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diff --git a/man/text.texi b/man/text.texi new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..273a3d42f3e --- /dev/null +++ b/man/text.texi @@ -0,0 +1,1965 @@ +@c This is part of the Emacs manual. +@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. +@node Text, Programs, Indentation, Top +@chapter Commands for Human Languages +@cindex text +@cindex manipulating text + + The term @dfn{text} has two widespread meanings in our area of the +computer field. One is data that is a sequence of characters. Any file +that you edit with Emacs is text, in this sense of the word. The other +meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human language +for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text formatter), as +opposed to a program or commands for a program. + + Human languages have syntactic/stylistic conventions that can be +supported or used to advantage by editor commands: conventions involving +words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters. This chapter +describes Emacs commands for all of these things. There are also +commands for @dfn{filling}, which means rearranging the lines of a +paragraph to be approximately equal in length. The commands for moving +over and killing words, sentences and paragraphs, while intended +primarily for editing text, are also often useful for editing programs. + + Emacs has several major modes for editing human-language text. If the +file contains text pure and simple, use Text mode, which customizes +Emacs in small ways for the syntactic conventions of text. Outline mode +provides special commands for operating on text with an outline +structure. +@iftex +@xref{Outline Mode}. +@end iftex + + For text which contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs +has other major modes, each for a particular text formatter. Thus, for +input to @TeX{}, you would use @TeX{} +@iftex +mode (@pxref{TeX Mode}). +@end iftex +@ifinfo +mode. +@end ifinfo +For input to nroff, use Nroff mode. + + Instead of using a text formatter, you can edit formatted text in +WYSIWYG style (``what you see is what you get''), with Enriched mode. +Then the formatting appears on the screen in Emacs while you edit. +@iftex +@xref{Formatted Text}. +@end iftex + +@menu +* Words:: Moving over and killing words. +* Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. +* Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. +* Pages:: Moving over pages. +* Filling:: Filling or justifying text. +* Case:: Changing the case of text. +* Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. +* Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. +* TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. +* Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. +* Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. +@end menu + +@node Words +@section Words +@cindex words +@cindex Meta commands and words + + Emacs has commands for moving over or operating on words. By convention, +the keys for them are all Meta characters. + +@c widecommands +@table @kbd +@item M-f +Move forward over a word (@code{forward-word}). +@item M-b +Move backward over a word (@code{backward-word}). +@item M-d +Kill up to the end of a word (@code{kill-word}). +@item M-@key{DEL} +Kill back to the beginning of a word (@code{backward-kill-word}). +@item M-@@ +Mark the end of the next word (@code{mark-word}). +@item M-t +Transpose two words or drag a word across other words +(@code{transpose-words}). +@end table + + Notice how these keys form a series that parallels the character-based +@kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-d}, @key{DEL} and @kbd{C-t}. @kbd{M-@@} is +cognate to @kbd{C-@@}, which is an alias for @kbd{C-@key{SPC}}. + +@kindex M-f +@kindex M-b +@findex forward-word +@findex backward-word + The commands @kbd{M-f} (@code{forward-word}) and @kbd{M-b} +(@code{backward-word}) move forward and backward over words. These +Meta characters are thus analogous to the corresponding control +characters, @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b}, which move over single characters +in the text. The analogy extends to numeric arguments, which serve as +repeat counts. @kbd{M-f} with a negative argument moves backward, and +@kbd{M-b} with a negative argument moves forward. Forward motion +stops right after the last letter of the word, while backward motion +stops right before the first letter.@refill + +@kindex M-d +@findex kill-word + @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) kills the word after point. To be +precise, it kills everything from point to the place @kbd{M-f} would +move to. Thus, if point is in the middle of a word, @kbd{M-d} kills +just the part after point. If some punctuation comes between point and the +next word, it is killed along with the word. (If you wish to kill only the +next word but not the punctuation before it, simply do @kbd{M-f} to get +the end, and kill the word backwards with @kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) +@kbd{M-d} takes arguments just like @kbd{M-f}. + +@findex backward-kill-word +@kindex M-DEL + @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} (@code{backward-kill-word}) kills the word before +point. It kills everything from point back to where @kbd{M-b} would +move to. If point is after the space in @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}}, then +@w{@samp{FOO, }} is killed. (If you wish to kill just @samp{FOO}, and +not the comma and the space, use @kbd{M-b M-d} instead of +@kbd{M-@key{DEL}}.) + +@kindex M-t +@findex transpose-words + @kbd{M-t} (@code{transpose-words}) exchanges the word before or +containing point with the following word. The delimiter characters between +the words do not move. For example, @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into +@w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. @xref{Transpose}, for +more on transposition and on arguments to transposition commands. + +@kindex M-@@ +@findex mark-word + To operate on the next @var{n} words with an operation which applies +between point and mark, you can either set the mark at point and then move +over the words, or you can use the command @kbd{M-@@} (@code{mark-word}) +which does not move point, but sets the mark where @kbd{M-f} would move +to. @kbd{M-@@} accepts a numeric argument that says how many words to +scan for the place to put the mark. In Transient Mark mode, this command +activates the mark. + + The word commands' understanding of syntax is completely controlled by +the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be declared to be a word +delimiter. @xref{Syntax}. + +@node Sentences +@section Sentences +@cindex sentences +@cindex manipulating sentences + + The Emacs commands for manipulating sentences and paragraphs are mostly +on Meta keys, so as to be like the word-handling commands. + +@table @kbd +@item M-a +Move back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-sentence}). +@item M-e +Move forward to the end of the sentence (@code{forward-sentence}). +@item M-k +Kill forward to the end of the sentence (@code{kill-sentence}). +@item C-x @key{DEL} +Kill back to the beginning of the sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). +@end table + +@kindex M-a +@kindex M-e +@findex backward-sentence +@findex forward-sentence + The commands @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} (@code{backward-sentence} and +@code{forward-sentence}) move to the beginning and end of the current +sentence, respectively. They were chosen to resemble @kbd{C-a} and +@kbd{C-e}, which move to the beginning and end of a line. Unlike them, +@kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} if repeated or given numeric arguments move over +successive sentences. + + Moving backward over a sentence places point just before the first +character of the sentence; moving forward places point right after the +punctuation that ends the sentence. Neither one moves over the +whitespace at the sentence boundary. + +@kindex M-k +@kindex C-x DEL +@findex kill-sentence +@findex backward-kill-sentence + Just as @kbd{C-a} and @kbd{C-e} have a kill command, @kbd{C-k}, to go +with them, so @kbd{M-a} and @kbd{M-e} have a corresponding kill command +@kbd{M-k} (@code{kill-sentence}) which kills from point to the end of +the sentence. With minus one as an argument it kills back to the +beginning of the sentence. Larger arguments serve as a repeat count. +There is also a command, @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} +(@code{backward-kill-sentence}), for killing back to the beginning of a +sentence. This command is useful when you change your mind in the +middle of composing text.@refill + + The sentence commands assume that you follow the American typist's +convention of putting two spaces at the end of a sentence; they consider +a sentence to end wherever there is a @samp{.}, @samp{?} or @samp{!} +followed by the end of a line or two spaces, with any number of +@samp{)}, @samp{]}, @samp{'}, or @samp{"} characters allowed in between. +A sentence also begins or ends wherever a paragraph begins or ends. + +@vindex sentence-end + The variable @code{sentence-end} controls recognition of the end of a +sentence. It is a regexp that matches the last few characters of a +sentence, together with the whitespace following the sentence. Its +normal value is + +@example +"[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" +@end example + +@noindent +This example is explained in the section on regexps. @xref{Regexps}. + + If you want to use just one space between sentences, you should +set @code{sentence-end} to this value: + +@example +"[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" +@end example + +@noindent +You should also set the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} to +@code{nil} so that the fill commands expect and leave just one space at +the end of a sentence. Note that this makes it impossible to +distinguish between periods that end sentences and those that indicate +abbreviations. + +@node Paragraphs +@section Paragraphs +@cindex paragraphs +@cindex manipulating paragraphs +@kindex M-@{ +@kindex M-@} +@findex backward-paragraph +@findex forward-paragraph + + The Emacs commands for manipulating paragraphs are also Meta keys. + +@table @kbd +@item M-@{ +Move back to previous paragraph beginning (@code{backward-paragraph}). +@item M-@} +Move forward to next paragraph end (@code{forward-paragraph}). +@item M-h +Put point and mark around this or next paragraph (@code{mark-paragraph}). +@end table + + @kbd{M-@{} moves to the beginning of the current or previous +paragraph, while @kbd{M-@}} moves to the end of the current or next +paragraph. Blank lines and text-formatter command lines separate +paragraphs and are not considered part of any paragraph. In Fundamental +mode, but not in Text mode, an indented line also starts a new +paragraph. (If a paragraph is preceded by a blank line, these commands +treat that blank line as the beginning of the paragraph.) + + In major modes for programs, paragraphs begin and end only at blank +lines. This makes the paragraph commands continue to be useful even +though there are no paragraphs per se. + + When there is a fill prefix, then paragraphs are delimited by all lines +which don't start with the fill prefix. @xref{Filling}. + +@kindex M-h +@findex mark-paragraph + When you wish to operate on a paragraph, you can use the command +@kbd{M-h} (@code{mark-paragraph}) to set the region around it. Thus, +for example, @kbd{M-h C-w} kills the paragraph around or after point. +The @kbd{M-h} command puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of +the paragraph point was in. In Transient Mark mode, it activates the +mark. If point is between paragraphs (in a run of blank lines, or at a +boundary), the paragraph following point is surrounded by point and +mark. If there are blank lines preceding the first line of the +paragraph, one of these blank lines is included in the region. + +@vindex paragraph-start +@vindex paragraph-separate + The precise definition of a paragraph boundary is controlled by the +variables @code{paragraph-separate} and @code{paragraph-start}. The +value of @code{paragraph-start} is a regexp that should match any line +that either starts or separates paragraphs. The value of +@code{paragraph-separate} is another regexp that should match only lines +that separate paragraphs without being part of any paragraph (for +example, blank lines). Lines that start a new paragraph and are +contained in it must match only @code{paragraph-start}, not +@code{paragraph-separate}. For example, in Fundamental mode, +@code{paragraph-start} is @code{"[ @t{\}t@t{\}n@t{\}f]"} and +@code{paragraph-separate} is @code{"[ @t{\}t@t{\}f]*$"}.@refill + + Normally it is desirable for page boundaries to separate paragraphs. +The default values of these variables recognize the usual separator for +pages. + +@node Pages +@section Pages + +@cindex pages +@cindex formfeed + Files are often thought of as divided into @dfn{pages} by the +@dfn{formfeed} character (ASCII control-L, octal code 014). When you +print hardcopy for a file, this character forces a page break; thus, +each page of the file goes on a separate page on paper. Most Emacs +commands treat the page-separator character just like any other +character: you can insert it with @kbd{C-q C-l}, and delete it with +@key{DEL}. Thus, you are free to paginate your file or not. However, +since pages are often meaningful divisions of the file, Emacs provides +commands to move over them and operate on them. + +@c WideCommands +@table @kbd +@item C-x [ +Move point to previous page boundary (@code{backward-page}). +@item C-x ] +Move point to next page boundary (@code{forward-page}). +@item C-x C-p +Put point and mark around this page (or another page) (@code{mark-page}). +@item C-x l +Count the lines in this page (@code{count-lines-page}). +@end table + +@kindex C-x [ +@kindex C-x ] +@findex forward-page +@findex backward-page + The @kbd{C-x [} (@code{backward-page}) command moves point to immediately +after the previous page delimiter. If point is already right after a page +delimiter, it skips that one and stops at the previous one. A numeric +argument serves as a repeat count. The @kbd{C-x ]} (@code{forward-page}) +command moves forward past the next page delimiter. + +@kindex C-x C-p +@findex mark-page + The @kbd{C-x C-p} command (@code{mark-page}) puts point at the +beginning of the current page and the mark at the end. The page +delimiter at the end is included (the mark follows it). The page +delimiter at the front is excluded (point follows it). @kbd{C-x C-p +C-w} is a handy way to kill a page to move it elsewhere. If you move to +another page delimiter with @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]}, then yank the +killed page, all the pages will be properly delimited once again. The +reason @kbd{C-x C-p} includes only the following page delimiter in the +region is to ensure that. + + A numeric argument to @kbd{C-x C-p} is used to specify which page to go +to, relative to the current one. Zero means the current page. One means +the next page, and @minus{}1 means the previous one. + +@kindex C-x l +@findex count-lines-page + The @kbd{C-x l} command (@code{count-lines-page}) is good for deciding +where to break a page in two. It prints in the echo area the total number +of lines in the current page, and then divides it up into those preceding +the current line and those following, as in + +@example +Page has 96 (72+25) lines +@end example + +@noindent + Notice that the sum is off by one; this is correct if point is not at the +beginning of a line. + +@vindex page-delimiter + The variable @code{page-delimiter} controls where pages begin. Its +value is a regexp that matches the beginning of a line that separates +pages. The normal value of this variable is @code{"^@t{\}f"}, which +matches a formfeed character at the beginning of a line. + +@node Filling +@section Filling Text +@cindex filling text + + @dfn{Filling} text means breaking it up into lines that fit a +specified width. Emacs does filling in two ways. In Auto Fill mode, +inserting text with self-inserting characters also automatically fills +it. There are also explicit fill commands that you can use when editing +text leaves it unfilled. When you edit formatted text, you can specify +a style of filling for each portion of the text (@pxref{Formatted +Text}). + +@menu +* Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. +* Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. +* Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented + or in a comment, etc. +* Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. +@end menu + +@node Auto Fill +@subsection Auto Fill Mode +@cindex Auto Fill mode +@cindex mode, Auto Fill +@cindex word wrap + + @dfn{Auto Fill} mode is a minor mode in which lines are broken +automatically when they become too wide. Breaking happens only when +you type a @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. + +@table @kbd +@item M-x auto-fill-mode +Enable or disable Auto Fill mode. +@item @key{SPC} +@itemx @key{RET} +In Auto Fill mode, break lines when appropriate. +@end table + +@findex auto-fill-mode + @kbd{M-x auto-fill-mode} turns Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off +if it was on. With a positive numeric argument it always turns Auto +Fill mode on, and with a negative argument always turns it off. You can +see when Auto Fill mode is in effect by the presence of the word +@samp{Fill} in the mode line, inside the parentheses. Auto Fill mode is +a minor mode which is enabled or disabled for each buffer individually. +@xref{Minor Modes}. + + In Auto Fill mode, lines are broken automatically at spaces when they +get longer than the desired width. Line breaking and rearrangement +takes place only when you type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. If you wish to +insert a space or newline without permitting line-breaking, type +@kbd{C-q @key{SPC}} or @kbd{C-q C-j} (recall that a newline is really a +control-J). Also, @kbd{C-o} inserts a newline without line breaking. + + Auto Fill mode works well with programming-language modes, because it +indents new lines with @key{TAB}. If a line ending in a comment gets +too long, the text of the comment is split into two comment lines. +Optionally, new comment delimiters are inserted at the end of the first +line and the beginning of the second so that each line is a separate +comment; the variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls the choice +(@pxref{Comments}). + + Adaptive filling (see the following section) works for Auto Filling as +well as for explicit fill commands. It takes a fill prefix +automatically from the second or first line of a paragraph. + + Auto Fill mode does not refill entire paragraphs; it can break lines but +cannot merge lines. So editing in the middle of a paragraph can result in +a paragraph that is not correctly filled. The easiest way to make the +paragraph properly filled again is usually with the explicit fill commands. +@ifinfo +@xref{Fill Commands}. +@end ifinfo + + Many users like Auto Fill mode and want to use it in all text files. +The section on init files says how to arrange this permanently for yourself. +@xref{Init File}. + +@node Fill Commands +@subsection Explicit Fill Commands + +@table @kbd +@item M-q +Fill current paragraph (@code{fill-paragraph}). +@item C-x f +Set the fill column (@code{set-fill-column}). +@item M-x fill-region +Fill each paragraph in the region (@code{fill-region}). +@item M-x fill-region-as-paragraph +Fill the region, considering it as one paragraph. +@item M-s +Center a line. +@end table + +@kindex M-q +@findex fill-paragraph + To refill a paragraph, use the command @kbd{M-q} +(@code{fill-paragraph}). This operates on the paragraph that point is +inside, or the one after point if point is between paragraphs. +Refilling works by removing all the line-breaks, then inserting new ones +where necessary. + +@findex fill-region + To refill many paragraphs, use @kbd{M-x fill-region}, which +divides the region into paragraphs and fills each of them. + +@findex fill-region-as-paragraph + @kbd{M-q} and @code{fill-region} use the same criteria as @kbd{M-h} +for finding paragraph boundaries (@pxref{Paragraphs}). For more +control, you can use @kbd{M-x fill-region-as-paragraph}, which refills +everything between point and mark. This command deletes any blank lines +within the region, so separate blocks of text end up combined into one +block.@refill + +@cindex justification + A numeric argument to @kbd{M-q} causes it to @dfn{justify} the text as +well as filling it. This means that extra spaces are inserted to make +the right margin line up exactly at the fill column. To remove the +extra spaces, use @kbd{M-q} with no argument. (Likewise for +@code{fill-region}.) Another way to control justification, and choose +other styles of filling, is with the @code{justification} text property; +see @ref{Format Justification}. + +@kindex M-s @r{(Text mode)} +@cindex centering +@findex center-line + The command @kbd{M-s} (@code{center-line}) centers the current line +within the current fill column. With an argument @var{n}, it centers +@var{n} lines individually and moves past them. + +@vindex fill-column +@kindex C-x f +@findex set-fill-column + The maximum line width for filling is in the variable +@code{fill-column}. Altering the value of @code{fill-column} makes it +local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value is in +effect. The default is initially 70. @xref{Locals}. The easiest way +to set @code{fill-column} is to use the command @kbd{C-x f} +(@code{set-fill-column}). With a numeric argument, it uses that as the +new fill column. With just @kbd{C-u} as argument, it sets +@code{fill-column} to the current horizontal position of point. + + Emacs commands normally consider a period followed by two spaces or by +a newline as the end of a sentence; a period followed by just one space +indicates an abbreviation and not the end of a sentence. To preserve +the distinction between these two ways of using a period, the fill +commands do not break a line after a period followed by just one space. + +@vindex sentence-end-double-space + If the variable @code{sentence-end-double-space} is @code{nil}, the +fill commands expect and leave just one space at the end of a sentence. +Ordinarily this variable is @code{t}, so the fill commands insist on +two spaces for the end of a sentence, as explained above. @xref{Sentences}. + +@vindex colon-double-space + If the variable @code{colon-double-space} is non-@code{nil}, the +fill commands put two spaces after a colon. + +@node Fill Prefix +@subsection The Fill Prefix + +@cindex fill prefix + To fill a paragraph in which each line starts with a special marker +(which might be a few spaces, giving an indented paragraph), you can use +the @dfn{fill prefix} feature. The fill prefix is a string that Emacs +expects every line to start with, and which is not included in filling. +You can specify a fill prefix explicitly; Emacs can also deduce the +fill prefix automatically (@pxref{Adaptive Fill}). + +@table @kbd +@item C-x . +Set the fill prefix (@code{set-fill-prefix}). +@item M-q +Fill a paragraph using current fill prefix (@code{fill-paragraph}). +@item M-x fill-individual-paragraphs +Fill the region, considering each change of indentation as starting a +new paragraph. +@item M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs +Fill the region, considering only paragraph-separator lines as starting +a new paragraph. +@end table + +@kindex C-x . +@findex set-fill-prefix + To specify a fill prefix, move to a line that starts with the desired +prefix, put point at the end of the prefix, and give the command +@w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: (@code{set-fill-prefix}). That's a period after the +@kbd{C-x}. To turn off the fill prefix, specify an empty prefix: type +@w{@kbd{C-x .}}@: with point at the beginning of a line.@refill + + When a fill prefix is in effect, the fill commands remove the fill +prefix from each line before filling and insert it on each line after +filling. Auto Fill mode also inserts the fill prefix automatically when +it makes a new line. The @kbd{C-o} command inserts the fill prefix on +new lines it creates, when you use it at the beginning of a line +(@pxref{Blank Lines}). Conversely, the command @kbd{M-^} deletes the +prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it deletes +(@pxref{Indentation}). + + For example, if @code{fill-column} is 40 and you set the fill prefix +to @samp{;; }, then @kbd{M-q} in the following text + +@example +;; This is an +;; example of a paragraph +;; inside a Lisp-style comment. +@end example + +@noindent +produces this: + +@example +;; This is an example of a paragraph +;; inside a Lisp-style comment. +@end example + + Lines that do not start with the fill prefix are considered to start +paragraphs, both in @kbd{M-q} and the paragraph commands; this gives +good results for paragraphs with hanging indentation (every line +indented except the first one). Lines which are blank or indented once +the prefix is removed also separate or start paragraphs; this is what +you want if you are writing multi-paragraph comments with a comment +delimiter on each line. + +@findex fill-individual-paragraphs + You can use @kbd{M-x fill-individual-paragraphs} to set the fill +prefix for each paragraph automatically. This command divides the +region into paragraphs, treating every change in the amount of +indentation as the start of a new paragraph, and fills each of these +paragraphs. Thus, all the lines in one ``paragraph'' have the same +amount of indentation. That indentation serves as the fill prefix for +that paragraph. + +@findex fill-nonuniform-paragraphs + @kbd{M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs} is a similar command that divides +the region into paragraphs in a different way. It considers only +paragraph-separating lines (as defined by @code{paragraph-separate}) as +starting a new paragraph. Since this means that the lines of one +paragraph may have different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix +used is the smallest amount of indentation of any of the lines of the +paragraph. This gives good results with styles that indent a paragraph's +first line more or less that the rest of the paragraph. + +@vindex fill-prefix + The fill prefix is stored in the variable @code{fill-prefix}. Its value +is a string, or @code{nil} when there is no fill prefix. This is a +per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, +but there is a default value which you can change as well. @xref{Locals}. + + The @code{indentation} text property provides another way to control +the amount of indentation paragraphs receive. @xref{Format Indentation}. + +@node Adaptive Fill +@subsection Adaptive Filling + +@cindex adaptive filling + The fill commands can deduce the proper fill prefix for a paragraph +automatically in certain cases: either whitespace or certain punctuation +characters at the beginning of a line are propagated to all lines of the +paragraph. + + If the paragraph has two or more lines, the fill prefix is taken from +the paragraph's second line, but only if it appears on the first line as +well. + + If a paragraph has just one line, fill commands @emph{may} take a +prefix from that line. The decision is complicated because there are +three reasonable things to do in such a case: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Use the first line's prefix on all the lines of the paragraph. + +@item +Indent subsequent lines with whitespace, so that they line up under the +text that follows the prefix on the first line, but don't actually copy +the prefix from the first line. + +@item +Don't do anything special with the second and following lines. +@end itemize + + All three of these styles of formatting are commonly used. So the +fill commands try to determine what you would like, based on the prefix +that appears and on the major mode. Here is how. + +@vindex adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp + If the prefix found on the first line matches +@code{adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp}, or if it appears to be a +comment-starting sequence (this depends on the major mode), then the +prefix found is used for filling the paragraph, provided it would not +act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. + + Otherwise, the prefix found is converted to an equivalent number of +spaces, and those spaces are used as the fill prefix for the rest of the +lines, provided they would not act as a paragraph starter on subsequent +lines. + + In Text mode, and other modes where only blank lines and page +delimiters separate paragraphs, the prefix chosen by adaptive filling +never acts as a paragraph starter, so it can always be used for filling. + +@vindex adaptive-fill-mode +@vindex adaptive-fill-regexp + The variable @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} determines what kinds of line +beginnings can serve as a fill prefix: any characters at the start of +the line that match this regular expression are used. If you set the +variable @code{adaptive-fill-mode} to @code{nil}, the fill prefix is +never chosen automatically. + +@vindex adaptive-fill-function + You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix +automatically by setting the variable @code{adaptive-fill-function} to a +function. This function is called with point after the left margin of a +line, and it should return the appropriate fill prefix based on that +line. If it returns @code{nil}, that means it sees no fill prefix in +that line. + +@node Case +@section Case Conversion Commands +@cindex case conversion + + Emacs has commands for converting either a single word or any arbitrary +range of text to upper case or to lower case. + +@c WideCommands +@table @kbd +@item M-l +Convert following word to lower case (@code{downcase-word}). +@item M-u +Convert following word to upper case (@code{upcase-word}). +@item M-c +Capitalize the following word (@code{capitalize-word}). +@item C-x C-l +Convert region to lower case (@code{downcase-region}). +@item C-x C-u +Convert region to upper case (@code{upcase-region}). +@end table + +@kindex M-l +@kindex M-u +@kindex M-c +@cindex words, case conversion +@cindex converting text to upper or lower case +@cindex capitalizing words +@findex downcase-word +@findex upcase-word +@findex capitalize-word + The word conversion commands are the most useful. @kbd{M-l} +(@code{downcase-word}) converts the word after point to lower case, moving +past it. Thus, repeating @kbd{M-l} converts successive words. +@kbd{M-u} (@code{upcase-word}) converts to all capitals instead, while +@kbd{M-c} (@code{capitalize-word}) puts the first letter of the word +into upper case and the rest into lower case. All these commands convert +several words at once if given an argument. They are especially convenient +for converting a large amount of text from all upper case to mixed case, +because you can move through the text using @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} or +@kbd{M-c} on each word as appropriate, occasionally using @kbd{M-f} instead +to skip a word. + + When given a negative argument, the word case conversion commands apply +to the appropriate number of words before point, but do not move point. +This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong case: you +can give the case conversion command and continue typing. + + If a word case conversion command is given in the middle of a word, it +applies only to the part of the word which follows point. This is just +like what @kbd{M-d} (@code{kill-word}) does. With a negative argument, +case conversion applies only to the part of the word before point. + +@kindex C-x C-l +@kindex C-x C-u +@findex downcase-region +@findex upcase-region + The other case conversion commands are @kbd{C-x C-u} +(@code{upcase-region}) and @kbd{C-x C-l} (@code{downcase-region}), which +convert everything between point and mark to the specified case. Point and +mark do not move. + + The region case conversion commands @code{upcase-region} and +@code{downcase-region} are normally disabled. This means that they ask +for confirmation if you try to use them. When you confirm, you may +enable the command, which means it will not ask for confirmation again. +@xref{Disabling}. + +@node Text Mode +@section Text Mode +@cindex Text mode +@cindex mode, Text +@findex text-mode + + When you edit files of text in a human language, it's more convenient +to use Text mode rather than Fundamental mode. To enter Text mode, type +@kbd{M-x text-mode}. + + In Text mode, only blank lines and page delimiters separate +paragraphs. As a result, paragraphs can be indented, and adaptive +filling determines what indentation to use when filling a paragraph. +@xref{Adaptive Fill}. + +@kindex TAB @r{(Text mode)} + Text mode defines @key{TAB} to run @code{indent-relative} +(@pxref{Indentation}), so that you can conveniently indent a line like +the previous line. When the previous line is not indented, +@code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}, which uses Emacs tab +stops that you can set (@pxref{Tab Stops}). + + Text mode turns off the features concerned with comments except when +you explicitly invoke them. It changes the syntax table so that periods +are not considered part of a word, while apostrophes, backspaces and +underlines are considered part of words. + +@cindex Paragraph-Indent Text mode +@cindex mode, Paragraph-Indent Text +@findex paragraph-indent-text-mode + If you indent the first lines of paragraphs, then you should use +Paragraph-Indent Text mode rather than Text mode. In this mode, you do +not need to have blank lines between paragraphs, because the first-line +indentation is sufficient to start a paragraph; however paragraphs in +which every line is indented are not supported. Use @kbd{M-x +paragraph-indent-text-mode} to enter this mode. + +@kindex M-TAB @r{(Text mode)} + Text mode, and all the modes based on it, define @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} as +the command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which performs completion of +the partial word in the buffer before point, using the spelling +dictionary as the space of possible words. @xref{Spelling}. + +@vindex text-mode-hook + Entering Text mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}. Other major +modes related to Text mode also run this hook, followed by hooks of +their own; this includes Paragraph-Indent Text mode, Nroff mode, @TeX{} +mode, Outline mode, and Mail mode. Hook functions on +@code{text-mode-hook} can look at the value of @code{major-mode} to see +which of these modes is actually being entered. @xref{Hooks}. + +@ifinfo + Emacs provides two other modes for editing text that is to be passed +through a text formatter to produce fancy formatted printed output. +@xref{Nroff Mode}, for editing input to the formatter nroff. +@xref{TeX Mode}, for editing input to the formatter TeX. + + Another mode is used for editing outlines. It allows you to view the +text at various levels of detail. You can view either the outline +headings alone or both headings and text; you can also hide some of the +headings at lower levels from view to make the high level structure more +visible. @xref{Outline Mode}. +@end ifinfo + +@node Outline Mode +@section Outline Mode +@cindex Outline mode +@cindex mode, Outline +@cindex selective display +@cindex invisible lines + +@findex outline-mode +@findex outline-minor-mode +@vindex outline-minor-mode-prefix + Outline mode is a major mode much like Text mode but intended for +editing outlines. It allows you to make parts of the text temporarily +invisible so that you can see the outline structure. Type @kbd{M-x +outline-mode} to switch to Outline mode as the major mode of the current +buffer. + + When Outline mode makes a line invisible, the line does not appear on +the screen. The screen appears exactly as if the invisible line were +deleted, except that an ellipsis (three periods in a row) appears at the +end of the previous visible line (only one ellipsis no matter how many +invisible lines follow). + + Editing commands that operate on lines, such as @kbd{C-n} and +@kbd{C-p}, treat the text of the invisible line as part of the previous +visible line. Killing an entire visible line, including its terminating +newline, really kills all the following invisible lines along with it. + + Outline minor mode provides the same commands as the major mode, +Outline mode, but you can use it in conjunction with other major modes. +Type @kbd{M-x outline-minor-mode} to enable the Outline minor mode in +the current buffer. You can also specify this in the text of a file, +with a file local variable of the form @samp{mode: outline-minor} +(@pxref{File Variables}). + +@kindex C-c @@ @r{(Outline minor mode)} + The major mode, Outline mode, provides special key bindings on the +@kbd{C-c} prefix. Outline minor mode provides similar bindings with +@kbd{C-c @@} as the prefix; this is to reduce the conflicts with the +major mode's special commands. (The variable +@code{outline-minor-mode-prefix} controls the prefix used.) + +@vindex outline-mode-hook + Entering Outline mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook} followed by +the hook @code{outline-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). + +@menu +* Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. +* Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through + outlines. +* Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. +* Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. +@end menu + +@node Outline Format +@subsection Format of Outlines + +@cindex heading lines (Outline mode) +@cindex body lines (Outline mode) + Outline mode assumes that the lines in the buffer are of two types: +@dfn{heading lines} and @dfn{body lines}. A heading line represents a +topic in the outline. Heading lines start with one or more stars; the +number of stars determines the depth of the heading in the outline +structure. Thus, a heading line with one star is a major topic; all the +heading lines with two stars between it and the next one-star heading +are its subtopics; and so on. Any line that is not a heading line is a +body line. Body lines belong with the preceding heading line. Here is +an example: + +@example +* Food +This is the body, +which says something about the topic of food. + +** Delicious Food +This is the body of the second-level header. + +** Distasteful Food +This could have +a body too, with +several lines. + +*** Dormitory Food + +* Shelter +Another first-level topic with its header line. +@end example + + A heading line together with all following body lines is called +collectively an @dfn{entry}. A heading line together with all following +deeper heading lines and their body lines is called a @dfn{subtree}. + +@vindex outline-regexp + You can customize the criterion for distinguishing heading lines +by setting the variable @code{outline-regexp}. Any line whose +beginning has a match for this regexp is considered a heading line. +Matches that start within a line (not at the left margin) do not count. +The length of the matching text determines the level of the heading; +longer matches make a more deeply nested level. Thus, for example, +if a text formatter has commands @samp{@@chapter}, @samp{@@section} +and @samp{@@subsection} to divide the document into chapters and +sections, you could make those lines count as heading lines by +setting @code{outline-regexp} to @samp{"@@chap\\|@@\\(sub\\)*section"}. +Note the trick: the two words @samp{chapter} and @samp{section} are equally +long, but by defining the regexp to match only @samp{chap} we ensure +that the length of the text matched on a chapter heading is shorter, +so that Outline mode will know that sections are contained in chapters. +This works as long as no other command starts with @samp{@@chap}. + +@vindex outline-level + It is possible to change the rule for calculating the level of a +heading line by setting the variable @code{outline-level}. The value of +@code{outline-level} should be a function that takes no arguments and +returns the level of the current heading. Some major modes such as C, +Nroff, and Emacs Lisp mode set this variable and/or +@code{outline-regexp} in order to work with Outline minor mode. + +@node Outline Motion +@subsection Outline Motion Commands + + Outline mode provides special motion commands that move backward and +forward to heading lines. + +@table @kbd +@item C-c C-n +Move point to the next visible heading line +(@code{outline-next-visible-heading}). +@item C-c C-p +Move point to the previous visible heading line +(@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}). +@item C-c C-f +Move point to the next visible heading line at the same level +as the one point is on (@code{outline-forward-same-level}). +@item C-c C-b +Move point to the previous visible heading line at the same level +(@code{outline-backward-same-level}). +@item C-c C-u +Move point up to a lower-level (more inclusive) visible heading line +(@code{outline-up-heading}). +@end table + +@findex outline-next-visible-heading +@findex outline-previous-visible-heading +@kindex C-c C-n @r{(Outline mode)} +@kindex C-c C-p @r{(Outline mode)} + @kbd{C-c C-n} (@code{outline-next-visible-heading}) moves down to the next +heading line. @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{outline-previous-visible-heading}) moves +similarly backward. Both accept numeric arguments as repeat counts. The +names emphasize that invisible headings are skipped, but this is not really +a special feature. All editing commands that look for lines ignore the +invisible lines automatically.@refill + +@findex outline-up-heading +@findex outline-forward-same-level +@findex outline-backward-same-level +@kindex C-c C-f @r{(Outline mode)} +@kindex C-c C-b @r{(Outline mode)} +@kindex C-c C-u @r{(Outline mode)} + More powerful motion commands understand the level structure of headings. +@kbd{C-c C-f} (@code{outline-forward-same-level}) and +@kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{outline-backward-same-level}) move from one +heading line to another visible heading at the same depth in +the outline. @kbd{C-c C-u} (@code{outline-up-heading}) moves +backward to another heading that is less deeply nested. + +@node Outline Visibility +@subsection Outline Visibility Commands + + The other special commands of outline mode are used to make lines visible +or invisible. Their names all start with @code{hide} or @code{show}. +Most of them fall into pairs of opposites. They are not undoable; instead, +you can undo right past them. Making lines visible or invisible is simply +not recorded by the undo mechanism. + +@table @kbd +@item C-c C-t +Make all body lines in the buffer invisible (@code{hide-body}). +@item C-c C-a +Make all lines in the buffer visible (@code{show-all}). +@item C-c C-d +Make everything under this heading invisible, not including this +heading itself (@code{hide-subtree}). +@item C-c C-s +Make everything under this heading visible, including body, +subheadings, and their bodies (@code{show-subtree}). +@item C-c C-l +Make the body of this heading line, and of all its subheadings, +invisible (@code{hide-leaves}). +@item C-c C-k +Make all subheadings of this heading line, at all levels, visible +(@code{show-branches}). +@item C-c C-i +Make immediate subheadings (one level down) of this heading line +visible (@code{show-children}). +@item C-c C-c +Make this heading line's body invisible (@code{hide-entry}). +@item C-c C-e +Make this heading line's body visible (@code{show-entry}). +@item C-c C-q +Hide everything except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines +(@code{hide-sublevels}). +@item C-c C-o +Hide everything except for the heading or body that point is in, plus +the headings leading up from there to the top level of the outline +(@code{hide-other}). +@end table + +@findex hide-entry +@findex show-entry +@kindex C-c C-c @r{(Outline mode)} +@kindex C-c C-e @r{(Outline mode)} + Two commands that are exact opposites are @kbd{C-c C-c} +(@code{hide-entry}) and @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{show-entry}). They are +used with point on a heading line, and apply only to the body lines of +that heading. Subheadings and their bodies are not affected. + +@findex hide-subtree +@findex show-subtree +@kindex C-c C-s @r{(Outline mode)} +@kindex C-c C-d @r{(Outline mode)} +@cindex subtree (Outline mode) + Two more powerful opposites are @kbd{C-c C-d} (@code{hide-subtree}) and +@kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{show-subtree}). Both expect to be used when point is +on a heading line, and both apply to all the lines of that heading's +@dfn{subtree}: its body, all its subheadings, both direct and indirect, and +all of their bodies. In other words, the subtree contains everything +following this heading line, up to and not including the next heading of +the same or higher rank.@refill + +@findex hide-leaves +@findex show-branches +@kindex C-c C-l @r{(Outline mode)} +@kindex C-c C-k @r{(Outline mode)} + Intermediate between a visible subtree and an invisible one is having +all the subheadings visible but none of the body. There are two +commands for doing this, depending on whether you want to hide the +bodies or make the subheadings visible. They are @kbd{C-c C-l} +(@code{hide-leaves}) and @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{show-branches}). + +@kindex C-c C-i @r{(Outline mode)} +@findex show-children + A little weaker than @code{show-branches} is @kbd{C-c C-i} +(@code{show-children}). It makes just the direct subheadings +visible---those one level down. Deeper subheadings remain invisible, if +they were invisible.@refill + +@findex hide-body +@findex show-all +@kindex C-c C-t @r{(Outline mode)} +@kindex C-c C-a @r{(Outline mode)} + Two commands have a blanket effect on the whole file. @kbd{C-c C-t} +(@code{hide-body}) makes all body lines invisible, so that you see just +the outline structure. @kbd{C-c C-a} (@code{show-all}) makes all lines +visible. These commands can be thought of as a pair of opposites even +though @kbd{C-c C-a} applies to more than just body lines. + +@findex hide-sublevels +@kindex C-c C-q @r{(Outline mode)} + The command @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{hide-sublevels}) hides all but the +top level headings. With a numeric argument @var{n}, it hides everything +except the top @var{n} levels of heading lines. + +@findex hide-other +@kindex C-c C-o @r{(Outline mode)} + The command @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{hide-other}) hides everything except +the heading or body text that point is in, plus its parents (the headers +leading up from there to top level in the outline). + + You can turn off the use of ellipses at the ends of visible lines by +setting @code{selective-display-ellipses} to @code{nil}. Then there is +no visible indication of the presence of invisible lines. + + When incremental search finds text that is hidden by Outline mode, +it makes that part of the buffer visible. If you exit the search +at that position, the text remains visible. + +@node Outline Views +@subsection Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views + +@cindex multiple views of outline +@cindex views of an outline +@cindex outline with multiple views +@cindex indirect buffers and outlines + You can display two views of a single outline at the same time, in +different windows. To do this, you must create an indirect buffer using +@kbd{M-x make-indirect-buffer}. The first argument of this command is +the existing outline buffer name, and its second argument is the name to +use for the new indirect buffer. @xref{Indirect Buffers}. + + Once the indirect buffer exists, you can display it in a window in the +normal fashion, with @kbd{C-x 4 b} or other Emacs commands. The Outline +mode commands to show and hide parts of the text operate on each buffer +independently; as a result, each buffer can have its own view. If you +want more than two views on the same outline, create additional indirect +buffers. + +@node TeX Mode +@section @TeX{} Mode +@cindex @TeX{} mode +@cindex La@TeX{} mode +@cindex Sli@TeX{} mode +@cindex mode, @TeX{} +@cindex mode, La@TeX{} +@cindex mode, Sli@TeX{} +@findex tex-mode +@findex plain-tex-mode +@findex latex-mode +@findex slitex-mode + + @TeX{} is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; it is also +free, like GNU Emacs. La@TeX{} is a simplified input format for @TeX{}, +implemented by @TeX{} macros; it comes with @TeX{}. Sli@TeX{} is a special +form of La@TeX{}.@refill + + Emacs has a special @TeX{} mode for editing @TeX{} input files. +It provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for +invoking @TeX{} on all or part of the file. + +@vindex tex-default-mode + @TeX{} mode has three variants, Plain @TeX{} mode, La@TeX{} mode, and +Sli@TeX{} mode (these three distinct major modes differ only slightly). +They are designed for editing the three different formats. The command +@kbd{M-x tex-mode} looks at the contents of the buffer to determine +whether the contents appear to be either La@TeX{} input or Sli@TeX{} +input; if so, it selects the appropriate mode. If the file contents do +not appear to be La@TeX{} or Sli@TeX{}, it selects Plain @TeX{} mode. +If the contents are insufficient to determine this, the variable +@code{tex-default-mode} controls which mode is used. + + When @kbd{M-x tex-mode} does not guess right, you can use the commands +@kbd{M-x plain-tex-mode}, @kbd{M-x latex-mode}, and @kbd{M-x +slitex-mode} to select explicitly the particular variants of @TeX{} +mode. + +@vindex tex-shell-hook +@vindex tex-mode-hook +@vindex latex-mode-hook +@vindex slitex-mode-hook +@vindex plain-tex-mode-hook + Entering any kind of @TeX{} mode runs the hooks @code{text-mode-hook} +and @code{tex-mode-hook}. Then it runs either +@code{plain-tex-mode-hook} or @code{latex-mode-hook}, whichever is +appropriate. For Sli@TeX{} files, it calls @code{slitex-mode-hook}. +Starting the @TeX{} shell runs the hook @code{tex-shell-hook}. +@xref{Hooks}. + +@menu +* Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. +* LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. +* Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. +@end menu + +@node TeX Editing +@subsection @TeX{} Editing Commands + + Here are the special commands provided in @TeX{} mode for editing the +text of the file. + +@table @kbd +@item " +Insert, according to context, either @samp{``} or @samp{"} or +@samp{''} (@code{tex-insert-quote}). +@item C-j +Insert a paragraph break (two newlines) and check the previous +paragraph for unbalanced braces or dollar signs +(@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}). +@item M-x tex-validate-region +Check each paragraph in the region for unbalanced braces or dollar signs. +@item C-c @{ +Insert @samp{@{@}} and position point between them (@code{tex-insert-braces}). +@item C-c @} +Move forward past the next unmatched close brace (@code{up-list}). +@end table + +@findex tex-insert-quote +@kindex " @r{(@TeX{} mode)} + In @TeX{}, the character @samp{"} is not normally used; we use +@samp{``} to start a quotation and @samp{''} to end one. To make +editing easier under this formatting convention, @TeX{} mode overrides +the normal meaning of the key @kbd{"} with a command that inserts a pair +of single-quotes or backquotes (@code{tex-insert-quote}). To be +precise, this command inserts @samp{``} after whitespace or an open +brace, @samp{"} after a backslash, and @samp{''} after any other +character. + + If you need the character @samp{"} itself in unusual contexts, use +@kbd{C-q} to insert it. Also, @kbd{"} with a numeric argument always +inserts that number of @samp{"} characters. You can turn off the +feature of @kbd{"} expansion by eliminating that binding in the local +map (@pxref{Key Bindings}). + + In @TeX{} mode, @samp{$} has a special syntax code which attempts to +understand the way @TeX{} math mode delimiters match. When you insert a +@samp{$} that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching +@samp{$} that entered math mode is displayed for a second. This is the +same feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that +is inserted. However, there is no way to tell whether a @samp{$} enters +math mode or leaves it; so when you insert a @samp{$} that enters math +mode, the previous @samp{$} position is shown as if it were a match, even +though they are actually unrelated. + +@findex tex-insert-braces +@kindex C-c @{ @r{(@TeX{} mode)} +@findex up-list +@kindex C-c @} @r{(@TeX{} mode)} + @TeX{} uses braces as delimiters that must match. Some users prefer +to keep braces balanced at all times, rather than inserting them +singly. Use @kbd{C-c @{} (@code{tex-insert-braces}) to insert a pair of +braces. It leaves point between the two braces so you can insert the +text that belongs inside. Afterward, use the command @kbd{C-c @}} +(@code{up-list}) to move forward past the close brace. + +@findex tex-validate-region +@findex tex-terminate-paragraph +@kindex C-j @r{(@TeX{} mode)} + There are two commands for checking the matching of braces. @kbd{C-j} +(@code{tex-terminate-paragraph}) checks the paragraph before point, and +inserts two newlines to start a new paragraph. It prints a message in +the echo area if any mismatch is found. @kbd{M-x tex-validate-region} +checks a region, paragraph by paragraph. The errors are listed in the +@samp{*Occur*} buffer, and you can use @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{Mouse-2} in +that buffer to go to a particular mismatch. + + Note that Emacs commands count square brackets and parentheses in +@TeX{} mode, not just braces. This is not strictly correct for the +purpose of checking @TeX{} syntax. However, parentheses and square +brackets are likely to be used in text as matching delimiters and it is +useful for the various motion commands and automatic match display to +work with them. + +@node LaTeX Editing +@subsection La@TeX{} Editing Commands + + La@TeX{} mode, and its variant, Sli@TeX{} mode, provide a few extra +features not applicable to plain @TeX{}. + +@table @kbd +@item C-c C-o +Insert @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} for La@TeX{} block and position +point on a line between them (@code{tex-latex-block}). +@item C-c C-e +Close the innermost La@TeX{} block not yet closed +(@code{tex-close-latex-block}). +@end table + +@findex tex-latex-block +@kindex C-c C-o @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} +@vindex latex-block-names + In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands are used to +group blocks of text. To insert a @samp{\begin} and a matching +@samp{\end} (on a new line following the @samp{\begin}), use @kbd{C-c +C-o} (@code{tex-latex-block}). A blank line is inserted between the +two, and point is left there. You can use completion when you enter the +block type; to specify additional block type names beyond the standard +list, set the variable @code{latex-block-names}. For example, here's +how to add @samp{theorem}, @samp{corollary}, and @samp{proof}: + +@example +(setq latex-block-names '("theorem" "corollary" "proof")) +@end example + +@findex tex-close-latex-block +@kindex C-c C-e @r{(La@TeX{} mode)} + In La@TeX{} input, @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} commands must +balance. You can use @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{tex-close-latex-block}) to +insert automatically a matching @samp{\end} to match the last unmatched +@samp{\begin}. It indents the @samp{\end} to match the corresponding +@samp{\begin}. It inserts a newline after @samp{\end} if point is at +the beginning of a line. + +@node TeX Print +@subsection @TeX{} Printing Commands + + You can invoke @TeX{} as an inferior of Emacs on either the entire +contents of the buffer or just a region at a time. Running @TeX{} in +this way on just one chapter is a good way to see what your changes +look like without taking the time to format the entire file. + +@table @kbd +@item C-c C-r +Invoke @TeX{} on the current region, together with the buffer's header +(@code{tex-region}). +@item C-c C-b +Invoke @TeX{} on the entire current buffer (@code{tex-buffer}). +@item C-c @key{TAB} +Invoke Bib@TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-bibtex-file}). +@item C-c C-f +Invoke @TeX{} on the current file (@code{tex-file}). +@item C-c C-l +Recenter the window showing output from the inferior @TeX{} so that +the last line can be seen (@code{tex-recenter-output-buffer}). +@item C-c C-k +Kill the @TeX{} subprocess (@code{tex-kill-job}). +@item C-c C-p +Print the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c +C-f} command (@code{tex-print}). +@item C-c C-v +Preview the output from the last @kbd{C-c C-r}, @kbd{C-c C-b}, or @kbd{C-c +C-f} command (@code{tex-view}). +@item C-c C-q +Show the printer queue (@code{tex-show-print-queue}). +@end table + +@findex tex-buffer +@kindex C-c C-b @r{(@TeX{} mode)} +@findex tex-print +@kindex C-c C-p @r{(@TeX{} mode)} +@findex tex-view +@kindex C-c C-v @r{(@TeX{} mode)} +@findex tex-show-print-queue +@kindex C-c C-q @r{(@TeX{} mode)} + You can pass the current buffer through an inferior @TeX{} by means of +@kbd{C-c C-b} (@code{tex-buffer}). The formatted output appears in a +temporary file; to print it, type @kbd{C-c C-p} (@code{tex-print}). +Afterward, you can use @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{tex-show-print-queue}) to +view the progress of your output towards being printed. If your terminal +has the ability to display @TeX{} output files, you can preview the +output on the terminal with @kbd{C-c C-v} (@code{tex-view}). + +@cindex @code{TEXINPUTS} environment variable +@vindex tex-directory + You can specify the directory to use for running @TeX{} by setting the +variable @code{tex-directory}. @code{"."} is the default value. If +your environment variable @code{TEXINPUTS} contains relative directory +names, or if your files contains @samp{\input} commands with relative +file names, then @code{tex-directory} @emph{must} be @code{"."} or you +will get the wrong results. Otherwise, it is safe to specify some other +directory, such as @code{"/tmp"}. + +@vindex tex-run-command +@vindex latex-run-command +@vindex slitex-run-command +@vindex tex-dvi-print-command +@vindex tex-dvi-view-command +@vindex tex-show-queue-command + If you want to specify which shell commands are used in the inferior @TeX{}, +you can do so by setting the values of the variables @code{tex-run-command}, +@code{latex-run-command}, @code{slitex-run-command}, +@code{tex-dvi-print-command}, @code{tex-dvi-view-command}, and +@code{tex-show-queue-command}. You @emph{must} set the value of +@code{tex-dvi-view-command} for your particular terminal; this variable +has no default value. The other variables have default values that may +(or may not) be appropriate for your system. + + Normally, the file name given to these commands comes at the end of +the command string; for example, @samp{latex @var{filename}}. In some +cases, however, the file name needs to be embedded in the command; an +example is when you need to provide the file name as an argument to one +command whose output is piped to another. You can specify where to put +the file name with @samp{*} in the command string. For example, + +@example +(setq tex-dvi-print-command "dvips -f * | lpr") +@end example + +@findex tex-kill-job +@kindex C-c C-k @r{(@TeX{} mode)} +@findex tex-recenter-output-buffer +@kindex C-c C-l @r{(@TeX{} mode)} + The terminal output from @TeX{}, including any error messages, appears +in a buffer called @samp{*tex-shell*}. If @TeX{} gets an error, you can +switch to this buffer and feed it input (this works as in Shell mode; +@pxref{Interactive Shell}). Without switching to this buffer you can +scroll it so that its last line is visible by typing @kbd{C-c +C-l}. + + Type @kbd{C-c C-k} (@code{tex-kill-job}) to kill the @TeX{} process if +you see that its output is no longer useful. Using @kbd{C-c C-b} or +@kbd{C-c C-r} also kills any @TeX{} process still running.@refill + +@findex tex-region +@kindex C-c C-r @r{(@TeX{} mode)} + You can also pass an arbitrary region through an inferior @TeX{} by typing +@kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{tex-region}). This is tricky, however, because most files +of @TeX{} input contain commands at the beginning to set parameters and +define macros, without which no later part of the file will format +correctly. To solve this problem, @kbd{C-c C-r} allows you to designate a +part of the file as containing essential commands; it is included before +the specified region as part of the input to @TeX{}. The designated part +of the file is called the @dfn{header}. + +@cindex header (@TeX{} mode) + To indicate the bounds of the header in Plain @TeX{} mode, you insert two +special strings in the file. Insert @samp{%**start of header} before the +header, and @samp{%**end of header} after it. Each string must appear +entirely on one line, but there may be other text on the line before or +after. The lines containing the two strings are included in the header. +If @samp{%**start of header} does not appear within the first 100 lines of +the buffer, @kbd{C-c C-r} assumes that there is no header. + + In La@TeX{} mode, the header begins with @samp{\documentclass} or +@samp{\documentstyle} and ends with @samp{\begin@{document@}}. These +are commands that La@TeX{} requires you to use in any case, so nothing +special needs to be done to identify the header. + +@findex tex-file +@kindex C-c C-f @r{(@TeX{} mode)} + The commands (@code{tex-buffer}) and (@code{tex-region}) do all of their +work in a temporary directory, and do not have available any of the auxiliary +files needed by @TeX{} for cross-references; these commands are generally +not suitable for running the final copy in which all of the cross-references +need to be correct. + + When you want the auxiliary files for cross references, use @kbd{C-c +C-f} (@code{tex-file}) which runs @TeX{} on the current buffer's file, +in that file's directory. Before running @TeX{}, it offers to save any +modified buffers. Generally, you need to use (@code{tex-file}) twice to +get the cross-references right. + +@vindex tex-start-options-string + The value of the variable @code{tex-start-options-string} specifies +options for the @TeX{} run. The default value causes @TeX{} to run in +nonstopmode. To run @TeX{} interactively, set the variable to @code{""}. + +@vindex tex-main-file + Large @TeX{} documents are often split into several files---one main +file, plus subfiles. Running @TeX{} on a subfile typically does not +work; you have to run it on the main file. In order to make +@code{tex-file} useful when you are editing a subfile, you can set the +variable @code{tex-main-file} to the name of the main file. Then +@code{tex-file} runs @TeX{} on that file. + + The most convenient way to use @code{tex-main-file} is to specify it +in a local variable list in each of the subfiles. @xref{File +Variables}. + +@findex tex-bibtex-file +@kindex C-c TAB @r{(@TeX{} mode)} +@vindex tex-bibtex-command + For La@TeX{} files, you can use Bib@TeX{} to process the auxiliary +file for the current buffer's file. Bib@TeX{} looks up bibliographic +citations in a data base and prepares the cited references for the +bibliography section. The command @kbd{C-c TAB} +(@code{tex-bibtex-file}) runs the shell command +(@code{tex-bibtex-command}) to produce a @samp{.bbl} file for the +current buffer's file. Generally, you need to do @kbd{C-c C-f} +(@code{tex-file}) once to generate the @samp{.aux} file, then do +@kbd{C-c TAB} (@code{tex-bibtex-file}), and then repeat @kbd{C-c C-f} +(@code{tex-file}) twice more to get the cross-references correct. + + For managing all kinds of references, you can use Ref@TeX{}. +@xref{Top, , RefTeX, reftex}. + +@node Nroff Mode +@section Nroff Mode + +@cindex nroff +@findex nroff-mode + Nroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff commands +present in the text. Invoke @kbd{M-x nroff-mode} to enter this mode. It +differs from Text mode in only a few ways. All nroff command lines are +considered paragraph separators, so that filling will never garble the +nroff commands. Pages are separated by @samp{.bp} commands. Comments +start with backslash-doublequote. Also, three special commands are +provided that are not in Text mode: + +@findex forward-text-line +@findex backward-text-line +@findex count-text-lines +@kindex M-n @r{(Nroff mode)} +@kindex M-p @r{(Nroff mode)} +@kindex M-? @r{(Nroff mode)} +@table @kbd +@item M-n +Move to the beginning of the next line that isn't an nroff command +(@code{forward-text-line}). An argument is a repeat count. +@item M-p +Like @kbd{M-n} but move up (@code{backward-text-line}). +@item M-? +Prints in the echo area the number of text lines (lines that are not +nroff commands) in the region (@code{count-text-lines}). +@end table + +@findex electric-nroff-mode + The other feature of Nroff mode is that you can turn on Electric Nroff +mode. This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off with @kbd{M-x +electric-nroff-mode} (@pxref{Minor Modes}). When the mode is on, each +time you use @key{RET} to end a line that contains an nroff command that +opens a kind of grouping, the matching nroff command to close that +grouping is automatically inserted on the following line. For example, +if you are at the beginning of a line and type @kbd{.@: ( b @key{RET}}, +this inserts the matching command @samp{.)b} on a new line following +point. + + If you use Outline minor mode with Nroff mode (@pxref{Outline Mode}), +heading lines are lines of the form @samp{.H} followed by a number (the +header level). + +@vindex nroff-mode-hook + Entering Nroff mode runs the hook @code{text-mode-hook}, followed by +the hook @code{nroff-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). + +@node Formatted Text +@section Editing Formatted Text + +@cindex Enriched mode +@cindex mode, Enriched +@cindex formatted text +@cindex WYSIWYG +@cindex word processing + @dfn{Enriched mode} is a minor mode for editing files that contain +formatted text in WYSIWYG fashion, as in a word processor. Currently, +formatted text in Enriched mode can specify fonts, colors, underlining, +margins, and types of filling and justification. In the future, we plan +to implement other formatting features as well. + + Enriched mode is a minor mode (@pxref{Minor Modes}). Typically it is +used in conjunction with Text mode (@pxref{Text Mode}). However, you +can also use it with other major modes such as Outline mode and +Paragraph-Indent Text mode. + + Potentially, Emacs can store formatted text files in various file +formats. Currently, only one format is implemented: @dfn{text/enriched} +format, which is defined by the MIME protocol. @xref{Format +Conversion,, Format Conversion, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, +for details of how Emacs recognizes and converts file formats. + + The Emacs distribution contains a formatted text file that can serve as +an example. Its name is @file{etc/enriched.doc}. It contains samples +illustrating all the features described in this section. It also +contains a list of ideas for future enhancements. + +@menu +* Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. +* Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. +* Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. +* Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. +* Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. +* Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. +* Justification: Format Justification. + Centering, setting text flush with the + left or right margin, etc. +* Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. +* Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. +@end menu + +@node Requesting Formatted Text +@subsection Requesting to Edit Formatted Text + + Whenever you visit a file that Emacs saved in the text/enriched format, +Emacs automatically converts the formatting information in the file into +Emacs's own internal format (text properties), and turns on Enriched +mode. + +@findex enriched-mode + To create a new file of formatted text, first visit the nonexistent +file, then type @kbd{M-x enriched-mode} before you start inserting text. +This command turns on Enriched mode. Do this before you begin inserting +text, to ensure that the text you insert is handled properly. + + More generally, the command @code{enriched-mode} turns Enriched mode +on if it was off, and off if it was on. With a prefix argument, this +command turns Enriched mode on if the argument is positive, and turns +the mode off otherwise. + + When you save a buffer while Enriched mode is enabled in it, Emacs +automatically converts the text to text/enriched format while writing it +into the file. When you visit the file again, Emacs will automatically +recognize the format, reconvert the text, and turn on Enriched mode +again. + +@vindex enriched-fill-after-visiting + Normally, after visiting a file in text/enriched format, Emacs refills +each paragraph to fit the specified right margin. You can turn off this +refilling, to save time, by setting the variable +@code{enriched-fill-after-visiting} to @code{nil} or to @code{ask}. + + However, when visiting a file that was saved from Enriched mode, there +is no need for refilling, because Emacs saves the right margin settings +along with the text. + +@vindex enriched-translations + You can add annotations for saving additional text properties, which +Emacs normally does not save, by adding to @code{enriched-translations}. +Note that the text/enriched standard requires any non-standard +annotations to have names starting with @samp{x-}, as in +@samp{x-read-only}. This ensures that they will not conflict with +standard annotations that may be added later. + +@node Hard and Soft Newlines +@subsection Hard and Soft Newlines +@cindex hard newline +@cindex soft newline +@cindex newlines, hard and soft + + In formatted text, Emacs distinguishes between two different kinds of +newlines, @dfn{hard} newlines and @dfn{soft} newlines. + + Hard newlines are used to separate paragraphs, or items in a list, or +anywhere that there should always be a line break regardless of the +margins. The @key{RET} command (@code{newline}) and @kbd{C-o} +(@code{open-line}) insert hard newlines. + + Soft newlines are used to make text fit between the margins. All the +fill commands, including Auto Fill, insert soft newlines---and they +delete only soft newlines. + + Although hard and soft newlines look the same, it is important to bear +the difference in mind. Do not use @key{RET} to break lines in the +middle of filled paragraphs, or else you will get hard newlines that are +barriers to further filling. Instead, let Auto Fill mode break lines, +so that if the text or the margins change, Emacs can refill the lines +properly. @xref{Auto Fill}. + + On the other hand, in tables and lists, where the lines should always +remain as you type them, you can use @key{RET} to end lines. For these +lines, you may also want to set the justification style to +@code{unfilled}. @xref{Format Justification}. + +@node Editing Format Info +@subsection Editing Format Information + + There are two ways to alter the formatting information for a formatted +text file: with keyboard commands, and with the mouse. + + The easiest way to add properties to your document is by using the Text +Properties menu. You can get to this menu in two ways: from the Edit +menu in the menu bar, or with @kbd{C-mouse-2} (hold the @key{CTRL} key +and press the middle mouse button). + + Most of the items in the Text Properties menu lead to other submenus. +These are described in the sections that follow. Some items run +commands directly: + +@table @code +@findex facemenu-remove-props +@item Remove Properties +Delete from the region all the text properties that the Text Properties +menu works with (@code{facemenu-remove-props}). + +@findex facemenu-remove-all +@item Remove All +Delete @emph{all} text properties from the region +(@code{facemenu-remove-all}). + +@findex list-text-properties-at +@item List Properties +List all the text properties of the character following point +(@code{list-text-properties-at}). + +@item Display Faces +Display a list of all the defined faces. + +@item Display Colors +Display a list of all the defined colors. +@end table + +@node Format Faces +@subsection Faces in Formatted Text + + The Faces submenu lists various Emacs faces including @code{bold}, +@code{italic}, and @code{underline}. Selecting one of these adds the +chosen face to the region. @xref{Faces}. You can also specify a face +with these keyboard commands: + +@table @kbd +@kindex M-g d @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex facemenu-set-default +@item M-g d +Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{default} face +(@code{facemenu-set-default}). +@kindex M-g b @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex facemenu-set-bold +@item M-g b +Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold} face +(@code{facemenu-set-bold}). +@kindex M-g i @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex facemenu-set-italic +@item M-g i +Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{italic} face +(@code{facemenu-set-italic}). +@kindex M-g l @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex facemenu-set-bold-italic +@item M-g l +Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{bold-italic} face +(@code{facemenu-set-bold-italic}). +@kindex M-g u @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex facemenu-set-underline +@item M-g u +Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the @code{underline} face +(@code{facemenu-set-underline}). +@kindex M-g o @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex facemenu-set-face +@item M-g o @var{face} @key{RET} +Set the region, or the next inserted character, to the face @var{face} +(@code{facemenu-set-face}). +@end table + + If you use these commands with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark +mode, if the region is not active---then these commands specify a face +to use for your next self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. This +applies to both the keyboard commands and the menu commands. + + Enriched mode defines two additional faces: @code{excerpt} and +@code{fixed}. These correspond to codes used in the text/enriched file +format. + + The @code{excerpt} face is intended for quotations. This face is the +same as @code{italic} unless you customize it (@pxref{Face Customization}). + + The @code{fixed} face is meant to say, ``Use a fixed-width font for this +part of the text.'' Emacs currently supports only fixed-width fonts; +therefore, the @code{fixed} annotation is not necessary now. However, +we plan to support variable width fonts in future Emacs versions, and +other systems that display text/enriched format may not use a +fixed-width font as the default. So if you specifically want a certain +part of the text to use a fixed-width font, you should specify the +@code{fixed} face for that part. + + The @code{fixed} face is normally defined to use a different font from +the default. However, different systems have different fonts installed, +so you may need to customize this. + + If your terminal cannot display different faces, you will not be able +to see them, but you can still edit documents containing faces. You can +even add faces and colors to documents. They will be visible when the +file is viewed on a terminal that can display them. + +@node Format Colors +@subsection Colors in Formatted Text + + You can specify foreground and background colors for portions of the +text. There is a menu for specifying the foreground color and a menu +for specifying the background color. Each color menu lists all the +colors that you have used in Enriched mode in the current Emacs session. + + If you specify a color with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark +mode, if the region is not active---then it applies to your next +self-inserting input. @xref{Transient Mark}. Otherwise, the command +applies to the region. + + Each color menu contains one additional item: @samp{Other}. You can use +this item to specify a color that is not listed in the menu; it reads +the color name with the minibuffer. To display list of available colors +and their names, use the @samp{Display Colors} menu item in the Text +Properties menu (@pxref{Editing Format Info}). + + Any color that you specify in this way, or that is mentioned in a +formatted text file that you read in, is added to both color menus for +the duration of the Emacs session. + +@findex facemenu-set-foreground +@findex facemenu-set-background + There are no key bindings for specifying colors, but you can do so +with the extended commands @kbd{M-x facemenu-set-foreground} and +@kbd{M-x facemenu-set-background}. Both of these commands read the name +of the color with the minibuffer. + +@node Format Indentation +@subsection Indentation in Formatted Text + + When editing formatted text, you can specify different amounts of +indentation for the right or left margin of an entire paragraph or a +part of a paragraph. The margins you specify automatically affect the +Emacs fill commands (@pxref{Filling}) and line-breaking commands. + + The Indentation submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying +these properties. The submenu contains four items: + +@table @code +@kindex C-x TAB @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex increase-left-margin +@item Indent More +Indent the region by 4 columns (@code{increase-left-margin}). In +Enriched mode, this command is also available on @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}}; if +you supply a numeric argument, that says how many columns to add to the +margin (a negative argument reduces the number of columns). + +@item Indent Less +Remove 4 columns of indentation from the region. + +@item Indent Right More +Make the text narrower by indenting 4 columns at the right margin. + +@item Indent Right Less +Remove 4 columns of indentation from the right margin. +@end table + + You can use these commands repeatedly to increase or decrease the +indentation. + + The most common way to use these commands is to change the indentation +of an entire paragraph. However, that is not the only use. You can +change the margins at any point; the new values take effect at the end +of the line (for right margins) or the beginning of the next line (for +left margins). + + This makes it possible to format paragraphs with @dfn{hanging indents}, +which means that the first line is indented less than subsequent lines. +To set up a hanging indent, increase the indentation of the region +starting after the first word of the paragraph and running until the end +of the paragraph. + + Indenting the first line of a paragraph is easier. Set the margin for +the whole paragraph where you want it to be for the body of the +paragraph, then indent the first line by inserting extra spaces or tabs. + + Sometimes, as a result of editing, the filling of a paragraph becomes +messed up---parts of the paragraph may extend past the left or right +margins. When this happens, use @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) to +refill the paragraph. + +@vindex standard-indent + The variable @code{standard-indent} specifies how many columns these +commands should add to or subtract from the indentation. The default +value is 4. The overall default right margin for Enriched mode is +controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}, as usual. + + The fill prefix, if any, works in addition to the specified paragraph +indentation: @kbd{C-x .} does not include the specified indentation's +whitespace in the new value for the fill prefix, and the fill commands +look for the fill prefix after the indentation on each line. @xref{Fill +Prefix}. + +@node Format Justification +@subsection Justification in Formatted Text + + When editing formatted text, you can specify various styles of +justification for a paragraph. The style you specify automatically +affects the Emacs fill commands. + + The Justification submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying +the style. The submenu contains five items: + +@table @code +@item Flush Left +This is the most common style of justification (at least for English). +Lines are aligned at the left margin but left uneven at the right. + +@item Flush Right +This aligns each line with the right margin. Spaces and tabs are added +on the left, if necessary, to make lines line up on the right. + +@item Full +This justifies the text, aligning both edges of each line. Justified +text looks very nice in a printed book, where the spaces can all be +adjusted equally, but it does not look as nice with a fixed-width font +on the screen. Perhaps a future version of Emacs will be able to adjust +the width of spaces in a line to achieve elegant justification. + +@item Center +This centers every line between the current margins. + +@item None +This turns off filling entirely. Each line will remain as you wrote it; +the fill and auto-fill functions will have no effect on text which has +this setting. You can, however, still indent the left margin. In +unfilled regions, all newlines are treated as hard newlines (@pxref{Hard +and Soft Newlines}) . +@end table + + In Enriched mode, you can also specify justification from the keyboard +using the @kbd{M-j} prefix character: + +@table @kbd +@kindex M-j l @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex set-justification-left +@item M-j l +Make the region left-filled (@code{set-justification-left}). +@kindex M-j r @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex set-justification-right +@item M-j r +Make the region right-filled (@code{set-justification-right}). +@kindex M-j f @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex set-justification-full +@item M-j f +Make the region fully-justified (@code{set-justification-full}). +@kindex M-j c @r{(Enriched mode)} +@kindex M-S @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex set-justification-center +@item M-j c +@itemx M-S +Make the region centered (@code{set-justification-center}). +@kindex M-j u @r{(Enriched mode)} +@findex set-justification-none +@item M-j u +Make the region unfilled (@code{set-justification-none}). +@end table + + Justification styles apply to entire paragraphs. All the +justification-changing commands operate on the paragraph containing +point, or, if the region is active, on all paragraphs which overlap the +region. + +@vindex default-justification + The default justification style is specified by the variable +@code{default-justification}. Its value should be one of the symbols +@code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or @code{none}. + +@node Format Properties +@subsection Setting Other Text Properties + + The Other Properties menu lets you add or remove three other useful text +properties: @code{read-only}, @code{invisible} and @code{intangible}. +The @code{intangible} property disallows moving point within the text, +the @code{invisible} text property hides text from display, and the +@code{read-only} property disallows alteration of the text. + + Each of these special properties has a menu item to add it to the +region. The last menu item, @samp{Remove Special}, removes all of these +special properties from the text in the region. + + Currently, the @code{invisible} and @code{intangible} properties are +@emph{not} saved in the text/enriched format. The @code{read-only} +property is saved, but it is not a standard part of the text/enriched +format, so other editors may not respect it. + +@node Forcing Enriched Mode +@subsection Forcing Enriched Mode + + Normally, Emacs knows when you are editing formatted text because it +recognizes the special annotations used in the file that you visited. +However, there are situations in which you must take special actions +to convert file contents or turn on Enriched mode: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +When you visit a file that was created with some other editor, Emacs may +not recognize the file as being in the text/enriched format. In this +case, when you visit the file you will see the formatting commands +rather than the formatted text. Type @kbd{M-x format-decode-buffer} to +translate it. + +@item +When you @emph{insert} a file into a buffer, rather than visiting it. +Emacs does the necessary conversions on the text which you insert, but +it does not enable Enriched mode. If you wish to do that, type @kbd{M-x +enriched-mode}. +@end itemize + + The command @code{format-decode-buffer} translates text in various +formats into Emacs's internal format. It asks you to specify the format +to translate from; however, normally you can type just @key{RET}, which +tells Emacs to guess the format. + +@findex format-find-file + If you wish to look at text/enriched file in its raw form, as a +sequence of characters rather than as formatted text, use the @kbd{M-x +find-file-literally} command. This visits a file, like +@code{find-file}, but does not do format conversion. It also inhibits +character code conversion (@pxref{Coding Systems}) and automatic +uncompression (@pxref{Compressed Files}). To disable format conversion +but allow character code conversion and/or automatic uncompression if +appropriate, use @code{format-find-file} with suitable arguments. + |