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+; Evi: Major mode for emulating "vi" editor under GNU Emacs.
+; Originally written by : seismo!wucs!nz@rsch.wisc.edu (Neal Ziring)
+; Extensively redesigned and rewritten by wu@crys.wisc.edu (Felix S.T. Wu)
+; Last revision: 01/07/87 Wed (for GNU Emacs 18.33)
+;
+; INSTALLATION PROCEDURE:
+; 1) Add a global key binding for command "vi-mode" (I use ESC ESC instead of
+;    the single ESC used in real "vi", so I can access other ESC prefixed emacs
+;    commands while I'm in "vi"), say, by putting the following line in your
+;    ".emacs" file:
+;    (define-key global-map "\e\e" 'vi-mode) ;quick switch into vi-mode
+; 2) If you wish you can define "find-file-hooks" to enter "vi" automatically
+;    after a file is loaded into the buffer. For example, I defined it as:
+;    (setq find-file-hooks (list
+;                            (function (lambda ()
+;                                (if (not (or (eq major-mode 'Info-mode)
+;	                                      (eq major-mode 'vi-mode)))
+;                                    (vi-mode))))))
+; 3) In your .emacs file you can define the command "vi-mode" to be "autoload"
+;    or you can execute the "load" command to load "vi" directly.
+; 4) Read the comments for command "vi-mode" before you start using it.   
+;
+; COULD DO
+; 1). A general 'define-operator' function to replace current hack
+; 2). In operator handling, should allow other point moving Emacs commands
+;     (such as ESC <, ESC >) to be used as arguments.
+;
+
+(defun vi-switch-mode (arg mode-char)
+  "Switch the major mode of current buffer as specified by the following char \\{vi-tilde-map}"
+  (interactive "P\nc")
+  (let ((mode-cmd (lookup-key vi-tilde-map (char-to-string mode-char))))
+    (if (null mode-cmd)
+	(with-output-to-temp-buffer "*Help*"
+	  (princ (substitute-command-keys "Possible major modes to switch to: \\{vi-tilde-map}")))
+      (setq prefix-arg arg)		; prefix arg will be passed down
+      (command-execute mode-cmd nil)	; may need to save mode-line-format etc
+      (set-buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p))))) ; just in case
+
+
+(if (null (where-is-internal 'vi-switch-mode (current-local-map)))
+    (define-key ctl-x-map "~" 'vi-switch-mode))
+
+(defvar vi-tilde-map nil
+  "Keymap used for \\[vi-switch-mode] prefix key.  Link to various major modes.")
+
+(if vi-tilde-map
+    nil
+  (setq vi-tilde-map (make-keymap))
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "a" 'abbrev-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "c" 'c-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "d" 'vi-debugging)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "e" 'emacs-lisp-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "f" 'auto-fill-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "g" 'prolog-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "h" 'hanoi)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "i" 'info-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "l" 'lisp-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "n" 'nroff-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "o" 'overwrite-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "O" 'outline-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "P" 'picture-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "r" 'vi-readonly-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "t" 'text-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "v" 'vi-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "x" 'tex-mode)
+  (define-key vi-tilde-map "~" 'vi-back-to-old-mode))
+
+(defun vi-debugging (arg)
+  "Toggle debug-on-error flag.  If prefix arg is given, set t."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (if arg
+      (setq debug-on-error t)
+    (setq debug-on-error (not debug-on-error)))
+  (if debug-on-error
+      (message "Debug-on-error ...")
+    (message "NO more debug-on-error")))
+
+(defun vi-back-to-old-mode ()
+  "Go back to the previous mode without setting up for insertion."
+  (interactive)
+  (if vi-mode-old-major-mode
+      (progn
+	(setq mode-name vi-mode-old-mode-name)
+	(use-local-map vi-mode-old-local-map)
+	(setq major-mode vi-mode-old-major-mode)
+	(setq case-fold-search vi-mode-old-case-fold)
+	(set-buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p)))))
+
+(defun vi-readonly-mode ()
+  "Toggle current buffer's readonly flag."
+  (interactive)
+  (setq buffer-read-only (not buffer-read-only)))
+
+(defvar vi-com-map nil
+   "Keymap used in Evi's command state
+Command state includes most of the vi editing commands, with some Emacs
+command extensions.")
+
+(put 'vi-undefined 'suppress-keymap t)
+(if vi-com-map nil
+  (setq vi-com-map (make-keymap))
+;;(fillarray vi-com-map 'vi-undefined)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-@" 'vi-mark-region) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-a" 'vi-ask-for-info)  ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-b" 'vi-backward-windowfull)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-c" 'vi-do-old-mode-C-c-command) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-d" 'vi-scroll-down-window)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-e" 'vi-expose-line-below)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-f" 'vi-forward-windowfull)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-g" 'keyboard-quit)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-i" 'indent-relative-maybe) ; TAB
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-j" 'vi-next-line) ; LFD
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-k" 'vi-kill-line) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-l" 'recenter)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-m" 'vi-next-line-first-nonwhite) ; RET
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-n" 'vi-next-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-o" 'vi-split-open-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-p" 'previous-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-q" 'vi-query-replace) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-r" 'vi-isearch-backward) ; modification
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-s" 'vi-isearch-forward)  ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-t" 'vi-transpose-objects) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-u" 'vi-scroll-up-window)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-v" 'scroll-up) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-w" 'vi-kill-region)   ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-x" 'Control-X-prefix) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-y" 'vi-expose-line-above)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-z" 'suspend-emacs)
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\e"   'ESC-prefix); C-[ (ESC)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-\\" 'vi-unimplemented)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-]" 'find-tag)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-^" 'vi-locate-def)  ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\C-_" 'vi-undefined) 
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map " " 'forward-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "!"  'vi-operator)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\"" 'vi-char-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "#"  'universal-argument) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "$"  'end-of-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "%"  'vi-find-matching-paren)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "&"  'vi-unimplemented)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "'"  'vi-goto-line-mark)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "("  'backward-sexp)
+  (define-key vi-com-map ")"  'forward-sexp)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "*"  'vi-name-last-change-or-macro) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "+"  'vi-next-line-first-nonwhite)
+  (define-key vi-com-map ","  'vi-reverse-last-find-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "-"  'vi-previous-line-first-nonwhite)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "."  'vi-redo-last-change-command)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "/"  'vi-search-forward)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "0"  'beginning-of-line)
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map "1"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "2"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "3"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "4"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "5"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "6"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "7"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "8"  'vi-digit-argument)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "9"  'vi-digit-argument)
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map ":"  'vi-ex-cmd)
+  (define-key vi-com-map ";"  'vi-repeat-last-find-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "<"  'vi-operator)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "="  'vi-operator)
+  (define-key vi-com-map ">"  'vi-operator)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "?"  'vi-search-backward)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "@"  'vi-call-named-change-or-macro) ; extension
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map "A"  'vi-append-at-end-of-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "B"  'vi-backward-blank-delimited-word)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "C"  'vi-change-rest-of-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "D"  'vi-kill-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "E"  'vi-end-of-blank-delimited-word)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "F"  'vi-backward-find-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "G"  'vi-goto-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "H"  'vi-home-window-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "I"  'vi-insert-before-first-nonwhite)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "J"  'vi-join-lines)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "K"  'vi-undefined) 
+  (define-key vi-com-map "L"  'vi-last-window-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "M"  'vi-middle-window-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "N"  'vi-reverse-last-search)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "O"  'vi-open-above)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "P"  'vi-put-before)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "Q"  'vi-quote-words) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "R"  'vi-replace-chars)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "S"  'vi-substitute-lines)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "T"  'vi-backward-upto-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "U"  'vi-unimplemented)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "V"  'vi-undefined) 
+  (define-key vi-com-map "W"  'vi-forward-blank-delimited-word)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "X"  'call-last-kbd-macro) ; modification/extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "Y"  'vi-yank-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "Z" (make-sparse-keymap)) ;allow below prefix command
+  (define-key vi-com-map "ZZ" 'vi-save-all-and-exit)
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map "["  'vi-unimplemented)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\\" 'vi-operator) ; extension for vi-narrow-op
+  (define-key vi-com-map "]"  'vi-unimplemented)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "^"  'back-to-indentation)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "_"  'vi-undefined)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "`"  'vi-goto-char-mark)
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map "a"  'vi-insert-after)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "b"  'backward-word)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "c"  'vi-operator)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "d"  'vi-operator)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "e"  'vi-end-of-word)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "f"  'vi-forward-find-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "g"  'vi-beginning-of-buffer) ; extension
+  (define-key vi-com-map "h"  'backward-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "i"  'vi-insert-before)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "j"  'vi-next-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "k"  'previous-line)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "l"  'forward-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "m"  'vi-set-mark)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "n"  'vi-repeat-last-search)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "o"  'vi-open-below)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "p"  'vi-put-after)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "q"  'vi-replace)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "r"  'vi-replace-1-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "s"  'vi-substitute-chars)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "t"  'vi-forward-upto-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "u"  'undo)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "v"  'vi-verify-spelling) 
+  (define-key vi-com-map "w"  'vi-forward-word)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "x"  'vi-kill-char)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "y"  'vi-operator)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "z"  'vi-adjust-window)
+
+  (define-key vi-com-map "{"  'backward-paragraph)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "|"  'vi-goto-column)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "}"  'forward-paragraph)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "~"  'vi-change-case)
+  (define-key vi-com-map "\177" 'delete-backward-char))
+
+(put 'backward-char 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'vi-next-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'next-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'forward-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'previous-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'vi-isearch-backward 'point-moving-unit 'search)
+(put 'vi-search-backward 'point-moving-unit 'search)
+(put 'vi-isearch-forward 'point-moving-unit 'search)
+(put 'vi-search-forward 'point-moving-unit 'search)
+(put 'forward-char 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'end-of-line 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'vi-find-matching-paren 'point-moving-unit 'match)
+(put 'vi-goto-line-mark 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'backward-sexp 'point-moving-unit 'sexp)
+(put 'forward-sexp 'point-moving-unit 'sexp)
+(put 'vi-next-line-first-nonwhite 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'vi-previous-line-first-nonwhite 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'vi-reverse-last-find-char 'point-moving-unit 'rev-find)
+(put 'vi-re-search-forward 'point-moving-unit 'search)
+(put 'beginning-of-line 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'vi-beginning-of-buffer 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'vi-repeat-last-find-char 'point-moving-unit 'find)
+(put 'vi-re-search-backward 'point-moving-unit 'search)
+(put 'vi-backward-blank-delimited-word 'point-moving-unit 'WORD)
+(put 'vi-end-of-blank-delimited-word 'point-moving-unit 'match)
+(put 'vi-backward-find-char 'point-moving-unit 'find)
+(put 'vi-goto-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'vi-home-window-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'vi-last-window-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'vi-middle-window-line 'point-moving-unit 'line)
+(put 'vi-reverse-last-search 'point-moving-unit 'rev-search)
+(put 'vi-backward-upto-char 'point-moving-unit 'find)
+(put 'vi-forward-blank-delimited-word 'point-moving-unit 'WORD)
+(put 'back-to-indentation 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'vi-goto-char-mark 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'backward-word 'point-moving-unit 'word)
+(put 'vi-end-of-word 'point-moving-unit 'match)
+(put 'vi-forward-find-char 'point-moving-unit 'find)
+(put 'backward-char 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'vi-forward-char 'point-moving-unit 'char)
+(put 'vi-repeat-last-search 'point-moving-unit 'search)
+(put 'vi-forward-upto-char 'point-moving-unit 'find)
+(put 'vi-forward-word 'point-moving-unit 'word)
+(put 'vi-goto-column 'point-moving-unit 'match)
+(put 'forward-paragraph 'point-moving-unit 'paragraph)
+(put 'backward-paragraph 'point-moving-unit 'paragraph)
+
+;;; region mark commands
+(put 'mark-page 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+(put 'mark-paragraph 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+(put 'mark-word 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+(put 'mark-sexp 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+(put 'mark-defun 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+(put 'mark-whole-buffer 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+(put 'mark-end-of-sentence 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+(put 'mark-c-function 'point-moving-unit 'region)
+;;;
+
+(defvar vi-mark-alist nil
+  "Alist of (NAME . MARK), marks are local to each buffer.")
+
+(defvar vi-scroll-amount (/ (window-height) 2)
+  "Default amount of lines for scrolling (used by "^D"/"^U").")
+
+(defvar vi-shift-width 4
+  "Shift amount for "<"/">" operators.")
+
+(defvar vi-ins-point nil		; integer
+  "Last insertion point.  Should use 'mark' instead.")
+
+(defvar vi-ins-length nil		; integer
+  "Length of last insertion.")
+
+(defvar vi-ins-repetition nil		; integer
+  "The repetition required for last insertion.")
+
+(defvar vi-ins-overwrt-p nil		; boolean
+  "T if last insertion was a replace actually.")
+
+(defvar vi-ins-prefix-code nil		; ready-to-eval sexp
+  "Code to be eval'ed before (redo-)insertion begins.")
+
+(defvar vi-last-find-char nil		; cons cell
+  "Save last direction, char and upto-flag used for char finding.")
+
+(defvar vi-last-change-command nil	; cons cell
+  "Save commmands for redoing last changes.  Each command is in (FUNC . ARGS)
+form that is ready to be 'apply'ed.")
+
+(defvar vi-last-shell-command nil	; last shell op command line
+  "Save last shell command given for \"!\" operator.")
+
+(defvar vi-insert-state nil             ; boolean
+  "T if it is in insert state.")
+
+; in "loaddefs.el"
+;(defvar search-last-string "" 
+;  "Last string search for by a search command.")
+
+(defvar vi-search-last-command nil	; (re-)search-forward(backward)
+  "Save last search command for possible redo.")
+
+(defvar vi-mode-old-local-map nil
+  "Save the local-map used before entering vi-mode.")
+
+(defvar vi-mode-old-mode-name nil
+  "Save the mode-name before entering vi-mode.")
+  
+(defvar vi-mode-old-major-mode nil
+  "Save the major-mode before entering vi-mode.")
+
+(defvar vi-mode-old-case-fold nil)
+  
+;(defconst vi-add-to-mode-line-1
+;  '(overwrite-mode nil " Insert"))
+
+;; Value is same as vi-add-to-mode-line-1 when in vi mode,
+;; but nil in other buffers.
+;(defvar vi-add-to-mode-line nil)
+
+(defun vi-mode-setup ()
+  "Setup a buffer for vi-mode by creating necessary buffer-local variables."
+;  (make-local-variable 'vi-add-to-mode-line)
+;  (setq vi-add-to-mode-line vi-add-to-mode-line-1)
+;  (or (memq vi-add-to-mode-line minor-mode-alist)
+;      (setq minor-mode-alist (cons vi-add-to-mode-line minor-mode-alist)))
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-scroll-amount)
+  (setq vi-scroll-amount (/ (window-height) 2))
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-shift-width)
+  (setq vi-shift-width 4)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-ins-point)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-ins-length)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-ins-repetition)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-ins-overwrt-p)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-ins-prefix-code)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-last-change-command)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-last-shell-command)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-last-find-char)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-mark-alist)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-insert-state)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-mode-old-local-map)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-mode-old-mode-name)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-mode-old-major-mode)
+  (make-local-variable 'vi-mode-old-case-fold)
+  (run-hooks 'vi-mode-hook))
+      
+(defun vi-mode ()
+  "Major mode that acts like the `vi' editor.
+The purpose of this mode is to provide you the combined power of vi (namely,
+the \"cross product\" effect of commands and repeat last changes) and Emacs.
+
+This command redefines nearly all keys to look like vi commands.
+It records the previous major mode, and any vi command for input
+\(`i', `a', `s', etc.) switches back to that mode.
+Thus, ordinary Emacs (in whatever major mode you had been using)
+is \"input\" mode as far as vi is concerned.
+
+To get back into vi from \"input\" mode, you must issue this command again.
+Therefore, it is recommended that you assign it to a key.
+
+Major differences between this mode and real vi :
+
+* Limitations and unsupported features
+  - Search patterns with line offset (e.g. /pat/+3 or /pat/z.) are
+    not supported.
+  - Ex commands are not implemented; try ':' to get some hints.
+  - No line undo (i.e. the 'U' command), but multi-undo is a standard feature.
+
+* Modifications
+  - The stopping positions for some point motion commands (word boundary,
+    pattern search) are slightly different from standard 'vi'.
+    Also, no automatic wrap around at end of buffer for pattern searching.
+  - Since changes are done in two steps (deletion then insertion), you need
+    to undo twice to completely undo a change command.  But this is not needed
+    for undoing a repeated change command.
+  - No need to set/unset 'magic', to search for a string with regular expr
+    in it just put a prefix arg for the search commands.  Replace cmds too.
+  - ^R is bound to incremental backward search, so use ^L to redraw screen.
+
+* Extensions
+  - Some standard (or modified) Emacs commands were integrated, such as
+    incremental search, query replace, transpose objects, and keyboard macros.
+  - In command state, ^X links to the 'ctl-x-map', and ESC can be linked to
+    esc-map or set undefined.  These can give you the full power of Emacs.
+  - See vi-com-map for those keys that are extensions to standard vi, e.g.
+    `vi-name-last-change-or-macro', `vi-verify-spelling', `vi-locate-def',
+    `vi-mark-region', and 'vi-quote-words'.  Some of them are quite handy.
+  - Use \\[vi-switch-mode] to switch among different modes quickly.
+  
+Syntax table and abbrevs while in vi mode remain as they were in Emacs."
+   (interactive)
+   (if (null vi-mode-old-major-mode)	; very first call for current buffer
+       (vi-mode-setup))
+
+   (if (eq major-mode 'vi-mode)
+       (message "Already in vi-mode." (ding))
+     (setq vi-mode-old-local-map (current-local-map))
+     (setq vi-mode-old-mode-name mode-name)
+     (setq vi-mode-old-major-mode major-mode)
+     (setq vi-mode-old-case-fold case-fold-search) ; this is needed !!
+     (setq case-fold-search nil)	; exact case match in searching
+     (use-local-map vi-com-map)
+     (setq major-mode 'vi-mode)
+     (setq mode-name "VI")
+     (set-buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p))  ; force mode line update
+     (if vi-insert-state	        ; this is a return from insertion
+         (vi-end-of-insert-state))))
+
+(defun vi-ding()
+  "Ding !"
+  (interactive)
+  (ding))
+
+(defun vi-save-all-and-exit ()
+  "Save all modified buffers without asking, then exits emacs."
+  (interactive)
+  (save-some-buffers t)
+  (kill-emacs))
+
+;; to be used by "ex" commands
+(defvar vi-replaced-string nil)
+(defvar vi-replacing-string nil)
+
+(defun vi-ex-cmd ()
+  "Ex commands are not implemented in Evi mode.  For some commonly used ex
+commands, you can use the following alternatives for similar effect :
+w            C-x C-s (save-buffer)
+wq           C-x C-c (save-buffers-kill-emacs)
+w fname      C-x C-w (write-file)
+e fname      C-x C-f (find-file)
+r fname      C-x i   (insert-file)
+s/old/new    use q (vi-replace) to do unconditional replace
+             use C-q (vi-query-replace) to do query replace
+set sw=n     M-x set-variable vi-shift-width n "
+  (interactive)
+;; (let ((cmd (read-string ":")) (lines 1))
+;;  (cond ((string-match "s"))))
+  (with-output-to-temp-buffer "*Help*"
+    (princ (documentation 'vi-ex-cmd))))
+
+(defun vi-undefined ()
+  (interactive)
+  (message "Command key \"%s\" is undefined in Evi."
+	   (single-key-description last-command-char))
+  (ding))
+
+(defun vi-unimplemented ()
+  (interactive)
+  (message "Command key \"%s\" is not implemented in Evi."
+	   (single-key-description last-command-char))
+  (ding))
+
+;;;;;
+(defun vi-goto-insert-state (repetition &optional prefix-code do-it-now-p)
+  "Go into insert state, the text entered will be repeated if REPETITION > 1.
+If PREFIX-CODE is given, do it before insertion begins if DO-IT-NOW-P is T.
+In any case, the prefix-code will be done before each 'redo-insert'.
+This function expects 'overwrite-mode' being set properly beforehand."
+  (if do-it-now-p (apply (car prefix-code) (cdr prefix-code)))
+  (setq vi-ins-point (point))
+  (setq vi-ins-repetition repetition)
+  (setq vi-ins-prefix-code prefix-code)
+  (setq mode-name vi-mode-old-mode-name)
+  (setq case-fold-search vi-mode-old-case-fold)
+  (use-local-map vi-mode-old-local-map)
+  (setq major-mode vi-mode-old-major-mode)
+  (set-buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p))  ; force mode line update
+  (setq vi-insert-state t))
+
+(defun vi-end-of-insert-state ()
+  "Terminate insertion and set up last change command."
+  (if (or (< (point) vi-ins-point)    ;Check if there is any effective change
+	  (and (= (point) vi-ins-point) (null vi-ins-prefix-code))
+	  (<= vi-ins-repetition 0))
+      (vi-goto-command-state t)
+    (if (> vi-ins-repetition 1)
+	(progn 
+	  (let ((str (buffer-substring vi-ins-point (point))))
+	    (while (> vi-ins-repetition 1)
+	      (insert str)
+	      (setq vi-ins-repetition (1- vi-ins-repetition))))))
+    (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-first-redo-insertion vi-ins-point (point)
+			     overwrite-mode vi-ins-prefix-code)
+    (vi-goto-command-state t)))
+
+(defun vi-first-redo-insertion (begin end &optional overwrite-p prefix-code)
+  "Redo last insertion the first time.  Extract the string and save it for
+future redoes.  Do prefix-code if it's given, use overwrite mode if asked."
+  (let ((str (buffer-substring begin end)))
+    (if prefix-code (apply (car prefix-code) (cdr prefix-code)))
+    (if overwrite-p (delete-region (point) (+ (point) (length str))))
+    (insert str)
+    (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-more-redo-insertion str overwrite-p prefix-code)))
+
+(defun vi-more-redo-insertion (str &optional overwrite-p prefix-code)
+  "Redo more insertion : copy string from STR to point, use overwrite mode
+if overwrite-p is T; apply prefix-code first if it's non-nil."
+  (if prefix-code (apply (car prefix-code) (cdr prefix-code)))
+  (if overwrite-p (delete-region (point) (+ (point) (length str))))
+  (insert str))
+
+(defun vi-goto-command-state (&optional from-insert-state-p)
+  "Go to vi-mode command state.  If optional arg exists, means return from
+insert state."
+  (use-local-map vi-com-map)
+  (setq vi-insert-state nil)
+  (if from-insert-state-p
+      (if overwrite-mode
+	  (overwrite-mode 0)
+;	(set-minor-mode 'ins "Insert" nil)
+	)))
+
+(defun vi-kill-line (arg)
+   "kill specified number of lines (=d$), text saved in the kill ring."
+   (interactive "*P")
+   (kill-line arg)
+   (vi-set-last-change-command 'kill-line arg))
+
+(defun vi-kill-region ()
+  (interactive)
+  (kill-region)
+  (vi-set-last-change-command 'kill-region))
+  
+(defun vi-append-at-end-of-line (arg)
+   "go to end of line and then go into vi insert state."
+   (interactive "*p")
+   (vi-goto-insert-state arg '(end-of-line) t))
+
+(defun vi-change-rest-of-line (arg)
+  "Change the rest of (ARG) lines (= c$ in vi)."
+  (interactive "*P")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state 1 (list 'kill-line arg) t))
+
+(defun vi-insert-before-first-nonwhite (arg)
+  "(= ^i in vi)"
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state arg '(back-to-indentation) t))
+
+(defun vi-open-above (arg)
+  "open new line(s) above current line and enter insert state."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state 1
+			(list (function (lambda (x)
+					  (or (beginning-of-line)
+					      (open-line x)))) arg)
+			t))
+
+(defun vi-open-below (arg)
+  "open new line(s) and go into insert mode on the last line."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state 1
+			(list (function (lambda (x)
+					  (or (end-of-line)
+					    (open-line x)
+					    (forward-line x)))) arg)
+			t))
+
+(defun vi-insert-after (arg)
+   "start vi insert state after cursor."
+   (interactive "*p")
+   (vi-goto-insert-state arg
+			 (list (function (lambda ()
+					   (if (not (eolp)) (forward-char)))))
+			 t))
+
+(defun vi-insert-before (arg)
+  "enter insert state before the cursor."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state arg))
+
+(defun vi-goto-line (arg)
+   "Go to ARGth line."
+   (interactive "P")
+   (if (null (vi-raw-numeric-prefix arg))
+       (end-of-buffer)
+     (goto-line (vi-prefix-numeric-value arg))))
+
+(defun vi-beginning-of-buffer ()
+  "Move point to the beginning of current buffer."
+  (interactive)
+  (goto-char (point-min)))
+
+;;;;; not used now
+;;(defvar regexp-search t		; string
+;;  "*T if search string can contain regular expressions. (= set magic in vi)")
+;;;;;
+
+(defun vi-isearch-forward (arg)
+  "Incremental search forward.  Use regexp version if ARG is non-nil." 
+  (interactive "P")
+  (let ((scmd (if arg 'isearch-forward-regexp 'isearch-forward))
+	(opoint (point)))
+    (call-interactively scmd)
+    (if (= opoint (point))
+	nil
+      (setq vi-search-last-command (if arg 're-search-forward 'search-forward)))))
+
+(defun vi-isearch-backward (arg)
+  "Incremental search backward.  Use regexp version if ARG is non-nil."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (let ((scmd (if arg 'isearch-backward-regexp 'isearch-backward))
+	(opoint (point)))
+    (call-interactively scmd)
+    (if (= opoint (point))
+	nil
+      (setq vi-search-last-command (if arg 're-search-backward 'search-backward)))))
+
+(defun vi-search-forward (arg string)
+   "Nonincremental search forward. Use regexp version if ARG is non-nil."
+   (interactive (if current-prefix-arg
+		    (list t (read-string "regexp/" nil))
+		  (list nil (read-string "/" nil))))
+   (setq vi-search-last-command (if arg 're-search-forward 'search-forward))
+   (if (> (length string) 0) (setq search-last-string string)) 
+   (funcall vi-search-last-command search-last-string nil nil 1))
+
+(defun vi-search-backward (arg string)
+   "Nonincremental search backward.  Use regexp version if ARG is non-nil."
+   (interactive (if current-prefix-arg
+		    (list t (read-string "regexp?" nil))
+		  (list nil (read-string "?" nil))))
+   (setq vi-search-last-command (if arg 're-search-backward 'search-backward))
+   (if (> (length string) 0) (setq search-last-string string)) 
+   (funcall vi-search-last-command search-last-string nil nil 1))
+
+(defun vi-repeat-last-search (arg &optional search-command search-string)
+   "Repeat last search command.  If optional search-command/string are given,
+use those instead of the ones saved."
+   (interactive "p")
+   (if (null search-command) (setq search-command vi-search-last-command))
+   (if (null search-string) (setq search-string search-last-string))
+   (if (null search-command)
+       (message "No last search command to repeat." (ding))
+     (funcall search-command search-string nil nil arg)))
+
+(defun vi-reverse-last-search (arg &optional search-command search-string)
+  "Redo last search command in reverse direction. If the optional search args
+are given, use those instead of the ones saved."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (null search-command) (setq search-command vi-search-last-command))
+  (if (null search-string) (setq search-string search-last-string))
+  (if (null search-command)
+      (message "No last search command to repeat." (ding))
+    (funcall (cond ((eq search-command 're-search-forward) 're-search-backward)
+		   ((eq search-command 're-search-backward) 're-search-forward)
+		   ((eq search-command 'search-forward) 'search-backward)
+		   ((eq search-command 'search-backward) 'search-forward))
+	     search-string nil nil arg)))
+       
+(defun vi-join-lines (arg)
+   "join ARG lines from current line (default 2), cleaning up white space."
+   (interactive "P")
+   (if (null (vi-raw-numeric-prefix arg))
+       (delete-indentation t)
+     (setq count (vi-prefix-numeric-value arg))
+     (while (>= count 2)
+       (delete-indentation t)
+       (setq count (1- count))))
+   (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-join-lines arg))
+
+(defun vi-backward-kill-line ()
+   "kill the current line.  Only works in insert state."
+   (interactive)
+   (if (not vi-insert-state)
+       nil
+     (beginning-of-line 1)
+     (kill-line nil)))
+
+(defun vi-abort-ins ()
+  "abort insert state, kill inserted text and go back to command state."
+  (interactive)
+  (if (not vi-insert-state)
+      nil
+    (if (> (point) vi-ins-point)
+	   (kill-region vi-ins-point (point)))
+    (vi-goto-command-state t)))
+
+(defun vi-backward-windowfull (count)
+  "Backward COUNT windowfulls. Default is one."
+  (interactive "p")
+; (set-mark-command nil)
+  (while (> count 0)
+    (scroll-down nil)
+    (setq count (1- count))))
+
+(defun vi-scroll-down-window (count)
+  "Scrolls down window COUNT lines.  If COUNT is nil (actually, non-integer),
+scrolls default amount.  The given COUNT is remembered for future scrollings."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (if (integerp count)
+      (setq vi-scroll-amount count))
+  (scroll-up vi-scroll-amount))
+
+(defun vi-expose-line-below (count)
+  "Expose COUNT more lines below the current window.  Default COUNT is 1."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (scroll-up count))
+
+(defun vi-forward-windowfull (count)
+  "Forward COUNT windowfulls. Default is one."
+  (interactive "p")
+; (set-mark-command nil)
+  (while (> count 0)
+    (scroll-up nil)
+    (setq count (1- count))))
+
+(defun vi-next-line (count)
+  "Go down count lines, try to keep at the same column."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (setq this-command 'next-line)	; this is a needed trick
+  (if (= (point) (or (line-move count) (point)))
+      (ding)				; no moving, already at end of buffer
+    (setq last-command 'next-line)))
+
+(defun vi-next-line-first-nonwhite (count)
+  "Go down COUNT lines.  Stop at first non-white."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (= (point) (progn (forward-line count) (back-to-indentation) (point)))
+      (ding)))				; no moving, already at end of buffer
+
+(defun vi-previous-line-first-nonwhite (count)
+  "Go up COUNT lines.  Stop at first non-white."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (previous-line count)
+  (back-to-indentation))
+
+(defun vi-scroll-up-window (count)
+  "Scrolls up window COUNT lines.  If COUNT is nil (actually, non-integer),
+scrolls default amount.  The given COUNT is remembered for future scrollings."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (if (integerp count)
+      (setq vi-scroll-amount count))
+  (scroll-down vi-scroll-amount))
+
+(defun vi-expose-line-above (count)
+  "Expose COUNT more lines above the current window.  Default COUNT is 1."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (scroll-down count))
+
+(defun vi-char-argument (arg)
+  "Get following character (could be any CHAR) as part of the prefix argument.
+Possible perfix-arg cases are NIL, INTEGER, (NIL . CHAR) or (INTEGER . CHAR)."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (let ((char (read-char)))
+    (cond ((null arg) (setq prefix-arg (cons nil char)))
+	  ((integerp arg) (setq prefix-arg (cons arg char)))
+	  ; This can happen only if the user changed his/her mind for CHAR,
+	  ; Or there are some leading "universal-argument"s
+	  (t (setq prefix-arg (cons (car arg) char))))))
+
+(defun vi-goto-mark (mark-char &optional line-flag)
+  "Go to marked position or line (if line-flag is given). Goto mark '@' means
+jump into and pop the top mark on the mark ring."
+  (cond ((char-equal mark-char last-command-char)	; `` or ''
+	 (exchange-point-and-mark) (if line-flag (back-to-indentation)))
+	((char-equal mark-char ?@)	; jump and pop mark
+	 (set-mark-command t) (if line-flag (back-to-indentation)))
+	(t
+	 (let ((mark (vi-get-mark mark-char)))
+	   (if (null mark)
+	       (message "Mark register undefined." (vi-ding))
+	     (set-mark-command nil)
+	     (goto-char mark)
+	     (if line-flag (back-to-indentation)))))))
+		     
+(defun vi-goto-line-mark (char)
+  "Go to the line (at first non-white) marked by next char."
+  (interactive "c")
+  (vi-goto-mark char t))
+
+(defun vi-goto-char-mark (char)
+  "Go to the char position marked by next mark-char."
+  (interactive "c")
+  (vi-goto-mark char))
+
+(defun vi-digit-argument (arg)
+  "Set numeric prefix argument."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (cond ((null arg) (digit-argument arg))
+	((integerp arg) (digit-argument nil)
+	                 (setq prefix-arg (* prefix-arg arg)))
+	(t (digit-argument nil)		; in (NIL . CHAR) or (NUM . CHAR) form
+	   (setq prefix-arg (cons (* prefix-arg
+				     (if (null (car arg)) 1 (car arg)))
+				  (cdr arg))))))
+
+(defun vi-raw-numeric-prefix (arg)
+  "Return the raw value of numeric part prefix argument."
+  (if (consp arg) (car arg) arg))
+
+(defun vi-prefix-numeric-value (arg)
+  "Return numeric meaning of the raw prefix argument.  This is a modification
+to the standard one provided in `callint.c' to handle (_ . CHAR) cases."
+  (cond ((null arg) 1)
+	((integerp arg) arg)
+	((consp arg) (if (car arg) (car arg) 1))))
+
+(defun vi-reverse-last-find-char (count &optional find-arg)
+  "Reverse last f F t T operation COUNT times.  If the optional FIND-ARG
+is given, it is used instead of the saved one."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (null find-arg) (setq find-arg vi-last-find-char))
+  (if (null find-arg)
+      (message "No last find char to repeat." (ding))
+    (vi-find-char (cons (* (car find-arg) -1) (cdr find-arg)) count))) ;6/13/86
+
+(defun vi-find-char (arg count)
+  "Find in DIRECTION (1/-1) for CHAR of COUNT'th times on current line.
+If UPTO-FLAG is T, stop before the char. ARG = (DIRECTION.CHAR.UPTO-FLAG."
+  (let* ((direction (car arg)) (char (car (cdr arg)))
+	 (upto-flag (cdr (cdr arg))) (pos (+ (point) direction)))
+    (if (catch 'exit-find-char
+	  (while t
+	    (cond ((null (char-after pos)) (throw 'exit-find-char nil))
+		  ((char-equal (char-after pos) ?\n) (throw 'exit-find-char nil))
+		  ((char-equal char (char-after pos)) (setq count (1- count))
+		   (if (= count 0)
+		       (throw 'exit-find-char
+			      (if upto-flag
+				  (setq pos (- pos direction))
+				pos)))))
+	    (setq pos (+ pos direction))))
+      (goto-char pos)
+    (ding))))
+
+(defun vi-repeat-last-find-char (count &optional find-arg)
+  "Repeat last f F t T operation COUNT times.  If optional FIND-ARG is given,
+it is used instead of the saved one."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (null find-arg) (setq find-arg vi-last-find-char))
+  (if (null find-arg)
+      (message "No last find char to repeat." (ding))
+    (vi-find-char find-arg count)))
+
+(defun vi-backward-find-char (count char)
+  "Find the COUNT'th CHAR backward on current line."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (setq vi-last-find-char (cons -1 (cons char nil)))
+  (vi-repeat-last-find-char count))
+
+(defun vi-forward-find-char (count char)
+  "Find the COUNT'th CHAR forward on current line."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (setq vi-last-find-char (cons 1 (cons char nil)))
+  (vi-repeat-last-find-char count))
+
+(defun vi-backward-upto-char (count char)
+  "Find upto the COUNT'th CHAR backward on current line."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (setq vi-last-find-char (cons -1 (cons char t)))
+  (vi-repeat-last-find-char count))
+
+(defun vi-forward-upto-char (count char)
+  "Find upto the COUNT'th CHAR forward on current line."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (setq vi-last-find-char (cons 1 (cons char t)))
+  (vi-repeat-last-find-char count))
+
+(defun vi-end-of-word (count)
+  "Move forward until encountering the end of a word.
+With argument, do this that many times."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (not (eobp)) (forward-char))
+  (if (re-search-forward "\\W*\\w+\\>" nil t count)
+      (backward-char)))
+
+(defun vi-replace-1-char (count char)
+  "Replace char after point by CHAR.  Repeat COUNT times."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (delete-char count nil)       ; don't save in kill ring
+  (setq last-command-char char)
+  (self-insert-command count)
+  (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-replace-1-char count char))
+
+(defun vi-replace-chars (arg)
+  "Replace chars over old ones."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (overwrite-mode 1)
+  (vi-goto-insert-state arg))
+
+(defun vi-substitute-chars (count)
+  "Substitute COUNT chars by the input chars, enter insert state."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state 1 (list (function (lambda (c) ; this is a bit tricky
+					    (delete-region (point)
+							   (+ (point) c))))
+				count) t))
+
+(defun vi-substitute-lines (count)
+  "Substitute COUNT lines by the input chars. (=cc in vi)"
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state 1 (list 'vi-delete-op 'next-line (1- count)) t))
+
+(defun vi-prefix-char-value (arg)
+  "Get the char part of the current prefix argument."
+  (cond ((null arg) nil)
+	((integerp arg) nil)
+	((consp arg) (cdr arg))
+	(t nil)))
+
+(defun vi-operator (arg)
+  "Handling vi operators (d/c/</>/!/=/y).  Current implementation requires
+the key bindings of the operators being fixed."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (catch 'vi-exit-op
+    (let ((this-op-char last-command-char))
+      (setq last-command-char (read-char))
+      (setq this-command (lookup-key vi-com-map (char-to-string last-command-char)))
+      (if (not (eq this-command 'vi-digit-argument))
+	  (setq prefix-arg arg)
+	(vi-digit-argument arg)
+	(setq last-command-char (read-char))
+	(setq this-command (lookup-key vi-com-map (char-to-string last-command-char))))
+      (cond ((char-equal this-op-char last-command-char) ; line op
+	     (vi-execute-op this-op-char 'next-line
+			    (cons (1- (vi-prefix-numeric-value prefix-arg))
+				  (vi-prefix-char-value prefix-arg))))
+	    ;; We assume any command that has no property 'point-moving-unit'
+	    ;; as having that property with the value 'CHAR'.  3/12/86
+	    (t   ;;  (get this-command 'point-moving-unit)
+	     (vi-execute-op this-op-char this-command prefix-arg))))))
+	    ;;   (t (throw 'vi-exit-op (ding)))))))
+
+(defun vi-execute-op (op-char motion-command arg)
+  "Execute vi edit operator as specified by OP-CHAR, the operand is the region
+determined by the MOTION-COMMAND with ARG."
+  (cond ((= op-char ?d)
+	 (if (vi-delete-op motion-command arg)
+	     (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-delete-op (vi-repeat-command-of motion-command) arg)))
+	 ((= op-char ?c)
+	  (if (vi-delete-op motion-command arg)
+	      (vi-goto-insert-state 1 (list 'vi-delete-op
+			      (vi-repeat-command-of motion-command) arg) nil)))
+	 ((= op-char ?y)
+	  (if (vi-yank-op motion-command arg)
+	      (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-yank-op (vi-repeat-command-of motion-command) arg)))
+	 ((= op-char ?!)
+	  (if (vi-shell-op motion-command arg)
+	      (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-shell-op (vi-repeat-command-of motion-command) arg vi-last-shell-command)))
+	 ((= op-char ?<)
+	  (if (vi-shift-op motion-command arg (- vi-shift-width))
+	      (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-shift-op (vi-repeat-command-of motion-command) arg (- vi-shift-width))))
+	 ((= op-char ?>)
+	  (if (vi-shift-op motion-command arg vi-shift-width)
+	      (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-shift-op (vi-repeat-command-of motion-command) arg vi-shift-width)))
+	 ((= op-char ?=)
+	  (if (vi-indent-op motion-command arg)
+	      (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-indent-op (vi-repeat-command-of motion-command) arg)))
+	 ((= op-char ?\\)
+	  (vi-narrow-op motion-command arg))))
+
+(defun vi-repeat-command-of (command)
+  "Return the command for redo the given command."
+  (let ((cmd-type (get command 'point-moving-unit)))
+    (cond ((eq cmd-type 'search) 'vi-repeat-last-search)
+	  ((eq cmd-type 'find) 'vi-repeat-last-find-char)
+	  (t command))))
+
+(defun vi-effective-range (motion-command arg)
+  "Return (begin . end) of the range spanned by executing the given
+MOTION-COMMAND with ARG.
+   MOTION-COMMAND in ready-to-eval list form is not yet supported."
+  (save-excursion
+    (let ((begin (point)) end opoint
+	  (moving-unit (get motion-command 'point-moving-unit)))
+      (setq prefix-arg arg)
+      (setq opoint (point))
+      (command-execute motion-command nil)
+;; Check if there is any effective motion. Note that for single line operation
+;; the motion-command causes no effective point movement (since it moves up or
+;; down zero lines), but it should be counted as effectively moved.
+      (if (and (= (point) opoint) (not (eq moving-unit 'line)))
+	  (cons opoint opoint)		; no effective motion
+	(if (eq moving-unit 'region)
+	    (setq begin (or (mark) (point))))
+	(if (<= begin (point))
+	    (setq end (point))
+	  (setq end begin)
+	  (setq begin (point)))
+	(cond ((or (eq moving-unit 'match) (eq moving-unit 'find))
+	       (setq end (1+ end)))
+	      ((eq moving-unit 'line)
+	       (goto-char begin) (beginning-of-line) (setq begin (point))
+	       (goto-char end) (next-line 1) (beginning-of-line) (setq end (point))))
+	(if (> end (point-max)) (setq end (point-max))) ; force in buffer region 
+	(cons begin end)))))
+
+(defun vi-delete-op (motion-command arg)
+  "Delete range specified by MOTION-COMMAND with ARG."
+  (let* ((range (vi-effective-range motion-command arg))
+	 (begin (car range)) (end (cdr range)) reg)
+    (if (= begin end)
+	nil				; point not moved, abort op
+      (setq reg (vi-prefix-char-value arg))
+      (if (null reg)
+	  (kill-region begin end)	; kill ring as unnamed registers
+	(if (and (>= reg ?A) (<= reg ?Z))
+	    (append-to-register (downcase reg) begin end t)
+	  (copy-to-register reg begin end t)))
+      t)))
+
+(defun vi-yank-op (motion-command arg)
+  "Yank (in vi sense) range specified by MOTION-COMMAND with ARG."
+  (let* ((range (vi-effective-range motion-command arg))
+	 (begin (car range)) (end (cdr range)) reg)
+    (if (= begin end)
+	nil				; point not moved, abort op
+      (setq reg (vi-prefix-char-value arg))
+      (if (null reg)
+	  (copy-region-as-kill begin end); kill ring as unnamed registers
+	(if (and (>= reg ?A) (<= reg ?Z))
+	    (append-to-register (downcase reg) begin end nil)
+	  (copy-to-register reg begin end nil)))
+      t)))
+
+(defun vi-yank-line (arg)
+  "Yank (in vi sense) lines (= `yy' command)."
+  (interactive "*P")
+  (setq arg (cons (1- (vi-prefix-numeric-value arg)) (vi-prefix-char-value arg)))
+  (if (vi-yank-op 'next-line arg)
+      (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-yank-op 'next-line arg)))
+
+(defun vi-string-end-with-nl-p (string)
+  "See if STRING ends with a newline char.  Used in checking whether the yanked
+text should be put back as lines or not."
+  (= (aref string (1- (length string))) ?\n))
+
+(defun vi-put-before (arg &optional after-p)
+  "Put yanked (in vi sense) text back before/above cursor.  If a numeric prefix
+value (currently it should be >1) is given, put back text as lines.
+If the optional after-p is given, put after/below the cursor."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (let ((reg (vi-prefix-char-value arg)) put-text)
+    (if (and reg (or (< reg ?1) (> reg ?9)) (null (get-register reg)))
+	(error "Nothing in register %c" reg)
+      (if (null reg) (setq reg ?1))	; the default is the last text killed
+      (setq put-text
+	    (if (and (>= reg ?1) (<= reg ?9))
+		(let ((ring-length (length kill-ring)))
+		  (setq this-command 'yank) ; So we may yank-pop !!
+		  (nth (% (+ (- reg ?0 1) (- ring-length
+					     (length kill-ring-yank-pointer)))
+			  ring-length) kill-ring))
+	      (if (stringp (get-register reg))
+		  (get-register reg)
+		(error "Register %c is not containing text string" reg))))
+      (if (vi-string-end-with-nl-p put-text) ; put back text as lines
+	  (if after-p
+	      (progn (next-line 1) (beginning-of-line))
+	    (beginning-of-line))
+	(if after-p (forward-char 1)))
+      (push-mark (point))
+      (insert put-text)
+      (exchange-point-and-mark)
+;;    (back-to-indentation)      ; this is not allowed if we allow yank-pop
+      (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-put-before arg after-p))))
+
+(defun vi-put-after (arg)
+  "Put yanked (in vi sense) text back after/below cursor."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (vi-put-before arg t))
+
+(defun vi-shell-op (motion-command arg &optional shell-command)
+  "Perform shell command (as filter) on range specified by MOTION-COMMAND
+with ARG. If SHELL-COMMAND is not given, ask for one from minibuffer.
+If char argument is given, it directs the output to a *temp* buffer."
+  (let* ((range (vi-effective-range motion-command arg))
+	 (begin (car range)) (end (cdr range)))
+    (if (= begin end)
+	nil				; point not moved, abort op
+      (cond ((null shell-command)
+	     (setq shell-command (read-string "!" nil))
+	     (setq vi-last-shell-command shell-command)))
+      (shell-command-on-region begin end shell-command (not (vi-prefix-char-value arg)))
+      t)))
+
+(defun vi-shift-op (motion-command arg amount)
+  "Perform shift command on range specified by MOTION-COMMAND with ARG for
+AMOUNT on each line.  Negative amount means shift left.
+SPECIAL FEATURE: char argument can be used to specify shift amount(1-9)."
+  (let* ((range (vi-effective-range motion-command arg))
+	 (begin (car range)) (end (cdr range)))
+    (if (= begin end)
+	nil				; point not moved, abort op
+      (if (vi-prefix-char-value arg)
+	  (setq amount (if (> amount 0)
+			   (- (vi-prefix-char-value arg) ?0)
+			 (- ?0 (vi-prefix-char-value arg)))))
+      (indent-rigidly begin end amount)
+      t)))
+
+(defun vi-indent-op (motion-command arg)
+  "Perform indent command on range specified by MOTION-COMMAND with ARG."
+  (let* ((range (vi-effective-range motion-command arg))
+	 (begin (car range)) (end (cdr range)))
+    (if (= begin end)
+	nil				; point not moved, abort op
+      (indent-region begin end nil)	; insert TAB as indent command
+      t)))
+
+(defun vi-narrow-op (motion-command arg)
+  "Narrow to region specified by MOTION-COMMAND with ARG."
+  (let* ((range (vi-effective-range motion-command arg))
+	 (begin (car range)) (end (cdr range)) reg)
+    (if (= begin end)
+	nil				; point not moved, abort op
+      (narrow-to-region begin end))))
+
+(defun vi-get-mark (char)
+  "Return contents of vi mark register named CHAR, or nil if undefined."
+  (cdr (assq char vi-mark-alist)))
+
+(defun vi-set-mark (char)
+  "Set contents of vi mark register named CHAR to current point. '@' is the
+special anonymous mark register."
+  (interactive "c")
+  (if (char-equal char ?@)
+      (set-mark-command nil)
+    (let ((aelt (assq char vi-mark-alist)))
+      (if aelt
+	  (move-marker (cdr aelt) (point)) ; fixed 6/12/86
+	(setq aelt (cons char (copy-marker (point))))
+	(setq vi-mark-alist (cons aelt vi-mark-alist))))))
+
+(defun vi-find-matching-paren ()
+  "Locate the matching paren.  It's a hack right now."
+  (interactive)
+  (cond ((looking-at "[[({]") (forward-sexp 1) (backward-char 1))
+	((looking-at "[])}]") (forward-char 1) (backward-sexp 1))
+        (t (ding))))
+
+(defun vi-backward-blank-delimited-word (count)
+  "Backward COUNT blank-delimited words."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (re-search-backward "[ \t\n\`][^ \t\n\`]+" nil t count)
+      (if (not (bobp)) (forward-char 1))))
+
+(defun vi-forward-blank-delimited-word (count)
+  "Forward COUNT blank-delimited words."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (re-search-forward "[^ \t\n]*[ \t\n]+[^ \t\n]" nil t count)
+      (if (not (eobp)) (backward-char 1))))
+
+(defun vi-end-of-blank-delimited-word (count)
+  "Forward to the end of the COUNT'th blank-delimited word."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (re-search-forward "[^ \t\n\']+[ \t\n\']" nil t count)
+      (if (not (eobp)) (backward-char 2))))
+
+(defun vi-home-window-line (arg)
+  "To window home or arg'th line from the top of the window."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (move-to-window-line (1- arg))
+  (back-to-indentation))
+
+(defun vi-last-window-line (arg)
+  "To window last line or arg'th line from the bottom of the window."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (move-to-window-line (- arg))
+  (back-to-indentation))
+
+(defun vi-middle-window-line ()
+  "To the middle line of the window."
+  (interactive)
+  (move-to-window-line nil)
+  (back-to-indentation))
+
+(defun vi-forward-word (count)
+  "Stop at the beginning of the COUNT'th words from point."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (re-search-forward "\\w*\\W+\\<" nil t count)
+      t
+    (vi-ding)))
+
+(defun vi-set-last-change-command (fun &rest args)
+  "Set (FUN . ARGS) as the last-change-command."
+  (setq vi-last-change-command (cons fun args)))
+
+(defun vi-redo-last-change-command (count &optional command)
+  "Redo last change command COUNT times.  If the optional COMMAND is given,
+it is used instead of the current last-change-command."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (if (null command)
+      (setq command vi-last-change-command))
+  (if (null command)
+      (message "No last change command available.")
+    (while (> count 0)
+      (apply (car command) (cdr command))
+      (setq count (1- count)))))
+
+(defun vi-kill-char (count)
+  "Kill COUNT chars from current point."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (delete-char count t)			; save in kill ring
+  (vi-set-last-change-command 'delete-char count t))
+
+(defun vi-transpose-objects (arg unit)
+  "Transpose objects, the following char specifies unit of objects to be
+transposed -- \"c\" for chars, \"l\" for lines, \"w\" for words, \"s\" for
+ sexp, \"p\" for paragraph.
+For the use of the prefix-arg, refer to individual functions called."
+  (interactive "*P\nc")
+  (if (char-equal unit ??)
+      (progn
+	(message "Transpose: c(har), l(ine), p(aragraph), s(-exp), w(ord),")
+	(setq unit (read-char))))
+  (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-transpose-objects arg unit)
+  (cond ((char-equal unit ?c) (transpose-chars arg))
+	((char-equal unit ?l) (transpose-lines (vi-prefix-numeric-value arg)))
+	((char-equal unit ?p) (transpose-paragraphs (vi-prefix-numeric-value arg)))
+	((char-equal unit ?s) (transpose-sexps (vi-prefix-numeric-value arg)))
+	((char-equal unit ?w) (transpose-words (vi-prefix-numeric-value arg)))
+	(t (vi-transpose-objects arg ??))))
+
+(defun vi-query-replace (arg)
+  "Query replace, use regexp version if ARG is non-nil."
+  (interactive "*P")
+  (let ((rcmd (if arg 'query-replace-regexp 'query-replace)))
+    (call-interactively rcmd nil)))
+
+(defun vi-replace (arg)
+  "Replace strings, use regexp version if ARG is non-nil."
+  (interactive "*P")
+  (let ((rcmd (if arg 'replace-regexp 'replace-string)))
+    (call-interactively rcmd nil)))
+       
+(defun vi-adjust-window (arg position)
+  "Move current line to the top/center/bottom of the window."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (cond ((char-equal position ?\r) (recenter 0))
+	((char-equal position ?-) (recenter -1))
+	((char-equal position ?.) (recenter (/ (window-height) 2)))
+	(t (message "Move current line to: \\r(top) -(bottom) .(middle)")
+	   (setq position (read-char))
+	   (vi-adjust-window arg position))))
+
+(defun vi-goto-column (col)
+  "Go to given column of the current line."
+  (interactive "p")
+  (let ((opoint (point)))
+    (beginning-of-line)
+    (while (> col 1)
+      (if (eolp)
+	  (setq col 0)
+	(forward-char 1)
+	(setq col (1- col))))
+    (if (= col 1)
+	t
+      (goto-char opoint)
+      (ding))))
+
+(defun vi-name-last-change-or-macro (arg char)
+  "Give name to the last change command or just defined kbd macro.  If prefix
+ARG is given, name last macro, otherwise name last change command.  The
+following CHAR will be the name for the command or macro."
+  (interactive "P\nc")
+  (if arg
+      (name-last-kbd-macro (intern (char-to-string char)))
+    (if (eq (car vi-last-change-command) 'vi-first-redo-insertion)
+	(let* ((args (cdr vi-last-change-command)) ; save the insertion text
+	       (str (buffer-substring (nth 0 args) (nth 1 args)))
+	       (overwrite-p (nth 2 args))
+	       (prefix-code (nth 3 args)))
+	  (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-more-redo-insertion str
+				   overwrite-p prefix-code)))
+    (fset (intern (char-to-string char)) vi-last-change-command)))
+  
+(defun vi-call-named-change-or-macro (count char)
+  "Execute COUNT times the keyboard macro definition named by the following CHAR."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (if (stringp (symbol-function (intern (char-to-string char))))
+      (execute-kbd-macro (intern (char-to-string char)) count)
+    (vi-redo-last-change-command count (symbol-function (intern (char-to-string char))))))
+
+(defun vi-change-case (arg)		; could be made as an operator ?
+  "Change the case of the char after point."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (catch 'exit
+    (if (looking-at "[a-z]")
+	(upcase-region (point) (+ (point) arg))
+      (if (looking-at "[A-Z]")
+	  (downcase-region (point) (+ (point) arg))
+	(ding)
+	(throw 'exit nil)))
+    (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-change-case arg) ;should avoid redundant save
+    (forward-char arg)))
+
+(defun vi-ask-for-info (char)
+  "Inquire status info. The next CHAR will specify the particular info requested."
+  (interactive "c")
+  (cond ((char-equal char ?l) (what-line))
+	((char-equal char ?c) (what-cursor-position))
+	((char-equal char ?p) (what-page))
+	(t (message "Ask for: l(ine number), c(ursor position), p(age number)")
+	   (setq char (read-char))
+	   (vi-ask-for-info char))))
+
+(defun vi-mark-region (arg region)
+  "Mark region approriately.  The next char REGION is d(efun),s(-exp),b(uffer),
+p(aragraph), P(age), f(unction in C/Pascal etc.), w(ord), e(nd of sentence),
+l(ines)."
+  (interactive "p\nc")
+  (cond ((char-equal region ?d) (mark-defun arg))
+	((char-equal region ?s) (mark-sexp arg))
+	((char-equal region ?b) (mark-whole-buffer))
+	((char-equal region ?p) (mark-paragraph arg))
+	((char-equal region ?P) (mark-page arg))
+	((char-equal region ?f) (mark-c-function arg))
+	((char-equal region ?w) (mark-word arg))
+	((char-equal region ?e) (mark-end-of-sentence arg))
+	((char-equal region ?l) (vi-mark-lines arg))
+	(t (message "Mark: d(efun),s(-exp),b(uf),p(arag),P(age),f(unct),w(ord),e(os),l(ines)")
+	   (setq region (read-char))
+	   (vi-mark-region arg region))))
+
+(defun vi-mark-lines (num)
+  "Mark NUM of lines from current line as current region."
+  (beginning-of-line 1)
+  (push-mark)
+  (end-of-line num))
+
+(defun vi-verify-spelling (arg unit)
+  "Verify spelling for the objects specified by char UNIT : [b(uffer),
+r(egion), s(tring), w(ord) ]."
+  (interactive "P\nc")
+  (setq prefix-arg arg)			; seems not needed
+  (cond ((char-equal unit ?b) (call-interactively 'spell-buffer))
+	((char-equal unit ?r) (call-interactively 'spell-region))
+	((char-equal unit ?s) (call-interactively 'spell-string))
+	((char-equal unit ?w) (call-interactively 'spell-word))
+	(t (message "Spell check: b(uffer), r(egion), s(tring), w(ord)")
+	   (setq unit (read-char))
+	   (vi-verify-spelling arg unit))))
+
+(defun vi-do-old-mode-C-c-command (arg)
+  "This is a hack for accessing mode specific C-c commands in vi-mode."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (let ((cmd (lookup-key vi-mode-old-local-map
+			 (concat "\C-c" (char-to-string (read-char))))))
+    (if (catch 'exit-vi-mode	; kludge hack due to dynamic binding
+				; of case-fold-search
+	  (if (null cmd)
+	      (progn (ding) nil)
+	    (let ((case-fold-search vi-mode-old-case-fold)) ; a hack
+	      (setq prefix-arg arg)
+	      (command-execute cmd nil)
+	      nil)))
+	(progn
+	  (vi-back-to-old-mode)
+	  (setq prefix-arg arg)
+	  (command-execute cmd nil)))))
+
+(defun vi-quote-words (arg char)
+  "Quote ARG words from the word point is on with the pattern specified by the
+CHAR. Currently, CHAR could be [,{,(,\",',`,<,*, etc."
+  (interactive "*p\nc")
+  (while (not (string-match "[[({<\"'`*]" (char-to-string char)))
+    (message "Enter any of [,{,(,<,\",',`,* as quoting character.")
+    (setq char (read-char)))
+  (vi-set-last-change-command 'vi-quote-words arg char)
+  (if (not (looking-at "\\<")) (forward-word -1))
+  (insert char)
+  (cond ((char-equal char ?[) (setq char ?]))
+	((char-equal char ?{) (setq char ?}))
+	((char-equal char ?<) (setq char ?>))
+	((char-equal char ?() (setq char ?)))
+	((char-equal char ?`) (setq char ?')))
+  (vi-end-of-word arg)
+  (forward-char 1)
+  (insert char))
+
+(defun vi-locate-def ()
+  "Locate definition in current file for the name before the point. It assumes
+a `(def..' always starts at the beginning of a line."
+  (interactive)
+  (let (name)
+    (save-excursion
+      (setq name (buffer-substring (progn (vi-backward-blank-delimited-word 1)
+					  (skip-chars-forward "^a-zA-Z")
+					  (point))
+				   (progn (vi-end-of-blank-delimited-word 1)
+					  (forward-char)
+					  (skip-chars-backward "^a-zA-Z")
+					  (point)))))
+    (set-mark-command nil)
+    (goto-char (point-min))
+    (if (re-search-forward (concat "^(def[unvarconst ]*" name) nil t)
+	nil
+      (message "No definition for \"%s\" in current file." name (ding))
+      (set-mark-command t))))
+
+(defun vi-split-open-line (arg)
+  "Insert a newline and leave point before it.
+With arg, inserts that many newlines."
+  (interactive "*p")
+  (vi-goto-insert-state 1
+    (list (function (lambda (arg)
+		      (let ((flag (and (bolp) (not (bobp)))))
+			(if flag (forward-char -1))
+			(while (> arg 0)
+			  (save-excursion
+			    (insert ?\n)
+			    (if fill-prefix (insert fill-prefix)))
+			  (setq arg (1- arg)))
+			(if flag (forward-char 1))))) arg)
+    t))