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diff --git a/doc/gawkinet.texi b/doc/gawkinet.texi index d51ce794..0573c8f5 100644 --- a/doc/gawkinet.texi +++ b/doc/gawkinet.texi @@ -5,13 +5,10 @@ @c %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @c FIXME: web vs. Web -@c inside ifinfo for older versions of texinfo.tex -@ifinfo -@dircategory GNU Packages +@dircategory Text creation and manipulation @direntry -* Gawkinet: (gawkinet). TCP/IP Internetworking With @command{gawk}. +* Gawkinet: (gawkinet). TCP/IP Internetworking With `gawk'. @end direntry -@end ifinfo @iftex @set DOCUMENT book @@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ implementation of AWK. Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @sp 2 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document -under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) @@ -142,7 +139,7 @@ ISBN 1-882114-93-0 @* @oddheading @| @| @strong{@thischapter}@ @ @ @thispage @end iftex -@ifinfo +@ifnottex @node Top, Preface, (dir), (dir) @top General Introduction @comment node-name, next, previous, up @@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ This file documents the networking features in GNU Awk (@command{gawk}) version 3.1 and later. @insertcopying -@end ifinfo +@end ifnottex @menu * Preface:: About this document. @@ -350,13 +347,13 @@ It is not necessary to set up the call first. The price the user pays for the lower overhead of datagram communications is exactly the lower reliability; it is often necessary for user-level -protocols that use datagram communications to add their own reliabilty +protocols that use datagram communications to add their own reliability features on top of the basic communications. @node The TCP/IP Protocols, Making Connections, Datagram Communications, Introduction @section The Internet Protocols -The Internet Protocol Suite (usually referred as just TCP/IP)@footnote{ +The Internet Protocol Suite (usually referred to as just TCP/IP)@footnote{ It should be noted that although the Internet seems to have conquered the world, there are other networking protocol suites in existence and in use.} consists of a number of different protocols at different levels or ``layers.'' @@ -395,7 +392,7 @@ when using @command{gawk} for network programming. All other user-level protocols use either TCP or UDP to do their basic communications. Examples are SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), -FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). +FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). @cindex SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) @cindex FTP (File Transfer Protocol) @cindex HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) @@ -405,7 +402,7 @@ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). In the postal system, the address on an envelope indicates a physical location, such as a residence or office building. But there may be -more than one person at the location; thus you have to further quantify +more than one person at a location; thus you have to further quantify the recipient by putting a person or company name on the envelope. In the phone system, one phone number may represent an entire company, @@ -415,14 +412,14 @@ say, ``May I please speak to ...'' before talking to the person directly. IP networking provides the concept of addressing. An IP address represents a particular computer, but no more. In order to reach the mail service -on a system, or the FTP or WWW service on a system, you have to have some +on a system, or the FTP or WWW service on a system, you must have some way to further specify which service you want. In the Internet Protocol suite, this is done with @dfn{port numbers}, which represent the services, much like an extension number used with a phone number. Port numbers are 16-bit integers. Unix and Unix-like systems reserve ports below 1024 for ``well known'' services, such as SMTP, FTP, and HTTP. -Numbers above 1024 may be used by any application, although there is no +Numbers 1024 and above may be used by any application, although there is no promise made that a particular port number is always available. @node Making Connections, , The TCP/IP Protocols, Introduction @@ -445,7 +442,7 @@ is @emph{connected to} in a transaction. For this to work though, the server must be expecting connections. Much as there has to be someone at the office building to answer the phone@footnote{In the days before voice mail systems!}, the -server process (usually) has to be started first and waiting +server process (usually) has to be started first and be waiting for a connection. @cindex clients @@ -464,11 +461,13 @@ enjoy the benefits of a simple communication paradigm in @command{gawk}.) @cindex blocking @cindex synchronous communications -Furthermore, once the connection is established, communications -are @dfn{synchronous}. I.e., each end waits on the other to finish -transmitting, before replying. This is much like two people in a phone -conversation. While both could talk simultaneously, doing so usually -doesn't work too well. +Furthermore, once the connection is established, communications are +@dfn{synchronous}.@footnote{For the technically savvy, data reads +block---if there's no incoming data, the program is made to wait until +there is, instead of receiving a ``there's no data'' error return.} I.e., +each end waits on the other to finish transmitting, before replying. This +is much like two people in a phone conversation. While both could talk +simultaneously, doing so usually doesn't work too well. In the case of TCP, the synchronicity is enforced by the protocol when sending data. Data writes @dfn{block} until the data have been received on the @@ -1076,7 +1075,7 @@ their own browser to Microsoft Windows 95 at the last minute. They even back-por their TCP/IP implementation to Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11, but it was a rather rudimentary and half-hearted implementation. Nevertheless, the equivalent of @file{/etc/services} resides under -@file{c:\windows\services} on Microsoft Windows.} +@file{C:\WINNT\system32\drivers\etc\services} on Microsoft Windows 2000.} The first column of the file gives the name of the service, and the second column gives a unique number and the protocol that one can use to connect to this service. @@ -4721,29 +4720,33 @@ They are presented in the order in which they appear. @end table -@node GNU Free Documentation License, Index, Links, Top +@node GNU Free Documentation License @unnumbered GNU Free Documentation License -@center Version 1.1, March 2000 + +@cindex FDL (Free Documentation License) +@cindex Free Documentation License (FDL) +@cindex GNU Free Documentation License +@center Version 1.2, November 2002 @display -Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA +Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. @end display -@sp 1 + @enumerate 0 @item PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other -written document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone -the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without -modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, -this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get -credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for -modifications made by others. +functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to +assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, +with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. +Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way +to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible +for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It @@ -4758,60 +4761,72 @@ it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. -@sp 1 @item APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS -This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a -notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed -under the terms of this License. The ``Document'', below, refers to any -such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is -addressed as ``you''. +This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that +contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be +distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a +world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that +work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below, +refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a +licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you +copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission +under copyright law. A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. -A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of -the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the -publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject -(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly -within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a -textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any -mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical +A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section +of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the +publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall +subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall +directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in +part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain +any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice -that says that the Document is released under this License. +that says that the Document is released under this License. If a +section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not +allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero +Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant +Sections then there are none. The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that -the Document is released under this License. +the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may +be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the -general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and +general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file -format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage -subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is -not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''. +format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart +or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. +An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount +of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''. Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain -ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML -or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple -HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include -PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only -by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or -processing tools are not generally available, and the -machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output -purposes only. +@sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input +format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available +@acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML}, +PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples +of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and +@acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be +read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or +@acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are +not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML}, +PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for +output purposes only. The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material @@ -4819,7 +4834,22 @@ this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. -@sp 1 + +A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose +title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following +text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a +specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'', +``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title'' +of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a +section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition. + +The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which +states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty +Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this +License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other +implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has +no effect on the meaning of this License. + @item VERBATIM COPYING @@ -4835,13 +4865,14 @@ number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. -@sp 1 + @item COPYING IN QUANTITY -If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, -and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose -the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover +If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have +printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the +Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the +copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present @@ -4859,21 +4890,20 @@ pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy -a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete -Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the -general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no -charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter -option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin -distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this -Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location -until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque -copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to -the public. +a computer-network location from which the general network-using +public has access to download using public-standard network protocols +a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. +If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, +when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure +that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated +location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an +Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that +edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. -@sp 1 + @item MODIFICATIONS @@ -4896,7 +4926,8 @@ if the original publisher of that version gives permission. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the -Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five). +Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), +unless they release you from this requirement. @item State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the @@ -4922,10 +4953,10 @@ and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. Include an unaltered copy of this License. @item -Preserve the section entitled ``History'', and its title, and add to -it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and +Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add +to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If -there is no section entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one +there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. @@ -4940,10 +4971,10 @@ least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. @item -In any section entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', -preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the -substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements -and/or dedications given therein. +For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve +the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the +substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or +dedications given therein. @item Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, @@ -4951,12 +4982,15 @@ unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. @item -Delete any section entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section +Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. @item -Do not retitle any existing section as ``Endorsements'' -or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. +Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or +to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. + +@item +Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. @end enumerate If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or @@ -4966,9 +5000,9 @@ of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. -You may add a section entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains +You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various -parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has +parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. @@ -4985,7 +5019,7 @@ permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. -@sp 1 + @item COMBINING DOCUMENTS @@ -4994,7 +5028,7 @@ License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its -license notice. +license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single @@ -5005,12 +5039,12 @@ author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. -In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled ``History'' -in the various original documents, forming one section entitled -``History''; likewise combine any sections entitled ``Acknowledgements'', -and any sections entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all sections -entitled ``Endorsements.'' -@sp 1 +In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History'' +in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled +``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', +and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all +sections Entitled ``Endorsements.'' + @item COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS @@ -5024,25 +5058,27 @@ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. -@sp 1 + @item AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or -distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version -of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the -compilation. Such a compilation is called an ``aggregate'', and this -License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled -with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they -are not themselves derivative works of the Document. +distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright +resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights +of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. +When the Document is included an aggregate, this License does not +apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves +derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these -copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter -of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on -covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. -Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. -@sp 1 +copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of +the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on +covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the +electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. +Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole +aggregate. + @item TRANSLATION @@ -5052,11 +5088,18 @@ Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a -translation of this License provided that you also include the -original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement -between the translation and the original English version of this -License, the original English version will prevail. -@sp 1 +translation of this License, and all the license notices in the +Document, and any Warrany Disclaimers, provided that you also include +the original English version of this License and the original versions +of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between +the translation and the original version of this License or a notice +or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. + +If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', +``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve +its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual +title. + @item TERMINATION @@ -5067,7 +5110,7 @@ automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. -@sp 1 + @item FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE @@ -5085,7 +5128,6 @@ of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. - @end enumerate @c fakenode --- for prepinfo @@ -5097,27 +5139,41 @@ license notices just after the title page: @smallexample @group - Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document - under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; - with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with the - Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts being @var{list}. + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. @end group @end smallexample -If you have no Invariant Sections, write ``with no Invariant Sections'' -instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no -Front-Cover Texts, write ``no Front-Cover Texts'' instead of -``Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}''; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. + +If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, +replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with this: + +@smallexample +@group + with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with + the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being @var{list}. +@end group +@end smallexample + +If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. +@c Local Variables: +@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict" +@c End: + + @node Index, , GNU Free Documentation License, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up |