready we can start working on the
-translation of the project.
-
-## Tools
-
-We use a couple of gems:
-
-1. [`gettext_i18n_rails`](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails): this
-   gem allow us to translate content from models, views and controllers. Also
-   it gives us access to the following raketasks:
-    - `rake gettext:find`: Parses almost all the files from the
-      Rails application looking for content that has been marked for
-      translation. Finally, it updates the PO files with the new content that
-      it has found.
-    - `rake gettext:pack`: Processes the PO files and generates the
-      MO files that are binary and are finally used by the application.
-
-1. [`gettext_i18n_rails_js`](https://github.com/webhippie/gettext_i18n_rails_js):
-   this gem is useful to make the translations available in JavaScript. It
-   provides the following raketask:
-    - `rake gettext:po_to_json`: Reads the contents from the PO files and
-      generates JSON files containing all the available translations.
-
-1. PO editor: there are multiple applications that can help us to work with PO
-   files, a good option is [Poedit](https://poedit.net/download) which is
-   available for macOS, GNU/Linux and Windows.
-
-## Preparing a page for translation
-
-We basically have 4 types of files:
-
-1. Ruby files: basically Models and Controllers.
-1. HAML files: these are the view files.
-1. ERB files: used for email templates.
-1. JavaScript files: we mostly need to work with VUE JS templates.
-
-### Ruby files
-
-If there is a method or variable that works with a raw string, for instance:
-
-```ruby
-def hello
-  "Hello world!"
-end
-```
-
-Or:
-
-```ruby
-hello = "Hello world!"
-```
-
-You can easily mark that content for translation with:
-
-```ruby
-def hello
-  _("Hello world!")
-end
-```
-
-Or:
-
-```ruby
-hello = _("Hello world!")
-```
-
-### HAML files
-
-Given the following content in HAML:
-
-```haml
-%h1 Hello world!
-```
-
-You can mark that content for translation with:
-
-```haml
-%h1= _("Hello world!")
-```
-
-### ERB files
-
-Given the following content in ERB:
-
-```erb
-<h1>Hello world!</h1>
-```
-
-You can mark that content for translation with:
-
-```erb
-<h1><%= _("Hello world!") %></h1>
-```
-
-### JavaScript files
-
-In JavaScript we added the `__()` (double underscore parenthesis) function
-for translations.
-
-### Updating the PO files with the new content
-
-Now that the new content is marked for translation, we need to update the PO
-files with the following command:
-
-```sh
-bundle exec rake gettext:find
-```
-
-This command will update the `locale/**/gitlab.edit.po` file with the
-new content that the parser has found.
-
-New translations will be added with their default content and will be marked
-fuzzy. To use the translation, look for the `#, fuzzy` mention in `gitlab.edit.po`
-and remove it.
-
-We need to make sure we remove the `fuzzy` translations before generating the
-`locale/**/gitlab.po` file. When they aren't removed, the resulting `.po` will
-be treated as a binary file which could overwrite translations that were merged
-before the new translations.
-
-When we are just preparing a page to be translated, but not actually adding any
-translations. There's no need to generate `.po` files.
-
-Translations that aren't used in the source code anymore will be marked with
-`~#`; these can be removed to keep our translation files clutter-free.
-
-### Validating PO files
-
-To make sure we keep our translation files up to date, there's a linter that is
-running on CI as part of the `static-analysis` job.
-
-To lint the adjustments in PO files locally you can run `rake gettext:lint`.
-
-The linter will take the following into account:
-
-- Valid PO-file syntax
-- Variable usage
-  - Only one unnamed (`%d`) variable, since the order of variables might change
-    in different languages
-  - All variables used in the message-id are used in the translation
-  - There should be no variables used in a translation that aren't in the
-    message-id
-- Errors during translation.
-
-The errors are grouped per file, and per message ID:
-
-```
-Errors in `locale/zh_HK/gitlab.po`:
-  PO-syntax errors
-    SimplePoParser::ParserErrorSyntax error in lines
-    Syntax error in msgctxt
-    Syntax error in msgid
-    Syntax error in msgstr
-    Syntax error in message_line
-    There should be only whitespace until the end of line after the double quote character of a message text.
-    Parseing result before error: '{:msgid=>["", "You are going to remove %{project_name_with_namespace}.\\n", "Removed project CANNOT be restored!\\n", "Are you ABSOLUTELY sure?"]}'
-    SimplePoParser filtered backtrace: SimplePoParser::ParserError
-Errors in `locale/zh_TW/gitlab.po`:
-  1 pipeline
-    <%d 條流水線> is using unknown variables: [%d]
-    Failure translating to zh_TW with []: too few arguments
-```
-
-In this output the `locale/zh_HK/gitlab.po` has syntax errors.
-The `locale/zh_TW/gitlab.po` has variables that are used in the translation that
-aren't in the message with id `1 pipeline`.
-
-## Working with special content
-
-### Interpolation
-
-- In Ruby/HAML (see [sprintf]):
-
-    ```ruby
-    _("Hello %{name}") % { name: 'Joe' }
-    ```
-
-- In JavaScript: Only named parameters are supported (see also [#37992]):
-
-    ```javascript
-    __("Hello %{name}") % { name: 'Joe' }
-    ```
-
-[sprintf]: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-sprintf
-[#37992]: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/37992
-
-### Plurals
-
-- In Ruby/HAML:
-
-    ```ruby
-    n_('Apple', 'Apples', 3) => 'Apples'
-    ```
-
-    Using interpolation:
-    ```ruby
-    n_("There is a mouse.", "There are %d mice.", size) % size
-    ```
-
-- In JavaScript:
-
-    ```js
-    n__('Apple', 'Apples', 3) => 'Apples'
-    ```
-
-    Using interpolation:
-
-    ```js
-    n__('Last day', 'Last %d days', 30) => 'Last 30 days'
-    ```
-
-### Namespaces
-
-Sometimes you need to add some context to the text that you want to translate
-(if the word occurs in a sentence and/or the word is ambiguous).
-
-- In Ruby/HAML:
-
-    ```ruby
-    s_('OpenedNDaysAgo|Opened')
-    ```
-
-    In case the translation is not found it will return `Opened`.
-
-- In JavaScript:
-
-    ```js
-    s__('OpenedNDaysAgo|Opened')
-    ```
-
-### Just marking content for parsing
-
-Sometimes there are some dynamic translations that can't be found by the
-parser when running `bundle exec rake gettext:find`. For these scenarios you can
-use the [`_N` method](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails/blob/c09e38d481e0899ca7d3fc01786834fa8e7aab97/Readme.md#unfound-translations-with-rake-gettextfind).
-
-There is also and alternative method to [translate messages from validation errors](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails/blob/c09e38d481e0899ca7d3fc01786834fa8e7aab97/Readme.md#option-a).
-
-## Adding a new language
-
-Let's suppose you want to add translations for a new language, let's say French.
-
-1. The first step is to register the new language in `lib/gitlab/i18n.rb`:
-
-    ```ruby
-    ...
-    AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES = {
-      ...,
-      'fr' => 'Français'
-    }.freeze
-    ...
-    ```
-
-1. Next, you need to add the language:
-
-    ```sh
-    bundle exec rake gettext:add_language[fr]
-    ```
-
-    If you want to add a new language for a specific region, the command is similar,
-    you just need to separate the region with an underscore (`_`). For example:
-
-    ```sh
-    bundle exec rake gettext:add_language[en_GB]
-    ```
-
-    Please note that you need to specify the region part in capitals.
-
-1. Now that the language is added, a new directory has been created under the
-   path: `locale/fr/`. You can now start using your PO editor to edit the PO file
-   located in: `locale/fr/gitlab.edit.po`.
-
-1. After you're done updating the translations, you need to process the PO files
-   in order to generate the binary MO files and finally update the JSON files
-   containing the translations:
-
-    ```sh
-    bundle exec rake gettext:compile
-    ```
-
-1. In order to see the translated content we need to change our preferred language
-   which can be found under the user's **Settings** (`/profile`).
-
-1. After checking that the changes are ok, you can proceed to commit the new files.
-   For example:
-
-    ```sh
-    git add locale/fr/ app/assets/javascripts/locale/fr/
-    git commit -m "Add French translations for Cycle Analytics page"
-    ```
+This document was moved to [a new location](i18n/index.md).