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| author | Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> | 2014-03-07 10:46:18 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> | 2014-03-07 10:46:18 +0200 |
| commit | 4c0b1ddb06fd9329fd34db65a93e067d6426a7d1 (patch) | |
| tree | eeb93f2dfd1a0bb879877580d12f602d21893605 | |
| parent | 31206f0309881ee76cb7aba8c7537b15c34b78aa (diff) | |
| download | gawk-4c0b1ddb06fd9329fd34db65a93e067d6426a7d1.tar.gz | |
First round of indexing improvements.
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/ChangeLog | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 850 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.texi | 118 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawktexi.in | 116 |
4 files changed, 640 insertions, 450 deletions
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog index 5e42570d..cf61ad19 100644 --- a/doc/ChangeLog +++ b/doc/ChangeLog @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ +2014-03-07 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> + + * gawktexi.in: Indexing improvements. + 2014-03-02 John E. Malmberg <wb8tyw@qsl.net> - * gawktext.in: Remove paragraph about obsolete VMS + * gawktexi.in: Remove paragraph about obsolete VMS compilers. Update reference about building PCSI kit. 2014-02-27 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 11e5a71a..6fb7ee3e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -8559,6 +8559,10 @@ worked around; range patterns do not combine with other patterns: error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: (/1/,/2/) || /Yes/ error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: ^ syntax error + As a minor point of interest, although it is poor style, POSIX +allows you to put a newline after the comma in a range pattern. +(d.c.) + File: gawk.info, Node: BEGIN/END, Next: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Prev: Ranges, Up: Pattern Overview @@ -9379,12 +9383,12 @@ listed in `ARGV'. standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=607). - The current version of the Brian Kernighan's `awk' (*note Other -Versions::) also supports `nextfile'. However, it doesn't allow the -`nextfile' statement inside function bodies (*note User-defined::). -`gawk' does; a `nextfile' inside a function body reads the next record -and starts processing it with the first rule in the program, just as -any other `nextfile' statement. + The current version of the Brian Kernighan's `awk', and `mawk' +(*note Other Versions::) also support `nextfile'. However, they don't +allow the `nextfile' statement inside function bodies (*note +User-defined::). `gawk' does; a `nextfile' inside a function body +reads the next record and starts processing it with the first rule in +the program, just as any other `nextfile' statement. File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Statement, Prev: Nextfile Statement, Up: Statements @@ -29964,11 +29968,11 @@ Index * # (number sign), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * # (number sign), commenting: Comments. (line 6) -* $ (dollar sign): Regexp Operators. (line 35) * $ (dollar sign), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 43) * $ (dollar sign), $ field operator: Fields. (line 19) * $ (dollar sign), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) +* $ (dollar sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * % (percent sign), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * % (percent sign), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * % (percent sign), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -29995,12 +29999,12 @@ Index * * (asterisk), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * * (asterisk), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * * (asterisk), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* + (plus sign): Regexp Operators. (line 102) * + (plus sign), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * + (plus sign), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * + (plus sign), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * + (plus sign), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * + (plus sign), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) +* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) * , (comma), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * - (hyphen), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * - (hyphen), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) @@ -30106,17 +30110,18 @@ Index (line 147) * / (forward slash), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147) -* /dev/... special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) -* /dev/fd/N special files: Special FD. (line 46) +* /dev/... special files: Special FD. (line 46) +* /dev/fd/N special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) * /inet/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /inet4/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /inet6/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* ; (semicolon): Statements/Lines. (line 91) * ; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) -* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. +* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions <2>: Action Overview. (line 19) +* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. + (line 91) * < (left angle bracket), < operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * < (left angle bracket), < operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) @@ -30137,10 +30142,10 @@ Index (line 11) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) -* ? (question mark) regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) -* ? (question mark) regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * [] (square brackets): Regexp Operators. (line 55) * \ (backslash) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * \ (backslash) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) @@ -30192,20 +30197,21 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* ^ (caret): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * ^ (caret), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * ^ (caret), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) -* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) -* ^, in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. +* ^ (caret), in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. + (line 59) +* ^ (caret), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) +* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * _ (underscore), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 70) * _ (underscore), in names of private variables: Library Names. (line 29) * _ (underscore), translatable string: Programmer i18n. (line 69) * _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 82) +* _ord_init() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * _pw_init() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 105) * accessing fields: Fields. (line 6) * account information <1>: Group Functions. (line 6) @@ -30219,8 +30225,6 @@ Index * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) * advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) -* advanced features, network connections, See Also networks, connections: Advanced Features. - (line 6) * advanced features, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O. @@ -30242,6 +30246,7 @@ Index * ampersand (&), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. (line 6) * anagram.awk program: Anagram Program. (line 22) +* anagrams, finding: Anagram Program. (line 6) * AND bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * and Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * and() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 39) @@ -30440,8 +30445,8 @@ Index * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) * BBS-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) -* Beebe, Nelson <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) -* Beebe, Nelson: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) +* Beebe, Nelson H.F.: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * BEGIN pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) * BEGIN pattern <2>: BEGIN/END. (line 6) * BEGIN pattern <3>: Field Separators. (line 45) @@ -30467,7 +30472,9 @@ Index * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) * beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) +* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 151) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) +* Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) * binary input/output: User-modified. (line 10) * bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 49) @@ -30509,9 +30516,28 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <1>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <3>: Simple Sed. (line 25) -* Brennan, Michael: Delete. (line 56) -* Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Brennan, Michael <4>: Delete. (line 56) +* Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 40) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 15) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 489) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 48) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <5>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <6>: Continue Statement. (line 43) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <7>: Break Statement. (line 51) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <8>: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <9>: Concatenation. (line 36) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <10>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <11>: Regexp Field Splitting. + (line 67) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <12>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 83) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 116) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <14>: When. (line 21) +* Brian Kernighan's awk: Preface. (line 15) * Brian Kernighan's awk, extensions: BTL. (line 6) +* Brian Kernighan's awk, source code: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Brini, Davide: Signature Program. (line 6) * Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 88) * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) * BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 624) @@ -30538,12 +30564,12 @@ Index (line 47) * call by value: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 18) -* caret (^): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * caret (^), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) +* caret (^), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) * caret (^), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 91) @@ -30554,6 +30580,8 @@ Index * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 82) * CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 125) +* character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. + (line 55) * character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) * character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 141) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. @@ -30894,6 +30922,8 @@ Index (line 23) * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) +* differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories. + (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. @@ -30936,8 +30966,6 @@ Index (line 346) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 191) -* differences in awk and gawk, strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. - (line 401) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 274) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 162) @@ -30957,11 +30985,11 @@ Index * documentation, of awk programs: Library Names. (line 6) * documentation, online: Manual History. (line 11) * documents, searching: Dupword Program. (line 6) -* dollar sign ($): Regexp Operators. (line 35) * dollar sign ($), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 43) * dollar sign ($), $ field operator: Fields. (line 19) * dollar sign ($), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) +* dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * double precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) * double quote (") <1>: Quoting. (line 37) * double quote ("): Read Terminal. (line 25) @@ -31078,6 +31106,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) +* extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 40) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 193) @@ -31199,10 +31228,10 @@ Index * fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * flag variables <1>: Tee Program. (line 20) * flag variables: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* floating-point numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) * floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) +* floating-point, numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. + (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) @@ -31605,14 +31634,16 @@ Index * Kahrs, Ju"rgen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kasal, Stepan: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kenobi, Obi-Wan: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) -* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Other Versions. (line 13) -* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Contributors. (line 11) -* Kernighan, Brian <4>: BTL. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <5>: Library Functions. (line 12) -* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Concatenation. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) -* Kernighan, Brian <8>: Conventions. (line 34) +* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 151) +* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) +* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Kernighan, Brian <4>: Contributors. (line 11) +* Kernighan, Brian <5>: BTL. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Library Functions. (line 12) +* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Concatenation. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <8>: Getline/Pipe. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) +* Kernighan, Brian <10>: Conventions. (line 34) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) * kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) @@ -31733,7 +31764,11 @@ Index (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 164) -* mawk utility: Other Versions. (line 44) +* mawk utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 44) +* mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) +* mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) +* mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -31952,12 +31987,12 @@ Index * Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 73) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) -* plus sign (+): Regexp Operators. (line 102) * plus sign (+), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * plus sign (+), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * plus sign (+), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) +* plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) @@ -32117,10 +32152,10 @@ Index (line 99) * QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) * Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) -* question mark (?) regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) -* question mark (?) regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) +* question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) +* question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) @@ -32143,6 +32178,7 @@ Index * random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) +* range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 65) * Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 72) * Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 37) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) @@ -32307,12 +32343,13 @@ Index * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* semicolon (;): Statements/Lines. (line 91) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) -* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. +* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <2>: Action Overview. (line 19) +* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. + (line 91) * separators, field: User-modified. (line 56) * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) @@ -32385,6 +32422,7 @@ Index * signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * signals, USR1/SIGUSR1: Profiling. (line 188) +* signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) * SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * SIGUSR1 signal: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. @@ -32605,7 +32643,9 @@ Index * undisplay debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 80) * undocumented features: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Unicode: Glossary. (line 141) +* Unicode <1>: Glossary. (line 141) +* Unicode <2>: Ranges and Locales. (line 61) +* Unicode: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * uninitialized variables, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * uniq utility: Uniq Program. (line 6) @@ -32916,362 +32956,362 @@ Node: Pattern Overview358484 Node: Regexp Patterns360153 Node: Expression Patterns360696 Node: Ranges364381 -Node: BEGIN/END367347 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368109 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370840 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END370946 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373228 -Node: Empty376142 -Node: Using Shell Variables376458 -Node: Action Overview378743 -Node: Statements381100 -Node: If Statement382954 -Node: While Statement384453 -Node: Do Statement386497 -Node: For Statement387653 -Node: Switch Statement390805 -Node: Break Statement392959 -Node: Continue Statement394949 -Node: Next Statement396742 -Node: Nextfile Statement399132 -Node: Exit Statement401775 -Node: Built-in Variables404191 -Node: User-modified405286 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413644 -Node: Auto-set413706 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426784 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2426989 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427045 -Node: Arrays430896 -Node: Array Basics432401 -Node: Array Intro433227 -Node: Reference to Elements437544 -Node: Assigning Elements439814 -Node: Array Example440305 -Node: Scanning an Array442037 -Node: Controlling Scanning444351 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449438 -Node: Delete449754 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452519 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452576 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454759 -Node: Multidimensional456386 -Node: Multiscanning459479 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461068 -Node: Functions465708 -Node: Built-in466527 -Node: Calling Built-in467605 -Node: Numeric Functions469593 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473425 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473782 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473830 -Node: String Functions474099 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497019 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497148 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497396 -Node: Gory Details497483 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499162 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500516 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501867 -Ref: table-posix-sub503221 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504766 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505942 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505993 -Node: I/O Functions506144 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513134 -Node: Time Functions513281 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524214 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524282 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524440 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524551 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524663 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524890 -Node: Bitwise Functions525156 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525718 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529939 -Node: Type Functions530123 -Node: I18N Functions531274 -Node: User-defined532901 -Node: Definition Syntax533705 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538619 -Node: Function Example538688 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1541337 -Node: Function Caveats541359 -Node: Calling A Function541877 -Node: Variable Scope542832 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545795 -Node: Return Statement549303 -Node: Dynamic Typing552284 -Node: Indirect Calls553215 -Node: Library Functions562902 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566415 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566558 -Node: Library Names566729 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1570202 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2570422 -Node: General Functions570508 -Node: Strtonum Function571536 -Node: Assert Function574466 -Node: Round Function577792 -Node: Cliff Random Function579333 -Node: Ordinal Functions580349 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583426 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583678 -Node: Join Function583889 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585660 -Node: Getlocaltime Function585860 -Node: Readfile Function589601 -Node: Data File Management591440 -Node: Filetrans Function592072 -Node: Rewind Function596141 -Node: File Checking597528 -Node: Empty Files598622 -Node: Ignoring Assigns600852 -Node: Getopt Function602406 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613709 -Node: Passwd Functions613912 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1622890 -Node: Group Functions622978 -Node: Walking Arrays631062 -Node: Sample Programs633198 -Node: Running Examples633872 -Node: Clones634600 -Node: Cut Program635824 -Node: Egrep Program645675 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1653448 -Node: Id Program653558 -Node: Split Program657174 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660693 -Node: Tee Program660821 -Node: Uniq Program663624 -Node: Wc Program671053 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1675319 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675519 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs675611 -Node: Dupword Program676799 -Node: Alarm Program678830 -Node: Translate Program683637 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688024 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2688272 -Node: Labels Program688406 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691777 -Node: Word Sorting691861 -Node: History Sorting695745 -Node: Extract Program697584 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705087 -Node: Simple Sed705215 -Node: Igawk Program708277 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723434 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723635 -Node: Anagram Program723773 -Node: Signature Program726841 -Node: Advanced Features727941 -Node: Nondecimal Data729827 -Node: Array Sorting731410 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732107 -Node: Array Sorting Functions740391 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1744260 -Node: Two-way I/O744454 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1749886 -Node: TCP/IP Networking749968 -Node: Profiling752812 -Node: Internationalization760315 -Node: I18N and L10N761740 -Node: Explaining gettext762426 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1767494 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2767678 -Node: Programmer i18n767843 -Node: Translator i18n772045 -Node: String Extraction772839 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773800 -Node: Printf Ordering773886 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776668 -Node: I18N Portability776732 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779181 -Node: I18N Example779244 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781882 -Node: Gawk I18N781954 -Node: Debugger782575 -Node: Debugging783546 -Node: Debugging Concepts783979 -Node: Debugging Terms785835 -Node: Awk Debugging788432 -Node: Sample Debugging Session789324 -Node: Debugger Invocation789844 -Node: Finding The Bug791177 -Node: List of Debugger Commands797664 -Node: Breakpoint 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+Node: Strtonum Function571686 +Node: Assert Function574616 +Node: Round Function577942 +Node: Cliff Random Function579483 +Node: Ordinal Functions580499 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583576 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583828 +Node: Join Function584039 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585810 +Node: Getlocaltime Function586010 +Node: Readfile Function589751 +Node: Data File Management591590 +Node: Filetrans Function592222 +Node: Rewind Function596291 +Node: File Checking597678 +Node: Empty Files598772 +Node: Ignoring Assigns601002 +Node: Getopt Function602556 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613859 +Node: Passwd Functions614062 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623040 +Node: Group Functions623128 +Node: Walking Arrays631212 +Node: Sample Programs633348 +Node: Running Examples634022 +Node: Clones634750 +Node: Cut Program635974 +Node: Egrep Program645825 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1653598 +Node: Id Program653708 +Node: Split Program657324 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660843 +Node: Tee Program660971 +Node: Uniq Program663774 +Node: Wc Program671203 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1675469 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675669 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs675761 +Node: Dupword Program676949 +Node: Alarm Program678980 +Node: Translate Program683787 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688174 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2688422 +Node: Labels Program688556 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691927 +Node: Word Sorting692011 +Node: History Sorting695895 +Node: Extract Program697734 +Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705237 +Node: Simple Sed705365 +Node: Igawk Program708427 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723584 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723785 +Node: Anagram Program723923 +Node: Signature Program726991 +Node: Advanced Features728091 +Node: Nondecimal Data729977 +Node: Array Sorting731560 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal732257 +Node: Array Sorting Functions740541 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1744410 +Node: Two-way I/O744604 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750036 +Node: TCP/IP 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Info810995 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814977 +Node: Readline Support820153 +Node: Limitations820984 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823236 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824885 +Node: General Arithmetic825033 +Node: Floating Point Issues826753 +Node: String Conversion Precision827634 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829339 +Node: Unexpected Results829448 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831601 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1835426 +Node: Integer Programming835464 +Node: Floating-point Programming837203 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1843534 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843804 +Node: Floating-point Representation844068 +Node: Floating-point Context845233 +Ref: table-ieee-formats846072 +Node: Rounding Mode847456 +Ref: table-rounding-modes847935 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850950 +Node: Gawk and MPFR851129 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats852384 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854827 +Node: 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Contributors1032941 +Node: Installation1038086 +Node: Gawk Distribution1038980 +Node: Getting1039464 +Node: Extracting1040290 +Node: Distribution contents1041982 +Node: Unix Installation1047687 +Node: Quick Installation1048304 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1050750 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1052486 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1054840 +Node: PC Installation1055298 +Node: PC Binary Installation1056597 +Node: PC Compiling1058445 +Node: PC Testing1061389 +Node: PC Using1062565 +Node: Cygwin1066733 +Node: MSYS1067542 +Node: VMS Installation1068056 +Node: VMS Compilation1068820 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11070072 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1070130 +Node: VMS Installation Details1071503 +Node: VMS Running1073754 +Node: VMS GNV1076588 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1077311 +Node: Bugs1077781 +Node: Other Versions1081699 +Node: Notes1087783 +Node: Compatibility Mode1088583 +Node: Additions1089366 +Node: Accessing The Source1090293 +Node: Adding Code1091733 +Node: New Ports1097778 +Node: Derived Files1101913 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11107234 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21107268 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31107868 +Node: Future Extensions1107966 +Node: Implementation Limitations1108549 +Node: Extension Design1109801 +Node: Old Extension Problems1110955 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11112463 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1112520 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11115885 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1116071 +Node: Extension Future Growth1118177 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1119013 +Node: Basic Concepts1120753 +Node: Basic High Level1121434 +Ref: figure-general-flow1121705 +Ref: figure-process-flow1122304 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11125533 +Node: Basic Data Typing1125718 +Node: Glossary1129073 +Node: Copying1154535 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1192092 +Node: Index1217229 End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi index eefdf4e9..713f5a46 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.texi +++ b/doc/gawk.texi @@ -1000,6 +1000,7 @@ Arnold has distilled over a decade of experience writing and using AWK programs, and developing @command{gawk}, into this book. If you use AWK or want to learn how, then read this book. +@cindex Brennan, Michael @display Michael Brennan Author of @command{mawk} @@ -1024,6 +1025,7 @@ Such jobs are often easier with @command{awk}. The @command{awk} utility interprets a special-purpose programming language that makes it easy to handle simple data-reformatting jobs. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} The GNU implementation of @command{awk} is called @command{gawk}; if you invoke it with the proper options or environment variables (@pxref{Options}), it is fully @@ -1774,7 +1776,7 @@ significant editorial help for this @value{DOCUMENT} for the 3.1 release of @command{gawk}. @end quotation -@cindex Beebe, Nelson +@cindex Beebe, Nelson H.F.@: @cindex Buening, Andreas @cindex Collado, Manuel @cindex Colombo, Antonio @@ -3033,8 +3035,8 @@ noticed because it is ``hidden'' inside the comment. Thus, the @code{BEGIN} is noted as a syntax error. @cindex statements, multiple -@cindex @code{;} (semicolon) -@cindex semicolon (@code{;}) +@cindex @code{;} (semicolon), separating statements in actions +@cindex semicolon (@code{;}), separating statements in actions When @command{awk} statements within one rule are short, you might want to put more than one of them on a line. This is accomplished by separating the statements with a semicolon (@samp{;}). @@ -3094,6 +3096,7 @@ used once, and thrown away. Because @command{awk} programs are interpreted, you can avoid the (usually lengthy) compilation part of the typical edit-compile-test-debug cycle of software development. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} Complex programs have been written in @command{awk}, including a complete retargetable assembler for eight-bit microprocessors (@pxref{Glossary}, for more information), and a microcode assembler for a special-purpose Prolog @@ -4585,6 +4588,7 @@ leaves what happens as undefined. There are two choices: @c @cindex automatic warnings @c @cindex warnings, automatic +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @table @asis @item Strip the backslash out This is what Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} and @command{gawk} both do. @@ -4598,6 +4602,7 @@ two backslashes in the string: @samp{FS = @w{"[ \t]+\\|[ \t]+"}}.) @cindex @command{gawk}, escape sequences @cindex Unix @command{awk}, backslashes in escape sequences +@cindex @command{mawk} utility @item Leave the backslash alone Some other @command{awk} implementations do this. In such implementations, typing @code{"a\qc"} is the same as typing @@ -4626,6 +4631,7 @@ leaves what happens as undefined. There are two choices: @c @cindex automatic warnings @c @cindex warnings, automatic +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @table @asis @item Strip the backslash out This is what Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} and @command{gawk} both do. @@ -4639,6 +4645,7 @@ two backslashes in the string: @samp{FS = @w{"[ \t]+\\|[ \t]+"}}.) @cindex @command{gawk}, escape sequences @cindex Unix @command{awk}, backslashes in escape sequences +@cindex @command{mawk} utility @item Leave the backslash alone Some other @command{awk} implementations do this. In such implementations, typing @code{"a\qc"} is the same as typing @@ -4749,8 +4756,8 @@ The condition is not true in the following example: if ("line1\nLINE 2" ~ /^L/) @dots{} @end example -@cindex @code{$} (dollar sign) -@cindex dollar sign (@code{$}) +@cindex @code{$} (dollar sign), regexp operator +@cindex dollar sign (@code{$}), regexp operator @item $ This is similar to @samp{^}, but it matches only at the end of a string. For example, @samp{p$} @@ -4784,6 +4791,7 @@ may not be able to match the @sc{nul} character. @cindex bracket expressions @cindex character sets, See Also bracket expressions @cindex character lists, See bracket expressions +@cindex character classes, See bracket expressions @item [@dots{}] This is called a @dfn{bracket expression}.@footnote{In other literature, you may see a bracket expression referred to as either a @@ -4845,8 +4853,8 @@ prints every record in @file{sample} containing a string of the form Notice the escaping of the parentheses by preceding them with backslashes. -@cindex @code{+} (plus sign) -@cindex plus sign (@code{+}) +@cindex @code{+} (plus sign), regexp operator +@cindex plus sign (@code{+}), regexp operator @item + This symbol is similar to @samp{*}, except that the preceding expression must be matched at least once. This means that @samp{wh+y} @@ -4859,8 +4867,8 @@ way of writing the last @samp{*} example: awk '/\(c[ad]+r x\)/ @{ print @}' sample @end example -@cindex @code{?} (question mark) regexp operator -@cindex question mark (@code{?}) regexp operator +@cindex @code{?} (question mark), regexp operator +@cindex question mark (@code{?}), regexp operator @item ? This symbol is similar to @samp{*}, except that the preceding expression can be matched either once or not at all. For example, @samp{fe?d} @@ -5182,10 +5190,10 @@ Matches the empty string at the end of a buffer (string). @end table -@cindex @code{^} (caret) -@cindex caret (@code{^}) -@cindex @code{?} (question mark) regexp operator -@cindex question mark (@code{?}) regexp operator +@cindex @code{^} (caret), regexp operator +@cindex caret (@code{^}), regexp operator +@cindex @code{?} (question mark), regexp operator +@cindex question mark (@code{?}), regexp operator Because @samp{^} and @samp{$} always work in terms of the beginning and end of strings, these operators don't add any new capabilities for @command{awk}. They are provided for compatibility with other @@ -5229,6 +5237,7 @@ Only POSIX regexps are supported; the GNU operators are not special (e.g., @samp{\w} matches a literal @samp{w}). Interval expressions are allowed. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @item @code{--traditional} Traditional Unix @command{awk} regexps are matched. The GNU operators are not special, and interval expressions are not available. @@ -6505,7 +6514,7 @@ was ignored when finding @code{$1}, it is not part of the new @code{$0}. Finally, the last @code{print} statement prints the new @code{$0}. @cindex @code{FS}, containing @code{^} -@cindex @code{^}, in @code{FS} +@cindex @code{^} (caret), in @code{FS} @cindex dark corner, @code{^}, in @code{FS} There is an additional subtlety to be aware of when using regular expressions for field splitting. @@ -6516,6 +6525,7 @@ different @command{awk} versions answer this question differently, and you should not rely on any specific behavior in your programs. @value{DARKCORNER} +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} As a point of information, Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} allows @samp{^} to match only at the beginning of the record. @command{gawk} also works this way. For example: @@ -7596,6 +7606,7 @@ that does handle nested @samp{@@include} statements. @subsection Using @code{getline} from a Pipe @c From private email, dated October 2, 1988. Used by permission, March 2013. +@cindex Kernighan, Brian @quotation @i{Omniscience has much to recommend it. Failing that, attention to details would be useful.} @@ -7683,6 +7694,8 @@ because the concatenation operator is not parenthesized. You should write it as @samp{(@w{"echo "} "date") | getline} if you want your program to be portable to all @command{awk} implementations. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex @command{mawk} utility @quotation NOTE Unfortunately, @command{gawk} has not been consistent in its treatment of a construct like @samp{@w{"echo "} "date" | getline}. @@ -8007,6 +8020,7 @@ indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing. @node Command line directories @section Directories On The Command Line +@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command line directories @cindex directories, command line @cindex command line, directories on @@ -9159,9 +9173,9 @@ has been ported to, not just those that are POSIX-compliant: @cindex extensions, common@comma{} @code{/dev/stdout} special file @cindex extensions, common@comma{} @code{/dev/stderr} special file @cindex file names, standard streams in @command{gawk} -@cindex @code{/dev/@dots{}} special files (@command{gawk}) +@cindex @code{/dev/@dots{}} special files @cindex files, @code{/dev/@dots{}} special files -@cindex @code{/dev/fd/@var{N}} special files +@cindex @code{/dev/fd/@var{N}} special files (@command{gawk}) @table @file @item /dev/stdin The standard input (file descriptor 0). @@ -10346,6 +10360,8 @@ name = "name" print "something meaningful" > file name @end example +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex @command{mawk} utility @noindent This produces a syntax error with some versions of Unix @command{awk}.@footnote{It happens that Brian Kernighan's @@ -12191,6 +12207,11 @@ $ @kbd{echo Yes | gawk '(/1/,/2/) || /Yes/'} @error{} gawk: cmd. line:1: ^ syntax error @end example +@cindex range patterns, line continuation and +As a minor point of interest, although it is poor style, +POSIX allows you to put a newline after the comma in +a range pattern. @value{DARKCORNER} + @node BEGIN/END @subsection The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} Special Patterns @@ -12289,6 +12310,7 @@ to give @code{$0} a real value is to execute a @code{getline} command without a variable (@pxref{Getline}). Another way is simply to assign a value to @code{$0}. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, @code{BEGIN}/@code{END} patterns @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, @code{BEGIN}/@code{END} patterns @cindex @code{print} statement, @code{BEGIN}/@code{END} patterns and @@ -13019,6 +13041,7 @@ This is discussed in @ref{Switch Statement}. @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, @code{break} statement and @cindex dark corner, @code{break} statement @cindex @command{gawk}, @code{break} statement in +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} The @code{break} statement has no meaning when used outside the body of a loop or @code{switch}. However, although it was never documented, @@ -13083,6 +13106,7 @@ This program loops forever once @code{x} reaches 5. @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, @code{continue} statement and @cindex dark corner, @code{continue} statement @cindex @command{gawk}, @code{continue} statement in +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} The @code{continue} statement has no special meaning with respect to the @code{switch} statement, nor does it have any meaning when used outside the body of a loop. Historical versions of @command{awk} treated a @code{continue} @@ -13220,8 +13244,10 @@ See @uref{http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=607, the Austin Group website}. @cindex functions, user-defined, @code{next}/@code{nextfile} statements and @cindex @code{nextfile} statement, user-defined functions and -The current version of the Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} (@pxref{Other -Versions}) also supports @code{nextfile}. However, it doesn't allow the +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex @command{mawk} utility +The current version of the Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}, and @command{mawk} (@pxref{Other +Versions}) also support @code{nextfile}. However, they don't allow the @code{nextfile} statement inside function bodies (@pxref{User-defined}). @command{gawk} does; a @code{nextfile} inside a function body reads the next record and starts processing it with the first rule in the program, @@ -14879,6 +14905,7 @@ Using this version of the @code{delete} statement is about three times more efficient than the equivalent loop that deletes each element one at a time. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @quotation NOTE For many years, using @code{delete} without a subscript was a @command{gawk} extension. @@ -16111,7 +16138,6 @@ you use the @option{--non-decimal-data} option, which isn't recommended. Note also that @code{strtonum()} uses the current locale's decimal point for recognizing numbers (@pxref{Locales}). -@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, @code{strtonum()} function (@command{gawk}) @code{strtonum()} is a @command{gawk} extension; it is not available in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}). @@ -16230,6 +16256,7 @@ suffix is also returned if @var{length} is greater than the number of characters remaining in the string, counting from character @var{start}. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} If @var{start} is less than one, @code{substr()} treats it as if it was one. (POSIX doesn't specify what to do in this case: Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} acts this way, and therefore @command{gawk} @@ -16309,6 +16336,7 @@ and builds an internal copy of it that can be executed. Then there is the runtime level, which is when @command{awk} actually scans the replacement string to determine what to generate. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} At both levels, @command{awk} looks for a defined set of characters that can come after a backslash. At the lexical level, it looks for the escape sequences listed in @ref{Escape Sequences}. @@ -16748,6 +16776,8 @@ This is the purpose of the @code{fflush()} function---@command{gawk} also buffers its output and the @code{fflush()} function forces @command{gawk} to flush its buffers. +@cindex extensions, common@comma{} @code{fflush()} function +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @code{fflush()} was added to Brian Kernighan's version of @command{awk} in April of 1992. For two decades, it was not part of the POSIX standard. As of December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX @@ -19459,6 +19489,7 @@ reason to build them into the @command{awk} interpreter: @cindex @code{ord()} user-defined function @cindex @code{chr()} user-defined function +@cindex @code{_ord_init()} user-defined function @example @c file eg/lib/ord.awk # ord.awk --- do ord and chr @@ -19505,6 +19536,7 @@ function _ord_init( low, high, i, t) @cindex character sets (machine character encodings) @cindex ASCII @cindex EBCDIC +@cindex Unicode @cindex mark parity Some explanation of the numbers used by @code{_ord_init()} is worthwhile. The most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.@footnote{This @@ -21857,6 +21889,7 @@ of picking the input line apart by characters. @cindex searching, files for regular expressions @c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp @cindex files, searching for regular expressions +@c STARTOFRANGE egrep @cindex @command{egrep} utility The @command{egrep} utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular expressions that are almost identical to those available in @command{awk} @@ -22142,12 +22175,14 @@ or not. @c ENDOFRANGE regexps @c ENDOFRANGE sfregexp @c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp +@c ENDOFRANGE egrep @node Id Program @subsection Printing out User Information @cindex printing, user information @cindex users, information about, printing +@c STARTOFRANGE id @cindex @command{id} utility The @command{id} utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers, real and effective group ID numbers, and the user's group set, if any. @@ -22284,6 +22319,7 @@ The POSIX version of @command{id} takes arguments that control which information is printed. Modify this version to accept the same arguments and perform in the same way. @end ignore +@c ENDOFRANGE id @node Split Program @subsection Splitting a Large File into Pieces @@ -22292,6 +22328,7 @@ arguments and perform in the same way. @c STARTOFRANGE filspl @cindex files, splitting +@c STARTOFRANGE split @cindex @code{split} utility The @command{split} program splits large text files into smaller pieces. Usage is as follows:@footnote{This is the traditional usage. The @@ -22435,12 +22472,14 @@ which isn't true for EBCDIC systems. @c Exercise: Fix these problems. @c BFD... @c ENDOFRANGE filspl +@c ENDOFRANGE split @node Tee Program @subsection Duplicating Output into Multiple Files @cindex files, multiple@comma{} duplicating output into @cindex output, duplicating into files +@c STARTOFRANGE tee @cindex @code{tee} utility The @code{tee} program is known as a ``pipe fitting.'' @code{tee} copies its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the @@ -22555,6 +22594,7 @@ END \ @} @c endfile @end example +@c ENDOFRANGE tee @node Uniq Program @subsection Printing Nonduplicated Lines of Text @@ -22565,6 +22605,7 @@ END \ @cindex printing, unduplicated lines of text @c STARTOFRANGE tpul @cindex text@comma{} printing, unduplicated lines of +@c STARTOFRANGE uniq @cindex @command{uniq} utility The @command{uniq} utility reads sorted lines of data on its standard input, and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only @@ -22816,6 +22857,7 @@ END @{ @end example @c ENDOFRANGE prunt @c ENDOFRANGE tpul +@c ENDOFRANGE uniq @node Wc Program @subsection Counting Things @@ -22832,6 +22874,7 @@ END @{ @cindex characters, counting @c STARTOFRANGE lico @cindex lines, counting +@c STARTOFRANGE wc @cindex @command{wc} utility The @command{wc} (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in one or more input files. Its usage is as follows: @@ -23014,6 +23057,7 @@ END @{ @c ENDOFRANGE lico @c ENDOFRANGE woco @c ENDOFRANGE chco +@c ENDOFRANGE wc @c ENDOFRANGE posimawk @node Miscellaneous Programs @@ -23308,6 +23352,7 @@ seconds are necessary: @c STARTOFRANGE chtra @cindex characters, transliterating +@c STARTOFRANGE tr @cindex @command{tr} utility The system @command{tr} utility transliterates characters. For example, it is often used to map uppercase letters into lowercase for further processing: @@ -23456,6 +23501,7 @@ An obvious improvement to this program would be to set up the assumes that the ``from'' and ``to'' lists will never change throughout the lifetime of the program. @c ENDOFRANGE chtra +@c ENDOFRANGE tr @node Labels Program @subsection Printing Mailing Labels @@ -23515,6 +23561,7 @@ that there are two blank lines at the top and two blank lines at the bottom. The @code{END} rule arranges to flush the final page of labels; there may not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data: +@c STARTOFRANGE labels @cindex @code{labels.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/labels.awk @@ -23582,6 +23629,7 @@ END \ @end example @c ENDOFRANGE prml @c ENDOFRANGE mlprint +@c ENDOFRANGE labels @node Word Sorting @subsection Generating Word-Usage Counts @@ -23648,6 +23696,7 @@ to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we solve the third problem by using the system @command{sort} utility to process the output of the @command{awk} script. Here is the new version of the program: +@c STARTOFRANGE wordfreq @cindex @code{wordfreq.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/wordfreq.awk @@ -23709,6 +23758,7 @@ have true pipes at the command-line (or batch-file) level. See the general operating system documentation for more information on how to use the @command{sort} program. @c ENDOFRANGE worus +@c ENDOFRANGE wordfreq @node History Sorting @subsection Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text @@ -23738,6 +23788,7 @@ Each element of @code{lines} is a unique command, and the indices of The @code{END} rule simply prints out the lines, in order: @cindex Rakitzis, Byron +@c STARTOFRANGE histsort @cindex @code{histsort.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/histsort.awk @@ -23780,6 +23831,7 @@ print data[lines[i]], lines[i] This works because @code{data[$0]} is incremented each time a line is seen. @c ENDOFRANGE lidu +@c ENDOFRANGE histsort @node Extract Program @subsection Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files @@ -23890,6 +23942,7 @@ The first rule handles calling @code{system()}, checking that a command is given (@code{NF} is at least three) and also checking that the command exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK: +@c STARTOFRANGE extract @cindex @code{extract.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/extract.awk @@ -24048,6 +24101,7 @@ END @{ @end example @c ENDOFRANGE texse @c ENDOFRANGE fitex +@c ENDOFRANGE extract @node Simple Sed @subsection A Simple Stream Editor @@ -24077,6 +24131,7 @@ additional arguments are treated as data file names to process. If none are provided, the standard input is used: @cindex Brennan, Michael +@c STARTOFRANGE awksed @cindex @command{awksed.awk} program @c @cindex simple stream editor @c @cindex stream editor, simple @@ -24173,6 +24228,7 @@ Exercise: what are the advantages and disadvantages of this version versus sed? Others? @end ignore +@c ENDOFRANGE awksed @node Igawk Program @subsection An Easy Way to Use Library Functions @@ -24316,6 +24372,7 @@ program. The program is as follows: +@c STARTOFRANGE igawk @cindex @code{igawk.sh} program @example @c file eg/prog/igawk.sh @@ -24675,10 +24732,12 @@ statements for the desired library functions. @c ENDOFRANGE libfex @c ENDOFRANGE flibex @c ENDOFRANGE awkpex +@c ENDOFRANGE igawk @node Anagram Program @subsection Finding Anagrams From A Dictionary +@cindex anagrams, finding An interesting programming challenge is to search for @dfn{anagrams} in a word list (such as @@ -24698,6 +24757,7 @@ The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring together words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words in sorted order. +@c STARTOFRANGE anagram @cindex @code{anagram.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/anagram.awk @@ -24805,10 +24865,13 @@ babels beslab babery yabber @dots{} @end example +@c ENDOFRANGE anagram @node Signature Program @subsection And Now For Something Completely Different +@cindex signature program +@cindex Brini, Davide The following program was written by Davide Brini @c (@email{dave_br@@gmx.com}) and is published on @uref{http://backreference.org/2011/02/03/obfuscated-awk/, @@ -24940,12 +25003,15 @@ It contains the following chapters: @item @ref{Dynamic Extensions}. +@end itemize @end ifdocbook @end ignore @node Advanced Features @chapter Advanced Features of @command{gawk} +@ifset WITH_NETWORK_CHAPTER @cindex advanced features, network connections, See Also networks@comma{} connections +@end ifset @c STARTOFRANGE gawadv @cindex @command{gawk}, features, advanced @c STARTOFRANGE advgaw @@ -26174,6 +26240,7 @@ lookup of the translations. @cindex @code{.po} files @cindex files, @code{.po} +@c STARTOFRANGE portobfi @cindex portable object files @cindex files, portable object @item @@ -26185,6 +26252,7 @@ For example, there might be a @file{fr.po} for a French translation. @cindex @code{.gmo} files @cindex files, @code{.gmo} @cindex message object files +@c STARTOFRANGE portmsgfi @cindex files, message object @item Each language's @file{.po} file is converted into a binary @@ -26525,6 +26593,8 @@ second argument to @code{dcngettext()}.@footnote{The @xref{I18N Example}, for the full list of steps to go through to create and test translations for @command{guide}. +@c ENDOFRANGE portobfi +@c ENDOFRANGE portmsgfi @node Printf Ordering @subsection Rearranging @code{printf} Arguments @@ -28110,7 +28180,7 @@ be added, and of course feel free to try to add them yourself! @cindex arbitrary precision @cindex multiple precision @cindex infinite precision -@cindex floating-point numbers, arbitrary precision +@cindex floating-point, numbers@comma{} arbitrary precision @cindex MPFR @cindex GMP @@ -34343,6 +34413,7 @@ This output is unexpected, since the @samp{bc} at the end of This result is due to the locale setting (and thus you may not see it on your system). +@cindex Unicode Similar considerations apply to other ranges. For example, @samp{["-/]} is perfectly valid in ASCII, but is not valid in many Unicode locales, such as @samp{en_US.UTF-8}. @@ -34356,6 +34427,7 @@ vendors started implementing non-ASCII locales, @emph{and making them the default}. Perhaps the most frequently asked question became something like ``why does @samp{[A-Z]} match lowercase letters?!?'' +@cindex Berry, Karl This situation existed for close to 10 years, if not more, and the @command{gawk} maintainer grew weary of trying to explain that @command{gawk} was being nicely standards-compliant, and that the issue @@ -35968,7 +36040,7 @@ This @value{SECTION} briefly describes where to get them: @cindex Kernighan, Brian @cindex source code, Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @cindex @command{awk}, versions of, See Also Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} -@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}, source code @item Unix @command{awk} Brian Kernighan, one of the original designers of Unix @command{awk}, has made his implementation of @@ -36053,7 +36125,7 @@ To get @command{awka}, go to @url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/awka}. The project seems to be frozen; no new code changes have been made since approximately 2003. -@cindex Beebe, Nelson +@cindex Beebe, Nelson H.F.@: @cindex @command{pawk} (profiling version of Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}) @cindex source code, @command{pawk} @item @command{pawk} @@ -37463,6 +37535,8 @@ The @uref{http://www.unicode.org, Unicode character set} is becoming increasingly popular and standard, and is particularly widely used on GNU/Linux systems. +@cindex Kernighan, Brian +@cindex Bentley, Jon @cindex @command{chem} utility @item CHEM A preprocessor for @command{pic} that reads descriptions of molecules diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in index 790bd130..dd3d1409 100644 --- a/doc/gawktexi.in +++ b/doc/gawktexi.in @@ -995,6 +995,7 @@ Arnold has distilled over a decade of experience writing and using AWK programs, and developing @command{gawk}, into this book. If you use AWK or want to learn how, then read this book. +@cindex Brennan, Michael @display Michael Brennan Author of @command{mawk} @@ -1019,6 +1020,7 @@ Such jobs are often easier with @command{awk}. The @command{awk} utility interprets a special-purpose programming language that makes it easy to handle simple data-reformatting jobs. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} The GNU implementation of @command{awk} is called @command{gawk}; if you invoke it with the proper options or environment variables (@pxref{Options}), it is fully @@ -1741,7 +1743,7 @@ significant editorial help for this @value{DOCUMENT} for the 3.1 release of @command{gawk}. @end quotation -@cindex Beebe, Nelson +@cindex Beebe, Nelson H.F.@: @cindex Buening, Andreas @cindex Collado, Manuel @cindex Colombo, Antonio @@ -2961,8 +2963,8 @@ noticed because it is ``hidden'' inside the comment. Thus, the @code{BEGIN} is noted as a syntax error. @cindex statements, multiple -@cindex @code{;} (semicolon) -@cindex semicolon (@code{;}) +@cindex @code{;} (semicolon), separating statements in actions +@cindex semicolon (@code{;}), separating statements in actions When @command{awk} statements within one rule are short, you might want to put more than one of them on a line. This is accomplished by separating the statements with a semicolon (@samp{;}). @@ -3022,6 +3024,7 @@ used once, and thrown away. Because @command{awk} programs are interpreted, you can avoid the (usually lengthy) compilation part of the typical edit-compile-test-debug cycle of software development. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} Complex programs have been written in @command{awk}, including a complete retargetable assembler for eight-bit microprocessors (@pxref{Glossary}, for more information), and a microcode assembler for a special-purpose Prolog @@ -4508,6 +4511,7 @@ leaves what happens as undefined. There are two choices: @c @cindex automatic warnings @c @cindex warnings, automatic +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @table @asis @item Strip the backslash out This is what Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} and @command{gawk} both do. @@ -4521,6 +4525,7 @@ two backslashes in the string: @samp{FS = @w{"[ \t]+\\|[ \t]+"}}.) @cindex @command{gawk}, escape sequences @cindex Unix @command{awk}, backslashes in escape sequences +@cindex @command{mawk} utility @item Leave the backslash alone Some other @command{awk} implementations do this. In such implementations, typing @code{"a\qc"} is the same as typing @@ -4596,8 +4601,8 @@ The condition is not true in the following example: if ("line1\nLINE 2" ~ /^L/) @dots{} @end example -@cindex @code{$} (dollar sign) -@cindex dollar sign (@code{$}) +@cindex @code{$} (dollar sign), regexp operator +@cindex dollar sign (@code{$}), regexp operator @item $ This is similar to @samp{^}, but it matches only at the end of a string. For example, @samp{p$} @@ -4631,6 +4636,7 @@ may not be able to match the @sc{nul} character. @cindex bracket expressions @cindex character sets, See Also bracket expressions @cindex character lists, See bracket expressions +@cindex character classes, See bracket expressions @item [@dots{}] This is called a @dfn{bracket expression}.@footnote{In other literature, you may see a bracket expression referred to as either a @@ -4692,8 +4698,8 @@ prints every record in @file{sample} containing a string of the form Notice the escaping of the parentheses by preceding them with backslashes. -@cindex @code{+} (plus sign) -@cindex plus sign (@code{+}) +@cindex @code{+} (plus sign), regexp operator +@cindex plus sign (@code{+}), regexp operator @item + This symbol is similar to @samp{*}, except that the preceding expression must be matched at least once. This means that @samp{wh+y} @@ -4706,8 +4712,8 @@ way of writing the last @samp{*} example: awk '/\(c[ad]+r x\)/ @{ print @}' sample @end example -@cindex @code{?} (question mark) regexp operator -@cindex question mark (@code{?}) regexp operator +@cindex @code{?} (question mark), regexp operator +@cindex question mark (@code{?}), regexp operator @item ? This symbol is similar to @samp{*}, except that the preceding expression can be matched either once or not at all. For example, @samp{fe?d} @@ -5029,10 +5035,10 @@ Matches the empty string at the end of a buffer (string). @end table -@cindex @code{^} (caret) -@cindex caret (@code{^}) -@cindex @code{?} (question mark) regexp operator -@cindex question mark (@code{?}) regexp operator +@cindex @code{^} (caret), regexp operator +@cindex caret (@code{^}), regexp operator +@cindex @code{?} (question mark), regexp operator +@cindex question mark (@code{?}), regexp operator Because @samp{^} and @samp{$} always work in terms of the beginning and end of strings, these operators don't add any new capabilities for @command{awk}. They are provided for compatibility with other @@ -5076,6 +5082,7 @@ Only POSIX regexps are supported; the GNU operators are not special (e.g., @samp{\w} matches a literal @samp{w}). Interval expressions are allowed. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @item @code{--traditional} Traditional Unix @command{awk} regexps are matched. The GNU operators are not special, and interval expressions are not available. @@ -6220,7 +6227,7 @@ was ignored when finding @code{$1}, it is not part of the new @code{$0}. Finally, the last @code{print} statement prints the new @code{$0}. @cindex @code{FS}, containing @code{^} -@cindex @code{^}, in @code{FS} +@cindex @code{^} (caret), in @code{FS} @cindex dark corner, @code{^}, in @code{FS} There is an additional subtlety to be aware of when using regular expressions for field splitting. @@ -6231,6 +6238,7 @@ different @command{awk} versions answer this question differently, and you should not rely on any specific behavior in your programs. @value{DARKCORNER} +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} As a point of information, Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} allows @samp{^} to match only at the beginning of the record. @command{gawk} also works this way. For example: @@ -7216,6 +7224,7 @@ that does handle nested @samp{@@include} statements. @subsection Using @code{getline} from a Pipe @c From private email, dated October 2, 1988. Used by permission, March 2013. +@cindex Kernighan, Brian @quotation @i{Omniscience has much to recommend it. Failing that, attention to details would be useful.} @@ -7303,6 +7312,8 @@ because the concatenation operator is not parenthesized. You should write it as @samp{(@w{"echo "} "date") | getline} if you want your program to be portable to all @command{awk} implementations. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex @command{mawk} utility @quotation NOTE Unfortunately, @command{gawk} has not been consistent in its treatment of a construct like @samp{@w{"echo "} "date" | getline}. @@ -7627,6 +7638,7 @@ indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing. @node Command line directories @section Directories On The Command Line +@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command line directories @cindex directories, command line @cindex command line, directories on @@ -8741,9 +8753,9 @@ has been ported to, not just those that are POSIX-compliant: @cindex extensions, common@comma{} @code{/dev/stdout} special file @cindex extensions, common@comma{} @code{/dev/stderr} special file @cindex file names, standard streams in @command{gawk} -@cindex @code{/dev/@dots{}} special files (@command{gawk}) +@cindex @code{/dev/@dots{}} special files @cindex files, @code{/dev/@dots{}} special files -@cindex @code{/dev/fd/@var{N}} special files +@cindex @code{/dev/fd/@var{N}} special files (@command{gawk}) @table @file @item /dev/stdin The standard input (file descriptor 0). @@ -9837,6 +9849,8 @@ name = "name" print "something meaningful" > file name @end example +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex @command{mawk} utility @noindent This produces a syntax error with some versions of Unix @command{awk}.@footnote{It happens that Brian Kernighan's @@ -11570,6 +11584,11 @@ $ @kbd{echo Yes | gawk '(/1/,/2/) || /Yes/'} @error{} gawk: cmd. line:1: ^ syntax error @end example +@cindex range patterns, line continuation and +As a minor point of interest, although it is poor style, +POSIX allows you to put a newline after the comma in +a range pattern. @value{DARKCORNER} + @node BEGIN/END @subsection The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} Special Patterns @@ -11668,6 +11687,7 @@ to give @code{$0} a real value is to execute a @code{getline} command without a variable (@pxref{Getline}). Another way is simply to assign a value to @code{$0}. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, @code{BEGIN}/@code{END} patterns @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, @code{BEGIN}/@code{END} patterns @cindex @code{print} statement, @code{BEGIN}/@code{END} patterns and @@ -12398,6 +12418,7 @@ This is discussed in @ref{Switch Statement}. @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, @code{break} statement and @cindex dark corner, @code{break} statement @cindex @command{gawk}, @code{break} statement in +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} The @code{break} statement has no meaning when used outside the body of a loop or @code{switch}. However, although it was never documented, @@ -12462,6 +12483,7 @@ This program loops forever once @code{x} reaches 5. @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, @code{continue} statement and @cindex dark corner, @code{continue} statement @cindex @command{gawk}, @code{continue} statement in +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} The @code{continue} statement has no special meaning with respect to the @code{switch} statement, nor does it have any meaning when used outside the body of a loop. Historical versions of @command{awk} treated a @code{continue} @@ -12599,8 +12621,10 @@ See @uref{http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=607, the Austin Group website}. @cindex functions, user-defined, @code{next}/@code{nextfile} statements and @cindex @code{nextfile} statement, user-defined functions and -The current version of the Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} (@pxref{Other -Versions}) also supports @code{nextfile}. However, it doesn't allow the +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex @command{mawk} utility +The current version of the Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}, and @command{mawk} (@pxref{Other +Versions}) also support @code{nextfile}. However, they don't allow the @code{nextfile} statement inside function bodies (@pxref{User-defined}). @command{gawk} does; a @code{nextfile} inside a function body reads the next record and starts processing it with the first rule in the program, @@ -14212,6 +14236,7 @@ Using this version of the @code{delete} statement is about three times more efficient than the equivalent loop that deletes each element one at a time. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @quotation NOTE For many years, using @code{delete} without a subscript was a @command{gawk} extension. @@ -15444,7 +15469,6 @@ you use the @option{--non-decimal-data} option, which isn't recommended. Note also that @code{strtonum()} uses the current locale's decimal point for recognizing numbers (@pxref{Locales}). -@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, @code{strtonum()} function (@command{gawk}) @code{strtonum()} is a @command{gawk} extension; it is not available in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}). @@ -15563,6 +15587,7 @@ suffix is also returned if @var{length} is greater than the number of characters remaining in the string, counting from character @var{start}. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} If @var{start} is less than one, @code{substr()} treats it as if it was one. (POSIX doesn't specify what to do in this case: Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} acts this way, and therefore @command{gawk} @@ -15642,6 +15667,7 @@ and builds an internal copy of it that can be executed. Then there is the runtime level, which is when @command{awk} actually scans the replacement string to determine what to generate. +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} At both levels, @command{awk} looks for a defined set of characters that can come after a backslash. At the lexical level, it looks for the escape sequences listed in @ref{Escape Sequences}. @@ -16048,6 +16074,8 @@ This is the purpose of the @code{fflush()} function---@command{gawk} also buffers its output and the @code{fflush()} function forces @command{gawk} to flush its buffers. +@cindex extensions, common@comma{} @code{fflush()} function +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @code{fflush()} was added to Brian Kernighan's version of @command{awk} in April of 1992. For two decades, it was not part of the POSIX standard. As of December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX @@ -18631,6 +18659,7 @@ reason to build them into the @command{awk} interpreter: @cindex @code{ord()} user-defined function @cindex @code{chr()} user-defined function +@cindex @code{_ord_init()} user-defined function @example @c file eg/lib/ord.awk # ord.awk --- do ord and chr @@ -18677,6 +18706,7 @@ function _ord_init( low, high, i, t) @cindex character sets (machine character encodings) @cindex ASCII @cindex EBCDIC +@cindex Unicode @cindex mark parity Some explanation of the numbers used by @code{_ord_init()} is worthwhile. The most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.@footnote{This @@ -21000,6 +21030,7 @@ of picking the input line apart by characters. @cindex searching, files for regular expressions @c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp @cindex files, searching for regular expressions +@c STARTOFRANGE egrep @cindex @command{egrep} utility The @command{egrep} utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular expressions that are almost identical to those available in @command{awk} @@ -21285,12 +21316,14 @@ or not. @c ENDOFRANGE regexps @c ENDOFRANGE sfregexp @c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp +@c ENDOFRANGE egrep @node Id Program @subsection Printing out User Information @cindex printing, user information @cindex users, information about, printing +@c STARTOFRANGE id @cindex @command{id} utility The @command{id} utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers, real and effective group ID numbers, and the user's group set, if any. @@ -21427,6 +21460,7 @@ The POSIX version of @command{id} takes arguments that control which information is printed. Modify this version to accept the same arguments and perform in the same way. @end ignore +@c ENDOFRANGE id @node Split Program @subsection Splitting a Large File into Pieces @@ -21435,6 +21469,7 @@ arguments and perform in the same way. @c STARTOFRANGE filspl @cindex files, splitting +@c STARTOFRANGE split @cindex @code{split} utility The @command{split} program splits large text files into smaller pieces. Usage is as follows:@footnote{This is the traditional usage. The @@ -21578,12 +21613,14 @@ which isn't true for EBCDIC systems. @c Exercise: Fix these problems. @c BFD... @c ENDOFRANGE filspl +@c ENDOFRANGE split @node Tee Program @subsection Duplicating Output into Multiple Files @cindex files, multiple@comma{} duplicating output into @cindex output, duplicating into files +@c STARTOFRANGE tee @cindex @code{tee} utility The @code{tee} program is known as a ``pipe fitting.'' @code{tee} copies its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the @@ -21698,6 +21735,7 @@ END \ @} @c endfile @end example +@c ENDOFRANGE tee @node Uniq Program @subsection Printing Nonduplicated Lines of Text @@ -21708,6 +21746,7 @@ END \ @cindex printing, unduplicated lines of text @c STARTOFRANGE tpul @cindex text@comma{} printing, unduplicated lines of +@c STARTOFRANGE uniq @cindex @command{uniq} utility The @command{uniq} utility reads sorted lines of data on its standard input, and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only @@ -21959,6 +21998,7 @@ END @{ @end example @c ENDOFRANGE prunt @c ENDOFRANGE tpul +@c ENDOFRANGE uniq @node Wc Program @subsection Counting Things @@ -21975,6 +22015,7 @@ END @{ @cindex characters, counting @c STARTOFRANGE lico @cindex lines, counting +@c STARTOFRANGE wc @cindex @command{wc} utility The @command{wc} (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in one or more input files. Its usage is as follows: @@ -22157,6 +22198,7 @@ END @{ @c ENDOFRANGE lico @c ENDOFRANGE woco @c ENDOFRANGE chco +@c ENDOFRANGE wc @c ENDOFRANGE posimawk @node Miscellaneous Programs @@ -22451,6 +22493,7 @@ seconds are necessary: @c STARTOFRANGE chtra @cindex characters, transliterating +@c STARTOFRANGE tr @cindex @command{tr} utility The system @command{tr} utility transliterates characters. For example, it is often used to map uppercase letters into lowercase for further processing: @@ -22599,6 +22642,7 @@ An obvious improvement to this program would be to set up the assumes that the ``from'' and ``to'' lists will never change throughout the lifetime of the program. @c ENDOFRANGE chtra +@c ENDOFRANGE tr @node Labels Program @subsection Printing Mailing Labels @@ -22658,6 +22702,7 @@ that there are two blank lines at the top and two blank lines at the bottom. The @code{END} rule arranges to flush the final page of labels; there may not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data: +@c STARTOFRANGE labels @cindex @code{labels.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/labels.awk @@ -22725,6 +22770,7 @@ END \ @end example @c ENDOFRANGE prml @c ENDOFRANGE mlprint +@c ENDOFRANGE labels @node Word Sorting @subsection Generating Word-Usage Counts @@ -22791,6 +22837,7 @@ to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we solve the third problem by using the system @command{sort} utility to process the output of the @command{awk} script. Here is the new version of the program: +@c STARTOFRANGE wordfreq @cindex @code{wordfreq.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/wordfreq.awk @@ -22852,6 +22899,7 @@ have true pipes at the command-line (or batch-file) level. See the general operating system documentation for more information on how to use the @command{sort} program. @c ENDOFRANGE worus +@c ENDOFRANGE wordfreq @node History Sorting @subsection Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text @@ -22881,6 +22929,7 @@ Each element of @code{lines} is a unique command, and the indices of The @code{END} rule simply prints out the lines, in order: @cindex Rakitzis, Byron +@c STARTOFRANGE histsort @cindex @code{histsort.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/histsort.awk @@ -22923,6 +22972,7 @@ print data[lines[i]], lines[i] This works because @code{data[$0]} is incremented each time a line is seen. @c ENDOFRANGE lidu +@c ENDOFRANGE histsort @node Extract Program @subsection Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files @@ -23033,6 +23083,7 @@ The first rule handles calling @code{system()}, checking that a command is given (@code{NF} is at least three) and also checking that the command exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK: +@c STARTOFRANGE extract @cindex @code{extract.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/extract.awk @@ -23191,6 +23242,7 @@ END @{ @end example @c ENDOFRANGE texse @c ENDOFRANGE fitex +@c ENDOFRANGE extract @node Simple Sed @subsection A Simple Stream Editor @@ -23220,6 +23272,7 @@ additional arguments are treated as data file names to process. If none are provided, the standard input is used: @cindex Brennan, Michael +@c STARTOFRANGE awksed @cindex @command{awksed.awk} program @c @cindex simple stream editor @c @cindex stream editor, simple @@ -23316,6 +23369,7 @@ Exercise: what are the advantages and disadvantages of this version versus sed? Others? @end ignore +@c ENDOFRANGE awksed @node Igawk Program @subsection An Easy Way to Use Library Functions @@ -23459,6 +23513,7 @@ program. The program is as follows: +@c STARTOFRANGE igawk @cindex @code{igawk.sh} program @example @c file eg/prog/igawk.sh @@ -23818,10 +23873,12 @@ statements for the desired library functions. @c ENDOFRANGE libfex @c ENDOFRANGE flibex @c ENDOFRANGE awkpex +@c ENDOFRANGE igawk @node Anagram Program @subsection Finding Anagrams From A Dictionary +@cindex anagrams, finding An interesting programming challenge is to search for @dfn{anagrams} in a word list (such as @@ -23841,6 +23898,7 @@ The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring together words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words in sorted order. +@c STARTOFRANGE anagram @cindex @code{anagram.awk} program @example @c file eg/prog/anagram.awk @@ -23948,10 +24006,13 @@ babels beslab babery yabber @dots{} @end example +@c ENDOFRANGE anagram @node Signature Program @subsection And Now For Something Completely Different +@cindex signature program +@cindex Brini, Davide The following program was written by Davide Brini @c (@email{dave_br@@gmx.com}) and is published on @uref{http://backreference.org/2011/02/03/obfuscated-awk/, @@ -24083,12 +24144,15 @@ It contains the following chapters: @item @ref{Dynamic Extensions}. +@end itemize @end ifdocbook @end ignore @node Advanced Features @chapter Advanced Features of @command{gawk} +@ifset WITH_NETWORK_CHAPTER @cindex advanced features, network connections, See Also networks@comma{} connections +@end ifset @c STARTOFRANGE gawadv @cindex @command{gawk}, features, advanced @c STARTOFRANGE advgaw @@ -25317,6 +25381,7 @@ lookup of the translations. @cindex @code{.po} files @cindex files, @code{.po} +@c STARTOFRANGE portobfi @cindex portable object files @cindex files, portable object @item @@ -25328,6 +25393,7 @@ For example, there might be a @file{fr.po} for a French translation. @cindex @code{.gmo} files @cindex files, @code{.gmo} @cindex message object files +@c STARTOFRANGE portmsgfi @cindex files, message object @item Each language's @file{.po} file is converted into a binary @@ -25668,6 +25734,8 @@ second argument to @code{dcngettext()}.@footnote{The @xref{I18N Example}, for the full list of steps to go through to create and test translations for @command{guide}. +@c ENDOFRANGE portobfi +@c ENDOFRANGE portmsgfi @node Printf Ordering @subsection Rearranging @code{printf} Arguments @@ -27253,7 +27321,7 @@ be added, and of course feel free to try to add them yourself! @cindex arbitrary precision @cindex multiple precision @cindex infinite precision -@cindex floating-point numbers, arbitrary precision +@cindex floating-point, numbers@comma{} arbitrary precision @cindex MPFR @cindex GMP @@ -33486,6 +33554,7 @@ This output is unexpected, since the @samp{bc} at the end of This result is due to the locale setting (and thus you may not see it on your system). +@cindex Unicode Similar considerations apply to other ranges. For example, @samp{["-/]} is perfectly valid in ASCII, but is not valid in many Unicode locales, such as @samp{en_US.UTF-8}. @@ -33499,6 +33568,7 @@ vendors started implementing non-ASCII locales, @emph{and making them the default}. Perhaps the most frequently asked question became something like ``why does @samp{[A-Z]} match lowercase letters?!?'' +@cindex Berry, Karl This situation existed for close to 10 years, if not more, and the @command{gawk} maintainer grew weary of trying to explain that @command{gawk} was being nicely standards-compliant, and that the issue @@ -35111,7 +35181,7 @@ This @value{SECTION} briefly describes where to get them: @cindex Kernighan, Brian @cindex source code, Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} @cindex @command{awk}, versions of, See Also Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} -@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk} +@cindex Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}, source code @item Unix @command{awk} Brian Kernighan, one of the original designers of Unix @command{awk}, has made his implementation of @@ -35196,7 +35266,7 @@ To get @command{awka}, go to @url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/awka}. The project seems to be frozen; no new code changes have been made since approximately 2003. -@cindex Beebe, Nelson +@cindex Beebe, Nelson H.F.@: @cindex @command{pawk} (profiling version of Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}) @cindex source code, @command{pawk} @item @command{pawk} @@ -36606,6 +36676,8 @@ The @uref{http://www.unicode.org, Unicode character set} is becoming increasingly popular and standard, and is particularly widely used on GNU/Linux systems. +@cindex Kernighan, Brian +@cindex Bentley, Jon @cindex @command{chem} utility @item CHEM A preprocessor for @command{pic} that reads descriptions of molecules |