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+@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
+@c Copyright (C) 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Author: Daniel.Pfeiffer@Informatik.START.dbp.de, fax (+49 69) 7588-2389
+@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
+@node Autotypist, Picture, Abbrevs, Top
+@chapter Features for Automatic Typing
+@cindex text
+@cindex selfinserting text
+@cindex autotypist
+
+@dircategory Editors
+@direntry
+* Autotype: (autotype). Convenient features for text that you enter frequently
+                          in Emacs.
+@end direntry
+
+  Under certain circumstances you will find yourself typing similar things
+over and over again.  This is especially true of form letters and programming
+language constructs.  Project-specific header comments, flow-control
+constructs or magic numbers are essentially the same every time.  Emacs has
+various features for doing tedious and repetitive typing chores for you.
+
+  One solution is using skeletons, flexible rules that say what to
+insert, and how to do it.  Various programming language modes offer some
+ready-to-use skeletons, and you can adapt them to suit your needs or
+taste, or define new ones.
+
+  Another feature is automatic insertion of what you want into empty files,
+depending on the file-name or the mode as appropriate.  You can have a file or
+a skeleton inserted, or you can call a function.  Then there is the
+possibility to have Un*x interpreter scripts automatically take on a magic
+number and be executable as soon as they are saved.  Or you can have a
+copyright notice's year updated, if necessary, every time you save a file.
+
+@menu
+* Using Skeletons::        How to insert a skeleton into your text.
+* Wrapping Skeletons::     Putting existing text within a skeleton.
+* Skeletons as Abbrevs::   An alternative for issuing skeleton commands.
+* Skeleton Language::      Making skeleton commands insert what you want.
+* Inserting Pairs::        Typing one character and getting another after point.
+* Autoinserting::          Filling up empty files as soon as you visit them.
+* Copyrights::             Inserting and updating copyrights.
+* Executables::	           Turning interpreter scripts into executables.
+@end menu
+
+
+
+@node Using Skeletons
+@section Using Skeletons
+@cindex skeletons
+@cindex using skeletons
+
+  When you want Emacs to insert a form letter or a typical construct of the
+programming language you are using, skeletons are a means of accomplishing
+this.  Normally skeletons each have a command of their own, that, when called,
+will insert the skeleton.  These commands can be issued in the usual ways
+(@xref{Commands}).  Modes that offer various skeletons will often bind these
+to key-sequences on the @kbd{C-c} prefix, as well as having an @cite{Insert}
+menu and maybe even predefined abbrevs for them (@xref{Skeletons as Abbrevs}).
+
+  The simplest kind of skeleton will simply insert some text indented
+according to the major mode and leave the cursor at a likely place in the
+middle.  Interactive skeletons may prompt you for a string that will be part
+of the inserted text.
+
+  Skeletons may ask for input several times.  They even have a looping
+mechanism in which you will be asked for input as long as you are willing to
+furnish it.  An example would be multiple ``else if'' conditions.  You can
+recognize this situation by a prompt ending in ``RET, C-g or C-h''.  This
+means that entering an empty string will simply assume that you are finished.
+Typing quit on the other hand terminates the loop but also the rest of the
+skeleton, e.g. an ``else'' clause is skipped.  Only a syntactically necessary
+termination still gets inserted.
+
+
+
+@node Wrapping Skeletons
+@section Wrapping Skeletons Around Existing Test
+@cindex wrapping skeletons
+
+  Often you will find yourself with some code that for whatever reason
+suddenly becomes conditional.  Or you have written a bit of text and want to
+put it in the middle of a form letter.  Skeletons provide a means for
+accomplishing this, and can even, in the case of programming languages,
+reindent the wrapped code for you.
+
+  Skeleton commands take an optional numeric prefix argument
+(@xref{Arguments}).  This is interpreted in two different ways depending
+on whether the prefix is positive, i.e. forwards oriented or negative,
+i.e. backwards oriented.
+
+  A positive prefix means to wrap the skeleton around that many following
+words.  This is accomplished by putting the words there where the point is
+normally left after that skeleton is inserted (@xref{Using Skeletons}).  The
+point (@xref{Point}) is left at the next interesting spot in the skeleton
+instead.
+
+  A negative prefix means to do something similar with that many precedingly
+marked interregions (@xref{Mark}).  In the simplest case, if you type
+@kbd{M--} just before issuing the skeleton command, that will wrap the
+skeleton around the current region, just like a positive argument would have
+wrapped it around a number of words.
+
+  Smaller negative arguments will wrap that many interregions into successive
+interesting spots within the skeleton, again leaving the point at the next one.
+We speak about interregions rather than regions here, because we treat them in
+the order they appear in the buffer, which coincides with successive regions
+only if they were marked in order.
+
+  That is, if you marked in alphabetical order the points A B C [] (where []
+represents the point) and call a skeleton command with @kbd{M-- 3}, you will
+wrap the text from A to B into the first interesting spot of the skeleton, the
+text from B to C into the next one, the text from C to the point into the
+third one, and leave the point in the fourth one.  If there are less marks in
+the buffer, or if the skeleton defines less interesting points, the surplus is
+ignored.
+
+  If, on the other hand, you marked in alphabetical order the points [] A C B,
+and call a skeleton command with @kbd{M-- 3}, you will wrap the text from
+point to A, then the text from A to C and finally the text from C to B.  This
+is done because the regions overlap and Emacs would be helplessly lost if it
+tried to follow the order in which you marked these points.
+
+
+
+@node Skeletons as Abbrevs
+@section Skeletons as Abbrev Expansions
+@cindex skeletons as abbrevs
+
+  Rather than use a keybinding for every skeleton command, you can also define
+an abbreviation (@xref{Defining Abbrevs}) that will expand (@xref{Expanding
+Abbrevs}) into the skeleton.
+
+  Say you want @samp{ifst} to be an abbreviation for the C language if
+statement.  You will tell Emacs that @samp{ifst} expands to the empty string
+and then calls the skeleton command.  In Emacs-lisp you can say something like
+@code{(define-abbrev c-mode-abbrev-table "ifst" "" 'c-if)}.  Or you can edit
+the output from @kbd{M-x list-abbrevs} to make it look like this:
+
+@example
+(c-mode-abbrev-table)
+"if"	       0    ""	       c-if
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+(Some blank lines of no semantic significance, and other abbrev tables,
+have been omitted.)
+
+
+
+@node Skeleton Language
+@section Skeleton Language
+@cindex skeleton language
+
+@findex skeleton-insert
+  Skeletons are an shorthand extension to the Lisp language, where various
+atoms directly perform either actions on the current buffer or rudimentary
+flow control mechanisms.  Skeletons are interpreted by the function
+@code{skeleton-insert}.
+
+  A skeleton is a list starting with an interactor, which is usually a
+prompt-string, or @code{nil} when not needed, but can also be a Lisp
+expression for complex read functions or for returning some calculated value.
+The rest of the list are any number of elements as described in the following
+table:
+
+@table @code
+@item "string", ?c, ?\c
+@vindex skeleton-transformation
+Insert string or character.  Literal strings and characters are passed through
+@code{skeleton-transformation} when that is non-@code{nil}.
+@item \n
+Insert a newline and align under current line.  Use newline character
+@code{?\n} to prevent alignment.
+@item _
+Interesting point.  When wrapping skeletons around successive regions, they are
+put at these places.  Point is left at first @code{_} where nothing is wrapped.
+@item >
+Indent line according to major mode.  When following element is @code{_}, and
+there is a interregion that will be wrapped here, indent that interregion.
+@item &
+Logical and.  Iff preceding element moved point, i.e. usually inserted
+something, do following element.
+@item |
+Logical xor.  Iff preceding element didn't move point, i.e. usually inserted
+nothing, do following element.
+@item -number
+Delete preceding number characters.  Depends on value of
+@code{skeleton-untabify}.
+@item (), nil
+Ignored.
+@item lisp expression
+Evaluated, and the return value is again interpreted as a skeleton element.
+@item str
+A special variable that, when evaluated the first time, usually prompts
+for input according to the skeleton's interactor.  It is then set to the
+return value resulting from the interactor.  Each subskeleton has its local
+copy of this variable.
+@item v1, v2
+Skeleton-local user variables.
+@item '
+Evaluate following lisp expression for its side-effect, but prevent it from
+being interpreted as a skeleton element.
+@item skeleton
+Subskeletons are inserted recursively, not once, but as often as the user
+enters something at the subskeletons interactor.  Thus there must be a
+@code{str} in the subskeleton.  They can also be used non-interactively, when
+prompt is a lisp-expression that returns successive list-elements.
+@item resume:
+Ignored.  Execution resumes here when the user quit during skeleton
+interpretation.
+@item quit
+A constant which is non-@code{nil} when the @code{resume:} section was entered
+because the user quit.
+@end table
+
+@findex skeleton-further-elements
+  Some modes also use other skeleton elements they themselves defined.  For
+example in shell script mode's skeletons you will find @code{<} which does a
+rigid indentation backwards, or in cc-mode's skeletons you find the
+self-inserting elements @code{@{} and @code{@}}.  These are defined by the
+buffer-local variable @code{skeleton-further-elements} which is a list of
+variables bound while interpreting a skeleton.
+
+@findex define-skeleton
+  The macro @code{define-skeleton} defines a command for interpreting a
+skeleton.  The first argument is the command name, the second is a
+documentation string, and the rest is an interactor and any number of skeleton
+elements together forming a skeleton.  This skeleton is assigned to a variable
+of the same name as the command and can thus be overridden from your
+@file{~/.emacs} file (@xref{Init File}).
+
+
+
+@node Inserting Pairs
+@section Inserting Matching Pairs of Characters
+@cindex inserting pairs
+@cindex pairs
+
+  Various characters usually appear in pairs.  When, for example, you insert
+an open parenthesis, no matter whether you are programming or writing prose,
+you will surely enter a closing one later.  By entering both at the same time
+and leaving the cursor inbetween, Emacs can guarantee you that such
+parentheses are always balanced.  And if you have a non-qwerty keyboard, where
+typing some of the stranger programming language symbols makes you bend your
+fingers backwards, this can be quite relieving too.
+
+@findex pair-insert-maybe
+@vindex pair
+  This is done by binding the first key (@xref{Rebinding}) of the pair to
+@code{pair-insert-maybe} instead of @code{self-insert-command}.  The maybe
+comes from the fact that this at first surprising behaviour is initially
+turned off.  To enable it, you must set @code{pair} to some non-@code{nil}
+value.  And even then, a positive argument (@xref{Arguments}) will make this
+key behave like a self inserting key (@xref{Inserting Text}).
+
+@findex pair-on-word
+  While this breaks with the stated intention of always balancing pairs, it
+turns out that one often doesn't want pairing to occur, when the following
+character is part of a word.  If you want pairing to occur even then, set
+@code{pair-on-word} to some non-@code{nil} value.
+
+@vindex pair-alist
+  Pairing is possible for all visible characters.  By default the parenthesis
+`(', the square bracket `[', the brace `@{', the pointed bracket `<' and the
+backquote ``' will all pair to the symmetrical character.  All other
+characters will pair themselves.  This behaviour can be modified by the
+variable @code{pair-alist}.  This is in fact an alist of skeletons
+(@xref{Skeleton Language}), with the first part of each sublist matching the
+typed character.  This is the position of the interactor, but since pairs
+don't need the @code{str} element, this is ignored.
+
+  Some modes have bound the command @code{pair-insert-maybe} to relevant keys.
+These modes also configure the pairs as appropriate.  For example, when typing
+english prose, you'd expect the backquote (`) to pair to the quote (') while
+in Shell script mode it must pair to itself.  They can also inhibit pairing
+in certain contexts.  For example an escaped character will stand for itself.
+
+
+
+@node Autoinserting
+@section Autoinserting Text in Empty Files
+@cindex autoinserting
+
+@findex auto-insert
+  @kbd{M-x auto-insert} will put some predefined text at the beginning of
+the buffer.  The main application for this function, as its name suggests,
+is to have it be called automatically every time an empty, and only an
+empty file is visited.  This is accomplished by putting @code{(add-hook
+'find-file-hooks 'auto-insert)} into your @file{~/.emacs} file (@xref{Init
+File}).
+
+@vindex auto-insert-alist
+  What gets inserted, if anything, is determined by the variable
+@code{auto-insert-alist}.  The @code{car}s of this list are each either a mode
+name, making an element applicable when a buffer is in that mode.  Or they
+can be a string, which is a regexp matched against the buffer's file name.
+In that way different kinds of files that have the same mode in Emacs can be
+distinguished.  The @code{car}s may also be @code{cons}-cells consisting of
+mode name or regexp as above and an additional descriptive string.
+
+  When a matching element is found, the @code{cdr} says what to do.  It may
+be a string, which is a file name, whose contents are to be inserted, if
+that file is found in the directory @code{auto-insert-directory} or under a
+absolute file name.  Or it can be a skeleton (@xref{Skeleton Language}) to
+be inserted.
+
+  It can also be a function, which allows doing various things.  The function
+can simply insert some text, indeed, it can be skeleton command (@xref{Using
+Skeletons}).  It can be a lambda function which will for example conditionally
+call another function.  Or it can even reset the mode for the buffer. If you
+want to perform several such actions in order, you use a vector, i.e. several
+of the above elements between square brackets ([...]).
+
+  By default C and C++ headers insert a definition of a symbol derived from
+the filename to prevent multiple inclusions.  C and C++ sources insert an
+include of the header.  Makefiles insert the file makefile.inc if it exists.
+
+  TeX and bibTeX mode files insert the file tex-insert.tex if it exists, while
+LaTeX mode files insert insert a typical @code{\documentclass} frame.  Html
+files insert a skeleton with the usual frame.
+
+  Ada mode files call the Ada header skeleton command.  Emacs lisp source
+files insert the usual header, with a copyright of your environment variable
+@code{$ORGANIZATION} or else the FSF, and prompt for valid keywords describing
+the contents.  Files in a @code{bin/} directory for which Emacs could
+determine no specialised mode (@xref{Choosing Modes}) are set to Shell script
+mode.
+
+@findex define-auto-insert
+  In Lisp (@xref{Init File}) you can use the function @code{define-auto-insert}
+to add to or modify @code{auto-insert-alist}.  See its documentation with
+@kbd{C-h f auto-insert-alist}.
+
+@vindex auto-insert
+  The variable @code{auto-insert} says what to do when @code{auto-insert} is
+called non-interactively, e.g. when a newly found file is empty (see above):
+@table @code
+@item nil
+Do nothing.
+@item t
+Insert something if possible, i.e. there is a matching entry in
+@code{auto-insert-alist}.
+@item other
+Insert something if possible, but mark as unmodified.
+@end table
+
+@vindex auto-insert-query
+  The variable @code{auto-insert-query} controls whether to ask about
+inserting something.  When this is @code{nil} inserting is only done with
+@kbd{M-x auto-insert}.  When this is @code{'function} you are queried
+whenever @code{auto-insert} is called as a function, such as when Emacs
+visits an empty file and you have set the above-mentioned hook.  Otherwise
+you are alway queried.
+
+@vindex auto-insert-prompt
+  When querying, the variable @code{auto-insert-prompt}'s value is used as a
+prompt for a y-or-n-type question.  If this includes a @code{%s} construct,
+that is replaced by what caused the insertion rule to be chosen.  This is
+either a descriptive text, the mode-name of the buffer or the regular
+expression that matched the filename.
+
+
+
+@node Copyrights
+@section Inserting and Updating Copyrights
+@cindex copyrights
+
+@findex copyright
+  @kbd{M-x copyright} is a skeleton inserting command, that adds a copyright
+notice at the point.  The ``by'' part is taken from your environment variable
+@code{$ORGANIZATION} or if that isn't set you are prompted for it.  If the
+buffer has a comment syntax (@xref{Comments}), this is inserted as a comment.
+
+@findex copyright-update
+@vindex copyright-limit
+@vindex copyright-current-year
+  @kbd{M-x copyright-update} looks for a copyright notice in the first
+@code{copyright-limit} characters of the buffer and updates it when necessary.
+The current year (variable @code{copyright-current-year}) is added to the
+existing ones, in the same format as the preceding year, i.e. 1994, '94 or 94.
+If a dash-separated year list up to last year is found, that is extended to
+current year, else the year is added separated by a comma.  Or it replaces
+them when this is called with a prefix argument.  If a header referring to a
+wrong version of the GNU General Public License (@xref{Copying}) is found,
+that is updated too.
+
+  An interesting application for this function is to have it be called
+automatically every time a file is saved.  This is accomplished by putting
+@code{(add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'copyright-update)} into your @file{~/.emacs}
+file (@xref{Init File}).
+
+@vindex copyright-query
+  The variable @code{copyright-query} controls whether to update the
+copyright or whether to ask about it.  When this is @code{nil} updating is
+only done with @kbd{M-x copyright-update}.  When this is @code{'function}
+you are queried whenever @code{copyright-update} is called as a function,
+such as in the @code{write-file-hooks} feature mentioned above.  Otherwise
+you are always queried.
+
+
+
+@node Executables
+@section Making Interpreter Scripts Executable
+@cindex executables
+
+@vindex executable-prefix
+@vindex executable-chmod
+  Various Un*x interpreter modes such as Shell script mode or AWK mode
+will automatically insert or update the buffer's magic number, a special
+comment on the first line that makes the @code{exec()} systemcall know how
+to execute the script.  To this end the script is automatically made
+executable upon saving, with @code{executable-chmod} as argument to the
+system @code{chmod} command.  The magic number is prefixed by the value of
+@code{executable-prefix}.
+
+@vindex executable-magicless-file-regexp
+  Any file whos name matches @code{executable-magicless-file-regexp} is not
+furnished with a magic number, nor is it made executable.  This is mainly
+intended for resource files, which are only meant to be read in.
+
+@vindex executable-insert
+  The variable @code{executable-insert} says what to do when
+@code{executable-set-magic} is called non-interactively, e.g. when file has no
+or the wrong magic number:
+@table @code
+@item nil
+Do nothing.
+@item t
+Insert or update magic number.
+@item other
+Insert or update magic number, but mark as unmodified.
+@end table
+
+@findex executable-set-magic
+@vindex executable-query
+  The variable @code{executable-query} controls whether to ask about
+inserting or updating the magic number.  When this is @code{nil} updating
+is only done with @kbd{M-x executable-set-magic}.  When this is
+@code{'function} you are queried whenever @code{executable-set-magic} is
+called as a function, such as when Emacs puts a buffer in Shell script
+mode.  Otherwise you are alway queried.
+
+@findex executable-self-display
+  @kbd{M-x executable-self-display} adds a magic number to the buffer, which
+will turn it into a self displaying text file, when called as a Un*x command.
+The ``interpreter'' used is @code{executable-self-display} with argument
+@code{+2}.