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authorGlenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>2007-09-06 04:15:52 +0000
committerGlenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>2007-09-06 04:15:52 +0000
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-\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
-@c This file is used for printing the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
-@c in two volumes. It is a modified version of elisp.texi.
-@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001,
-@c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c %**start of header
-@setfilename elisp
-@settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 1
-@c %**end of header
-
-@c See two-volume-cross-refs.txt.
-@tex
-\message{Formatting for two volume edition...Volume 1...}
-%
-% Read special toc file, set up in two-volume.make.
-\gdef\tocreadfilename{elisp1-toc-ready.toc}
-%
-% Don't make outlines, they're not needed and \readdatafile can't pay
-% attention to the special definition above.
-\global\let\pdfmakeoutlines=\relax
-%
-% Start volume 1 chapter numbering at 1; this must be listed as chapno0.
-\global\chapno=0
-@end tex
-
-@c Version of the manual and of Emacs.
-@c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well.
-@set VERSION 2.9
-@set EMACSVER 22
-
-@dircategory Emacs
-@direntry
-* Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
-@end direntry
-
-@c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
-@c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go
-@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
-@set smallbook
-
-@ifset smallbook
-@smallbook
-@end ifset
-
-@c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
-@c save on paper cost.
-@c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
-@tex
-@ifset smallbook
-@fonttextsize 10
-\global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale
-\global\let\linkcolor=\Black
-@end ifset
-\global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
-@end tex
-
-@c Combine indices.
-@synindex cp fn
-@syncodeindex vr fn
-@syncodeindex ky fn
-@syncodeindex pg fn
-@c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables.
-@c @syncodeindex tp fn
-
-@copying
-This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,@*
-corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
-
-Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998,
-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.
-
-@quotation
-Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
-Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the
-Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover
-Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the
-section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
-
-(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify
-this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in
-developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
-@end quotation
-@end copying
-
-@titlepage
-@title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
-@subtitle Volume 1
-@subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}
-@subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, June 2007
-
-@author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman
-@author and the GNU Manual Group
-@page
-@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-@insertcopying
-
-@sp 2
-
-Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
-51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @*
-Boston, MA 02110-1301 @*
-USA @*
-ISBN 1-882114-74-4
-
-@sp 2
-Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
-@end titlepage
-
-
-@c Print the tables of contents
-@summarycontents
-@contents
-
-
-@ifnottex
-@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
-@top Emacs Lisp
-
-This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp
-Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
-@end ifnottex
-
-@menu
-* Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used.
-
-* Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp.
-* Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions.
-* Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them.
-* Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions.
-* Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences.
- Certain functions act on any kind of sequence.
- The description of vectors is here as well.
-* Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables.
-* Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely.
-
-* Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated.
-* Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits.
-* Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values.
-* Functions:: A function is a Lisp program
- that can be invoked from other functions.
-* Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language.
-* Customization:: Writing customization declarations.
-
-* Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp.
-* Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster.
-* Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function.
-* Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs.
-
-* Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back.
-* Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input.
-* Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works,
- and how you can call its subroutines.
-* Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands.
-* Modes:: Defining major and minor modes.
-* Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings.
-
-* Files:: Accessing files.
-* Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save
- files are made.
-* Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects.
-* Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers.
-* Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows.
-* Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions.
-* Markers:: Markers represent positions and update
- automatically when the text is changed.
-
-* Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers.
-* Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings.
-* Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps.
-* Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing.
-* Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures.
-
-* Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses.
-* Display:: Features for controlling the screen display.
-* System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment
- variables, and other such things.
-
-Appendices
-
-* Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21.
-* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation
-* GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs.
-* Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp.
-* GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs;
- internal data structures.
-* Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols.
-* Standard Buffer-Local Variables::
- List of variables buffer-local in all buffers.
-* Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps.
-* Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables.
-
-* Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables,
- and other terms.
-
-@ignore
-* New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}.
-@end ignore
-
-@c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to
-@c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In
-@c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
-@c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el.
-
-@detailmenu
- --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
- ---------------------------------
-
-Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed,
-mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
-
-Introduction
-
-* Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help.
-* Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp.
-* Conventions:: How the manual is formatted.
-* Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running?
-* Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual.
-
-Conventions
-
-* Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual.
-* nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used.
-* Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation.
-* Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output.
-* Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors.
-* Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples.
-* Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc.
-
-Format of Descriptions
-
-* A Sample Function Description:: A description of an imaginary
- function, @code{foo}.
-* A Sample Variable Description:: A description of an imaginary
- variable, @code{electric-future-map}.
-
-Lisp Data Types
-
-* Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text.
-* Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions.
-* Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems.
-* Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs.
-* Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure.
-* Type Predicates:: Tests related to types.
-* Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects.
-
-Programming Types
-
-* Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts.
-* Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range.
-* Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and
- control characters.
-* Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function,
- variable, property list, or itself.
-* Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences.
-* Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells).
-* Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors.
-* String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters.
-* Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays.
-* Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters.
-* Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}.
-* Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables.
-* Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere.
-* Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another
- expression, more fundamental but less pretty.
-* Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp.
-* Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled.
-* Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used
- functions.
-
-Character Type
-
-* Basic Char Syntax:: Syntax for regular characters.
-* General Escape Syntax:: How to specify characters by their codes.
-* Ctl-Char Syntax:: Syntax for control characters.
-* Meta-Char Syntax:: Syntax for meta-characters.
-* Other Char Bits:: Syntax for hyper-, super-, and alt-characters.
-
-Cons Cell and List Types
-
-* Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists.
-* Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists.
-* Association List Type:: A specially constructed list.
-
-String Type
-
-* Syntax for Strings:: How to specify Lisp strings.
-* Non-ASCII in Strings:: International characters in strings.
-* Nonprinting Characters:: Literal unprintable characters in strings.
-* Text Props and Strings:: Strings with text properties.
-
-Editing Types
-
-* Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing.
-* Marker Type:: A position in a buffer.
-* Window Type:: What makes buffers visible.
-* Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames.
-* Window Configuration Type:: Recording the way a frame is subdivided.
-* Frame Configuration Type:: Recording the status of all frames.
-* Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS.
-* Stream Type:: Receive or send characters.
-* Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes.
-* Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented.
-
-Numbers
-
-* Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers.
-* Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point.
-* Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers.
-* Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates.
-* Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa.
-* Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
-* Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers.
-* Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting.
-* Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions.
-* Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
-
-Strings and Characters
-
-* String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters.
-* Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char.
-* Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings.
-* Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string.
-* Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings.
-* String Conversion:: Converting characters to strings and vice versa.
-* Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}.
-* Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions.
-* Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion.
-
-Lists
-
-* Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
-* List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
-* List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
-* Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
-* List Variables:: Modifying lists stored in variables.
-* Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
-* Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
-* Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
-* Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects.
-
-Modifying Existing List Structure
-
-* Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
-* Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
- This can be used to remove or add elements.
-* Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
-
-Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors
-
-* Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence.
-* Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp.
-* Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays.
-* Vectors:: Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors.
-* Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors.
-* Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables.
-* Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors.
-
-Hash Tables
-
-* Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables.
-* Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents.
-* Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods
-* Other Hash:: Miscellaneous.
-
-Symbols
-
-* Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions
- and property lists.
-* Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used.
-* Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique.
-* Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list
- for recording miscellaneous information.
-
-Property Lists
-
-* Plists and Alists:: Comparison of the advantages of property
- lists and association lists.
-* Symbol Plists:: Functions to access symbols' property lists.
-* Other Plists:: Accessing property lists stored elsewhere.
-
-Evaluation
-
-* Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things.
-* Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated.
-* Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in
- the program).
-* Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly.
-
-Kinds of Forms
-
-* Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves.
-* Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables.
-* Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms.
-* Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list,
- we find the real function via the symbol.
-* Function Forms:: Forms that call functions.
-* Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros.
-* Special Forms:: "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives,
- most of them extremely important.
-* Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files
- containing their real definitions.
-
-Control Structures
-
-* Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order.
-* Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}.
-* Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}.
-* Iteration:: @code{while} loops.
-* Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence.
-
-Nonlocal Exits
-
-* Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes.
-* Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written.
-* Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled.
-* Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an
- error happens.
-
-Errors
-
-* Signaling Errors:: How to report an error.
-* Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error.
-* Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution.
-* Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them.
-* Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols.
-
-Variables
-
-* Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere.
-* Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change.
-* Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily.
-* Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values.
-* Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable.
-* Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you
- define a variable.
-* Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names
- are known only at run time.
-* Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables.
-* Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values.
-* Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer.
-* Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame.
-* Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day.
-* File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files.
-* Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables.
-* Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can
- @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object.
-* Standard Buffer-Local Variables::
- List of variables buffer-local in all buffers.
-
-Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings
-
-* Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value
- is visible. Comparison with other languages.
-* Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists.
-* Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping.
-* Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and
- avoid problems.
-
-Buffer-Local Variables
-
-* Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts.
-* Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings.
-* Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers
- that don't have their own buffer-local values.
-
-Functions
-
-* What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology.
-* Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects.
-* Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function.
-* Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions.
-* Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function.
-* Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc.
-* Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names.
-* Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition
- of a symbol.
-* Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete.
-* Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code.
-* Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call.
-* Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives
- that have a special bearing on how
- functions work.
-
-Lambda Expressions
-
-* Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression.
-* Simple Lambda:: A simple example.
-* Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists.
-* Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function.
-
-Macros
-
-* Simple Macro:: A basic example.
-* Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded.
-* Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler.
-* Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition.
-* Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure.
-* Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times.
- Don't hide the user's variables.
-* Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls.
-
-Common Problems Using Macros
-
-* Wrong Time:: Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro.
-* Argument Evaluation:: The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once.
-* Surprising Local Vars:: Local variable bindings in the expansion
- require special care.
-* Eval During Expansion:: Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion.
-* Repeated Expansion:: Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done.
-
-Writing Customization Definitions
-
-* Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of
- customization declarations.
-* Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions.
-* Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options.
-* Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option.
-
-Customization Types
-
-* Simple Types:: Simple customization types: sexp, integer, number,
- string, file, directory, alist.
-* Composite Types:: Build new types from other types or data.
-* Splicing into Lists:: Splice elements into list with @code{:inline}.
-* Type Keywords:: Keyword-argument pairs in a customization type.
-* Defining New Types:: Give your type a name.
-
-Loading
-
-* How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
-* Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries.
-* Library Search:: Finding a library to load.
-* Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files.
-* Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload.
-* Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice.
-* Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
-* Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol.
-* Unloading:: How to "unload" a library that was loaded.
-* Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when
- particular libraries are loaded.
-
-Byte Compilation
-
-* Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation.
-* Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions.
-* Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings.
-* Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions.
-* Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile.
-* Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages.
-* Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions.
-* Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code.
-
-Advising Emacs Lisp Functions
-
-* Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice.
-* Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}.
-* Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition.
-* Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}.
-* Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it.
-* Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice.
-* Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the
- loading of compiled advice.
-* Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments.
-* Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive.
-* Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented.
-
-Debugging Lisp Programs
-
-* Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented.
-* Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.
-* Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors.
-* Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code.
-* Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in
- byte compilation.
-
-The Lisp Debugger
-
-* Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens.
-* Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit.
-* Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called.
-* Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program.
-* Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it.
-* Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger.
-* Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}.
-* Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables.
-
-Edebug
-
-* Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug.
-* Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code
- in order to debug it with Edebug.
-* Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often.
-* Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place.
-* Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands.
-* Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop.
-* Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug.
-* Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug.
-* Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug.
-* Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed
- each time you enter Edebug.
-* Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing.
-* Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer.
-* Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage.
-* The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores.
-* Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls.
-* Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug.
-
-Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax
-
-* Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close.
-* Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open.
-
-Reading and Printing Lisp Objects
-
-* Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing.
-* Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
- input streams.
-* Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text.
-* Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as
- output streams.
-* Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text.
-* Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing
- functions do.
-
-Minibuffers
-
-* Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers.
-* Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string.
-* Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression.
-* Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs
- so the user can reuse them.
-* Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer.
-* Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion.
-* Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer.
-* Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions.
-* Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal.
-* Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers.
-* Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text.
-* Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows.
-* Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed.
-* Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables.
-
-Completion
-
-* Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings.
- (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.)
-* Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion.
-* Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion.
-* High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion
- (reading buffer name, file name, etc.)
-* Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names.
-* Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
-
-Command Loop
-
-* Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands.
-* Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments.
-* Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments.
-* Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine.
-* Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command.
-* Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it.
-* Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse.
-* Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually.
-* Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time.
-* Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting.
-* Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work.
-* Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit,
- and why you usually shouldn't.
-* Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands.
-* Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed.
-* Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented.
-
-Defining Commands
-
-* Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}.
-* Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments
- in various ways.
-* Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments.
-
-Input Events
-
-* Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them.
-* Function Keys:: Function keys--keys with names, not symbols.
-* Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events.
-* Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button.
-* Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button.
-* Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released.
-* Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down).
-* Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button.
-* Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames.
-* Misc Events:: Other events the system can generate.
-* Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events.
-* Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol.
-* Accessing Events:: Functions to extract info from events.
-* Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting
- keyboard character events in a string.
-
-Reading Input
-
-* Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence.
-* Reading One Event:: How to read just one event.
-* Event Mod:: How Emacs modifies events as they are read.
-* Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method.
-* Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character.
-* Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events.
-
-Keymaps
-
-* Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects.
-* Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps.
-* Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object.
-* Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps.
-* Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings
- of another keymap.
-* Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition.
-* Active Keymaps:: How Emacs searches the active keymaps
- for a key binding.
-* Searching Keymaps:: A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps.
-* Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap
- to override the standard (global) bindings.
- A minor mode can also override them.
-* Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works.
-* Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup.
-* Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap.
-* Remapping Commands:: A keymap can translate one command to another.
-* Translation Keymaps:: Keymaps for translating sequences of events.
-* Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys.
-* Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help.
-* Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X
- or for use from the terminal.
-* Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps.
-
-Major and Minor Modes
-
-* Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that
- provides hooks.
-* Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
-* Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
-* Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
-* Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu
- of definitions in the buffer.
-* Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
-* Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between
- Emacs sessions.
-
-Menu Keymaps
-
-* Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu.
-* Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse.
-* Keyboard Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the keyboard.
-* Menu Example:: Making a simple menu.
-* Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar.
-* Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images.
-* Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu.
-
-Defining Menus
-
-* Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding,
- limited in capabilities.
-* Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions
- let you specify keywords to enable
- various features.
-* Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu.
-* Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items.
-
-Major and Minor Modes
-
-* Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks.
-* Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
-* Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
-* Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
-* Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu
- of definitions in the buffer.
-* Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
-* Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between
- Emacs sessions.
-
-Major Modes
-
-* Major Mode Basics::
-* Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
-* Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes.
-* Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
-* Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode.
-* Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major
- mode.
-* Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports
- comment syntax and Font Lock mode.
-* Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions.
-
-Minor Modes
-
-* Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode.
-* Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
-* Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes.
-
-Mode Line Format
-
-* Mode Line Basics::
-* Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line.
-* Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure.
-* %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line.
-* Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line.
-* Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top.
-* Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would.
-
-Font Lock Mode
-
-* Font Lock Basics:: Overview of customizing Font Lock.
-* Search-based Fontification:: Fontification based on regexps.
-* Customizing Keywords:: Customizing search-based fontification.
-* Other Font Lock Variables:: Additional customization facilities.
-* Levels of Font Lock:: Each mode can define alternative levels
- so that the user can select more or less.
-* Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer
- contents can also specify how to fontify it.
-* Faces for Font Lock:: Special faces specifically for Font Lock.
-* Syntactic Font Lock:: Fontification based on syntax tables.
-* Setting Syntax Properties:: Defining character syntax based on context
- using the Font Lock mechanism.
-* Multiline Font Lock:: How to coerce Font Lock into properly
- highlighting multiline constructs.
-
-Multiline Font Lock Constructs
-
-* Font Lock Multiline:: Marking multiline chunks with a text property
-* Region to Fontify:: Controlling which region gets refontified
- after a buffer change.
-
-Documentation
-
-* Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings.
- Where to put them. How Emacs stores them.
-* Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings.
-* Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings.
-* Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of
- non-printing characters and key sequences.
-* Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities.
-
-Files
-
-* Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
-* Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
-* Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers.
-* Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
-* File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
- simultaneous editing by two people.
-* Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
-* Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
-* File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
-* Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
-* Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories.
-* Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling
- for certain file names.
-* Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats.
-
-Visiting Files
-
-* Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
-* Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
-
-Information about Files
-
-* Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
-* Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link?
-* Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
-* File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
-* Locating Files:: How to find a file in standard places.
-
-File Names
-
-* File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
-* Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a
- current directory.
-* Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
- is different from its name as a file.
-* File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
-* Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
-* File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
-* Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name,
- how to handle various operating systems simply.
-
-Backups and Auto-Saving
-
-* Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names
- are chosen.
-* Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their
- names are chosen.
-* Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize
- what it does.
-
-Backup Files
-
-* Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when.
-* Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file
- or copying it.
-* Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file.
-* Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization.
-
-Buffers
-
-* Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer?
-* Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current
- so primitives will access its contents.
-* Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names.
-* Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file
- is visited.
-* Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved.
-* Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed
- ``behind Emacs's back''.
-* Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a
- read-only buffer.
-* The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers.
-* Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers.
-* Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed.
-* Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some
- other buffer.
-* Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer.
-
-Windows
-
-* Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows.
-* Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows.
-* Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows.
-* Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in.
-* Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows.
-* Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer.
-* Displaying Buffers:: Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer
- and choosing a window for it.
-* Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer.
-* Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point.
-* Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text
- is on-screen in the window.
-* Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window.
-* Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window.
-* Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window.
-* Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window.
-* Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window.
-* Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows.
-* Window Tree:: The layout and sizes of all windows in a frame.
-* Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen.
-* Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes,
- redisplay going past a certain point,
- or window configuration changes.
-
-Frames
-
-* Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames.
-* Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other displays.
-* Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc.
-* Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles.
-* Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted.
-* Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames.
-* Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows;
- display of text always works through windows.
-* Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use.
-* Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame.
-* Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons.
-* Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other windows;
- lowering it puts it underneath the others.
-* Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames.
-* Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves.
-* Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it.
-* Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from.
-* Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no.
-* Pointer Shape:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer.
-* Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows.
-* Drag and Drop:: Internals of Drag-and-Drop implementation.
-* Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names.
-* Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals.
-* Resources:: Getting resource values from the server.
-* Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal.
-
-Frame Parameters
-
-* Parameter Access:: How to change a frame's parameters.
-* Initial Parameters:: Specifying frame parameters when you make a frame.
-* Window Frame Parameters:: List of frame parameters for window systems.
-* Size and Position:: Changing the size and position of a frame.
-* Geometry:: Parsing geometry specifications.
-
-Window Frame Parameters
-
-* Basic Parameters:: Parameters that are fundamental.
-* Position Parameters:: The position of the frame on the screen.
-* Size Parameters:: Frame's size.
-* Layout Parameters:: Size of parts of the frame, and
- enabling or disabling some parts.
-* Buffer Parameters:: Which buffers have been or should be shown.
-* Management Parameters:: Communicating with the window manager.
-* Cursor Parameters:: Controlling the cursor appearance.
-* Color Parameters:: Colors of various parts of the frame.
-
-Positions
-
-* Point:: The special position where editing takes place.
-* Motion:: Changing point.
-* Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes.
-* Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer.
-
-Motion
-
-* Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters.
-* Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words.
-* Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer.
-* Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text.
-* Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed.
-* List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps.
-* Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set.
-
-Markers
-
-* Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
-* Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker.
-* Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
-* Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character
- position.
-* Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you
- insert where it points.
-* Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
-* The Mark:: How "the mark" is implemented with a marker.
-* The Region:: How to access "the region".
-
-Text
-
-* Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point.
-* Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion.
-* Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers.
-* Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer.
-* Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text.
-* Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer.
-* User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text.
-* The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for
- later use.
-* Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer.
-* Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information.
- How to control how much information is kept.
-* Filling:: Functions for explicit filling.
-* Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands.
-* Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix
- from context.
-* Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines.
-* Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer.
-* Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them.
-* Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation.
-* Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer.
-* Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters.
-* Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears.
-* Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer.
-* Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing
- the text or position stored in a register.
-* Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding.
-* MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 "message digest"/"checksum".
-* Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes "atomically".
-* Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed.
-
-The Kill Ring
-
-* Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring.
-* Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text.
-* Yanking:: How yanking is done.
-* Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring.
-* Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access.
-* Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data.
-
-Indentation
-
-* Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation.
-* Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes.
-* Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region.
-* Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines.
-* Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops.
-* Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character.
-
-Text Properties
-
-* Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character.
-* Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text.
-* Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value.
-* Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings.
-* Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text.
-* Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from
- neighboring text.
-* Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading
- them back.
-* Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion
- only when text is examined.
-* Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text
- do something when you click on them.
-* Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link.
-* Fields:: The @code{field} property defines
- fields within the buffer.
-* Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use
- Lisp-visible text intervals.
-
-Non-ASCII Characters
-
-* Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations
-* Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa.
-* Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi.
-* Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to
- codes of individual characters.
-* Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes
- is divided into various character sets.
-* Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings.
-* Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence.
-* Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer?
-* Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion.
-* Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files.
-* Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various
- non-ASCII characters without special keyboards.
-* Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale.
-
-Coding Systems
-
-* Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts.
-* Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems.
-* Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names.
-* User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system.
-* Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices.
-* Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system
- for a single file operation.
-* Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O.
-* Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O.
-* MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files
- relate to coding systems.
-
-Searching and Matching
-
-* String Search:: Search for an exact match.
-* Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching.
-* Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings.
-* Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp.
-* POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match.
-* Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched,
- after a string or regexp search.
-* Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing.
-* Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,...
-
-Regular Expressions
-
-* Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions.
-* Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax.
-* Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions.
-
-Syntax of Regular Expressions
-
-* Regexp Special:: Special characters in regular expressions.
-* Char Classes:: Character classes used in regular expressions.
-* Regexp Backslash:: Backslash-sequences in regular expressions.
-
-The Match Data
-
-* Replacing Match:: Replacing a substring that was matched.
-* Simple Match Data:: Accessing single items of match data,
- such as where a particular subexpression started.
-* Entire Match Data:: Accessing the entire match data at once, as a list.
-* Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring the match data.
-
-Syntax Tables
-
-* Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables.
-* Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified.
-* Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables.
-* Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties.
-* Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes.
-* Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions
- using the syntax table.
-* Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes.
-* Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored.
-* Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax.
-
-Syntax Descriptors
-
-* Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes.
-* Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have.
-
-Parsing Expressions
-
-* Motion via Parsing:: Motion functions that work by parsing.
-* Position Parse:: Determining the syntactic state of a position.
-* Parser State:: How Emacs represents a syntactic state.
-* Low-Level Parsing:: Parsing across a specified region.
-* Control Parsing:: Parameters that affect parsing.
-
-Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion
-
-* Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation.
-* Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables.
-* Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions.
-* Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files.
-* Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines.
-* Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes.
-
-Processes
-
-* Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses.
-* Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell.
-* Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses.
-* Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess.
-* Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess.
-* Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes.
-* Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess.
-* Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting
- an asynchronous subprocess.
-* Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess.
-* Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes.
-* Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process.
-* Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses.
-* Network:: Opening network connections.
-* Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections.
-* Datagrams:: UDP network connections.
-* Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function
- to create connections and servers.
-* Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections.
-* Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data.
-
-Receiving Output from Processes
-
-* Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer.
-* Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process.
-* Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings.
-* Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives.
-
-Low-Level Network Access
-
-* Proc: Network Processes. Using @code{make-network-process}.
-* Options: Network Options. Further control over network connections.
-* Features: Network Feature Testing.
- Determining which network features work on
- the machine you are using.
-
-Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays
-
-* Bindat Spec:: Describing data layout.
-* Bindat Functions:: Doing the unpacking and packing.
-* Bindat Examples:: Samples of what bindat.el can do for you!
-
-Emacs Display
-
-* Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it.
-* Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay.
-* Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines.
-* The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen.
-* Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user.
-* Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text.
-* Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way).
-* Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically.
-* Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer.
-* Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen.
-* Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines.
-* Faces:: A face defines a graphics style
- for text characters: font, colors, etc.
-* Fringes:: Controlling window fringes.
-* Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars.
-* Display Property:: Enabling special display features.
-* Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers.
-* Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers.
-* Abstract Display:: Emacs' Widget for Object Collections.
-* Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis.
-* Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars.
-* Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions.
-* Beeping:: Audible signal to the user.
-* Window Systems:: Which window system is being used.
-
-The Echo Area
-
-* Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area.
-* Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation.
-* Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user.
-* Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area.
-
-Reporting Warnings
-
-* Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them.
-* Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize their warnings.
-* Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings.
-
-Overlays
-
-* Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays.
-* Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties.
- What properties do to the screen display.
-* Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays.
-
-Faces
-
-* Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}.
-* Face Attributes:: What is in a face?
-* Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes.
-* Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for
- a character.
-* Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face.
-* Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces.
-* Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment.
-* Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts
- and information about them.
-* Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts
- that handle a range of character sets.
-
-Fringes
-
-* Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes.
-* Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes.
-* Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe.
-* Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators.
-* Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes.
-* Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position.
-
-The @code{display} Property
-
-* Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width.
-* Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels.
-* Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it
- up or down on the page; adjusting the width
- of spaces within text.
-* Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of
- the main text.
-
-Images
-
-* Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}.
-* XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format.
-* XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format.
-* GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format.
-* PostScript Images:: Special features for PostScript format.
-* Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported.
-* Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use.
-* Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once
- it is defined.
-* Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display.
-
-Buttons
-
-* Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings.
-* Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons.
-* Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers.
-* Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons.
-* Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons.
-
-Abstract Display
-
-* Abstract Display Functions:: Functions in the Ewoc package.
-* Abstract Display Example:: Example of using Ewoc.
-
-Display Tables
-
-* Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of.
-* Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use.
-* Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean.
-
-Operating System Interface
-
-* Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing.
-* Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
-* System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system.
-* User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user.
-* Time of Day:: Getting the current time.
-* Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or
- to calendrical data (or vice versa).
-* Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text
- and vice versa.
-* Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs.
-* Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc.
-* Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time.
-* Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has
- been idle for a certain length of time.
-* Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input.
-* Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output.
-* Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker.
-* X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows
-* Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction.
-* Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management.
-
-Starting Up Emacs
-
-* Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up.
-* Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}).
-* Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
-* Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed,
- and how you can customize them.
-
-Getting Out of Emacs
-
-* Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly.
-* Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly.
-
-Terminal Input
-
-* Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed.
-* Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events.
-
-Tips and Conventions
-
-* Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs.
-* Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs.
-* Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs.
-* Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast.
-* Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings.
-* Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings.
-* Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments.
-* Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages.
-
-GNU Emacs Internals
-
-* Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made.
-* Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable.
-* Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used.
-* Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far.
-* Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs.
-* Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes.
-
-Object Internals
-
-* Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure.
-* Window Internals:: Components of a window structure.
-* Process Internals:: Components of a process structure.
-@end detailmenu
-@end menu
-
-@include intro.texi
-@include objects.texi
-@include numbers.texi
-@include strings.texi
-
-@include lists.texi
-@include sequences.texi
-@include hash.texi
-@include symbols.texi
-@include eval.texi
-
-@include control.texi
-@include variables.texi
-@include functions.texi
-@include macros.texi
-
-@include customize.texi
-@include loading.texi
-@include compile.texi
-@include advice.texi
-
-@include debugging.texi
-@include streams.texi
-@include minibuf.texi
-@include commands.texi
-
-@include keymaps.texi
-@include modes.texi
-@include help.texi
-@include files.texi
-
-@include backups.texi
-
-@c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================
-@c include buffers.texi
-@c include windows.texi
-@c include frames.texi
-
-@c include positions.texi
-@c include markers.texi
-@c include text.texi
-@c include nonascii.texi
-
-@c include searching.texi
-@c include syntax.texi
-@c include abbrevs.texi
-@c include processes.texi
-
-@c include display.texi
-@c include os.texi
-
-@c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi
-
-@c appendices
-
-@c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi
-
-@c include anti.texi
-@c include doclicense.texi
-@c include gpl.texi
-@c include tips.texi
-@c include internals.texi
-@c include errors.texi
-@c include locals.texi
-@c include maps.texi
-@c include hooks.texi
-
-@include index.texi
-
-@ignore
-@node New Symbols, , Index, Top
-@unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition
-
-@printindex tp
-@end ignore
-
-@bye
-
-
-These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs.
-
-@ignore
- arch-tag: 9594760d-8801-4d1b-aeb9-f3b3166b5be2
-@end ignore