1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
|
git-merge(1)
============
NAME
----
git-merge - Join two or more development histories together
SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]...
[-m <msg>] <commit>...
'git merge' <msg> HEAD <commit>...
DESCRIPTION
-----------
Merges the history specified by <commit> into HEAD, optionally using a
specific merge strategy.
The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <commit>...) is supported for
historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in
new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <commit>...`.
OPTIONS
-------
include::merge-options.txt[]
-m <msg>::
Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in
case one is created). The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be
used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
invocations.
<commit>...::
Commits, usually other branch heads, to merge into our branch.
You need at least one <commit>. Specifying more than one
<commit> obviously means you are trying an Octopus.
include::merge-strategies.txt[]
If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and
want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'.
CONFIGURATION
-------------
include::merge-config.txt[]
branch.<name>.mergeoptions::
Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option
values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported.
HOW MERGE WORKS
---------------
A merge is always between the current `HEAD` and one or more
commits (usually, branch head or tag), and the index file must
match the tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit)
when it starts out. In other words, `git diff --cached HEAD` must
report no changes. (One exception is when the changed index
entries are already in the same state that would result from
the merge anyway.)
Three kinds of merge can happen:
* The merged commit is already contained in `HEAD`. This is the
simplest case, called "Already up-to-date."
* `HEAD` is already contained in the merged commit. This is the
most common case especially when invoked from 'git pull':
you are tracking an upstream repository, have committed no local
changes and now you want to update to a newer upstream revision.
Your `HEAD` (and the index) is updated to point at the merged
commit, without creating an extra merge commit. This is
called "Fast-forward".
* Both the merged commit and `HEAD` are independent and must be
tied together by a merge commit that has both of them as its parents.
The rest of this section describes this "True merge" case.
The chosen merge strategy merges the two commits into a single
new source tree.
When things merge cleanly, this is what happens:
1. The results are updated both in the index file and in your
working tree;
2. Index file is written out as a tree;
3. The tree gets committed; and
4. The `HEAD` pointer gets advanced.
Because of 2., we require that the original state of the index
file matches exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we
will write out your local changes already registered in your
index file along with the merge result, which is not good.
Because 1. involves only those paths differing between your
branch and the branch you are merging
(which is typically a fraction of the whole tree), you can
have local modifications in your working tree as long as they do
not overlap with what the merge updates.
When there are conflicts, the following happens:
1. `HEAD` stays the same.
2. Cleanly merged paths are updated both in the index file and
in your working tree.
3. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three
versions; stage1 stores the version from the common ancestor,
stage2 from `HEAD`, and stage3 from the other branch (you
can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working
tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way
merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`.
4. No other changes are done. In particular, the local
modifications you had before you started merge will stay the
same and the index entries for them stay as they were,
i.e. matching `HEAD`.
HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED
---------------------------
During a merge, the working tree files are updated to reflect the result
of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version,
non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the
other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the
final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area,
however, git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to
resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area.
By default, git uses the same style as that is used by "merge" program
from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this:
------------
Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
Conflict resolution is hard;
let's go shopping.
=======
Git makes conflict resolution easy.
>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
------------
The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers
`<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======`
is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side.
The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting
area. You cannot tell how many lines are deleted and replaced with
Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your
side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the
other side wants to claim it is easy.
An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictstyle"
configuration variable to "diff3". In "diff3" style, the above conflict
may look like this:
------------
Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
Conflict resolution is hard;
let's go shopping.
|||||||
Conflict resolution is hard.
=======
Git makes conflict resolution easy.
>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
------------
In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses
another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can
tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to
that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more
positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by
viewing the original.
HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS
------------------------
After seeing a conflict, you can do two things:
* Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset
the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean
up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; 'git-reset --hard' can
be used for this.
* Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in
the working tree. Edit the files into shape and
'git-add' them to the index. Use 'git-commit' to seal the deal.
You can work through the conflict with a number of tools:
* Use a mergetool. 'git mergetool' to launch a graphical
mergetool which will work you through the merge.
* Look at the diffs. 'git diff' will show a three-way diff,
highlighting changes from both the HEAD and their versions.
* Look at the diffs on their own. 'git log --merge -p <path>'
will show diffs first for the HEAD version and then
their version.
* Look at the originals. 'git show :1:filename' shows the
common ancestor, 'git show :2:filename' shows the HEAD
version and 'git show :3:filename' shows their version.
EXAMPLES
--------
* Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of
the current branch, making an octopus merge:
+
------------------------------------------------
$ git merge fixes enhancements
------------------------------------------------
* Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours`
merge strategy:
+
------------------------------------------------
$ git merge -s ours obsolete
------------------------------------------------
* Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make
a new commit automatically:
+
------------------------------------------------
$ git merge --no-commit maint
------------------------------------------------
+
This can be used when you want to include further changes to the
merge, or want to write your own merge commit message.
+
You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial
changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping
release/version name would be acceptable.
SEE ALSO
--------
linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1],
linkgit:gitattributes[5],
linkgit:git-reset[1],
linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1],
linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1],
linkgit:git-mergetool[1]
Author
------
Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Documentation
--------------
Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
GIT
---
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
|
