Merge branch 'gawk-4.1-stable'

18 files changed, 939 insertions, 644 deletions

diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 020dd5f3..a3b956c0 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,17 @@
+2014-09-04         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* profile.c (pprint): Case Op_K_for: Improve printing of
+	empty for loop header.
+
+	Unrelated: Make indirect function calls work for built-in and
+	extension functions.
+
+	* awkgram.y (lookup_builtin): New function.
+	* awk.h (builtin_func_t): New typedef.
+	(lookup_builtin): Declare it.
+	* interpret.h (r_interpret): For indirect calls, add code to
+	find and call builtin functions, and call extension functions.
+
 2014-09-01         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* builtin.c (do_substr): Return "" instead of null string in case
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
index e1064220..37cb5f95 100644
--- a/NEWS
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ Changes from 4.1.1 to 4.1.2
 
 4. A number of bugs have been fixed in the MPFR code.
 
+5. Indirect function calls now work for both built-in and
+   extension functions.
+
 XX. A number of bugs have been fixed. See the ChangeLog.
 
 Changes from 4.1.0 to 4.1.1
diff --git a/awk.h b/awk.h
index 527b4453..f62be7ae 100644
--- a/awk.h
+++ b/awk.h
@@ -1378,6 +1378,8 @@ extern void register_deferred_variable(const char *name, NODE *(*load_func)(void
 extern int files_are_same(char *path, SRCFILE *src);
 extern void valinfo(NODE *n, Func_print print_func, FILE *fp);
 extern void negate_num(NODE *n);
+typedef NODE *(*builtin_func_t)(int);	/* function that implements a built-in */
+extern builtin_func_t lookup_builtin(const char *name);
 /* builtin.c */
 extern double double_to_int(double d);
 extern NODE *do_exp(int nargs);
diff --git a/awkgram.c b/awkgram.c
index 1c5e952d..4f29ef08 100644
--- a/awkgram.c
+++ b/awkgram.c
@@ -8054,3 +8054,19 @@ one_line_close(int fd)
 }
 
 
+/* lookup_builtin --- find a builtin function or return NULL */
+
+builtin_func_t
+lookup_builtin(const char *name)
+{
+	int mid = check_special(name);
+
+	if (mid == -1 || tokentab[mid].class != LEX_BUILTIN)
+		return NULL;
+#ifdef HAVE_MPFR
+	if (do_mpfr)
+		return tokentab[mid].ptr2;
+#endif
+
+	return tokentab[mid].ptr;
+}
diff --git a/awkgram.y b/awkgram.y
index 2ceb88e0..10167b38 100644
--- a/awkgram.y
+++ b/awkgram.y
@@ -5715,3 +5715,19 @@ one_line_close(int fd)
 }
 
 
+/* lookup_builtin --- find a builtin function or return NULL */
+
+builtin_func_t
+lookup_builtin(const char *name)
+{
+	int mid = check_special(name);
+
+	if (mid == -1 || tokentab[mid].class != LEX_BUILTIN)
+		return NULL;
+#ifdef HAVE_MPFR
+	if (do_mpfr)
+		return tokentab[mid].ptr2;
+#endif
+
+	return tokentab[mid].ptr;
+}
diff --git a/awklib/eg/prog/uniq.awk b/awklib/eg/prog/uniq.awk
index effc8f6c..2a2cf63e 100644
--- a/awklib/eg/prog/uniq.awk
+++ b/awklib/eg/prog/uniq.awk
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ BEGIN {
         else if (c == "c")
             do_count++
         else if (index("0123456789", c) != 0) {
-            # getopt requires args to options
+            # getopt() requires args to options
             # this messes us up for things like -5
             if (Optarg ~ /^[[:digit:]]+$/)
                 fcount = (c Optarg) + 0
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index 47d74797..95327540 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+2014-09-04         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Document that indirect calls now work on built-in
+	and extension functions.
+	* gawk.1: Same.
+
+2014-09-03         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Further fixes from reviews and bug reports.
+
 2014-09-02         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* gawktexi.in: Corrections to walkthrough in debugger chapter.
diff --git a/doc/gawk.1 b/doc/gawk.1
index d5756f08..a719cba1 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.1
+++ b/doc/gawk.1
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 .		if \w'\(rq' .ds rq "\(rq
 .	\}
 .\}
-.TH GAWK 1 "Jul 10 2014" "Free Software Foundation" "Utility Commands"
+.TH GAWK 1 "Aug 03 2014" "Free Software Foundation" "Utility Commands"
 .SH NAME
 gawk \- pattern scanning and processing language
 .SH SYNOPSIS
@@ -3287,7 +3287,7 @@ sign, like so:
 .RS
 .ft B
 .nf
-function  myfunc()
+function myfunc()
 {
 	print "myfunc called"
 	\&.\|.\|.
@@ -3301,6 +3301,8 @@ function  myfunc()
 .fi
 .ft R
 .RE
+As of version 4.1.2, this works with user-defined functions,
+built-in functions, and extension functions.
 .PP
 If
 .B \-\^\-lint
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index bff22dc9..1d8022f0 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -2222,7 +2222,7 @@ determining the type of a variable, and array sorting.
 
    As we develop our presentation of the `awk' language, we introduce
 most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described
-systematically in *note Built-in Variables::, and *note Built-in::.
+systematically in *note Built-in Variables::, and in *note Built-in::.
 
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: When,  Next: Intro Summary,  Prev: Other Features,  Up: Getting Started
@@ -13871,7 +13871,7 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Indirect Calls,  Next: Functions Summary,  Prev: User-de
 9.3 Indirect Function Calls
 ===========================
 
-This section describes a `gawk'-specific extension.
+This section describes an advanced, `gawk'-specific extension.
 
    Often, you may wish to defer the choice of function to call until
 runtime.  For example, you may have different kinds of records, each of
@@ -13910,7 +13910,7 @@ your test scores:
 
 This style of programming works, but can be awkward.  With "indirect"
 function calls, you tell `gawk' to use the _value_ of a variable as the
-name of the function to call.
+_name_ of the function to call.
 
    The syntax is similar to that of a regular function call: an
 identifier immediately followed by a left parenthesis, any arguments,
@@ -13952,7 +13952,6 @@ using indirect function calls.
 Otherwise they perform the expected computations and are not unusual.
 
      # For each record, print the class name and the requested statistics
-
      {
          class_name = $1
          gsub(/_/, " ", class_name)  # Replace _ with spaces
@@ -14139,11 +14138,11 @@ names of the two comparison functions:
    Remember that you must supply a leading `@' in front of an indirect
 function call.
 
-   Unfortunately, indirect function calls cannot be used with the
-built-in functions.  However, you can generally write "wrapper"
-functions which call the built-in ones, and those can be called
-indirectly. (Other than, perhaps, the mathematical functions, there is
-not a lot of reason to try to call the built-in functions indirectly.)
+   Starting with version 4.1.2 of `gawk', indirect function calls may
+also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions
+(*note Dynamic Extensions::).  The only thing you cannot do is pass a
+regular expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect
+function call.(1)
 
    `gawk' does its best to make indirect function calls efficient.  For
 example, in the following case:
@@ -14151,7 +14150,12 @@ example, in the following case:
      for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
          @the_func()
 
-`gawk' will look up the actual function to call only once.
+`gawk' looks up the actual function to call only once.
+
+   ---------- Footnotes ----------
+
+   (1) This may change in a future version; recheck the documentation
+that comes with your version of `gawk' to see if it has.
 
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Functions Summary,  Prev: Indirect Calls,  Up: Functions
@@ -14188,7 +14192,9 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Functions Summary,  Prev: Indirect Calls,  Up: Functions
 
    * User-defined functions may call other user-defined (and built-in)
      functions and may call themselves recursively. Function parameters
-     "hide" any global variables of the same names.
+     "hide" any global variables of the same names.  You cannot use the
+     name of a reserved variable (such as `ARGC') as the name of a
+     parameter in user-defined functions.
 
    * Scalar values are passed to user-defined functions by value. Array
      parameters are passed by reference; any changes made by the
@@ -14204,10 +14210,9 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Functions Summary,  Prev: Indirect Calls,  Up: Functions
      either scalar or array.
 
    * `gawk' provides indirect function calls using a special syntax.
-     By setting a variable to the name of a user-defined function, you
-     can determine at runtime what function will be called at that
-     point in the program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C
-     and C++.
+     By setting a variable to the name of a function, you can determine
+     at runtime what function will be called at that point in the
+     program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C and C++.
 
 
 
@@ -14898,7 +14903,7 @@ that might be as follows:
 
    This function reads from `file' one record at a time, building up
 the full contents of the file in the local variable `contents'.  It
-works, but is not necessarily efficient.(1)
+works, but is not necessarily efficient.
 
    The following function, based on a suggestion by Denis Shirokov,
 reads the entire contents of the named file in one shot:
@@ -14933,13 +14938,6 @@ string.  Thus calling code may use something like:
    This tests the result to see if it is empty or not. An equivalent
 test would be `contents == ""'.
 
-   ---------- Footnotes ----------
-
-   (1) Execution time grows quadratically in the size of the input; for
-each record, `awk' has to allocate a bigger internal buffer for
-`contents', copy the old contents into it, and then append the contents
-of the new record.
-
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Data File Management,  Next: Getopt Function,  Prev: General Functions,  Up: Library Functions
 
@@ -17072,7 +17070,7 @@ standard output, `/dev/stdout':
              else if (c == "c")
                  do_count++
              else if (index("0123456789", c) != 0) {
-                 # getopt requires args to options
+                 # getopt() requires args to options
                  # this messes us up for things like -5
                  if (Optarg ~ /^[[:digit:]]+$/)
                      fcount = (c Optarg) + 0
@@ -17669,8 +17667,8 @@ program.
 enclosed in square brackets (`[a-z]') and quoted, to prevent the shell
 from attempting a file name expansion.  This is not a feature.
 
-   (2) This program was written before `gawk' acquired the ability to
-split each character in a string into separate array elements.
+   (2) This program was also written before `gawk' acquired the ability
+to split each character in a string into separate array elements.
 
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Labels Program,  Next: Word Sorting,  Prev: Translate Program,  Up: Miscellaneous Programs
@@ -18763,23 +18761,35 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Programs Exercises,  Prev: Programs Summary,  Up: Sample
 
   5. The `split.awk' program (*note Split Program::) assumes that
      letters are contiguous in the character set, which isn't true for
-     EBCDIC systems.  Fix this problem.
-
-  6. Why can't the `wc.awk' program (*note Wc Program::) just use the
+     EBCDIC systems.  Fix this problem.  (Hint: Consider a different
+     way to work through the alphabet, without relying on `ord()' and
+     `chr()'.)
+
+  6. In `uniq.awk' (*note Uniq Program::, the logic for choosing which
+     lines to print represents a "state machine", which is "a device
+     that can be in one of a set number of stable conditions depending
+     on its previous condition and on the present values of its
+     inputs."(1) Brian Kernighan suggests that "an alternative approach
+     to state mechines is to just read the input into an array, then
+     use indexing.  It's almost always easier code, and for most inputs
+     where you would use this, just as fast."  Rewrite the logic to
+     follow this suggestion.
+
+  7. Why can't the `wc.awk' program (*note Wc Program::) just use the
      value of `FNR' in `endfile()'?  Hint: Examine the code in *note
      Filetrans Function::.
 
-  7. Manipulation of individual characters in the `translate' program
+  8. Manipulation of individual characters in the `translate' program
      (*note Translate Program::) is painful using standard `awk'
      functions.  Given that `gawk' can split strings into individual
      characters using `""' as the separator, how might you use this
      feature to simplify the program?
 
-  8. The `extract.awk' program (*note Extract Program::) was written
+  9. The `extract.awk' program (*note Extract Program::) was written
      before `gawk' had the `gensub()' function.  Use it to simplify the
      code.
 
-  9. Compare the performance of the `awksed.awk' program (*note Simple
+ 10. Compare the performance of the `awksed.awk' program (*note Simple
      Sed::) with the more straightforward:
 
           BEGIN {
@@ -18790,16 +18800,16 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Programs Exercises,  Prev: Programs Summary,  Up: Sample
 
           { gsub(pat, repl); print }
 
- 10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of `awksed.awk' versus
+ 11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of `awksed.awk' versus
      the real `sed' utility?
 
- 11. In *note Igawk Program::, we mentioned that not trying to save the
+ 12. In *note Igawk Program::, we mentioned that not trying to save the
      line read with `getline' in the `pathto()' function when testing
      for the file's accessibility for use with the main program
      simplifies things considerably.  What problem does this engender
      though?
 
- 12. As an additional example of the idea that it is not always
+ 13. As an additional example of the idea that it is not always
      necessary to add new features to a program, consider the idea of
      having two files in a directory in the search path:
 
@@ -18822,10 +18832,15 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Programs Exercises,  Prev: Programs Summary,  Up: Sample
      `@include' statements for the desired library functions.  Make
      this change.
 
- 13. Modify `anagram.awk' (*note Anagram Program::), to avoid the use
+ 14. Modify `anagram.awk' (*note Anagram Program::), to avoid the use
      of the external `sort' utility.
 
 
+   ---------- Footnotes ----------
+
+   (1) This is the definition returned from entering `define: state
+machine' into Google.
+
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Advanced Features,  Next: Internationalization,  Prev: Sample Programs,  Up: Top
 
@@ -21376,7 +21391,7 @@ some limitations.  A few which are worth being aware of are:
      what your mistake was, though, you'll feel like a real guru.
 
    * If you perused the dump of opcodes in *note Miscellaneous Debugger
-     Commands::, (or if you are already familiar with `gawk' internals),
+     Commands:: (or if you are already familiar with `gawk' internals),
      you will realize that much of the internal manipulation of data in
      `gawk', as in many interpreters, is done on a stack.  `Op_push',
      `Op_pop', etc., are the "bread and butter" of most `gawk' code.
@@ -32104,7 +32119,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line  66)
 * directories, command-line:             Command-line directories.
                                                               (line   6)
-* directories, searching:                Programs Exercises.  (line  63)
+* directories, searching:                Programs Exercises.  (line  75)
 * directories, searching for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable.
                                                               (line   6)
 * directories, searching for source files: AWKPATH Variable.  (line   6)
@@ -32386,7 +32401,7 @@ Index
 * files, reading, multiline records:     Multiple Line.       (line   6)
 * files, searching for regular expressions: Egrep Program.    (line   6)
 * files, skipping:                       File Checking.       (line   6)
-* files, source, search path for:        Programs Exercises.  (line  63)
+* files, source, search path for:        Programs Exercises.  (line  75)
 * files, splitting:                      Split Program.       (line   6)
 * files, Texinfo, extracting programs from: Extract Program.  (line   6)
 * find substring in string:              String Functions.    (line 155)
@@ -33554,11 +33569,11 @@ Index
 * search in string:                      String Functions.    (line 155)
 * search paths <1>:                      VMS Running.         (line  58)
 * search paths <2>:                      PC Using.            (line  10)
-* search paths:                          Programs Exercises.  (line  63)
+* search paths:                          Programs Exercises.  (line  75)
 * search paths, for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line   6)
 * search paths, for source files <1>:    VMS Running.         (line  58)
 * search paths, for source files <2>:    PC Using.            (line  10)
-* search paths, for source files <3>:    Programs Exercises.  (line  63)
+* search paths, for source files <3>:    Programs Exercises.  (line  75)
 * search paths, for source files:        AWKPATH Variable.    (line   6)
 * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program.    (line   6)
 * searching, for words:                  Dupword Program.     (line   6)
@@ -33705,7 +33720,7 @@ Index
 * source code, QSE Awk:                  Other Versions.      (line 131)
 * source code, QuikTrim Awk:             Other Versions.      (line 135)
 * source code, Solaris awk:              Other Versions.      (line  96)
-* source files, search path for:         Programs Exercises.  (line  63)
+* source files, search path for:         Programs Exercises.  (line  75)
 * sparse arrays:                         Array Intro.         (line  72)
 * Spencer, Henry:                        Glossary.            (line  11)
 * split:                                 String Functions.    (line 313)
@@ -34096,519 +34111,520 @@ Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1102513
 Node: Statements/Lines102598
 Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1107054
 Node: Other Features107319
-Node: When108247
-Ref: When-Footnote-1110003
-Node: Intro Summary110068
-Node: Invoking Gawk110951
-Node: Command Line112466
-Node: Options113257
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1128904
-Node: Other Arguments128929
-Node: Naming Standard Input131757
-Node: Environment Variables132850
-Node: AWKPATH Variable133408
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136274
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136319
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136579
-Node: Other Environment Variables137338
-Node: Exit Status140790
-Node: Include Files141465
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries145043
-Node: Obsolete146427
-Node: Undocumented147124
-Node: Invoking Summary147391
-Node: Regexp148991
-Node: Regexp Usage150450
-Node: Escape Sequences152483
-Node: Regexp Operators158554
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165985
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2166132
-Node: Bracket Expressions166230
-Ref: table-char-classes168248
-Node: Leftmost Longest171188
-Node: Computed Regexps172392
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators175770
-Node: Case-sensitivity179476
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1182366
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2182601
-Node: Regexp Summary182709
-Node: Reading Files184178
-Node: Records186270
-Node: awk split records186992
-Node: gawk split records191850
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1196371
-Node: Fields196408
-Ref: Fields-Footnote-1199372
-Node: Nonconstant Fields199458
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1201688
-Node: Changing Fields201890
-Node: Field Separators207844
-Node: Default Field Splitting210546
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting211663
-Node: Single Character Fields214990
-Node: Command Line Field Separator216049
-Node: Full Line Fields219475
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1219983
-Node: Field Splitting Summary220029
-Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1223161
-Node: Constant Size223262
-Node: Splitting By Content227868
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1231941
-Node: Multiple Line231981
-Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1237837
-Node: Getline238016
-Node: Plain Getline240227
-Node: Getline/Variable242933
-Node: Getline/File244080
-Node: Getline/Variable/File245464
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1247063
-Node: Getline/Pipe247150
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe249836
-Node: Getline/Coprocess250943
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess252195
-Node: Getline Notes252932
-Node: Getline Summary255736
-Ref: table-getline-variants256144
-Node: Read Timeout257056
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1260883
-Node: Command-line directories260941
-Node: Input Summary261845
-Node: Input Exercises264982
-Node: Printing265710
-Node: Print267432
-Node: Print Examples268925
-Node: Output Separators271704
-Node: OFMT273720
-Node: Printf275078
-Node: Basic Printf275984
-Node: Control Letters277523
-Node: Format Modifiers281514
-Node: Printf Examples287541
-Node: Redirection290005
-Node: Special Files296977
-Node: Special FD297510
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1301107
-Node: Special Network301181
-Node: Special Caveats302031
-Node: Close Files And Pipes302827
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1309988
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2310136
-Node: Output Summary310286
-Node: Output Exercises311283
-Node: Expressions311963
-Node: Values313148
-Node: Constants313824
-Node: Scalar Constants314504
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1315363
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers315613
-Node: Regexp Constants318613
-Node: Using Constant Regexps319138
-Node: Variables322210
-Node: Using Variables322865
-Node: Assignment Options324589
-Node: Conversion326464
-Node: Strings And Numbers326988
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1330050
-Node: Locale influences conversions330159
-Ref: table-locale-affects332876
-Node: All Operators333464
-Node: Arithmetic Ops334094
-Node: Concatenation336599
-Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1339418
-Node: Assignment Ops339524
-Ref: table-assign-ops344507
-Node: Increment Ops345810
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions349248
-Node: Truth Values350331
-Node: Typing and Comparison351380
-Node: Variable Typing352173
-Node: Comparison Operators355825
-Ref: table-relational-ops356235
-Node: POSIX String Comparison359785
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1360869
-Node: Boolean Ops361007
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1365346
-Node: Conditional Exp365437
-Node: Function Calls367164
-Node: Precedence371044
-Node: Locales374713
-Node: Expressions Summary376344
-Node: Patterns and Actions378885
-Node: Pattern Overview380001
-Node: Regexp Patterns381678
-Node: Expression Patterns382221
-Node: Ranges386001
-Node: BEGIN/END389107
-Node: Using BEGIN/END389869
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1392605
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END392711
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE394982
-Node: Empty397913
-Node: Using Shell Variables398230
-Node: Action Overview400513
-Node: Statements402840
-Node: If Statement404688
-Node: While Statement406186
-Node: Do Statement408230
-Node: For Statement409386
-Node: Switch Statement412538
-Node: Break Statement414926
-Node: Continue Statement416967
-Node: Next Statement418792
-Node: Nextfile Statement421182
-Node: Exit Statement423839
-Node: Built-in Variables426243
-Node: User-modified427370
-Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1435059
-Node: Auto-set435121
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1448040
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2448245
-Node: ARGC and ARGV448301
-Node: Pattern Action Summary452205
-Node: Arrays454428
-Node: Array Basics455977
-Node: Array Intro456803
-Ref: figure-array-elements458776
-Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1461300
-Node: Reference to Elements461428
-Node: Assigning Elements463878
-Node: Array Example464369
-Node: Scanning an Array466101
-Node: Controlling Scanning469102
-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1474275
-Node: Delete474591
-Ref: Delete-Footnote-1477342
-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts477399
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts479582
-Node: Multidimensional481209
-Node: Multiscanning484322
-Node: Arrays of Arrays485911
-Node: Arrays Summary490574
-Node: Functions492679
-Node: Built-in493552
-Node: Calling Built-in494630
-Node: Numeric Functions496618
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1501454
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2501811
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3501859
-Node: String Functions502128
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1525125
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2525254
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3525502
-Node: Gory Details525589
-Ref: table-sub-escapes527362
-Ref: table-sub-proposed528882
-Ref: table-posix-sub530246
-Ref: table-gensub-escapes531786
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+Ref: figure-load-extension907066
+Ref: figure-load-new-function908551
+Ref: figure-call-new-function909553
+Node: Extension API Description911537
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction912987
+Node: General Data Types917854
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1923547
+Node: Requesting Values923846
+Ref: table-value-types-returned924583
+Node: Memory Allocation Functions925541
+Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1928288
+Node: Constructor Functions928384
+Node: Registration Functions930142
+Node: Extension Functions930827
+Node: Exit Callback Functions933129
+Node: Extension Version String934377
+Node: Input Parsers935027
+Node: Output Wrappers944841
+Node: Two-way processors949357
+Node: Printing Messages951561
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1952638
+Node: Updating `ERRNO'952790
+Node: Accessing Parameters953529
+Node: Symbol Table Access954759
+Node: Symbol table by name955273
+Node: Symbol table by cookie957249
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1961382
+Node: Cached values961445
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1964949
+Node: Array Manipulation965040
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1966138
+Node: Array Data Types966177
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1968880
+Node: Array Functions968972
+Node: Flattening Arrays972846
+Node: Creating Arrays979698
+Node: Extension API Variables984429
+Node: Extension Versioning985065
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables986966
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate988052
+Node: Finding Extensions991856
+Node: Extension Example992416
+Node: Internal File Description993146
+Node: Internal File Ops997237
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11008669
+Node: Using Internal File Ops1008809
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11011156
+Node: Extension Samples1011424
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions1012948
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1020516
+Node: Extension Sample Fork1021998
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace1023211
+Node: Extension Sample Ord1024886
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir1025722
+Ref: table-readdir-file-types1026578
+Node: Extension Sample Revout1027377
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1027968
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1028709
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile1030588
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests1031688
+Node: Extension Sample Time1032213
+Node: gawkextlib1033528
+Node: Extension summary1036341
+Node: Extension Exercises1040034
+Node: Language History1040756
+Node: V7/SVR3.11042399
+Node: SVR41044719
+Node: POSIX1046161
+Node: BTL1047547
+Node: POSIX/GNU1048281
+Node: Feature History1054057
+Node: Common Extensions1067148
+Node: Ranges and Locales1068460
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11073077
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21073104
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31073338
+Node: Contributors1073559
+Node: History summary1078984
+Node: Installation1080353
+Node: Gawk Distribution1081304
+Node: Getting1081788
+Node: Extracting1082612
+Node: Distribution contents1084254
+Node: Unix Installation1090024
+Node: Quick Installation1090641
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1093083
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1094821
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1097172
+Node: PC Installation1097630
+Node: PC Binary Installation1098941
+Node: PC Compiling1100789
+Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11103788
+Node: PC Testing1103893
+Node: PC Using1105069
+Node: Cygwin1109221
+Node: MSYS1110030
+Node: VMS Installation1110544
+Node: VMS Compilation1111340
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11112562
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1112620
+Node: VMS Installation Details1113993
+Node: VMS Running1116245
+Node: VMS GNV1119079
+Node: VMS Old Gawk1119802
+Node: Bugs1120272
+Node: Other Versions1124276
+Node: Installation summary1130503
+Node: Notes1131559
+Node: Compatibility Mode1132424
+Node: Additions1133206
+Node: Accessing The Source1134131
+Node: Adding Code1135567
+Node: New Ports1141745
+Node: Derived Files1146226
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11151307
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21151341
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31151937
+Node: Future Extensions1152051
+Node: Implementation Limitations1152657
+Node: Extension Design1153905
+Node: Old Extension Problems1155059
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11156576
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1156633
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11159993
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1160182
+Node: Extension Future Growth1162288
+Node: Old Extension Mechanism1163124
+Node: Notes summary1164886
+Node: Basic Concepts1166072
+Node: Basic High Level1166753
+Ref: figure-general-flow1167025
+Ref: figure-process-flow1167624
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11170853
+Node: Basic Data Typing1171038
+Node: Glossary1174366
+Node: Copying1199518
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1237074
+Node: Index1262210
 
 End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 81b36ae5..7fc342c3 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -165,6 +165,19 @@
 @end macro
 @end ifdocbook
 
+@c hack for docbook, where comma shouldn't always follow an @ref{}
+@ifdocbook
+@macro DBREF{text}
+@ref{\text\}
+@end macro
+@end ifdocbook
+
+@ifnotdocbook
+@macro DBREF{text}
+@ref{\text\},
+@end macro
+@end ifnotdocbook
+
 @ifclear FOR_PRINT
 @set FN file name
 @set FFN File Name
@@ -1622,7 +1635,7 @@ available @command{awk} implementations.
 
 @ifset FOR_PRINT
 
-@ref{Copying},
+@DBREF{Copying}
 presents the license that covers the @command{gawk} source code.
 
 The version of this @value{DOCUMENT} distributed with @command{gawk}
@@ -3403,7 +3416,7 @@ and array sorting.
 
 As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we introduce
 most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described
-systematically in @ref{Built-in Variables}, and
+systematically in @ref{Built-in Variables}, and in
 @ref{Built-in}.
 
 @node When
@@ -5196,7 +5209,7 @@ The escape sequences described
 @ifnotinfo
 earlier
 @end ifnotinfo
-in @ref{Escape Sequences},
+in @DBREF{Escape Sequences}
 are valid inside a regexp.  They are introduced by a @samp{\} and
 are recognized and converted into corresponding real characters as
 the very first step in processing regexps.
@@ -5432,7 +5445,7 @@ Within a bracket expression, a @dfn{range expression} consists of two
 characters separated by a hyphen.  It matches any single character that
 sorts between the two characters, based upon the system's native character
 set.  For example, @samp{[0-9]} is equivalent to @samp{[0123456789]}.
-(See @ref{Ranges and Locales}, for an explanation of how the POSIX
+(See @DBREF{Ranges and Locales} for an explanation of how the POSIX
 standard and @command{gawk} have changed over time.  This is mainly
 of historical interest.)
 
@@ -8013,6 +8026,16 @@ processing on the next record @emph{right now}.  For example:
 @}
 @end example
 
+@c 8/2014: Here is some sample input:
+@ignore
+mon/*comment*/key
+rab/*commen
+t*/bit
+horse /*comment*/more text
+part 1 /*comment*/part 2 /*comment*/part 3
+no comment
+@end ignore
+
 This @command{awk} program deletes C-style comments (@samp{/* @dots{}
 */}) from the input.
 It uses a number of features we haven't covered yet, including
@@ -8428,7 +8451,7 @@ probably by accident, and you should reconsider what it is you're
 trying to accomplish.
 
 @item
-@ref{Getline Summary}, presents a table summarizing the
+@DBREF{Getline Summary} presents a table summarizing the
 @code{getline} variants and which variables they can affect.
 It is worth noting that those variants which do not use redirection
 can cause @code{FILENAME} to be updated if they cause
@@ -15033,7 +15056,7 @@ changed.
 @cindex arguments, command-line
 @cindex command line, arguments
 
-@ref{Auto-set},
+@DBREF{Auto-set}
 presented the following program describing the information contained in @code{ARGC}
 and @code{ARGV}:
 
@@ -19809,7 +19832,7 @@ being aware of them.
 @cindex pointers to functions
 @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, indirect function calls
 
-This section describes a @command{gawk}-specific extension.
+This section describes an advanced, @command{gawk}-specific extension.
 
 Often, you may wish to defer the choice of function to call until runtime.
 For example, you may have different kinds of records, each of which
@@ -19855,7 +19878,7 @@ To process the data, you might write initially:
 @noindent
 This style of programming works, but can be awkward.  With @dfn{indirect}
 function calls, you tell @command{gawk} to use the @emph{value} of a
-variable as the name of the function to call.
+variable as the @emph{name} of the function to call.
 
 @cindex @code{@@}-notation for indirect function calls
 @cindex indirect function calls, @code{@@}-notation
@@ -19917,7 +19940,6 @@ Otherwise they perform the expected computations and are not unusual.
 @example
 @c file eg/prog/indirectcall.awk
 # For each record, print the class name and the requested statistics
-
 @{
     class_name = $1
     gsub(/_/, " ", class_name)  # Replace _ with spaces
@@ -20146,10 +20168,12 @@ $ @kbd{gawk -f quicksort.awk -f indirectcall.awk class_data2}
 
 Remember that you must supply a leading @samp{@@} in front of an indirect function call.
 
-Unfortunately, indirect function calls cannot be used with the built-in functions.  However,
-you can generally write ``wrapper'' functions which call the built-in ones, and those can
-be called indirectly. (Other than, perhaps, the mathematical functions, there is not a lot
-of reason to try to call the built-in functions indirectly.)
+Starting with @value{PVERSION} 4.1.2 of @command{gawk}, indirect function
+calls may also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions
+(@pxref{Dynamic Extensions}).  The only thing you cannot do is pass a regular
+expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect function
+call.@footnote{This may change in a future version; recheck the documentation that
+comes with your version of @command{gawk} to see if it has.}
 
 @command{gawk} does its best to make indirect function calls efficient.
 For example, in the following case:
@@ -20160,7 +20184,7 @@ for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
 @end example
 
 @noindent
-@code{gawk} will look up the actual function to call only once.
+@code{gawk} looks up the actual function to call only once.
 
 @node Functions Summary
 @section Summary
@@ -20200,6 +20224,8 @@ from the real parameters by extra whitespace.
 User-defined functions may call other user-defined (and built-in)
 functions and may call themselves recursively. Function parameters
 ``hide'' any global variables of the same names.
+You cannot use the name of a reserved variable (such as @code{ARGC})
+as the name of a parameter in user-defined functions.
 
 @item
 Scalar values are passed to user-defined functions by value. Array
@@ -20218,7 +20244,7 @@ either scalar or array.
 
 @item
 @command{gawk} provides indirect function calls using a special syntax.
-By setting a variable to the name of a user-defined function, you can
+By setting a variable to the name of a function, you can
 determine at runtime what function will be called at that point in the
 program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C and C++.
 
@@ -20253,7 +20279,7 @@ It contains the following chapters:
 @c STARTOFRANGE fudlib
 @cindex functions, user-defined, library of
 
-@ref{User-defined}, describes how to write
+@DBREF{User-defined} describes how to write
 your own @command{awk} functions.  Writing functions is important, because
 it allows you to encapsulate algorithms and program tasks in a single
 place.  It simplifies programming, making program development more
@@ -20286,7 +20312,7 @@ use these functions.
 The functions are presented here in a progression from simple to complex.
 
 @cindex Texinfo
-@ref{Extract Program},
+@DBREF{Extract Program}
 presents a program that you can use to extract the source code for
 these example library functions and programs from the Texinfo source
 for this @value{DOCUMENT}.
@@ -20437,7 +20463,7 @@ A different convention, common in the Tcl community, is to use a single
 associative array to hold the values needed by the library function(s), or
 ``package.''  This significantly decreases the number of actual global names
 in use.  For example, the functions described in
-@ref{Passwd Functions},
+@DBREF{Passwd Functions}
 might have used array elements @code{@w{PW_data["inited"]}}, @code{@w{PW_data["total"]}},
 @code{@w{PW_data["count"]}}, and @code{@w{PW_data["awklib"]}}, instead of
 @code{@w{_pw_inited}}, @code{@w{_pw_awklib}}, @code{@w{_pw_total}},
@@ -21000,7 +21026,7 @@ more difficult than they really need to be.}
 @cindex timestamps, formatted
 @cindex time, managing
 The @code{systime()} and @code{strftime()} functions described in
-@ref{Time Functions},
+@DBREF{Time Functions}
 provide the minimum functionality necessary for dealing with the time of day
 in human readable form.  While @code{strftime()} is extensive, the control
 formats are not necessarily easy to remember or intuitively obvious when
@@ -21086,7 +21112,7 @@ function getlocaltime(time,    ret, now, i)
 
 The string indices are easier to use and read than the various formats
 required by @code{strftime()}.  The @code{alarm} program presented in
-@ref{Alarm Program},
+@DBREF{Alarm Program}
 uses this function.
 A more general design for the @code{getlocaltime()} function would have
 allowed the user to supply an optional timestamp value to use instead
@@ -21118,10 +21144,13 @@ This function reads from @code{file} one record at a time, building
 up the full contents of the file in the local variable @code{contents}.
 It works, but is not necessarily
 @c 8/2014. Thanks to BWK for pointing this out:
-efficient.@footnote{Execution time grows quadratically in the size of
+efficient.
+@ignore
+@footnote{Execution time grows quadratically in the size of
 the input; for each record, @command{awk} has to allocate a bigger
 internal buffer for @code{contents}, copy the old contents into it,
 and then append the contents of the new record.}
+@end ignore
 
 The following function, based on a suggestion by Denis Shirokov,
 reads the entire contents of the named file in one shot:
@@ -21294,7 +21323,7 @@ END  @{ endfile(_filename_) @}
 @c endfile
 @end example
 
-@ref{Wc Program},
+@DBREF{Wc Program}
 shows how this library function can be used and
 how it simplifies writing the main program.
 
@@ -22297,7 +22326,7 @@ once.  If you are worried about squeezing every last cycle out of your
 this is not necessary, since most @command{awk} programs are I/O-bound,
 and such a change would clutter up the code.
 
-The @command{id} program in @ref{Id Program},
+The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program}
 uses these functions.
 @c ENDOFRANGE libfudata
 @c ENDOFRANGE flibudata
@@ -22323,7 +22352,7 @@ uses these functions.
 @cindex group file
 @cindex files, group
 Much of the discussion presented in
-@ref{Passwd Functions},
+@DBREF{Passwd Functions}
 applies to the group database as well.  Although there has traditionally
 been a well-known file (@file{/etc/group}) in a well-known format, the POSIX
 standard only provides a set of C library routines
@@ -22662,13 +22691,13 @@ Most of the work is in scanning the database and building the various
 associative arrays.  The functions that the user calls are themselves very
 simple, relying on @command{awk}'s associative arrays to do work.
 
-The @command{id} program in @ref{Id Program},
+The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program}
 uses these functions.
 
 @node Walking Arrays
 @section Traversing Arrays of Arrays
 
-@ref{Arrays of Arrays}, described how @command{gawk}
+@DBREF{Arrays of Arrays} described how @command{gawk}
 provides arrays of arrays.  In particular, any element of
 an array may be either a scalar, or another array. The
 @code{isarray()} function (@pxref{Type Functions})
@@ -22823,7 +22852,7 @@ As a related challenge, revise that code to handle the case where
 an intervening value in @code{ARGV} is a variable assignment.
 
 @item
-@ref{Walking Arrays}, presented a function that walked a multidimensional
+@DBREF{Walking Arrays} presented a function that walked a multidimensional
 array to print it out.  However, walking an array and processing
 each element is a general-purpose operation.  Generalize the
 @code{walk_array()} function by adding an additional parameter named
@@ -23836,6 +23865,11 @@ This program is a bit sloppy; it relies on @command{awk} to automatically close
 instead of doing it in an @code{END} rule.
 It also assumes that letters are contiguous in the character set,
 which isn't true for EBCDIC systems.
+@ifset FOR_PRINT
+You might want to consider how to eliminate the use of
+@code{ord()} and @code{chr()}; this can be done in such a
+way as to solve the EBCDIC issue as well.
+@end ifset
 
 @c ENDOFRANGE filspl
 @c ENDOFRANGE split
@@ -24081,7 +24115,7 @@ BEGIN @{
         else if (c == "c")
             do_count++
         else if (index("0123456789", c) != 0) @{
-            # getopt requires args to options
+            # getopt() requires args to options
             # this messes us up for things like -5
             if (Optarg ~ /^[[:digit:]]+$/)
                 fcount = (c Optarg) + 0
@@ -24218,6 +24252,22 @@ END @{
 @}
 @c endfile
 @end example
+
+@ifset FOR_PRINT
+The logic for choosing which lines to print represents a @dfn{state
+machine}, which is ``a device that can be in one of a set number of stable
+conditions depending on its previous condition and on the present values
+of its inputs.''@footnote{This is the definition returned from entering
+@code{define: state machine} into Google.}
+Brian Kernighan suggests that
+``an alternative approach to state mechines is to just read
+the input into an array, then use indexing.  It's almost always
+easier code, and for most inputs where you would use this, just
+as fast.''  Consider how to rewrite the logic to follow this 
+suggestion.
+@end ifset
+
+
 @c ENDOFRANGE prunt
 @c ENDOFRANGE tpul
 @c ENDOFRANGE uniq
@@ -24743,7 +24793,7 @@ of standard @command{awk}: dealing with individual characters is very
 painful, requiring repeated use of the @code{substr()}, @code{index()},
 and @code{gsub()} built-in functions
 (@pxref{String Functions}).@footnote{This
-program was written before @command{gawk} acquired the ability to
+program was also written before @command{gawk} acquired the ability to
 split each character in a string into separate array elements.}
 There are two functions.  The first, @code{stranslate()}, takes three
 arguments:
@@ -26357,6 +26407,23 @@ The @code{split.awk} program (@pxref{Split Program}) assumes
 that letters are contiguous in the character set,
 which isn't true for EBCDIC systems.
 Fix this problem.
+(Hint: Consider a different way to work through the alphabet,
+without relying on @code{ord()} and @code{chr()}.)
+
+@item
+In @file{uniq.awk} (@pxref{Uniq Program}, the
+logic for choosing which lines to print represents a @dfn{state
+machine}, which is ``a device that can be in one of a set number of stable
+conditions depending on its previous condition and on the present values
+of its inputs.''@footnote{This is the definition returned from entering
+@code{define: state machine} into Google.}
+Brian Kernighan suggests that
+``an alternative approach to state mechines is to just read
+the input into an array, then use indexing.  It's almost always
+easier code, and for most inputs where you would use this, just
+as fast.''  Rewrite the logic to follow this 
+suggestion.
+
 
 @item
 Why can't the @file{wc.awk} program (@pxref{Wc Program}) just
@@ -26634,7 +26701,7 @@ Often, though, it is desirable to be able to loop over the elements
 in a particular order that you, the programmer, choose.  @command{gawk}
 lets you do this.
 
-@ref{Controlling Scanning}, describes how you can assign special,
+@DBREF{Controlling Scanning} describes how you can assign special,
 pre-defined values to @code{PROCINFO["sorted_in"]} in order to
 control the order in which @command{gawk} traverses an array
 during a @code{for} loop.
@@ -29790,7 +29857,9 @@ responds @samp{syntax error}.  When you do figure out what your mistake was,
 though, you'll feel like a real guru.
 
 @item
-If you perused the dump of opcodes in @ref{Miscellaneous Debugger Commands},
+@c NOTE: no comma after the ref{} on purpose, due to following
+@c parenthetical remark.
+If you perused the dump of opcodes in @ref{Miscellaneous Debugger Commands}
 (or if you are already familiar with @command{gawk} internals),
 you will realize that much of the internal manipulation of data
 in @command{gawk}, as in many interpreters, is done on a stack.
@@ -38251,7 +38320,7 @@ as well as any considerations you should bear in mind.
 @appendixsubsec Accessing The @command{gawk} Git Repository
 
 As @command{gawk} is Free Software, the source code is always available.
-@ref{Gawk Distribution}, describes how to get and build the formal,
+@DBREF{Gawk Distribution} describes how to get and build the formal,
 released versions of @command{gawk}.
 
 @cindex @command{git} utility
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index 3a443b55..9bef7907 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -160,6 +160,19 @@
 @end macro
 @end ifdocbook
 
+@c hack for docbook, where comma shouldn't always follow an @ref{}
+@ifdocbook
+@macro DBREF{text}
+@ref{\text\}
+@end macro
+@end ifdocbook
+
+@ifnotdocbook
+@macro DBREF{text}
+@ref{\text\},
+@end macro
+@end ifnotdocbook
+
 @ifclear FOR_PRINT
 @set FN file name
 @set FFN File Name
@@ -1589,7 +1602,7 @@ available @command{awk} implementations.
 
 @ifset FOR_PRINT
 
-@ref{Copying},
+@DBREF{Copying}
 presents the license that covers the @command{gawk} source code.
 
 The version of this @value{DOCUMENT} distributed with @command{gawk}
@@ -3314,7 +3327,7 @@ and array sorting.
 
 As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we introduce
 most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described
-systematically in @ref{Built-in Variables}, and
+systematically in @ref{Built-in Variables}, and in
 @ref{Built-in}.
 
 @node When
@@ -5024,7 +5037,7 @@ The escape sequences described
 @ifnotinfo
 earlier
 @end ifnotinfo
-in @ref{Escape Sequences},
+in @DBREF{Escape Sequences}
 are valid inside a regexp.  They are introduced by a @samp{\} and
 are recognized and converted into corresponding real characters as
 the very first step in processing regexps.
@@ -5260,7 +5273,7 @@ Within a bracket expression, a @dfn{range expression} consists of two
 characters separated by a hyphen.  It matches any single character that
 sorts between the two characters, based upon the system's native character
 set.  For example, @samp{[0-9]} is equivalent to @samp{[0123456789]}.
-(See @ref{Ranges and Locales}, for an explanation of how the POSIX
+(See @DBREF{Ranges and Locales} for an explanation of how the POSIX
 standard and @command{gawk} have changed over time.  This is mainly
 of historical interest.)
 
@@ -7615,6 +7628,16 @@ processing on the next record @emph{right now}.  For example:
 @}
 @end example
 
+@c 8/2014: Here is some sample input:
+@ignore
+mon/*comment*/key
+rab/*commen
+t*/bit
+horse /*comment*/more text
+part 1 /*comment*/part 2 /*comment*/part 3
+no comment
+@end ignore
+
 This @command{awk} program deletes C-style comments (@samp{/* @dots{}
 */}) from the input.
 It uses a number of features we haven't covered yet, including
@@ -8030,7 +8053,7 @@ probably by accident, and you should reconsider what it is you're
 trying to accomplish.
 
 @item
-@ref{Getline Summary}, presents a table summarizing the
+@DBREF{Getline Summary} presents a table summarizing the
 @code{getline} variants and which variables they can affect.
 It is worth noting that those variants which do not use redirection
 can cause @code{FILENAME} to be updated if they cause
@@ -14321,7 +14344,7 @@ changed.
 @cindex arguments, command-line
 @cindex command line, arguments
 
-@ref{Auto-set},
+@DBREF{Auto-set}
 presented the following program describing the information contained in @code{ARGC}
 and @code{ARGV}:
 
@@ -18936,7 +18959,7 @@ being aware of them.
 @cindex pointers to functions
 @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, indirect function calls
 
-This section describes a @command{gawk}-specific extension.
+This section describes an advanced, @command{gawk}-specific extension.
 
 Often, you may wish to defer the choice of function to call until runtime.
 For example, you may have different kinds of records, each of which
@@ -18982,7 +19005,7 @@ To process the data, you might write initially:
 @noindent
 This style of programming works, but can be awkward.  With @dfn{indirect}
 function calls, you tell @command{gawk} to use the @emph{value} of a
-variable as the name of the function to call.
+variable as the @emph{name} of the function to call.
 
 @cindex @code{@@}-notation for indirect function calls
 @cindex indirect function calls, @code{@@}-notation
@@ -19044,7 +19067,6 @@ Otherwise they perform the expected computations and are not unusual.
 @example
 @c file eg/prog/indirectcall.awk
 # For each record, print the class name and the requested statistics
-
 @{
     class_name = $1
     gsub(/_/, " ", class_name)  # Replace _ with spaces
@@ -19273,10 +19295,12 @@ $ @kbd{gawk -f quicksort.awk -f indirectcall.awk class_data2}
 
 Remember that you must supply a leading @samp{@@} in front of an indirect function call.
 
-Unfortunately, indirect function calls cannot be used with the built-in functions.  However,
-you can generally write ``wrapper'' functions which call the built-in ones, and those can
-be called indirectly. (Other than, perhaps, the mathematical functions, there is not a lot
-of reason to try to call the built-in functions indirectly.)
+Starting with @value{PVERSION} 4.1.2 of @command{gawk}, indirect function
+calls may also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions
+(@pxref{Dynamic Extensions}).  The only thing you cannot do is pass a regular
+expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect function
+call.@footnote{This may change in a future version; recheck the documentation that
+comes with your version of @command{gawk} to see if it has.}
 
 @command{gawk} does its best to make indirect function calls efficient.
 For example, in the following case:
@@ -19287,7 +19311,7 @@ for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
 @end example
 
 @noindent
-@code{gawk} will look up the actual function to call only once.
+@code{gawk} looks up the actual function to call only once.
 
 @node Functions Summary
 @section Summary
@@ -19327,6 +19351,8 @@ from the real parameters by extra whitespace.
 User-defined functions may call other user-defined (and built-in)
 functions and may call themselves recursively. Function parameters
 ``hide'' any global variables of the same names.
+You cannot use the name of a reserved variable (such as @code{ARGC})
+as the name of a parameter in user-defined functions.
 
 @item
 Scalar values are passed to user-defined functions by value. Array
@@ -19345,7 +19371,7 @@ either scalar or array.
 
 @item
 @command{gawk} provides indirect function calls using a special syntax.
-By setting a variable to the name of a user-defined function, you can
+By setting a variable to the name of a function, you can
 determine at runtime what function will be called at that point in the
 program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C and C++.
 
@@ -19380,7 +19406,7 @@ It contains the following chapters:
 @c STARTOFRANGE fudlib
 @cindex functions, user-defined, library of
 
-@ref{User-defined}, describes how to write
+@DBREF{User-defined} describes how to write
 your own @command{awk} functions.  Writing functions is important, because
 it allows you to encapsulate algorithms and program tasks in a single
 place.  It simplifies programming, making program development more
@@ -19413,7 +19439,7 @@ use these functions.
 The functions are presented here in a progression from simple to complex.
 
 @cindex Texinfo
-@ref{Extract Program},
+@DBREF{Extract Program}
 presents a program that you can use to extract the source code for
 these example library functions and programs from the Texinfo source
 for this @value{DOCUMENT}.
@@ -19564,7 +19590,7 @@ A different convention, common in the Tcl community, is to use a single
 associative array to hold the values needed by the library function(s), or
 ``package.''  This significantly decreases the number of actual global names
 in use.  For example, the functions described in
-@ref{Passwd Functions},
+@DBREF{Passwd Functions}
 might have used array elements @code{@w{PW_data["inited"]}}, @code{@w{PW_data["total"]}},
 @code{@w{PW_data["count"]}}, and @code{@w{PW_data["awklib"]}}, instead of
 @code{@w{_pw_inited}}, @code{@w{_pw_awklib}}, @code{@w{_pw_total}},
@@ -20127,7 +20153,7 @@ more difficult than they really need to be.}
 @cindex timestamps, formatted
 @cindex time, managing
 The @code{systime()} and @code{strftime()} functions described in
-@ref{Time Functions},
+@DBREF{Time Functions}
 provide the minimum functionality necessary for dealing with the time of day
 in human readable form.  While @code{strftime()} is extensive, the control
 formats are not necessarily easy to remember or intuitively obvious when
@@ -20213,7 +20239,7 @@ function getlocaltime(time,    ret, now, i)
 
 The string indices are easier to use and read than the various formats
 required by @code{strftime()}.  The @code{alarm} program presented in
-@ref{Alarm Program},
+@DBREF{Alarm Program}
 uses this function.
 A more general design for the @code{getlocaltime()} function would have
 allowed the user to supply an optional timestamp value to use instead
@@ -20245,10 +20271,13 @@ This function reads from @code{file} one record at a time, building
 up the full contents of the file in the local variable @code{contents}.
 It works, but is not necessarily
 @c 8/2014. Thanks to BWK for pointing this out:
-efficient.@footnote{Execution time grows quadratically in the size of
+efficient.
+@ignore
+@footnote{Execution time grows quadratically in the size of
 the input; for each record, @command{awk} has to allocate a bigger
 internal buffer for @code{contents}, copy the old contents into it,
 and then append the contents of the new record.}
+@end ignore
 
 The following function, based on a suggestion by Denis Shirokov,
 reads the entire contents of the named file in one shot:
@@ -20421,7 +20450,7 @@ END  @{ endfile(_filename_) @}
 @c endfile
 @end example
 
-@ref{Wc Program},
+@DBREF{Wc Program}
 shows how this library function can be used and
 how it simplifies writing the main program.
 
@@ -21395,7 +21424,7 @@ once.  If you are worried about squeezing every last cycle out of your
 this is not necessary, since most @command{awk} programs are I/O-bound,
 and such a change would clutter up the code.
 
-The @command{id} program in @ref{Id Program},
+The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program}
 uses these functions.
 @c ENDOFRANGE libfudata
 @c ENDOFRANGE flibudata
@@ -21421,7 +21450,7 @@ uses these functions.
 @cindex group file
 @cindex files, group
 Much of the discussion presented in
-@ref{Passwd Functions},
+@DBREF{Passwd Functions}
 applies to the group database as well.  Although there has traditionally
 been a well-known file (@file{/etc/group}) in a well-known format, the POSIX
 standard only provides a set of C library routines
@@ -21760,13 +21789,13 @@ Most of the work is in scanning the database and building the various
 associative arrays.  The functions that the user calls are themselves very
 simple, relying on @command{awk}'s associative arrays to do work.
 
-The @command{id} program in @ref{Id Program},
+The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program}
 uses these functions.
 
 @node Walking Arrays
 @section Traversing Arrays of Arrays
 
-@ref{Arrays of Arrays}, described how @command{gawk}
+@DBREF{Arrays of Arrays} described how @command{gawk}
 provides arrays of arrays.  In particular, any element of
 an array may be either a scalar, or another array. The
 @code{isarray()} function (@pxref{Type Functions})
@@ -21921,7 +21950,7 @@ As a related challenge, revise that code to handle the case where
 an intervening value in @code{ARGV} is a variable assignment.
 
 @item
-@ref{Walking Arrays}, presented a function that walked a multidimensional
+@DBREF{Walking Arrays} presented a function that walked a multidimensional
 array to print it out.  However, walking an array and processing
 each element is a general-purpose operation.  Generalize the
 @code{walk_array()} function by adding an additional parameter named
@@ -22934,6 +22963,11 @@ This program is a bit sloppy; it relies on @command{awk} to automatically close
 instead of doing it in an @code{END} rule.
 It also assumes that letters are contiguous in the character set,
 which isn't true for EBCDIC systems.
+@ifset FOR_PRINT
+You might want to consider how to eliminate the use of
+@code{ord()} and @code{chr()}; this can be done in such a
+way as to solve the EBCDIC issue as well.
+@end ifset
 
 @c ENDOFRANGE filspl
 @c ENDOFRANGE split
@@ -23179,7 +23213,7 @@ BEGIN @{
         else if (c == "c")
             do_count++
         else if (index("0123456789", c) != 0) @{
-            # getopt requires args to options
+            # getopt() requires args to options
             # this messes us up for things like -5
             if (Optarg ~ /^[[:digit:]]+$/)
                 fcount = (c Optarg) + 0
@@ -23316,6 +23350,22 @@ END @{
 @}
 @c endfile
 @end example
+
+@ifset FOR_PRINT
+The logic for choosing which lines to print represents a @dfn{state
+machine}, which is ``a device that can be in one of a set number of stable
+conditions depending on its previous condition and on the present values
+of its inputs.''@footnote{This is the definition returned from entering
+@code{define: state machine} into Google.}
+Brian Kernighan suggests that
+``an alternative approach to state mechines is to just read
+the input into an array, then use indexing.  It's almost always
+easier code, and for most inputs where you would use this, just
+as fast.''  Consider how to rewrite the logic to follow this 
+suggestion.
+@end ifset
+
+
 @c ENDOFRANGE prunt
 @c ENDOFRANGE tpul
 @c ENDOFRANGE uniq
@@ -23841,7 +23891,7 @@ of standard @command{awk}: dealing with individual characters is very
 painful, requiring repeated use of the @code{substr()}, @code{index()},
 and @code{gsub()} built-in functions
 (@pxref{String Functions}).@footnote{This
-program was written before @command{gawk} acquired the ability to
+program was also written before @command{gawk} acquired the ability to
 split each character in a string into separate array elements.}
 There are two functions.  The first, @code{stranslate()}, takes three
 arguments:
@@ -25455,6 +25505,23 @@ The @code{split.awk} program (@pxref{Split Program}) assumes
 that letters are contiguous in the character set,
 which isn't true for EBCDIC systems.
 Fix this problem.
+(Hint: Consider a different way to work through the alphabet,
+without relying on @code{ord()} and @code{chr()}.)
+
+@item
+In @file{uniq.awk} (@pxref{Uniq Program}, the
+logic for choosing which lines to print represents a @dfn{state
+machine}, which is ``a device that can be in one of a set number of stable
+conditions depending on its previous condition and on the present values
+of its inputs.''@footnote{This is the definition returned from entering
+@code{define: state machine} into Google.}
+Brian Kernighan suggests that
+``an alternative approach to state mechines is to just read
+the input into an array, then use indexing.  It's almost always
+easier code, and for most inputs where you would use this, just
+as fast.''  Rewrite the logic to follow this 
+suggestion.
+
 
 @item
 Why can't the @file{wc.awk} program (@pxref{Wc Program}) just
@@ -25732,7 +25799,7 @@ Often, though, it is desirable to be able to loop over the elements
 in a particular order that you, the programmer, choose.  @command{gawk}
 lets you do this.
 
-@ref{Controlling Scanning}, describes how you can assign special,
+@DBREF{Controlling Scanning} describes how you can assign special,
 pre-defined values to @code{PROCINFO["sorted_in"]} in order to
 control the order in which @command{gawk} traverses an array
 during a @code{for} loop.
@@ -28888,7 +28955,9 @@ responds @samp{syntax error}.  When you do figure out what your mistake was,
 though, you'll feel like a real guru.
 
 @item
-If you perused the dump of opcodes in @ref{Miscellaneous Debugger Commands},
+@c NOTE: no comma after the ref{} on purpose, due to following
+@c parenthetical remark.
+If you perused the dump of opcodes in @ref{Miscellaneous Debugger Commands}
 (or if you are already familiar with @command{gawk} internals),
 you will realize that much of the internal manipulation of data
 in @command{gawk}, as in many interpreters, is done on a stack.
@@ -37349,7 +37418,7 @@ as well as any considerations you should bear in mind.
 @appendixsubsec Accessing The @command{gawk} Git Repository
 
 As @command{gawk} is Free Software, the source code is always available.
-@ref{Gawk Distribution}, describes how to get and build the formal,
+@DBREF{Gawk Distribution} describes how to get and build the formal,
 released versions of @command{gawk}.
 
 @cindex @command{git} utility
diff --git a/helpers/ChangeLog b/helpers/ChangeLog
index c9121403..a5bbafb1 100644
--- a/helpers/ChangeLog
+++ b/helpers/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+2014-09-04         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* chlistref.awk: New file. Finds @ref{} to non-chapters.
+
 2014-06-08         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* testdfa.c: Minor improvements.
diff --git a/helpers/chlistref.awk b/helpers/chlistref.awk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49f63f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/helpers/chlistref.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+BEGIN {
+	chapters["Getting Started"]++
+	chapters["Invoking Gawk"]++
+	chapters["Regexp"]++
+	chapters["Reading Files"]++
+	chapters["Printing"]++
+	chapters["Expressions"]++
+	chapters["Patterns and Actions"]++
+	chapters["Arrays"]++
+	chapters["Functions"]++
+	chapters["Library Functions"]++
+	chapters["Sample Programs"]++
+	chapters["Advanced Features"]++
+	chapters["Internationalization"]++
+	chapters["Debugger"]++
+	chapters["Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic"]++
+	chapters["Dynamic Extensions"]++
+	chapters["Language History"]++
+	chapters["Installation"]++
+	chapters["Notes"]++
+	chapters["Basic Concepts"]++
+	
+	Pattern = ".*@ref\\{([^}]+)\\},.*"
+}
+
+$0 ~ Pattern {
+	ref = gensub(Pattern, "\\1", 1, $0)
+	if (! (ref in chapters))
+		printf("%s:%d: %s\n", FILENAME, FNR, $0)
+}
+
diff --git a/interpret.h b/interpret.h
index be017355..fee8136e 100644
--- a/interpret.h
+++ b/interpret.h
@@ -1039,13 +1039,42 @@ match_re:
 			}
 
 			if (f == NULL) {
-				/* FIXME: See if function is a built-in and try to call it */
-				fatal(_("`%s' is not a user-defined function, so it cannot be called indirectly"),
+				int arg_count = (pc + 1)->expr_count;
+				builtin_func_t the_func = lookup_builtin(t1->stptr);
+				
+				if (the_func == NULL)
+					fatal(_("`%s' is not a user-defined function, so it cannot be called indirectly"),
 						t1->stptr);
-			} else if(f->type != Node_func) {
-				if (f->type == Node_ext_func || f->type == Node_old_ext_func)
-					fatal(_("cannot (yet) call extension functions indirectly"));
-				else
+
+				/* call it */
+				r = the_func(arg_count);
+				PUSH(r);
+				break;
+			} else if (f->type != Node_func) {
+				if (   f->type == Node_ext_func
+				    || f->type == Node_old_ext_func) {
+					/* code copied from below, keep in sync */
+					INSTRUCTION *bc;
+					char *fname = pc->func_name;
+					int arg_count = (pc + 1)->expr_count;
+					static INSTRUCTION npc[2];
+
+					npc[0] = *pc;
+
+					bc = f->code_ptr;
+					assert(bc->opcode == Op_symbol);
+					if (f->type == Node_ext_func)
+						npc[0].opcode = Op_ext_builtin;	/* self modifying code */
+					else
+						npc[0].opcode = Op_old_ext_builtin;	/* self modifying code */
+					npc[0].extfunc = bc->extfunc;
+					npc[0].expr_count = arg_count;		/* actual argument count */
+					npc[1] = pc[1];
+					npc[1].func_name = fname;	/* name of the builtin */
+					npc[1].expr_count = bc->expr_count;	/* defined max # of arguments */
+					ni = npc; 
+					JUMPTO(ni);
+				} else
 					fatal(_("function called indirectly through `%s' does not exist"),
 							pc->func_name);	
 			}
@@ -1069,6 +1098,7 @@ match_re:
 			}
 
 			if (f->type == Node_ext_func || f->type == Node_old_ext_func) {
+				/* keep in sync with indirect call code */
 				INSTRUCTION *bc;
 				char *fname = pc->func_name;
 				int arg_count = (pc + 1)->expr_count;
diff --git a/profile.c b/profile.c
index eae24b1c..d07bea4a 100644
--- a/profile.c
+++ b/profile.c
@@ -731,20 +731,28 @@ cleanup:
 			ip = pc + 1;
 			indent(ip->forloop_body->exec_count);
 			fprintf(prof_fp, "%s (", op2str(pc->opcode));	
-			pprint(pc->nexti, ip->forloop_cond, true);
-			fprintf(prof_fp, "; ");
 
-			if (ip->forloop_cond->opcode == Op_no_op &&
-					ip->forloop_cond->nexti == ip->forloop_body)
+			/* If empty for looop header, print it a little more nicely. */
+			if (   pc->nexti->opcode == Op_no_op
+			    && ip->forloop_cond == pc->nexti
+			    && pc->target_continue->opcode == Op_jmp) {
+				fprintf(prof_fp, ";;");
+			} else {
+				pprint(pc->nexti, ip->forloop_cond, true);
 				fprintf(prof_fp, "; ");
-			else {
-				pprint(ip->forloop_cond, ip->forloop_body, true);
-				t1 = pp_pop();
-				fprintf(prof_fp, "%s; ", t1->pp_str);
-				pp_free(t1);
-			}
 
-			pprint(pc->target_continue, pc->target_break, true);
+				if (ip->forloop_cond->opcode == Op_no_op &&
+						ip->forloop_cond->nexti == ip->forloop_body)
+					fprintf(prof_fp, "; ");
+				else {
+					pprint(ip->forloop_cond, ip->forloop_body, true);
+					t1 = pp_pop();
+					fprintf(prof_fp, "%s; ", t1->pp_str);
+					pp_free(t1);
+				}
+
+				pprint(pc->target_continue, pc->target_break, true);
+			}
 			fprintf(prof_fp, ") {\n");
 			indent_in();
 			pprint(ip->forloop_body->nexti, pc->target_continue, false);
diff --git a/test/ChangeLog b/test/ChangeLog
index 8f8c9c31..47835e75 100644
--- a/test/ChangeLog
+++ b/test/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+2014-09-04         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* profile2.ok: Update after code improvement in profiler.
+	* functab4.ok: Update after making indirect calls of
+	extension functions work. :-)
+
 2014-08-15         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* badargs.ok: Adjust after revising text for -L option.
diff --git a/test/functab4.ok b/test/functab4.ok
index 70a520b7..8eaab508 100644
--- a/test/functab4.ok
+++ b/test/functab4.ok
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 x = chdir
-gawk: functab4.awk:11: fatal: cannot (yet) call extension functions indirectly
-EXIT CODE: 2
+we are now in --> /tmp
diff --git a/test/profile2.ok b/test/profile2.ok
index fe76a2c9..50c7e190 100644
--- a/test/profile2.ok
+++ b/test/profile2.ok
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
      1  	asplit("BEGIN:END:atan2:break:close:continue:cos:delete:" "do:else:exit:exp:for:getline:gsub:if:in:index:int:" "length:log:match:next:print:printf:rand:return:sin:" "split:sprintf:sqrt:srand:sub:substr:system:while", keywords, ":")
      1  	split("00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:" "20:10:10:12:12:11:07:00:00:00:" "08:08:08:08:08:33:08:00:00:00:" "08:44:08:36:08:08:08:00:00:00:" "08:44:45:42:42:41:08", machine, ":")
      1  	state = 1
-   571  	for (; ; ) {
+   571  	for (;;) {
    571  		symb = lex()
    571  		nextstate = substr(machine[state symb], 1, 1)
    571  		act = substr(machine[state symb], 2, 1)
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 
    571  function lex()
 	{
-  1702  	for (; ; ) {
+  1702  	for (;;) {
   1702  		if (tok == "(eof)") {
 				return 7
 			}