Merge branch 'master' into db/fetch-pack

There's a number of tricky conflicts between master and
this topic right now due to the rewrite of builtin-push.
Junio must have handled these via rerere; I'd rather not
deal with them again so I'm pre-merging master into the
topic.  Besides this topic somehow started to depend on
the strbuf series that was in next, but is now in master.
It no longer compiles on its own without the strbuf API.

* master: (184 commits)
  Whip post 1.5.3.4 maintenance series into shape.
  Minor usage update in setgitperms.perl
  manual: use 'URL' instead of 'url'.
  manual: add some markup.
  manual: Fix example finding commits referencing given content.
  Fix wording in push definition.
  Fix some typos, punctuation, missing words, minor markup.
  manual: Fix or remove em dashes.
  Add a --dry-run option to git-push.
  Add a --dry-run option to git-send-pack.
  Fix in-place editing functions in convert.c
  instaweb: support for Ruby's WEBrick server
  instaweb: allow for use of auto-generated scripts
  Add 'git-p4 commit' as an alias for 'git-p4 submit'
  hg-to-git speedup through selectable repack intervals
  git-svn: respect Subversion's [auth] section configuration values
  gtksourceview2 support for gitview
  fix contrib/hooks/post-receive-email hooks.recipients error message
  Support cvs via git-shell
  rebase -i: use diff plumbing instead of porcelain
  ...

Conflicts:

	Makefile
	builtin-push.c
	rsh.c

41 files changed, 592 insertions, 130 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a7bfdd5cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+GIT v1.5.3.3 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+Fixes since v1.5.3.2
+--------------------
+
+ * git-quiltimport did not like it when a patch described in the
+   series file does not exist.
+
+ * p4 importer missed executable bit in some cases.
+
+ * The default shell on some FreeBSD did not execute the
+   argument parsing code correctly and made git unusable.
+
+ * git-svn incorrectly spawned pager even when the user user
+   explicitly asked not to.
+
+ * sample post-receive hook overquoted the envelope sender
+   value.
+
+ * git-am got confused when the patch contained a change that is
+   only about type and not contents.
+
+ * git-mergetool did not show our and their version of the
+   conflicted file when started from a subdirectory of the
+   project.
+
+ * git-mergetool did not pass correct options when invoking diff3.
+
+ * git-log sometimes invoked underlying "diff" machinery
+   unnecessarily.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b04b3a45a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+GIT v1.5.3.4 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+Fixes since v1.5.3.3
+--------------------
+
+ * Change to "git-ls-files" in v1.5.3.3 that was introduced to support
+   partial commit of removal better had a segfaulting bug, which was
+   diagnosed and fixed by Keith and Carl.
+
+ * Performance improvements for rename detection has been backported
+   from the 'master' branch.
+
+ * "git-for-each-ref --format='%(numparent)'" was not working
+   correctly at all, and --format='%(parent)' was not working for
+   merge commits.
+
+ * Sample "post-receive-hook" incorrectly sent out push
+   notification e-mails marked as "From: " the committer of the
+   commit that happened to be at the tip of the branch that was
+   pushed, not from the person who pushed.
+
+ * "git-remote" did not exit non-zero status upon error.
+
+ * "git-add -i" did not respond very well to EOF from tty nor
+   bogus input.
+
+ * "git-rebase -i" squash subcommand incorrectly made the
+   author of later commit the author of resulting commit,
+   instead of taking from the first one in the squashed series.
+
+ * "git-stash apply --index" was not documented.
+
+ * autoconfiguration learned that "ar" command is found as "gas" on
+   some systems.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a1901a96d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+GIT v1.5.3.5 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+Fixes since v1.5.3.4
+--------------------
+
+ * "git-config" silently ignored options after --list; now it wilh
+   error out with a usage message.
+
+ * "git-config --file" failed if the argument used a relative path
+   as it changed directories before opening the file.
+
+ * "git-add -i" did not handle single line hunks correctly.
+
+ * "git-log --follow" did not work unless diff generation (e.g. -p)
+   was also requested.
+
+ * "git-log" printed extra newlines between commits when a diff
+   was generated internally (e.g. -S or --follow) but not displayed.
+
+ * Documention updates for supported (but previously undocumented)
+   options of "git-archive" and "git-reflog".
+
+ * "make clean" no longer deletes the configure script that ships
+   with the git tarball, making multiple architecture builds easier.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.txt
index 1df66af9ce..ceee857232 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,22 @@ GIT v1.5.4 Release Notes
 Updates since v1.5.3
 --------------------
 
+ * git-reset is now built-in.
 
+ * git-send-email can optionally talk over ssmtp and use SMTP-AUTH.
+
+ * git-rebase learned --whitespace option.
+
+ * git-remote knows --mirror mode.
+
+ * git-merge can call the "post-merge" hook.
+
+ * git-pack-objects can optionally run deltification with multiple threads.
+
+ * git-archive can optionally substitute keywords in files marked with
+   export-subst attribute.
+
+ * Various Perforce importer updates.
 
 Fixes since v1.5.3
 ------------------
@@ -12,3 +27,9 @@ Fixes since v1.5.3
 All of the fixes in v1.5.3 maintenance series are included in
 this release, unless otherwise noted.
 
+--
+exec >/var/tmp/1
+O=v1.5.3.2-99-ge4b2890
+echo O=`git describe refs/heads/master`
+git shortlog --no-merges $O..refs/heads/master ^refs/heads/maint
+
diff --git a/Documentation/cmd-list.perl b/Documentation/cmd-list.perl
index 4ee76eaf99..1061fd8bcd 100755
--- a/Documentation/cmd-list.perl
+++ b/Documentation/cmd-list.perl
@@ -94,7 +94,6 @@ git-clone                               mainporcelain
 git-commit                              mainporcelain
 git-commit-tree                         plumbingmanipulators
 git-config                              ancillarymanipulators
-git-convert-objects                     ancillarymanipulators
 git-count-objects                       ancillaryinterrogators
 git-cvsexportcommit                     foreignscminterface
 git-cvsimport                           foreignscminterface
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index 518acc6194..edf50cd211 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ core.worktree::
 	Set the path to the working tree.  The value will not be
 	used in combination with repositories found automatically in
 	a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
-	This can be overriden by the GIT_WORK_TREE environment
+	This can be overridden by the GIT_WORK_TREE environment
 	variable and the '--work-tree' command line option.
 
 core.logAllRefUpdates::
@@ -338,6 +338,12 @@ branch.<name>.merge::
 	branch.<name>.merge to the desired branch, and use the special setting
 	`.` (a period) for branch.<name>.remote.
 
+branch.<name>.mergeoptions::
+	Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
+	supported options are equal to that of gitlink:git-merge[1], but
+	option values containing whitespace characters are currently not
+	supported.
+
 clean.requireForce::
 	A boolean to make git-clean do nothing unless given -f or -n.  Defaults
 	to false.
@@ -440,6 +446,19 @@ gc.aggressiveWindow::
 	algorithm used by 'git gc --aggressive'.  This defaults
 	to 10.
 
+gc.auto::
+	When there are approximately more than this many loose
+	objects in the repository, `git gc --auto` will pack them.
+	Some Porcelain commands use this command to perform a
+	light-weight garbage collection from time to time.  Setting
+	this to 0 disables it.
+
+gc.autopacklimit::
+	When there are more than this many packs that are not
+	marked with `*.keep` file in the repository, `git gc
+	--auto` consolidates them into one larger pack.  Setting
+	this to 0 disables this.
+
 gc.packrefs::
 	`git gc` does not run `git pack-refs` in a bare repository by
 	default so that older dumb-transport clients can still fetch
@@ -580,7 +599,7 @@ merge.summary::
 
 merge.tool::
 	Controls which merge resolution program is used by
-	gitlink:git-mergetool[l].  Valid values are: "kdiff3", "tkdiff",
+	gitlink:git-mergetool[1].  Valid values are: "kdiff3", "tkdiff",
 	"meld", "xxdiff", "emerge", "vimdiff", "gvimdiff", and "opendiff".
 
 merge.verbosity::
@@ -589,7 +608,7 @@ merge.verbosity::
 	message if conflicts were detected. Level 1 outputs only
 	conflicts, 2 outputs conflicts and file changes.  Level 5 and
 	above outputs debugging information.  The default is level 2.
-	Can be overriden by 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable.
+	Can be overridden by 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable.
 
 merge.<driver>.name::
 	Defines a human readable name for a custom low-level
diff --git a/Documentation/core-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/core-tutorial.txt
index 4b4fd9a506..6b2590d072 100644
--- a/Documentation/core-tutorial.txt
+++ b/Documentation/core-tutorial.txt
@@ -1459,7 +1459,8 @@ Although git is a truly distributed system, it is often
 convenient to organize your project with an informal hierarchy
 of developers. Linux kernel development is run this way. There
 is a nice illustration (page 17, "Merges to Mainline") in
-link:http://tinyurl.com/a2jdg[Randy Dunlap's presentation].
+link:http://www.xenotime.net/linux/mentor/linux-mentoring-2006.pdf
+[Randy Dunlap's presentation].
 
 It should be stressed that this hierarchy is purely *informal*.
 There is nothing fundamental in git that enforces the "chain of
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index 228ccaf10a..b1f528ae88 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@
 
 --ext-diff::
 	Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
-	external diff driver with gitlink:gitattributes(5), you need
-	to use this option with gitlink:git-log(1) and friends.
+	external diff driver with gitlink:gitattributes[5], you need
+	to use this option with gitlink:git-log[1] and friends.
 
 --no-ext-diff::
 	Disallow external diff drivers.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
index 4c7e3a2f7f..c1c54bfe0b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git-apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index]
-	  [--apply] [--no-add] [--index-info] [-R | --reverse]
+	  [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor <file>] [-R | --reverse]
 	  [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z]
 	  [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--inaccurate-eof] [--cached]
 	  [--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>]
@@ -63,12 +63,15 @@ OPTIONS
 	cached data, apply the patch, and store the result in the index,
 	without using the working tree. This implies '--index'.
 
---index-info::
+--build-fake-ancestor <file>::
 	Newer git-diff output has embedded 'index information'
 	for each blob to help identify the original version that
 	the patch applies to.  When this flag is given, and if
-	the original version of the blob is available locally,
-	outputs information about them to the standard output.
+	the original versions of the blobs is available locally,
+	builds a temporary index containing those blobs.
++
+When a pure mode change is encountered (which has no index information),
+the information is read from the current index instead.
 
 -R, --reverse::
 	Apply the patch in reverse.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
index e1e2d60fef..7cd6526552 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git-archive' --format=<fmt> [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>]
-	      [--remote=<repo>] <tree-ish> [path...]
+	      [--remote=<repo> [--exec=<git-upload-archive>]] <tree-ish>
+	      [path...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -52,6 +53,10 @@ OPTIONS
 	Instead of making a tar archive from local repository,
 	retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository.
 
+--exec=<git-upload-archive>::
+	Used with --remote to specify the path to the
+	git-upload-archive executable on the remote side.
+
 <tree-ish>::
 	The tree or commit to produce an archive for.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
index 33bc31b0d4..b7285bcdbc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ It will start out with a head equal to the one given as <start-point>.
 If no <start-point> is given, the branch will be created with a head
 equal to that of the currently checked out branch.
 
+Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the
+working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the
+new branch.
+
 When a local branch is started off a remote branch, git can setup the
 branch so that gitlink:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from that
 remote branch.  If this behavior is desired, it is possible to make it
@@ -91,6 +95,21 @@ OPTIONS
 --no-abbrev::
 	Display the full sha1s in output listing rather than abbreviating them.
 
+--track::
+	Set up configuration so that git-pull will automatically
+	retrieve data from the remote branch.  Use this if you always
+	pull from the same remote branch into the new branch, or if you
+	don't want to use "git pull <repository> <refspec>" explicitly.  Set the
+	branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to true if you
+	want git-checkout and git-branch to always behave as if
+	'--track' were given.
+
+--no-track::
+	When -b is given and a branch is created off a remote branch,
+	set up configuration so that git-pull will not retrieve data
+	from the remote branch, ignoring the branch.autosetupmerge
+	configuration variable.
+
 <branchname>::
 	The name of the branch to create or delete.
 	The new branch name must pass all checks defined by
diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt
index 5051e2bada..0cc6511bdf 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt
@@ -103,14 +103,20 @@ We set a tag in R1 (lastR2bundle) after the previous such transport,
 and move it afterwards to help build the bundle.
 
 in R1 on A:
+
+------------
 $ git-bundle create mybundle master ^lastR2bundle
 $ git tag -f lastR2bundle master
+------------
 
 (move mybundle from A to B by some mechanism)
 
 in R2 on B:
+
+------------
 $ git-bundle verify mybundle
 $ git-fetch mybundle  refspec
+------------
 
 where refspec is refInBundle:localRef
 
@@ -124,9 +130,11 @@ Also, with something like this in your config:
 You can first sneakernet the bundle file to ~/tmp/file.bdl and
 then these commands:
 
+------------
 $ git ls-remote bundle
 $ git fetch bundle
 $ git pull bundle
+------------
 
 would treat it as if it is talking with a remote side over the
 network.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
index 734928bf96..2e58481ed6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ OPTIONS
 --track::
 	When -b is given and a branch is created off a remote branch,
 	set up configuration so that git-pull will automatically
-	retrieve data from the remote branch.  Set the
+	retrieve data from the remote branch.  Use this if you always
+	pull from the same remote branch into the new branch, or if you
+	don't want to use "git pull <repository> <refspec>" explicitly.  Set the
 	branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to true if you
 	want git-checkout and git-branch to always behave as if
 	'--track' were given.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-convert-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-convert-objects.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 9718abf86d..0000000000
--- a/Documentation/git-convert-objects.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-git-convert-objects(1)
-======================
-
-NAME
-----
-git-convert-objects - Converts old-style git repository
-
-
-SYNOPSIS
---------
-'git-convert-objects'
-
-DESCRIPTION
------------
-Converts old-style git repository to the latest format
-
-
-Author
-------
-Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
-
-Documentation
---------------
-Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
-
-GIT
----
-Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt
index db2eb46a19..ce0f502468 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ $ git diff topic...master  <3>
 +
 <1> Changes between the tips of the topic and the master branches.
 <2> Same as above.
-<3> Changes that occured on the master branch since when the topic
+<3> Changes that occurred on the master branch since when the topic
 branch was started off it.
 
 Limiting the diff output::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
index 6df8e85004..f1f90cca62 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
@@ -100,6 +100,11 @@ In any case, a field name that refers to a field inapplicable to
 the object referred by the ref does not cause an error.  It
 returns an empty string instead.
 
+As a special case for the date-type fields, you may specify a format for
+the date by adding one of `:default`, `:relative`, `:short`, `:local`,
+`:iso8601` or `:rfc2822` to the end of the fieldname; e.g.
+`%(taggerdate:relative)`.
+
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
index c7742ca963..b9d5660eac 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-gc - Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-gc' [--prune] [--aggressive]
+'git-gc' [--prune] [--aggressive] [--auto]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -43,6 +43,20 @@ OPTIONS
 	persistent, so this option only needs to be used occasionally; every
 	few hundred changesets or so.
 
+--auto::
+	With this option, `git gc` checks if there are too many
+	loose objects in the repository and runs
+	gitlink:git-repack[1] with `-d -l` option to pack them.
+	The threshold for loose objects is set with `gc.auto` configuration
+	variable, and can be disabled by setting it to 0.  Some
+	Porcelain commands use this after they perform operation
+	that could create many loose objects automatically.
+	Additionally, when there are too many packs are present,
+	they are consolidated into one larger pack by running
+	the `git-repack` command with `-A` option.  The
+	threshold for number of packs is set with
+	`gc.autopacklimit` configuration variable.
+
 Configuration
 -------------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
index a8a7f6f04b..bf5c2bddf4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	a default name determined from the pack content.  If
 	<pack-file> is not specified consider using --keep to
 	prevent a race condition between this process and
-	gitlink::git-repack[1] .
+	gitlink::git-repack[1].
 
 --fix-thin::
 	It is possible for gitlink:git-pack-objects[1] to build
diff --git a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt
index cec60ee780..735008c1ab 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	The HTTP daemon command-line that will be executed.
 	Command-line options may be specified here, and the
 	configuration file will be added at the end of the command-line.
-	Currently, lighttpd and apache2 are the only supported servers.
+	Currently lighttpd, apache2 and webrick are supported.
 	(Default: lighttpd)
 
 -m|--module-path::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt b/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt
index e48607f008..bc739117be 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ $ git rev-parse not-lost-anymore
 
 Author
 ------
-Written by Junio C Hamano 濱野 純 <junkio@cox.net>
+Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
 
 Documentation
 --------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt
index 17e9f10c65..b726ddfe12 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ If "git-merge-index" is called with multiple <file>s (or -a) then it
 processes them in turn only stopping if merge returns a non-zero exit
 code.
 
-Typically this is run with the a script calling git's imitation of
+Typically this is run with a script calling git's imitation of
 the merge command from the RCS package.
 
 A sample script called "git-merge-one-file" is included in the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
index 144bc16ff2..bca4212e56 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
@@ -56,8 +56,12 @@ merge.verbosity::
 	message if conflicts were detected. Level 1 outputs only
 	conflicts, 2 outputs conflicts and file changes.  Level 5 and
 	above outputs debugging information.  The default is level 2.
-	Can be overriden by 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable.
+	Can be overridden by 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable.
 
+branch.<name>.mergeoptions::
+	Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
+	supported options are equal to that of git-merge, but option values
+	containing whitespace characters are currently not supported.
 
 HOW MERGE WORKS
 ---------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
index 628f296ce1..5237ab0c04 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
@@ -25,16 +25,16 @@ is efficient to access.  The packed archive format (.pack) is
 designed to be unpackable without having anything else, but for
 random access, accompanied with the pack index file (.idx).
 
+Placing both in the pack/ subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or
+any of the directories on $GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES)
+enables git to read from such an archive.
+
 'git-unpack-objects' command can read the packed archive and
 expand the objects contained in the pack into "one-file
 one-object" format; this is typically done by the smart-pull
 commands when a pack is created on-the-fly for efficient network
 transport by their peers.
 
-Placing both in the pack/ subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or
-any of the directories on $GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES)
-enables git to read from such an archive.
-
 In a packed archive, an object is either stored as a compressed
 whole, or as a difference from some other object.  The latter is
 often called a delta.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
index 3800edb7bb..9f85f3833e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-This program search the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIR` for all objects that currently
+This program searches the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIR` for all objects that currently
 exist in a pack file as well as the independent object directories.
 
 All such extra objects are removed.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt
index 6bc559ddd8..e5dd4c1066 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git-push' [--all] [--tags] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
+'git-push' [--all] [--dry-run] [--tags] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
            [--repo=all] [-f | --force] [-v] [<repository> <refspec>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ the remote repository.
 	Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all
 	refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` be pushed.
 
+\--dry-run::
+	Do everything except actually send the updates.
+
 \--tags::
 	All refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are pushed, in
 	addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index 0858fa8a63..e8e75790fc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ rebasing.
 If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
 "pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit.  If the
 commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to
-the author of the last commit.
+the author of the first commit.
 
 In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge
 errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue
diff --git a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
index 5180f6810d..5c7316ceb8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The command takes various subcommands, and different options
 depending on the subcommand:
 
 [verse]
-git reflog expire [--dry-run] [--stale-fix]
+git reflog expire [--dry-run] [--stale-fix] [--verbose]
 	[--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>] [--all] <refs>...
 
 git reflog [show] [log-options]
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ them.
 --all::
 	Instead of listing <refs> explicitly, prune all refs.
 
+--verbose::
+	Print extra information on screen.
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt
index 94b9f17772..027ba11bdb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 [verse]
 'git-remote'
 'git-remote' add [-t <branch>] [-m <branch>] [-f] [--mirror] <name> <url>
+'git-remote' rm <name>
 'git-remote' show <name>
 'git-remote' prune <name>
 'git-remote' update [group]
@@ -50,6 +51,11 @@ In mirror mode, enabled with `--mirror`, the refs will not be stored
 in the 'refs/remotes/' namespace, but in 'refs/heads/'.  This option
 only makes sense in bare repositories.
 
+'rm'::
+
+Remove the remote named <name>. All remote tracking branches and
+configuration settings for the remote are removed.
+
 'show'::
 
 Gives some information about the remote <name>.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
index 1ec61affab..3727776a0b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
@@ -91,6 +91,11 @@ The --cc option must be repeated for each user you want on the cc list.
 	`/usr/lib/sendmail` if such program is available, or
 	`localhost` otherwise.
 
+--smtp-server-port::
+	Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP
+	servers typically listen to smtp port 25 and ssmtp port
+	465).
+
 --smtp-user, --smtp-pass::
 	Username and password for SMTP-AUTH. Defaults are the values of
 	the configuration values 'sendemail.smtpuser' and
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
index 3271e88183..2fa01d4a3c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-send-pack - Push objects over git protocol to another repository
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-send-pack' [--all] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--verbose] [--thin] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...]
+'git-send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--verbose] [--thin] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ OPTIONS
 	Instead of explicitly specifying which refs to update,
 	update all heads that locally exist.
 
+\--dry-run::
+	Do everything except actually send the updates.
+
 \--force::
 	Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that
 	is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
index 05f40cff6c..c0147b99a2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ stash@{1}: On master: 9cc0589... Add git-stash
 
 show [<stash>]::
 
-	Show the changes recorded in the stash as a diff between the the
+	Show the changes recorded in the stash as a diff between the
 	stashed state and its original parent. When no `<stash>` is given,
 	shows the latest one. By default, the command shows the diffstat, but
 	it will accept any format known to `git-diff` (e.g., `git-stash show
 	-p stash@\{1}` to view the second most recent stash in patch form).
 
-apply [<stash>]::
+apply [--index] [<stash>]::
 
 	Restore the changes recorded in the stash on top of the current
 	working tree state.  When no `<stash>` is given, applies the latest
@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ apply [<stash>]::
 +
 This operation can fail with conflicts; you need to resolve them
 by hand in the working tree.
++
+If the `--index` option is used, then tries to reinstate not only the working
+tree's changes, but also the index's ones. However, this can fail, when you
+have conflicts (which are stored in the index, where you therefore can no
+longer apply the changes as they were originally).
 
 clear::
 	Remove all the stashed states. Note that those states will then
diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
index 2c48936fcd..335e973a6a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ add::
 	repository is cloned at the specified path, added to the
 	changeset and registered in .gitmodules.   If no path is
 	specified, the path is deduced from the repository specification.
+	If the repository url begins with ./ or ../, it is stored as
+	given but resolved as a relative path from the main project's
+	url when cloning.
 
 status::
 	Show the status of the submodules. This will print the SHA-1 of the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
index e157c6ab50..488e4b1caf 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ section because they affect the 'git-svn-id:' metadata line.
 BASIC EXAMPLES
 --------------
 
-Tracking and contributing to a the trunk of a Subversion-managed project:
+Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project:
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Clone a repo (like git clone):
diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
index 990ae4f948..22a23bf96f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ You really want to call the new version "X" too, 'even though'
 others have already seen the old one. So just use "git tag -f"
 again, as if you hadn't already published the old one.
 
-However, Git does *not* (and it should not)change tags behind
+However, Git does *not* (and it should not) change tags behind
 users back. So if somebody already got the old tag, doing a "git
 pull" on your tree shouldn't just make them overwrite the old
 one.
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index cb59639f77..ce8f923a15 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ Documentation for older releases are available here:
 * link:v1.5.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3]
 
 * release notes for
+  link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
+  link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
   link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
   link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1].
 
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 File/Directory Structure
 ------------------------
 
-Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
+Please see the link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
 
 Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about each hook.
 
@@ -334,7 +336,7 @@ Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 
 Terminology
 -----------
-Please see link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
+Please see the link:glossary.html[glossary] document.
 
 
 Environment Variables
diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
index d0e951ee6f..20cf8ff816 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
@@ -145,17 +145,6 @@ sign `$` upon checkout.  Any byte sequence that begins with
 with `$Id$` upon check-in.
 
 
-Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-In the check-in codepath, the worktree file is first converted
-with `ident` (if specified), and then with `crlf` (again, if
-specified and applicable).
-
-In the check-out codepath, the blob content is first converted
-with `crlf`, and then `ident`.
-
-
 `filter`
 ^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -175,11 +164,10 @@ but makes the filter a no-op passthru.
 The content filtering is done to massage the content into a
 shape that is more convenient for the platform, filesystem, and
 the user to use.  The keyword here is "more convenient" and not
-"turning something unusable into usable".  In other words, it is
-"hanging yourself because we gave you a long rope" if your
-project uses filtering mechanism in such a way that it makes
-your project unusable unless the checkout is done with a
-specific filter in effect.
+"turning something unusable into usable".  In other words, the
+intent is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition,
+or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project
+should still be usable.
 
 
 Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes
diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
index 9c83095693..e8b8581f52 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ precedence, the last matching pattern decides the outcome):
 
  * Patterns read from a `.gitignore` file in the same directory
    as the path, or in any parent directory, with patterns in the
-   higher level files (up to the root) being overriden by those in
+   higher level files (up to the root) being overridden by those in
    lower level files down to the directory containing the file.
    These patterns match relative to the location of the
    `.gitignore` file.  A project normally includes such
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary.txt b/Documentation/glossary.txt
index 3f7b1e42b5..fc1874424e 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary.txt
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ GIT Glossary
 [[def_cherry-picking]]cherry-picking::
 	In <<def_SCM,SCM>> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of
 	changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them
-	as a new series of changes on top of different codebase. In GIT, this is
-	performed by "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
+	as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In GIT, this is
+	performed by the "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
 	by an existing <<def_commit,commit>> and to record it based on the tip
 	of the current <<def_branch,branch>> as a new commit.
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
 [[def_pickaxe]]pickaxe::
 	The term <<def_pickaxe,pickaxe>> refers to an option to the diffcore
 	routines that help select changes that add or delete a given text
-	string. With the --pickaxe-all option, it can be used to view the full
+	string. With the `--pickaxe-all` option, it can be used to view the full
 	<<def_changeset,changeset>> that introduced or removed, say, a
 	particular line of text. See gitlink:git-diff[1].
 
@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
 [[def_push]]push::
 	Pushing a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the branch's
 	<<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote <<def_repository,repository>>,
-	find out if it is an ancestor to the branch's local
-	head ref is a direct, and in that case, putting all
+	find out if it is a direct ancestor to the branch's local
+	head ref, and in that case, putting all
 	objects, which are <<def_reachable,reachable>> from the local
 	head ref, and which are missing from the remote
 	repository, into the remote
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
 	it as my origin branch head". And `git push
 	$URL refs/heads/master:refs/heads/to-upstream` means "publish my
 	master branch head as to-upstream branch at $URL". See also
-	gitlink:git-push[1]
+	gitlink:git-push[1].
 
 [[def_repository]]repository::
 	A collection of <<def_ref,refs>> together with an
diff --git a/Documentation/hooks.txt b/Documentation/hooks.txt
index c39edc57c4..f110162b01 100644
--- a/Documentation/hooks.txt
+++ b/Documentation/hooks.txt
@@ -87,6 +87,33 @@ parameter, and is invoked after a commit is made.
 This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect
 the outcome of `git-commit`.
 
+post-checkout
+-----------
+
+This hook is invoked when a `git-checkout` is run after having updated the
+worktree.  The hook is given three parameters: the ref of the previous HEAD,
+the ref of the new HEAD (which may or may not have changed), and a flag
+indicating whether the checkout was a branch checkout (changing branches,
+flag=1) or a file checkout (retrieving a file from the index, flag=0).
+This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git-checkout`.
+
+This hook can be used to perform repository validity checks, auto-display
+differences from the previous HEAD if different, or set working dir metadata
+properties.
+
+post-merge
+-----------
+
+This hook is invoked by `git-merge`, which happens when a `git pull`
+is done on a local repository.  The hook takes a single parameter, a status
+flag specifying whether or not the merge being done was a squash merge.
+This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git-merge`.
+
+This hook can be used in conjunction with a corresponding pre-commit hook to
+save and restore any form of metadata associated with the working tree
+(eg: permissions/ownership, ACLS, etc).  See contrib/hooks/setgitperms.perl
+for an example of how to do this.
+
 [[pre-receive]]
 pre-receive
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt
index d64c259bb3..9f1fc82550 100644
--- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@
 	not autocommit, to give the user a chance to inspect and
 	further tweak the merge result before committing.
 
+--commit::
+	Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can
+	be used to override --no-commit.
+
 --squash::
 	Produce the working tree and index state as if a real
 	merge happened, but do not actually make a commit or
@@ -19,6 +23,19 @@
 	top of the current branch whose effect is the same as
 	merging another branch (or more in case of an octopus).
 
+--no-squash::
+	Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can
+	be used to override --squash.
+
+--no-ff::
+	Generate a merge commit even if the merge resolved as a
+	fast-forward.
+
+--ff::
+	Do not generate a merge commit if the merge resolved as
+	a fast-forward, only update the branch pointer. This is
+	the default behavior of git-merge.
+
 -s <strategy>, \--strategy=<strategy>::
 	Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
 	once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt
index ecb2bf93f2..d99adc6f72 100644
--- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt
+++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt
@@ -369,6 +369,11 @@ shorthand:
 The full name is occasionally useful if, for example, there ever
 exists a tag and a branch with the same name.
 
+(Newly created refs are actually stored in the .git/refs directory,
+under the path given by their name.  However, for efficiency reasons
+they may also be packed together in a single file; see
+gitlink:git-pack-refs[1]).
+
 As another useful shortcut, the "HEAD" of a repository can be referred
 to just using the name of that repository.  So, for example, "origin"
 is usually a shortcut for the HEAD branch in the repository "origin".
@@ -921,7 +926,7 @@ file such that it contained the given content either before or after the
 commit.  You can find out with this:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
-$  git log --raw --abbrev=40 --pretty=oneline -- filename |
+$  git log --raw --abbrev=40 --pretty=oneline |
 	grep -B 1 `git hash-object filename`
 -------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -1490,7 +1495,7 @@ Ensuring good performance
 -------------------------
 
 On large repositories, git depends on compression to keep the history
-information from taking up to much space on disk or in memory.
+information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory.
 
 This compression is not performed automatically.  Therefore you
 should occasionally run gitlink:git-gc[1]:
@@ -1531,7 +1536,7 @@ dangling tree b24c2473f1fd3d91352a624795be026d64c8841f
 Dangling objects are not a problem.  At worst they may take up a little
 extra disk space.  They can sometimes provide a last-resort method for
 recovering lost work--see <<dangling-objects>> for details.  However, if
-you wish, you can remove them with gitlink:git-prune[1] or the --prune
+you wish, you can remove them with gitlink:git-prune[1] or the `--prune`
 option to gitlink:git-gc[1]:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
@@ -1550,7 +1555,7 @@ Recovering lost changes
 Reflogs
 ^^^^^^^
 
-Say you modify a branch with gitlink:git-reset[1] --hard, and then
+Say you modify a branch with `gitlink:git-reset[1] --hard`, and then
 realize that the branch was the only reference you had to that point in
 history.
 
@@ -1679,7 +1684,7 @@ $ git pull
 More generally, a branch that is created from a remote branch will pull
 by default from that branch.  See the descriptions of the
 branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options in
-gitlink:git-config[1], and the discussion of the --track option in
+gitlink:git-config[1], and the discussion of the `--track` option in
 gitlink:git-checkout[1], to learn how to control these defaults.
 
 In addition to saving you keystrokes, "git pull" also helps you by
@@ -1777,7 +1782,7 @@ $ git clone /path/to/repository
 $ git pull /path/to/other/repository
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-or an ssh url:
+or an ssh URL:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
 $ git clone ssh://yourhost/~you/repository
@@ -1838,7 +1843,7 @@ Exporting a git repository via the git protocol
 This is the preferred method.
 
 If someone else administers the server, they should tell you what
-directory to put the repository in, and what git:// url it will appear
+directory to put the repository in, and what git:// URL it will appear
 at.  You can then skip to the section
 "<<pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository,Pushing changes to a public
 repository>>", below.
@@ -1875,8 +1880,8 @@ $ chmod a+x hooks/post-update
 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1], and the documentation
 link:hooks.html[Hooks used by git].)
 
-Advertise the url of proj.git.  Anybody else should then be able to
-clone or pull from that url, for example with a command line like:
+Advertise the URL of proj.git.  Anybody else should then be able to
+clone or pull from that URL, for example with a command line like:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
 $ git clone http://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git
@@ -1915,7 +1920,7 @@ As with git-fetch, git-push will complain if this does not result in
 a <<fast-forwards,fast forward>>.  Normally this is a sign of
 something wrong.  However, if you are sure you know what you're
 doing, you may force git-push to perform the update anyway by
-proceeding the branch name by a plus sign:
+preceding the branch name by a plus sign:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
 $ git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git +master
@@ -2035,7 +2040,7 @@ $ git branch --track test origin/master
 $ git branch --track release origin/master
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-These can be easily kept up to date using gitlink:git-pull[1]
+These can be easily kept up to date using gitlink:git-pull[1].
 
 -------------------------------------------------
 $ git checkout test && git pull
@@ -2127,7 +2132,7 @@ changes are in a specific branch, use:
 $ git log linux..branchname | git-shortlog
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-To see whether it has already been merged into the test or release branches
+To see whether it has already been merged into the test or release branches,
 use:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
@@ -2140,12 +2145,12 @@ or
 $ git log release..branchname
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-(If this branch has not yet been merged you will see some log entries.
+(If this branch has not yet been merged, you will see some log entries.
 If it has been merged, then there will be no output.)
 
 Once a patch completes the great cycle (moving from test to release,
 then pulled by Linus, and finally coming back into your local
-"origin/master" branch) the branch for this change is no longer needed.
+"origin/master" branch), the branch for this change is no longer needed.
 You detect this when the output from:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
@@ -2189,9 +2194,9 @@ test|release)
 	git checkout $1 && git pull . origin
 	;;
 origin)
-	before=$(cat .git/refs/remotes/origin/master)
+	before=$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/origin/master)
 	git fetch origin
-	after=$(cat .git/refs/remotes/origin/master)
+	after=$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/origin/master)
 	if [ $before != $after ]
 	then
 		git log $before..$after | git shortlog
@@ -2216,11 +2221,10 @@ usage()
 	exit 1
 }
 
-if [ ! -f .git/refs/heads/"$1" ]
-then
+git show-ref -q --verify -- refs/heads/"$1" || {
 	echo "Can't see branch <$1>" 1>&2
 	usage
-fi
+}
 
 case "$2" in
 test|release)
@@ -2251,7 +2255,7 @@ then
 	git log test..release
 fi
 
-for branch in `ls .git/refs/heads`
+for branch in `git show-ref --heads | sed 's|^.*/||'`
 do
 	if [ $branch = test -o $branch = release ]
 	then
@@ -2408,7 +2412,7 @@ $ git rebase --continue
 
 and git will continue applying the rest of the patches.
 
-At any point you may use the --abort option to abort this process and
+At any point you may use the `--abort` option to abort this process and
 return mywork to the state it had before you started the rebase:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
@@ -2475,9 +2479,9 @@ $ git checkout -b mywork-new origin
 $ gitk origin..mywork &
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-And browse through the list of patches in the mywork branch using gitk,
+and browse through the list of patches in the mywork branch using gitk,
 applying them (possibly in a different order) to mywork-new using
-cherry-pick, and possibly modifying them as you go using commit --amend.
+cherry-pick, and possibly modifying them as you go using `commit --amend`.
 The gitlink:git-gui[1] command may also help as it allows you to
 individually select diff hunks for inclusion in the index (by
 right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing "Stage Hunk for Commit").
@@ -2735,7 +2739,7 @@ others:
 
 - Git can quickly determine whether two objects are identical or not,
   just by comparing names.
-- Since object names are computed the same way in ever repository, the
+- Since object names are computed the same way in every repository, the
   same content stored in two repositories will always be stored under
   the same name.
 - Git can detect errors when it reads an object, by checking that the
@@ -2752,7 +2756,7 @@ There are four different types of objects: "blob", "tree", "commit", and
   "blob" objects into a directory structure. In addition, a tree object
   can refer to other tree objects, thus creating a directory hierarchy.
 - A <<def_commit_object,"commit" object>> ties such directory hierarchies
-  together into a <<def_DAG,directed acyclic graph>> of revisions - each
+  together into a <<def_DAG,directed acyclic graph>> of revisions--each
   commit contains the object name of exactly one tree designating the
   directory hierarchy at the time of the commit. In addition, a commit
   refers to "parent" commit objects that describe the history of how we
@@ -2852,8 +2856,7 @@ between two related tree objects, since it can ignore any entries with
 identical object names.
 
 (Note: in the presence of submodules, trees may also have commits as
-entries.   See gitlink:git-submodule[1] and gitlink:gitmodules.txt[1]
-for partial documentation.)
+entries.  See <<submodules>> for documentation.)
 
 Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: git actually only pays
 attention to the executable bit.
@@ -2946,7 +2949,7 @@ nLE/L9aUXdWeTFPron96DLA=
 See the gitlink:git-tag[1] command to learn how to create and verify tag
 objects.  (Note that gitlink:git-tag[1] can also be used to create
 "lightweight tags", which are not tag objects at all, but just simple
-references in .git/refs/tags/).
+references whose names begin with "refs/tags/").
 
 [[pack-files]]
 How git stores objects efficiently: pack files
@@ -3026,7 +3029,7 @@ There are also other situations that cause dangling objects. For
 example, a "dangling blob" may arise because you did a "git add" of a
 file, but then, before you actually committed it and made it part of the
 bigger picture, you changed something else in that file and committed
-that *updated* thing - the old state that you added originally ends up
+that *updated* thing--the old state that you added originally ends up
 not being pointed to by any commit or tree, so it's now a dangling blob
 object.
 
@@ -3041,7 +3044,7 @@ up pointing to them, so they end up "dangling" in your repository.
 Generally, dangling objects aren't anything to worry about. They can
 even be very useful: if you screw something up, the dangling objects can
 be how you recover your old tree (say, you did a rebase, and realized
-that you really didn't want to - you can look at what dangling objects
+that you really didn't want to--you can look at what dangling objects
 you have, and decide to reset your head to some old dangling state).
 
 For commits, you can just use:
@@ -3085,10 +3088,10 @@ $ git prune
 ------------------------------------------------
 
 and they'll be gone. But you should only run "git prune" on a quiescent
-repository - it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you
+repository--it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you
 don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted.
 
-(The same is true of "git-fsck" itself, btw - but since
+(The same is true of "git-fsck" itself, btw, but since
 git-fsck never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports
 on what it found, git-fsck itself is never "dangerous" to run.
 Running it while somebody is actually changing the repository can cause
@@ -3155,6 +3158,241 @@ a tree which you are in the process of working on.
 If you blow the index away entirely, you generally haven't lost any
 information as long as you have the name of the tree that it described.
 
+[[submodules]]
+Submodules
+==========
+
+Large projects are often composed of smaller, self-contained modules.  For
+example, an embedded Linux distribution's source tree would include every
+piece of software in the distribution with some local modifications; a movie
+player might need to build against a specific, known-working version of a
+decompression library; several independent programs might all share the same
+build scripts.
+
+With centralized revision control systems this is often accomplished by
+including every module in one single repository.  Developers can check out
+all modules or only the modules they need to work with.  They can even modify
+files across several modules in a single commit while moving things around
+or updating APIs and translations.
+
+Git does not allow partial checkouts, so duplicating this approach in Git
+would force developers to keep a local copy of modules they are not
+interested in touching.  Commits in an enormous checkout would be slower
+than you'd expect as Git would have to scan every directory for changes.
+If modules have a lot of local history, clones would take forever.
+
+On the plus side, distributed revision control systems can much better
+integrate with external sources.  In a centralized model, a single arbitrary
+snapshot of the external project is exported from its own revision control
+and then imported into the local revision control on a vendor branch.  All
+the history is hidden.  With distributed revision control you can clone the
+entire external history and much more easily follow development and re-merge
+local changes.
+
+Git's submodule support allows a repository to contain, as a subdirectory, a
+checkout of an external project.  Submodules maintain their own identity;
+the submodule support just stores the submodule repository location and
+commit ID, so other developers who clone the containing project
+("superproject") can easily clone all the submodules at the same revision.
+Partial checkouts of the superproject are possible: you can tell Git to
+clone none, some or all of the submodules.
+
+The gitlink:git-submodule[1] command is available since Git 1.5.3.  Users
+with Git 1.5.2 can look up the submodule commits in the repository and
+manually check them out; earlier versions won't recognize the submodules at
+all.
+
+To see how submodule support works, create (for example) four example
+repositories that can be used later as a submodule:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ mkdir ~/git
+$ cd ~/git
+$ for i in a b c d
+do
+	mkdir $i
+	cd $i
+	git init
+	echo "module $i" > $i.txt
+	git add $i.txt
+	git commit -m "Initial commit, submodule $i"
+	cd ..
+done
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+Now create the superproject and add all the submodules:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ mkdir super
+$ cd super
+$ git init
+$ for i in a b c d
+do
+	git submodule add ~/git/$i
+done
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: Do not use local URLs here if you plan to publish your superproject!
+
+See what files `git submodule` created:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ ls -a
+.  ..  .git  .gitmodules  a  b  c  d
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+The `git submodule add` command does a couple of things:
+
+- It clones the submodule under the current directory and by default checks out
+  the master branch.
+- It adds the submodule's clone path to the gitlink:gitmodules[5] file and
+  adds this file to the index, ready to be committed.
+- It adds the submodule's current commit ID to the index, ready to be
+  committed.
+
+Commit the superproject:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ git commit -m "Add submodules a, b, c and d."
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+Now clone the superproject:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ cd ..
+$ git clone super cloned
+$ cd cloned
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+The submodule directories are there, but they're empty:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ ls -a a
+.  ..
+$ git submodule status
+-d266b9873ad50488163457f025db7cdd9683d88b a
+-e81d457da15309b4fef4249aba9b50187999670d b
+-c1536a972b9affea0f16e0680ba87332dc059146 c
+-d96249ff5d57de5de093e6baff9e0aafa5276a74 d
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: The commit object names shown above would be different for you, but they
+should match the HEAD commit object names of your repositories.  You can check
+it by running `git ls-remote ../a`.
+
+Pulling down the submodules is a two-step process. First run `git submodule
+init` to add the submodule repository URLs to `.git/config`:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ git submodule init
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+Now use `git submodule update` to clone the repositories and check out the
+commits specified in the superproject:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ git submodule update
+$ cd a
+$ ls -a
+.  ..  .git  a.txt
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+One major difference between `git submodule update` and `git submodule add` is
+that `git submodule update` checks out a specific commit, rather than the tip
+of a branch. It's like checking out a tag: the head is detached, so you're not
+working on a branch.
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ git branch
+* (no branch)
+  master
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+If you want to make a change within a submodule and you have a detached head,
+then you should create or checkout a branch, make your changes, publish the
+change within the submodule, and then update the superproject to reference the
+new commit:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ git checkout master
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+or
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ git checkout -b fix-up
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+then
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ echo "adding a line again" >> a.txt
+$ git commit -a -m "Updated the submodule from within the superproject."
+$ git push
+$ cd ..
+$ git diff
+diff --git a/a b/a
+index d266b98..261dfac 160000
+--- a/a
++++ b/a
+@@ -1 +1 @@
+-Subproject commit d266b9873ad50488163457f025db7cdd9683d88b
++Subproject commit 261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24
+$ git add a
+$ git commit -m "Updated submodule a."
+$ git push
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+You have to run `git submodule update` after `git pull` if you want to update
+submodules, too.
+
+Pitfalls with submodules
+------------------------
+
+Always publish the submodule change before publishing the change to the
+superproject that references it. If you forget to publish the submodule change,
+others won't be able to clone the repository:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ cd ~/git/super/a
+$ echo i added another line to this file >> a.txt
+$ git commit -a -m "doing it wrong this time"
+$ cd ..
+$ git add a
+$ git commit -m "Updated submodule a again."
+$ git push
+$ cd ~/git/cloned
+$ git pull
+$ git submodule update
+error: pathspec '261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24' did not match any file(s) known to git.
+Did you forget to 'git add'?
+Unable to checkout '261dfac35cb99d380eb966e102c1197139f7fa24' in submodule path 'a'
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+You also should not rewind branches in a submodule beyond commits that were
+ever recorded in any superproject.
+
+It's not safe to run `git submodule update` if you've made and committed
+changes within a submodule without checking out a branch first. They will be
+silently overwritten:
+
+-------------------------------------------------
+$ cat a.txt
+module a
+$ echo line added from private2 >> a.txt
+$ git commit -a -m "line added inside private2"
+$ cd ..
+$ git submodule update
+Submodule path 'a': checked out 'd266b9873ad50488163457f025db7cdd9683d88b'
+$ cd a
+$ cat a.txt
+module a
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: The changes are still visible in the submodule's reflog.
+
+This is not the case if you did not commit your changes.
+
 [[low-level-operations]]
 Low-level git operations
 ========================
@@ -3187,9 +3425,10 @@ The Workflow
 ------------
 
 High-level operations such as gitlink:git-commit[1],
-gitlink:git-checkout[1] and git-reset[1] work by moving data between the
-working tree, the index, and the object database.  Git provides
-low-level operations which perform each of these steps individually.
+gitlink:git-checkout[1] and gitlink:git-reset[1] work by moving data
+between the working tree, the index, and the object database.  Git
+provides low-level operations which perform each of these steps
+individually.
 
 Generally, all "git" operations work on the index file. Some operations
 work *purely* on the index file (showing the current state of the
@@ -3244,7 +3483,7 @@ You write your current index file to a "tree" object with the program
 $ git write-tree
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-that doesn't come with any options - it will just write out the
+that doesn't come with any options--it will just write out the
 current index into the set of tree objects that describe that state,
 and it will return the name of the resulting top-level tree. You can
 use that tree to re-generate the index at any time by going in the
@@ -3255,7 +3494,7 @@ object database -> index
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 You read a "tree" file from the object database, and use that to
-populate (and overwrite - don't do this if your index contains any
+populate (and overwrite--don't do this if your index contains any
 unsaved state that you might want to restore later!) your current
 index.  Normal operation is just
 
@@ -3303,7 +3542,7 @@ Tying it all together
 
 To commit a tree you have instantiated with "git-write-tree", you'd
 create a "commit" object that refers to that tree and the history
-behind it - most notably the "parent" commits that preceded it in
+behind it--most notably the "parent" commits that preceded it in
 history.
 
 Normally a "commit" has one parent: the previous state of the tree
@@ -3446,7 +3685,7 @@ Once you know the three trees you are going to merge (the one "original"
 tree, aka the common tree, and the two "result" trees, aka the branches
 you want to merge), you do a "merge" read into the index. This will
 complain if it has to throw away your old index contents, so you should
-make sure that you've committed those - in fact you would normally
+make sure that you've committed those--in fact you would normally
 always do a merge against your last commit (which should thus match what
 you have in your current index anyway).
 
@@ -3466,7 +3705,7 @@ Merging multiple trees, continued
 ---------------------------------
 
 Sadly, many merges aren't trivial. If there are files that have
-been added.moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the
+been added, moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the
 same file, you will be left with an index tree that contains "merge
 entries" in it. Such an index tree can 'NOT' be written out to a tree
 object, and you will have to resolve any such merge clashes using
@@ -3718,7 +3957,7 @@ Two things are interesting here:
 
 - `get_sha1()` returns 0 on _success_.  This might surprise some new
   Git hackers, but there is a long tradition in UNIX to return different
-  negative numbers in case of different errors -- and 0 on success.
+  negative numbers in case of different errors--and 0 on success.
 
 - the variable `sha1` in the function signature of `get_sha1()` is `unsigned
   char \*`, but is actually expected to be a pointer to `unsigned
@@ -3823,7 +4062,7 @@ $ git branch new     # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD
 $ git branch -d new  # delete branch "new"
 -----------------------------------------------
 
-Instead of basing new branch on current HEAD (the default), use:
+Instead of basing a new branch on current HEAD (the default), use:
 
 -----------------------------------------------
 $ git branch new test    # branch named "test"
@@ -4071,5 +4310,3 @@ Write a chapter on using plumbing and writing scripts.
 Alternates, clone -reference, etc.
 
 git unpack-objects -r for recovery
-
-submodules