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1 files changed, 1068 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lisp/language/ethio-util.el b/lisp/language/ethio-util.el
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index 00000000000..7fa0a4d7c04
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+++ b/lisp/language/ethio-util.el
@@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@
+;; ethio-util.el -- utilities for Ethiopic
+
+;; Copyright (C) 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+;; Copyright (C) 1995 Electrotechnical Laboratory, JAPAN.
+
+;; Keywords: mule, multilingual, Chinese
+
+;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+;; any later version.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;; GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+;; the Free Software Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+;;; Code:
+
+;;
+;; ETHIOPIC UTILITY FUNCTIONS
+;;
+
+;; To automatically convert Ethiopic text to SERA format when sending mail,
+;;   (add-hook 'mail-send-hook 'fidel-to-sera-mail)
+;;
+;; To automatically convert SERA format to Ethiopic when receiving mail,
+;;   (add-hook 'rmail-show-message-hook 'sera-to-fidel-mail)
+;;
+;; To automatically convert Ethiopic text to SERA format when posting news,
+;;   (add-hook 'news-inews-hook 'fidel-to-sera-mail)
+;;
+;; If the filename ends in ".sera", editing will be done in fidel
+;; while file I/O will be done in sera.
+
+;;
+;; SERA to FIDEL
+;;
+   
+(defconst sera-to-fidel-table
+  [
+   nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil
+   nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil
+;;; SP  !   "   #   $   %   &   '    (   )   *   +    ,     -    .     /
+   nil nil nil nil nil nil nil ("") nil nil nil nil ("$(2$Q(B") nil ("$(2$P(B") nil
+;;; 0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9    :      ;     <   =   >   ?   @
+   nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil ("$(2$S(B") ("$(2$R(B") nil nil nil nil nil
+;;; A
+   ("$(2"V(B" (?2 "$(2#b(B"))
+;;; B
+   ("$(2!F(B" (?e "$(2!A(B") (?u "$(2!B(B") (?i "$(2!C(B") (?a "$(2!D(B") (?E "$(2!E(B") (?o "$(2!G(B") (?| "$(2!F(B")
+         (?W "$(2!H(B" (?a "$(2!H(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!F#L(B") (?u "$(2!F#M(B") (?i "$(2!F#N(B") (?E "$(2!F#P(B") (?' "$(2!F#M(B")))
+;;; C
+   ("$(2"8(B" (?e "$(2"3(B") (?u "$(2"4(B") (?i "$(2"5(B") (?a "$(2"6(B") (?E "$(2"7(B") (?o "$(2"9(B") (?| "$(2"8(B")
+         (?W "$(2":(B" (?a "$(2":(B")
+	          (?e "$(2"8#L(B") (?u "$(2"8#M(B") (?i "$(2"8#N(B") (?E "$(2"8#P(B") (?' "$(2"8#M(B")))
+;;; D
+   ("$(2$0(B" (?e "$(2$+(B") (?u "$(2$,(B") (?i "$(2$-(B") (?a "$(2$.(B") (?E "$(2$/(B") (?o "$(2$1(B") (?| "$(2$0(B"))
+;;; E
+   ("$(2"W(B" (?2 "$(2#c(B"))
+;;; F
+   ("$(2"@(B" (?e "$(2";(B") (?u "$(2"<(B") (?i "$(2"=(B") (?a "$(2">(B") (?E "$(2"?(B") (?o "$(2"A(B") (?| "$(2"@(B")
+         (?W "$(2"B(B" (?a "$(2"B(B")
+	          (?e "$(2"@#L(B") (?u "$(2"@#M(B") (?i "$(2"@#N(B") (?E "$(2"@#P(B") (?' "$(2"@#M(B")))
+;;; G
+   ("$(2$>(B" (?e "$(2$9(B") (?u "$(2$:(B") (?i "$(2$;(B") (?a "$(2$<(B") (?E "$(2$=(B") (?o "$(2$?(B") (?| "$(2$>(B"))
+;;; H
+   ("$(2$"(B" (?e "$(2#{(B") (?u "$(2#|(B") (?i "$(2#}(B") (?a "$(2#~(B") (?E "$(2$!(B") (?o "$(2$#(B") (?| "$(2$"(B"))
+;;; I
+   ("$(2"X(B" (?2 "$(2#d(B"))
+;;; J
+   ("$(2$7(B" (?e "$(2$2(B") (?u "$(2$3(B") (?i "$(2$4(B") (?a "$(2$5(B") (?E "$(2$6(B") (?o "$(2$8(B") (?| "$(2$7(B"))
+;;; K
+   ("$(2"x(B" (?e "$(2"s(B") (?u "$(2"t(B") (?i "$(2"u(B") (?a "$(2"v(B") (?E "$(2"w(B") (?o "$(2"y(B") (?| "$(2"x(B")
+         (?W "$(2"{(B" (?e "$(2"z(B") (?u "$(2"{(B") (?i "$(2"|(B") (?a "$(2"}(B") (?E "$(2"~(B")))
+;;; L
+   ("$(2!&(B" (?e "$(2!!(B") (?u "$(2!"(B") (?i "$(2!#(B") (?a "$(2!$(B") (?E "$(2!%(B") (?o "$(2!'(B") (?| "$(2!&(B")
+         (?W "$(2!((B" (?a "$(2!((B")
+                  (?e "$(2!&#L(B") (?u "$(2!&#M(B") (?i "$(2!&#N(B") (?E "$(2!&#P(B") (?' "$(2!&#M(B")))
+;;; M
+   ("$(2!.(B" (?e "$(2!)(B") (?u "$(2!*(B") (?i "$(2!+(B") (?a "$(2!,(B") (?E "$(2!-(B") (?o "$(2!/(B") (?| "$(2!.(B")
+         (?W "$(2!0(B" (?a "$(2!0(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!.#L(B") (?u "$(2!.#M(B") (?i "$(2!.#N(B") (?E "$(2!.#P(B") (?' "$(2!.#M(B")))
+;;; N
+   ("$(2!n(B" (?e "$(2!i(B") (?u "$(2!j(B") (?i "$(2!k(B") (?a "$(2!l(B") (?E "$(2!m(B") (?o "$(2!o(B") (?| "$(2!n(B")
+         (?W "$(2!p(B" (?a "$(2!p(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!n#L(B") (?u "$(2!n#M(B") (?i "$(2!n#N(B") (?E "$(2!n#P(B") (?' "$(2!n#M(B")))
+;;; O
+   ("$(2"Y(B" (?2 "$(2#e(B"))
+;;; P
+   ("$(2$E(B" (?e "$(2$@(B") (?u "$(2$A(B") (?i "$(2$B(B") (?a "$(2$C(B") (?E "$(2$D(B") (?o "$(2$F(B") (?| "$(2$E(B"))
+;;; Q
+   ("$(2#2(B" (?e "$(2#-(B") (?u "$(2#.(B") (?i "$(2#/(B") (?a "$(2#0(B") (?E "$(2#1(B") (?o "$(2#3(B") (?| "$(2#2(B")
+         (?W "$(2#5(B" (?e "$(2#4(B") (?u "$(2#5(B") (?i "$(2#6(B") (?a "$(2#7(B") (?E "$(2#8(B")))
+;;; R
+   ("$(2!6(B" (?e "$(2!1(B") (?u "$(2!2(B") (?i "$(2!3(B") (?a "$(2!4(B") (?E "$(2!5(B") (?o "$(2!7(B") (?| "$(2!6(B")
+         (?W "$(2!8(B" (?a "$(2!8(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!6#L(B") (?u "$(2!6#M(B") (?i "$(2!6#N(B") (?E "$(2!6#P(B") (?' "$(2!6#M(B")))
+;;; S
+   ("$(2"P(B" (?e "$(2"K(B") (?u "$(2"L(B") (?i "$(2"M(B") (?a "$(2"N(B") (?E "$(2"O(B") (?o "$(2"Q(B") (?| "$(2"P(B")
+         (?W "$(2"R(B" (?a "$(2"R(B")
+                  (?e "$(2"P#L(B") (?u "$(2"P#M(B") (?i "$(2"P#N(B") (?E "$(2"P#P(B") (?' "$(2"P#M(B"))
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+	     (?W "$(2"R(B"
+		 (?a "$(2"R(B")
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+		
+;;; T
+   ("$(2"0(B" (?e "$(2"+(B") (?u "$(2",(B") (?i "$(2"-(B") (?a "$(2".(B") (?E "$(2"/(B") (?o "$(2"1(B") (?| "$(2"0(B")
+         (?W "$(2"2(B" (?a "$(2"2(B")
+	          (?e "$(2"0#L(B") (?u "$(2"0#M(B") (?i "$(2"0#N(B") (?E "$(2"0#P(B") (?' "$(2"0#M(B")))
+;;; U
+   ("$(2"T(B" (?2 "$(2#`(B"))
+;;; V
+   ("$(2!N(B" (?e "$(2!I(B") (?u "$(2!J(B") (?i "$(2!K(B") (?a "$(2!L(B") (?E "$(2!M(B") (?o "$(2!O(B") (?| "$(2!N(B")
+         (?W "$(2!P(B" (?a "$(2!P(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!N#L(B") (?u "$(2!N#M(B") (?i "$(2!N#N(B") (?E "$(2!N#P(B") (?' "$(2!N#M(B")))
+;;; W
+   ("$(2#M(B" (?e "$(2#L(B") (?u "$(2#M(B") (?i "$(2#N(B") (?a "$(2#O(B") (?E "$(2#P(B"))
+;;; X
+   ("$(2#y(B" (?e "$(2#t(B") (?u "$(2#u(B") (?i "$(2#v(B") (?a "$(2#w(B") (?E "$(2#x(B") (?o "$(2#z(B") (?| "$(2#y(B"))
+;;; Y
+   ("$(2$)(B" (?e "$(2$$(B") (?u "$(2$%(B") (?i "$(2$&(B") (?a "$(2$'(B") (?E "$(2$((B") (?o "$(2$*(B") (?| "$(2$)(B"))
+;;; Z
+   ("$(2!~(B" (?e "$(2!y(B") (?u "$(2!z(B") (?i "$(2!{(B") (?a "$(2!|(B") (?E "$(2!}(B") (?o "$(2"!(B") (?| "$(2!~(B")
+         (?W "$(2""(B" (?a "$(2""(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!~#L(B") (?u "$(2!~#M(B") (?i "$(2!~#N(B") (?E "$(2!~#P(B") (?' "$(2!~#M(B")))
+;;; [   \   ]   ^   _
+   nil nil nil nil nil
+;;; `
+   ("`"
+    (?e "$(2#_(B") (?u "$(2#`(B") (?U "$(2#`(B") (?i "$(2#a(B") (?a "$(2#b(B") (?A "$(2#b(B")
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+    (?S "$(2#](B"
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+	(?W "$(2"R(B" (?a "$(2"R(B")
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+    (?h "$(2#k(B"
+	(?e "$(2#f(B") (?u "$(2#g(B") (?i "$(2#h(B") (?a "$(2#i(B") (?E "$(2#j(B") (?o "$(2#l(B") (?| "$(2#k(B")
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+;;; a
+   ("$(2"S(B" (?2 "$(2#b(B"))
+
+;;; b
+   ("$(2!F(B" (?e "$(2!A(B") (?u "$(2!B(B") (?i "$(2!C(B") (?a "$(2!D(B") (?E "$(2!E(B") (?o "$(2!G(B") (?| "$(2!F(B")
+         (?W "$(2!H(B" (?a "$(2!H(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!F#L(B") (?u "$(2!F#M(B") (?i "$(2!F#N(B") (?E "$(2!F#P(B") (?' "$(2!F#M(B")))
+;;; c
+   ("$(2!^(B" (?e "$(2!Y(B") (?u "$(2!Z(B") (?i "$(2![(B") (?a "$(2!\(B") (?E "$(2!](B") (?o "$(2!_(B") (?| "$(2!^(B")
+         (?W "$(2!`(B" (?a "$(2!`(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!^#L(B") (?u "$(2!^#M(B") (?i "$(2!^#N(B") (?E "$(2!^#P(B") (?' "$(2!^#M(B")))
+;;; d
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+;;; e
+   ("$(2"S(B" (?2 "$(2#_(B") (?3 "$(2"Z(B"))
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+	          (?e "$(2"@#L(B") (?u "$(2"@#M(B") (?i "$(2"@#N(B") (?E "$(2"@#P(B") (?' "$(2"@#M(B")))
+;;; g
+   ("$(2#>(B" (?e "$(2#9(B") (?u "$(2#:(B") (?i "$(2#;(B") (?a "$(2#<(B") (?E "$(2#=(B") (?o "$(2#?(B") (?| "$(2#>(B")
+         (?W "$(2#A(B" (?e "$(2#@(B") (?u "$(2#A(B") (?i "$(2#B(B") (?a "$(2#C(B") (?E "$(2#D(B")))
+;;; h
+   ("$(2"`(B" (?e "$(2"[(B") (?u "$(2"\(B") (?i "$(2"](B") (?a "$(2"^(B") (?E "$(2"_(B") (?o "$(2"a(B") (?| "$(2"`(B")
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+;;; i
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+;;; k
+   ("$(2"l(B" (?e "$(2"g(B") (?u "$(2"h(B") (?i "$(2"i(B") (?a "$(2"j(B") (?E "$(2"k(B") (?o "$(2"m(B") (?| "$(2"l(B")
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+;;; l
+   ("$(2!&(B" (?e "$(2!!(B") (?u "$(2!"(B") (?i "$(2!#(B") (?a "$(2!$(B") (?E "$(2!%(B") (?o "$(2!'(B") (?| "$(2!&(B")
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+;;; m
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+;;; n
+   ("$(2!f(B" (?e "$(2!a(B") (?u "$(2!b(B") (?i "$(2!c(B") (?a "$(2!d(B") (?E "$(2!e(B") (?o "$(2!g(B") (?| "$(2!f(B")
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+;;; o
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+;;; q
+   ("$(2#&(B" (?e "$(2#!(B") (?u "$(2#"(B") (?i "$(2##(B") (?a "$(2#$(B") (?E "$(2#%(B") (?o "$(2#'(B") (?| "$(2#&(B")
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+;;; r
+   ("$(2!6(B" (?e "$(2!1(B") (?u "$(2!2(B") (?i "$(2!3(B") (?a "$(2!4(B") (?E "$(2!5(B") (?o "$(2!7(B") (?| "$(2!6(B")
+         (?W "$(2!8(B" (?a "$(2!8(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!6#L(B") (?u "$(2!6#M(B") (?i "$(2!6#N(B") (?E "$(2!6#P(B") (?' "$(2!6#M(B")))
+;;; s
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+			   (?' "$(2#V#M(B"))))
+;;; t
+   ("$(2!V(B" (?e "$(2!Q(B") (?u "$(2!R(B") (?i "$(2!S(B") (?a "$(2!T(B") (?E "$(2!U(B") (?o "$(2!W(B") (?| "$(2!V(B")
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+;;; u
+   ("$(2"T(B" (?2 "$(2#`(B"))
+;;; v
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+;;; w
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+   ("$(2!>(B" (?e "$(2!9(B") (?u "$(2!:(B") (?i "$(2!;(B") (?a "$(2!<(B") (?E "$(2!=(B") (?o "$(2!?(B") (?| "$(2!>(B")
+         (?W "$(2!@(B" (?a "$(2!@(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!>#L(B") (?u "$(2!>#M(B") (?i "$(2!>#N(B") (?E "$(2!>#P(B") (?' "$(2!>#M(B")))
+;;; y
+   ("$(2$)(B" (?e "$(2$$(B") (?u "$(2$%(B") (?i "$(2$&(B") (?a "$(2$'(B") (?E "$(2$((B") (?o "$(2$*(B") (?| "$(2$)(B"))
+;;; z
+   ("$(2!v(B" (?e "$(2!q(B") (?u "$(2!r(B") (?i "$(2!s(B") (?a "$(2!t(B") (?E "$(2!u(B") (?o "$(2!w(B") (?| "$(2!v(B")
+         (?W "$(2!x(B" (?a "$(2!x(B")
+	          (?e "$(2!v#L(B") (?u "$(2!v#M(B") (?i "$(2!v#N(B") (?E "$(2!v#P(B") (?' "$(2!v#M(B")))
+   ])
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun sera-to-fidel-region (beg end &optional ascii-mode force)
+  "Translates the characters in region from SERA to FIDEL.
+
+If the 1st optional parameter ASCII-MODE is non-NIL, assumes that the
+region begins in ASCII script.
+
+If the 2nd optional parametr FORCE is non-NIL, translates even if the
+buffer is read-only."
+
+  (interactive "r\nP")
+  (save-excursion
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region beg end)
+      (sera-to-fidel-buffer ascii-mode force))))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun sera-to-fidel-buffer (&optional ascii-mode force)
+  "Translates the current buffer from SERA to FIDEL.
+
+If the 1st optional parameter ASCII-MODE is non-NIL, assumes that the
+current buffer begins in ASCII script.
+
+If the 2nd optional panametr FORCE is non-NIL, translates even if the
+buffer is read-only."
+
+  (interactive "P")
+  (if (and buffer-read-only
+	   (not force)
+	   (not (y-or-n-p "Buffer is read-only.  Force to convert? ")))
+      (error ""))
+  (let (start pre fol hard table table2 (buffer-read-only nil))
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (while (not (eobp))
+      (setq start (point))
+      (forward-char 1)
+      (setq pre (preceding-char)
+	    fol (following-char))
+
+      (if ascii-mode
+	  (cond
+
+	   ;; ascii mode, pre != \ 
+	   ((/= pre ?\\ ))
+
+	   ;; ascii mode, pre = \, fol = !
+	   ((= fol ?!)
+	    (backward-delete-char 1)
+	    (delete-char 1)
+	    (setq ascii-mode nil
+		  hard (not hard)))
+
+	   ;; hard ascii mode, pre = \, fol != !
+	   (hard)
+
+	   ;; soft ascii mode, pre = \, fol = {\ _ * < > 0..9 ~}
+	   ((or (backward-delete-char 1) ; always nil
+		(eobp)
+		(sera-to-fidel-backslash)))
+
+	   ;; soft ascii mode, pre = \, fol = SPC
+	   ((= fol 32)
+	    (delete-char 1)
+	    (setq ascii-mode nil))
+
+	   ;; soft ascii mode, pre = \, fol = .
+	   ((= fol ?.)
+	    (delete-char 1)
+	    (insert ?$(2$P(B))
+
+	   ;; soft ascii mode, pre = \, fol = ,
+	   ((= fol ?,)
+	    (delete-char 1)
+	    (insert ?$(2$Q(B))
+
+	   ;; soft ascii mode, pre = \, fol = ;
+	   ((= fol ?\;)
+	    (delete-char 1)
+	    (insert ?$(2$R(B))
+
+	   ;; soft ascii mode, pre = \, fol = :
+	   ((= fol ?:)
+	    (delete-char 1)
+	    (insert ?$(2$S(B))
+
+	   ;; soft ascii mode, pre = \, fol = others
+	   (t
+	    (setq ascii-mode nil)))
+
+	(cond
+
+	 ;; very special: skip "<" to ">" (or "&" to ";") if in w3-mode
+	 ((and (boundp 'sera-being-called-by-w3)
+	       sera-being-called-by-w3
+	       (or (= pre ?<) (= pre ?&)))
+	  (search-forward (if (= pre ?<) ">" ";")
+			  nil 0))
+
+	 ;; ethio mode, pre != sera
+	 ((or (< pre ?') (> pre ?z)))
+
+	 ;; ethio mode, pre != \ 
+	 ((/= pre ?\\ )
+	  (setq table (aref sera-to-fidel-table pre))
+	  (while (setq table2 (cdr (assoc (following-char) table)))
+	    (setq table table2)
+	    (forward-char 1))
+	  (if (car table)
+	      (progn
+		(delete-region start (point))
+		(insert (car table)))))
+
+	 ;; ethio mode, pre = \, fol = !
+	 ((= fol ?!)
+	  (backward-delete-char 1)
+	  (delete-char 1)
+	  (setq ascii-mode t
+		hard (not hard)))
+
+	 ;; hard ethio mode, pre = \, fol != !
+	 (hard)
+
+	 ;; soft ethio mode, pre = \, fol = {\ _ * < > 0..9 ~}
+	 ((or (backward-delete-char 1)	; always nil
+	      (eobp)
+	      (sera-to-fidel-backslash)))
+
+	 ;; soft ethio mode, pre = \, fol = SPC
+	 ((= fol 32)
+	  (delete-char 1)
+	  (setq ascii-mode t))
+
+	 ;; soft ethio mode, pre = \, fol = {. , ; : | ' `}
+	 ((memq fol '(?. ?, ?\; ?: ?| ?' ?`))
+	  (forward-char 1))
+
+	 ;; soft ethio mode, pre = \, fol = others
+	 (t
+	  (setq ascii-mode t))))))
+  (goto-char (point-min)))
+
+(defun sera-to-fidel-backslash ()
+  "Handle SERA backslash escapes common to ethio- and ascii-mode.
+Returns t if something has been processed."
+  (let ((ch (following-char))
+	(converted t))
+    (if (and (>= ch ?1) (<= ch ?9))
+	(ethio-convert-digit)
+      (delete-char 1)
+      (cond
+       ((= ch ?\\ )
+	(insert ?\\ ))
+       ((= ch ?_)
+	(insert ?$(2$O(B))
+       ((= ch ?*)
+	(insert ?$(2$T(B))
+       ((= ch ?<)
+	(insert ?$(2$U(B))
+       ((= ch ?>)
+	(insert ?$(2$V(B))
+       ((= ch ?~)
+	(setq ch (following-char))
+	(delete-char 1)
+	(cond
+	 ((= ch ?e)
+	  (insert "$(2$k(B"))
+	 ((= ch ?E)
+	  (insert "$(2$l(B"))
+	 ((= ch ?a)
+	  (insert "$(2$m(B"))
+	 ((= ch ?A)
+	  (insert "$(2$n(B"))))
+       (t
+	(insert ch)
+	(backward-char 1)
+	(setq converted nil))))
+    converted))
+
+(defun ethio-convert-digit ()
+  "Convert Arabic digits to Ethiopic digits."
+  (let (ch z)
+    (while (and (>= (setq ch (following-char)) ?1)
+		(<= ch ?9))
+      (delete-char 1)
+
+      ;; count up following zeros
+      (setq z 0)
+      (while (= (following-char) ?0)
+	(delete-char 1)
+	(setq z (1+ z)))
+
+      (cond
+
+       ;; first digit is 10, 20, ..., or 90
+       ((= (mod z 2) 1)
+	;; (- ch 40) means ?1 -> 9, ?2 -> 10, etc.
+	(insert (aref [?$(2$`(B ?$(2$a(B ?$(2$b(B ?$(2$c(B ?$(2$d(B ?$(2$e(B ?$(2$f(B ?$(2$g(B ?$(2$h(B] (- ch ?1)))
+	(setq z (1- z)))
+
+       ;; first digit is 2, 3, ..., or 9
+       ((/= ch ?1)
+	(insert (aref [?$(2$X(B ?$(2$Y(B ?$(2$Z(B ?$(2$[(B ?$(2$\(B ?$(2$](B ?$(2$^(B ?$(2$_(B] (- ch ?2))))
+
+       ;; single 1
+       ((= z 0)
+	(insert "$(2$W(B")))
+
+      ;; 100
+      (if (= (mod z 4) 2)
+	  (insert"$(2$i(B"))
+
+      ;; 10000
+      (insert-char ?$(2$j(B (/ z 4)))))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun sera-to-fidel-mail (&optional arg)
+  "Does SERA to FIDEL conversion for reading/writing mail and news.
+
+If the buffer contains the markers \"<sera>\" and \"</sera>\",
+converts the segment between the two markers in Ethio start mode and
+the subject field in ASCII start mode.
+
+If invoked interactively and there is no marker, converts both the
+whole body and the subject field in Ethio start mode.
+
+For backward compatibility, \"<ethiopic>\" and \"<>\" can be used instead of
+\"<sera>\" and \"</sera>\"."
+
+  (interactive "p")
+  (let* ((buffer-read-only nil) border)
+
+    (save-excursion
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (setq border
+	    (search-forward
+	     (if (eq major-mode 'rmail-mode)
+		 "\n\n"
+	       (concat "\n" mail-header-separator "\n"))))
+
+      (cond
+
+       ;; with markers
+       ((re-search-forward "^<sera>\n" nil t)
+	(goto-char (match-beginning 0))
+	(while (re-search-forward "^<sera>\n" nil t)
+	  (replace-match "" nil t)
+	  (sera-to-fidel-region
+	   (point)
+	   (progn
+	     (if (re-search-forward "^</sera>\n" nil 0)
+		 (replace-match "" nil t))
+	     (point))))
+
+	(goto-char (point-min))
+	(if (re-search-forward "^Subject: " border t)
+	    (sera-to-fidel-region
+	     (point)
+	     (progn (end-of-line) (point))
+	     'ascii-start)))
+
+       ;; backward compatibility
+       ((re-search-forward "^<ethiopic>\n" nil t)
+	(goto-char (match-beginning 0))
+	(while (re-search-forward "^<ethiopic>\n" nil t)
+	  (replace-match "" nil t)
+	  (sera-to-fidel-region
+	   (setq border (point))
+	   (progn
+	     (if (re-search-forward "^<>\n" nil 0)
+		 (replace-match "" nil t))
+	     (point))))
+
+	(goto-char (point-min))
+	(if (re-search-forward "^Subject: " border t)
+	    (sera-to-fidel-region
+	     (point)
+	     (progn (end-of-line) (point))
+	     'ascii-start)))
+
+       ;; interactive & no markers
+       (arg
+	(sera-to-fidel-region border (point-max))
+	(goto-char (point-min))
+	(if (re-search-forward "^Subject: " border t)
+	    (sera-to-fidel-region
+	     (point)
+	     (progn (end-of-line) (point))))))
+
+      ;; adjust the rmail marker
+      (if (eq major-mode 'rmail-mode)
+	  (set-marker
+	   (aref rmail-message-vector (1+ rmail-current-message))
+	   (point-max))))))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun sera-to-fidel-marker ()
+  "If the buffer contains the markers \"<sera>\" and \"</sera>\",
+converts the segment between the two markers from SERA to Fidel
+in Ethio start mode.  The markers will not be removed."
+
+  (interactive)
+  (if (and buffer-read-only
+	   (not (y-or-n-p "Buffer is read-only.  Force to convert? ")))
+      (error ""))
+  (save-excursion
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (while (re-search-forward "<sera>" nil t)
+      (sera-to-fidel-region
+       (point)
+       (if (re-search-forward "</sera>" nil t)
+	   (match-beginning 0)
+	 (point-max))
+       nil
+       'force))))
+
+;;
+;; FIDEL to SERA
+;;
+
+(defconst fidel-to-sera-map
+  ["le" "lu" "li" "la" "lE" "l" "lo" "lWa"
+   "me" "mu" "mi" "ma" "mE" "m" "mo" "mWa"
+   "re" "ru" "ri" "ra" "rE" "r" "ro" "rWa"
+   "xe" "xu" "xi" "xa" "xE" "x" "xo" "xWa"
+   "be" "bu" "bi" "ba" "bE" "b" "bo" "bWa"
+   "ve" "vu" "vi" "va" "vE" "v" "vo" "vWa"
+   "te" "tu" "ti" "ta" "tE" "t" "to" "tWa"
+   "ce" "cu" "ci" "ca" "cE" "c" "co" "cWa"
+   "ne" "nu" "ni" "na" "nE" "n" "no" "nWa"
+   "Ne" "Nu" "Ni" "Na" "NE" "N" "No" "NWa"
+   "ze" "zu" "zi" "za" "zE" "z" "zo" "zWa"
+   "Ze" "Zu" "Zi" "Za" "ZE" "Z" "Zo" "ZWa"
+   "de" "du" "di" "da" "dE" "d" "do" "dWa"
+   "Te" "Tu" "Ti" "Ta" "TE" "T" "To" "TWa"
+   "Ce" "Cu" "Ci" "Ca" "CE" "C" "Co" "CWa"
+   "fe" "fu" "fi" "fa" "fE" "f" "fo" "fWa"
+   "se" "su" "si" "sa" "sE" "s" "so" "sWa"
+   "Se" "Su" "Si" "Sa" "SE" "S" "So" "SWa"
+   "a"  "u"  "i"  "A"  "E"  "I" "o"  "e3"
+   "he" "hu" "hi" "ha" "hE" "h" "ho" "hWe" "hWu" "hWi" "hWa" "hWE"
+   "ke" "ku" "ki" "ka" "kE" "k" "ko" "kWe" "kWu" "kWi" "kWa" "kWE"
+   "Ke" "Ku" "Ki" "Ka" "KE" "K" "Ko" "KWe" "KWu" "KWi" "KWa" "KWE"
+   "qe" "qu" "qi" "qa" "qE" "q" "qo" "qWe" "qWu" "qWi" "qWa" "qWE"
+   "Qe" "Qu" "Qi" "Qa" "QE" "Q" "Qo" "QWe" "QWu" "QWi" "QWa" "QWE"
+   "ge" "gu" "gi" "ga" "gE" "g" "go" "gWe" "gWu" "gWi" "gWa" "gWE"
+   "we" "wu" "wi" "wa" "wE" "w" "wo" "wWe" "wWu" "wWi" "wWa" "wWE"
+   "`se" "`su" "`si" "`sa" "`sE" "`s" "`so"
+   "`Se" "`Su" "`Si" "`Sa" "`SE" "`S" "`So"
+   "`e"  "`u"  "`i"  "`a"  "`E"  "`I" "`o"
+   "`he" "`hu" "`hi" "`ha" "`hE" "`h" "`ho"
+   "`ke" "`ku" "`ki" "`ka" "`kE" "`k" "`ko"
+   "Xe" "Xu" "Xi" "Xa" "XE" "X" "Xo"
+   "He" "Hu" "Hi" "Ha" "HE" "H" "Ho"
+   "ye" "yu" "yi" "ya" "yE" "y" "yo"
+   "De" "Du" "Di" "Da" "DE" "D" "Do"
+   "je" "ju" "ji" "ja" "jE" "j" "jo"
+   "Ge" "Gu" "Gi" "Ga" "GE" "G" "Go"
+   "Pe" "Pu" "Pi" "Pa" "PE" "P" "Po"
+   "pe" "pu" "pi" "pa" "pE" "p" "po"
+   " " "\\_" "." "," ";" ":" "\\*" "\\<" "\\>"
+   "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"
+   "10" "20" "30" "40" "50" "60" "70" "80" "90"
+   "100" "10000"
+   "\\~e" "\\~E" "\\~a" "\\~A"])
+
+(defvar ethio-use-tigrigna-style nil
+  "*If non-NIL, use \"e\" instead of \"a\" for the first lone vowel
+translation in sera-to-fidel and fidel-to-sera conversions.")
+
+(defvar ethio-quote-vowel-always nil
+  "*If non-NIL, lone vowels are always transcribed by \"an apostrophe
++ the vowel\" except at word initial.  Otherwise, they are quoted by
+an apostrophe only if the preceding Ethiopic character is a lone
+consonant.")
+
+(defvar ethio-W-sixth-always nil
+  "*If non-NIL, the Wu-form of a 12-form consonant is transcribed by
+\"W'\" instead of \"Wu\".")
+
+(defvar ethio-numeric-reduction 0
+  "*Degree of reduction in transcribing Ethiopic digits by Arabic
+digits.  For example, $(2$`$_$i$g$](B ({10}{9}{100}{80}{7}) will be
+transcribed by:
+    \10\9\100\80\7	if ETHIO-NUMERIC-REDUCTION is 0,
+    \109100807					   is 1,
+    \10900807					   is 2.")
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun fidel-to-sera-region (begin end &optional ascii-mode force)
+  "Replaces all the FIDEL characters in the region to sera format.
+
+If the 1st optional parameter ASCII-MODE is non-NIL, converts the
+region so that it begins in ASCII script.
+
+If the 2nd optional parameter FORCE is non-NIL, converts even if the
+buffer is read-only."
+
+  (interactive "r\nP")
+  (save-excursion
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region begin end)
+      (fidel-to-sera-buffer ascii-mode force))))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun fidel-to-sera-buffer (&optional ascii-mode force)
+  "Replace all the FIDEL characters in the current buffer to sera format.
+
+If the 1st optional parameter ASCII-MODE is non-NIL,
+convert the current buffer so that it begins in ASCII script.
+
+If the 2nd optional parameter FORCE is non-NIL, converts even if the
+buffer is read-only.
+
+See also the description of the variables ethio-use-tigrigna-style,
+ethio-quote-vowel-on-demand and ethio-numeric-reduction."
+
+  (interactive "P")
+  (if (and buffer-read-only
+	   (not force)
+	   (not (y-or-n-p "Buffer is read-only.  Force to convert? ")))
+      (error ""))
+
+  ;; user's preference in transcription
+  (aset fidel-to-sera-map 144 (if ethio-use-tigrigna-style "e" "a"))
+  (let ((i 160)
+	(x (if ethio-W-sixth-always
+	       '("hW'" "kW'" "KW'" "qW'" "QW'" "gW'" "wW'")
+	     '("hWu" "kWu" "KWu" "qWu" "QWu" "gWu" "wWu"))))
+    (while x
+      (aset fidel-to-sera-map i (car x))
+      (setq i (+ i 12)
+	    x (cdr x))))
+
+  ;; main conversion routine
+  (let ((lonec nil) ; if lonec = t, previous char was a lone consonant.
+	(fidel nil) ; if fidel = t, previous char was a fidel.
+	(digit nil) ; if digit = t, previous char was an Ethiopic digit.
+	(buffer-read-only nil)
+	ch)
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (while (not (eobp))
+      (setq ch (following-char))
+
+      ;; ethiopic charactes
+      (if (eq (char-charset ch) 'ethiopic)
+	  (progn
+	    (setq ch (char-to-ethiocode ch))
+	    (delete-char 1)
+
+	    (cond
+
+	     ;; fidels
+	     ((<= ch 326)
+	      (if ascii-mode
+		  (insert "\\ "))
+	      (if (and (memq ch '(144 145 146 147 148 150 151)) ; (auiAEoe3)
+		       (or lonec
+			   (and ethio-quote-vowel-always
+				fidel)))
+		  (insert "'"))
+	      (insert (aref fidel-to-sera-map ch))
+	      (setq ascii-mode nil
+		    lonec (ethio-lone-consonant-p ch)
+		    fidel t
+		    digit nil))
+
+	     ;; punctuations and symbols
+	     ((or (< ch 336) (> ch 355))
+	      (if (and ascii-mode
+		       (memq ch '(329 330 331 332))) ; (.,;:)
+		  (insert "\\"))
+	      (insert (aref fidel-to-sera-map ch))
+	      (setq lonec nil
+		    fidel nil
+		    digit nil))
+
+	     ;; now CH must be an ethiopic digit
+
+	     ;; reduction = 0 or leading digit
+	     ((or (= ethio-numeric-reduction 0)
+		  (not digit))
+	      (insert "\\" (aref fidel-to-sera-map ch))
+	      (setq lonec nil
+		    fidel nil
+		    digit t))
+
+	     ;; reduction = 2 and following 10s, 100s, 10000s 
+	     ((and (= ethio-numeric-reduction 2)
+		   (memq ch '(345 354 355)))
+	      (insert (substring (aref fidel-to-sera-map ch) 1))
+	      (setq lonec nil
+		    fidel nil
+		    digit t))
+
+	     ;; ordinary following digits
+	     (t
+	      (insert (aref fidel-to-sera-map ch))
+	      (setq lonec nil
+		    fidel nil
+		    digit t))))
+
+	;; non-ethiopic characters
+	(cond
+
+	 ;; backslash is always quoted
+	 ((= ch ?\\ )
+	  (insert "\\"))
+
+	 ;; nothing to do if in ascii-mode
+	 (ascii-mode)
+
+	 ;; ethio-mode -> ascii-mode
+	 ((or (and (>= ch ?a) (<= ch ?z))
+	      (and (>= ch ?A) (<= ch ?Z))
+	      (memq ch '(?| ?' ?`)))
+	  (insert "\\ ")
+	  (setq ascii-mode t))
+
+	 ;; ascii punctuations in ethio-mode
+	 ((memq ch '(?. ?, ?\; ?:))
+	  (insert "\\")))
+
+	(forward-char 1)
+	(setq lonec nil
+	      fidel nil
+	      digit nil)))
+
+    ;; a few modifications for readability
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (while (re-search-forward "\\([]!\"#$%&()*+/<=>?@[^_-]+\\)\\\\ " nil t)
+      (replace-match "\\\\ \\1"))
+
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (while (re-search-forward "\n\\([ \t]*\\)\\\\ " nil t)
+      (replace-match "\\\\\n\\1")))
+
+  (goto-char (point-min)))
+
+(defun ethio-lone-consonant-p (code)
+  "If the ethiocode CODE is an Ethiopic lone consonant, return t."
+  (cond
+   ((< code 144)
+    (= (mod code 8) 5))
+   ((< code 153)
+    nil)
+   ((< code 236)
+    (= (mod code 12) 1))
+   ((< code 327)
+    (= (mod code 7) 3))))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun fidel-to-sera-mail ()
+  "Does FIDEL to SERA conversion for reading/writing mail and news.
+
+If the buffer contains at least one Ethiopic character,
+ 1) inserts the string \"<sera>\" right after the header-body separator,
+ 2) inserts \"</sera>\" at the end of the buffer,
+ 3) converts the body into SERA in Ethiopic start mode, and
+ 4) converts the subject field in ASCII start mode."
+
+  (interactive)
+  (save-excursion
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (if (re-search-forward "\\cE" nil t)
+	(let ((buffer-read-only nil) border)
+
+	  (goto-char (point-min))
+	  (setq border
+		(search-forward
+		 (if (eq major-mode 'rmail-mode)
+		     "\n\n"
+		   (concat "\n" mail-header-separator "\n"))))
+	  (insert "<sera>\n")
+
+	  (fidel-to-sera-region (point) (point-max))
+
+	  (goto-char (point-max))
+	  (if (/= (preceding-char) ?\n)
+	      (insert "\n"))
+	  (insert "</sera>\n")
+
+	  (goto-char (point-min))
+	  (if (re-search-forward "^Subject: " border t)
+	      (fidel-to-sera-region
+	       (point)
+	       (progn (end-of-line) (point))
+	       'ascii-start))
+
+	  ;; adjust the rmail marker
+	  (if (eq major-mode 'rmail-mode)
+	      (set-marker
+	       (aref rmail-message-vector (1+ rmail-current-message))
+	       (point-max))))
+
+      (message "No Ethiopic characters in this buffer."))))
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun fidel-to-sera-marker ()
+  "If the buffer contains the markers \"<sera>\" and \"</sera>\",
+converts the segment between the two markers from Fidel to SERA
+in Ethio start mode.  The markers will not be removed."
+
+  (interactive)
+  (if (and buffer-read-only
+	   (not (y-or-n-p "Buffer is read-only.  Force to convert? ")))
+      (error ""))
+  (save-excursion
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (while (re-search-forward "^<sera>\n" nil t)
+      (fidel-to-sera-region
+       (point)
+       (if (re-search-forward "^</sera>\n" nil t)
+	   (match-beginning 0)
+	 (point-max))
+       nil
+       'force))))
+
+;;
+;; file I/O hooks
+;;
+
+(if (not (assoc "\\.sera$" auto-mode-alist))
+    (setq auto-mode-alist
+	  (cons '("\\.sera$" . sera-to-fidel-find-file) auto-mode-alist)))
+(add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'fidel-to-sera-write-file)
+(add-hook 'after-save-hook 'sera-to-fidel-after-save)
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun sera-to-fidel-find-file ()
+  "Intended to be called when a file whose name ends in \".sera\" is read in."
+  (sera-to-fidel-buffer nil 'force)
+  (set-buffer-modified-p nil)
+  nil)
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun fidel-to-sera-write-file ()
+  "Intended to be used as write-file-hooks for the files
+whose name ends in \".sera\"."
+  (if (string-match "\\.sera$" (buffer-file-name))
+      (save-excursion
+	(fidel-to-sera-buffer nil 'force)
+	(set-buffer-modified-p nil)))
+  nil)
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun sera-to-fidel-after-save ()
+  "Intended to be used as after-save-hook for the files
+whose name ends in \".sera\"."
+  (if (string-match "\\.sera$" (buffer-file-name))
+      (save-excursion
+	(sera-to-fidel-buffer nil 'force)
+	(set-buffer-modified-p nil)))
+  nil)
+
+;;
+;; vowel modification
+;;
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun ethio-modify-vowel ()
+  "Modify the vowel of the FIDEL that is under the cursor."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((ch (following-char)) newch base vowel)
+    (if (eq (char-charset ch) 'ethiopic)
+	(setq ch (char-to-ethiocode ch))
+      (error "Not a valid character."))
+    (if (or (and (>= ch 144) (<= ch 151)) ; lone vowels
+	    (and (>= ch 250) (<= ch 256)) ; secondary lone vowels
+	    (>= ch 327))		  ; not FIDEL
+	(error "Not a valid character."))
+    (message "Modify vowel to: ")
+    (if (null (setq vowel (memq (read-char) '(?e ?u ?i ?a ?E ?' ?o))))
+	(error "Not a valid vowel.")
+      ;; ?e -> 0, ?u -> 1, ?i -> 2, ?a -> 3, ?E -> 4, ?' -> 5, ?o -> 6
+      (setq vowel (- 7 (length vowel))))
+
+    (cond
+
+     ;; 8-form consonant
+     ((<= ch 143)
+      (setq base (* (/ ch 8) 8))
+      (cond
+       ((< (mod ch 8) 7)		; e-form <= ch <= o-form
+	(setq newch (+ base vowel)))
+       ((= vowel 3)			; 3 = a
+	(setq newch (+ base 7)))	; (+ base 7) = Wa-form
+       ((= vowel 5)			; 5 = '
+	(setq newch
+	      (cons (+ base 5)		; (+ base 5) = lone consonant
+		    232)))		; 232 = Wu
+       (t
+	(setq newch
+	      (cons (+ base 5)		; (+ base 5) = lone consonant
+		    (+ 231 vowel))))))	; 231 = We
+
+     ;; 12-form consonant
+     ((<= ch 235)
+      (setq ch (- ch 152)		; 152 = 12-form consonant offset
+	    base (* (/ ch 12) 12))
+      (cond
+       ((< (mod ch 12) 7)		; e-form <= ch <= o-form
+	(setq newch (+ base vowel 152)))
+       ((< vowel 5)			; We-form <= ch <= WE-form
+	(setq newch (+ base vowel 159))) ; 159 = 152 (offset) + 7 (We-form)
+       ((= vowel 5)			; 5 = ' (= u in this case)
+	(setq newch (+ base 160)))	; 160 = 152 (offset) + 8 (Wu-form)
+       (t
+	(error "Not a valid vowel."))))
+
+     ;; 7-form consonant
+     (t					; 236 = 7-form consonant offset
+      (setq newch (+ (* (/ (- ch 236) 7) 7) vowel 236))))
+
+    (delete-char 1)
+
+    (cond
+     ((consp newch)
+      (insert (ethiocode-to-char (car newch))
+	      (ethiocode-to-char (cdr newch)))
+      (backward-char 2))
+     (t
+      (insert (ethiocode-to-char newch))
+      (backward-char 1)))))
+
+(defun ethiocode-to-char (code)
+  (make-char 'ethiopic (/ code 94) (mod code 94)))
+
+(defun char-to-ethiocode (ch)
+  (and (eq (char-charset ch) 'ethiopic)
+       (let ((char-components (split-char ch)))
+	 (+ (* (- (nth char-components 1) 161) 94)
+	    (- (nth char-components 2) 161)))))
+
+;;
+;; space replacement
+;;
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun ethio-replace-space (ch begin end)
+  "In the specified region, replace spaces between two Ethiopic characters."
+  (interactive "*cReplace spaces to: 1 (sg col), 2 (dbl col), 3 (Ethiopic)\nr")
+  (if (not (memq ch '(?1 ?2 ?3)))
+      (error ""))
+  (save-excursion
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region begin end)
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+
+      (cond
+
+       ((= ch ?1)
+
+	;; A double column space or an Ethiopic word separator is always
+	;; converted to an ASCII space.
+	(while (re-search-forward "[$(2$N$O(B]" nil t)
+	  (replace-match " " nil nil)))
+
+       ((= ch ?2)
+
+	;; An Ethiopic word separator is always converted to
+	;; a double column space.
+	(while (search-forward "$(2$O(B" nil t)
+	  (replace-match "$(2$N(B"))
+
+	(goto-char (point-min))
+
+	;; ASCII spaces are converted only if they are placed
+	;; between two Ethiopic characters.
+	(while (re-search-forward "\\(\\cE\\)\\( \\)\\( *\\cE\\)" nil t)
+
+	  ;; Converting the first ASCII space
+	  (replace-match "\\1$(2$N(B\\3")
+
+	  ;; A double column space is \cE, so going back to the just
+	  ;; converted double column space makes it possible to find
+	  ;; the following ASCII spaces.
+	  (goto-char (match-beginning 2))))
+
+       ((= ch ?3)
+
+	;; If more than one consecutive space (either ASCII or double
+	;; width) is found between two Ethiopic characters, the first
+	;; space will be converted to an Ethiopic word separator.
+	(let (pred succ)
+	  (while (re-search-forward "[ $(2$N(B]\\([ $(2$N(B]*\\)" nil t)
+	    (and (setq pred (char-before (match-beginning 0)))
+		 (eq (char-charset pred) 'ethiopic)
+		 (setq succ (char-after (match-end 0)))
+		 (eq (char-charset succ) 'ethiopic)
+		 (replace-match "$(2$O(B\\1" nil nil)))))))))
+
+;;
+;; special characters
+;;
+
+;;;###autoload
+(defun ethio-input-special-character (arg)
+  "Allow the user to input special characters."
+  (interactive "*cInput number: 1.$(2$k(B  2.$(2$l(B  3.$(2$m(B  4.$(2$n(B")
+  (cond
+   ((= arg ?1)
+    (insert ?$(2$k(B))
+   ((= arg ?2)
+    (insert ?$(2$l(B))
+   ((= arg ?3)
+    (insert ?$(2$m(B))
+   ((= arg ?4)
+    (insert ?$(2$n(B))
+   (t
+    (error ""))))
+
+;;
+(provide 'language/ethio-util)
+
+;;; Local Variables:
+;;; generated-autoload-file: "../loaddefs.el"
+;;; End:
+;;; ethio-util.el ends here