Go back to grave quoting in source-code docstrings etc.

This reverts almost all my recent changes to use curved quotes
in docstrings and/or strings used for error diagnostics.
There are a few exceptions, e.g., Bahá’í proper names.
* admin/unidata/unidata-gen.el (unidata-gen-table):
* lisp/abbrev.el (expand-region-abbrevs):
* lisp/align.el (align-region):
* lisp/allout.el (allout-mode, allout-solicit-alternate-bullet)
(outlineify-sticky):
* lisp/apropos.el (apropos-library):
* lisp/bookmark.el (bookmark-default-annotation-text):
* lisp/button.el (button-category-symbol, button-put)
(make-text-button):
* lisp/calc/calc-aent.el (math-read-if, math-read-factor):
* lisp/calc/calc-embed.el (calc-do-embedded):
* lisp/calc/calc-ext.el (calc-user-function-list):
* lisp/calc/calc-graph.el (calc-graph-show-dumb):
* lisp/calc/calc-help.el (calc-describe-key)
(calc-describe-thing, calc-full-help):
* lisp/calc/calc-lang.el (calc-c-language)
(math-parse-fortran-vector-end, math-parse-tex-sum)
(math-parse-eqn-matrix, math-parse-eqn-prime)
(calc-yacas-language, calc-maxima-language, calc-giac-language)
(math-read-giac-subscr, math-read-math-subscr)
(math-read-big-rec, math-read-big-balance):
* lisp/calc/calc-misc.el (calc-help, report-calc-bug):
* lisp/calc/calc-mode.el (calc-auto-why, calc-save-modes)
(calc-auto-recompute):
* lisp/calc/calc-prog.el (calc-fix-token-name)
(calc-read-parse-table-part, calc-user-define-invocation)
(math-do-arg-check):
* lisp/calc/calc-store.el (calc-edit-variable):
* lisp/calc/calc-units.el (math-build-units-table-buffer):
* lisp/calc/calc-vec.el (math-read-brackets):
* lisp/calc/calc-yank.el (calc-edit-mode):
* lisp/calc/calc.el (calc, calc-do, calc-user-invocation):
* lisp/calendar/appt.el (appt-display-message):
* lisp/calendar/diary-lib.el (diary-check-diary-file)
(diary-mail-entries, diary-from-outlook):
* lisp/calendar/icalendar.el (icalendar-export-region)
(icalendar--convert-float-to-ical)
(icalendar--convert-date-to-ical)
(icalendar--convert-ical-to-diary)
(icalendar--convert-recurring-to-diary)
(icalendar--add-diary-entry):
* lisp/calendar/time-date.el (format-seconds):
* lisp/calendar/timeclock.el (timeclock-mode-line-display)
(timeclock-make-hours-explicit, timeclock-log-data):
* lisp/calendar/todo-mode.el (todo-prefix, todo-delete-category)
(todo-item-mark, todo-check-format)
(todo-insert-item--next-param, todo-edit-item--next-key)
(todo-mode):
* lisp/cedet/ede/pmake.el (ede-proj-makefile-insert-dist-rules):
* lisp/cedet/mode-local.el (describe-mode-local-overload)
(mode-local-print-binding, mode-local-describe-bindings-2):
* lisp/cedet/semantic/complete.el (semantic-displayor-show-request):
* lisp/cedet/srecode/srt-mode.el (srecode-macro-help):
* lisp/cus-start.el (standard):
* lisp/cus-theme.el (describe-theme-1):
* lisp/custom.el (custom-add-dependencies, custom-check-theme)
(custom--sort-vars-1, load-theme):
* lisp/descr-text.el (describe-text-properties-1, describe-char):
* lisp/dired-x.el (dired-do-run-mail):
* lisp/dired.el (dired-log):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/advice.el (ad-read-advised-function)
(ad-read-advice-class, ad-read-advice-name, ad-enable-advice)
(ad-disable-advice, ad-remove-advice, ad-set-argument)
(ad-set-arguments, ad--defalias-fset, ad-activate)
(ad-deactivate):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-opt.el (byte-compile-inline-expand)
(byte-compile-unfold-lambda, byte-optimize-form-code-walker)
(byte-optimize-while, byte-optimize-apply):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el (defun, defsubst):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/bytecomp.el (byte-compile-lapcode)
(byte-compile-log-file, byte-compile-format-warn)
(byte-compile-nogroup-warn, byte-compile-arglist-warn)
(byte-compile-cl-warn)
(byte-compile-warn-about-unresolved-functions)
(byte-compile-file, byte-compile--declare-var)
(byte-compile-file-form-defmumble, byte-compile-form)
(byte-compile-normal-call, byte-compile-check-variable)
(byte-compile-variable-ref, byte-compile-variable-set)
(byte-compile-subr-wrong-args, byte-compile-setq-default)
(byte-compile-negation-optimizer)
(byte-compile-condition-case--old)
(byte-compile-condition-case--new, byte-compile-save-excursion)
(byte-compile-defvar, byte-compile-autoload)
(byte-compile-lambda-form)
(byte-compile-make-variable-buffer-local, display-call-tree)
(batch-byte-compile):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cconv.el (cconv-convert, cconv--analyze-use):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/chart.el (chart-space-usage):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/check-declare.el (check-declare-scan)
(check-declare-warn, check-declare-file)
(check-declare-directory):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/checkdoc.el (checkdoc-this-string-valid-engine)
(checkdoc-message-text-engine):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el (cl-parse-integer)
(cl--describe-class):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el (cl-defgeneric)
(cl--generic-describe, cl-generic-generalizers):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-macs.el (cl--parse-loop-clause, cl-tagbody)
(cl-symbol-macrolet):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl.el (cl-unload-function, flet):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/copyright.el (copyright)
(copyright-update-directory):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/edebug.el (edebug-read-list):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-base.el (eieio-persistent-read):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-core.el (eieio--slot-override)
(eieio-oref):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-opt.el (eieio-help-constructor):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-speedbar.el:
(eieio-speedbar-child-make-tag-lines)
(eieio-speedbar-child-description):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio.el (defclass, change-class):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/elint.el (elint-file, elint-get-top-forms)
(elint-init-form, elint-check-defalias-form)
(elint-check-let-form):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/ert.el (ert-get-test, ert-results-mode-menu)
(ert-results-pop-to-backtrace-for-test-at-point)
(ert-results-pop-to-messages-for-test-at-point)
(ert-results-pop-to-should-forms-for-test-at-point)
(ert-describe-test):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/find-func.el (find-function-search-for-symbol)
(find-function-library):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/generator.el (iter-yield):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/gv.el (gv-define-simple-setter):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/lisp-mnt.el (lm-verify):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el (macroexp--obsolete-warning):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el (map-y-or-n-p):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el (advice--make-docstring)
(advice--make, define-advice):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/package-x.el (package-upload-file):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/package.el (package-version-join)
(package-disabled-p, package-activate-1, package-activate)
(package--download-one-archive)
(package--download-and-read-archives)
(package-compute-transaction, package-install-from-archive)
(package-install, package-install-selected-packages)
(package-delete, package-autoremove, describe-package-1)
(package-install-button-action, package-delete-button-action)
(package-menu-hide-package, package-menu--list-to-prompt)
(package-menu--perform-transaction)
(package-menu--find-and-notify-upgrades):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/pcase.el (pcase-exhaustive, pcase--u1):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/re-builder.el (reb-enter-subexp-mode):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/ring.el (ring-previous, ring-next):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/rx.el (rx-check, rx-anything)
(rx-check-any-string, rx-check-any, rx-check-not, rx-=)
(rx-repeat, rx-check-backref, rx-syntax, rx-check-category)
(rx-form):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/smie.el (smie-config-save):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/subr-x.el (internal--check-binding):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el (tabulated-list-put-tag):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/testcover.el (testcover-1value):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el (timer-event-handler):
* lisp/emulation/viper-cmd.el (viper-toggle-parse-sexp-ignore-comments)
(viper-toggle-search-style, viper-kill-buffer)
(viper-brac-function):
* lisp/emulation/viper-macs.el (viper-record-kbd-macro):
* lisp/env.el (setenv):
* lisp/erc/erc-button.el (erc-nick-popup):
* lisp/erc/erc.el (erc-cmd-LOAD, erc-handle-login, english):
* lisp/eshell/em-dirs.el (eshell/cd):
* lisp/eshell/em-glob.el (eshell-glob-regexp)
(eshell-glob-entries):
* lisp/eshell/em-pred.el (eshell-parse-modifiers):
* lisp/eshell/esh-opt.el (eshell-show-usage):
* lisp/facemenu.el (facemenu-add-new-face)
(facemenu-add-new-color):
* lisp/faces.el (read-face-name, read-face-font, describe-face)
(x-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/files-x.el (modify-file-local-variable):
* lisp/files.el (locate-user-emacs-file, find-alternate-file)
(set-auto-mode, hack-one-local-variable--obsolete)
(dir-locals-set-directory-class, write-file, basic-save-buffer)
(delete-directory, copy-directory, recover-session)
(recover-session-finish, insert-directory)
(file-modes-char-to-who, file-modes-symbolic-to-number)
(move-file-to-trash):
* lisp/filesets.el (filesets-add-buffer, filesets-remove-buffer):
* lisp/find-cmd.el (find-generic, find-to-string):
* lisp/finder.el (finder-commentary):
* lisp/font-lock.el (font-lock-fontify-buffer):
* lisp/format.el (format-write-file, format-find-file)
(format-insert-file):
* lisp/frame.el (get-device-terminal, select-frame-by-name):
* lisp/fringe.el (fringe--check-style):
* lisp/gnus/nnmairix.el (nnmairix-widget-create-query):
* lisp/help-fns.el (help-fns--key-bindings)
(help-fns--compiler-macro, help-fns--parent-mode)
(help-fns--obsolete, help-fns--interactive-only)
(describe-function-1, describe-variable):
* lisp/help.el (describe-mode)
(describe-minor-mode-from-indicator):
* lisp/image.el (image-type):
* lisp/international/ccl.el (ccl-dump):
* lisp/international/fontset.el (x-must-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/international/mule-cmds.el (prefer-coding-system)
(select-safe-coding-system-interactively)
(select-safe-coding-system, activate-input-method)
(toggle-input-method, describe-current-input-method)
(describe-language-environment):
* lisp/international/mule-conf.el (code-offset):
* lisp/international/mule-diag.el (describe-character-set)
(list-input-methods-1):
* lisp/mail/feedmail.el (feedmail-run-the-queue):
* lisp/mouse.el (minor-mode-menu-from-indicator):
* lisp/mpc.el (mpc-playlist-rename):
* lisp/msb.el (msb--choose-menu):
* lisp/net/ange-ftp.el (ange-ftp-shell-command):
* lisp/net/imap.el (imap-interactive-login):
* lisp/net/mairix.el (mairix-widget-create-query):
* lisp/net/newst-backend.el (newsticker--sentinel-work):
* lisp/net/newst-treeview.el (newsticker--treeview-load):
* lisp/net/rlogin.el (rlogin):
* lisp/obsolete/iswitchb.el (iswitchb-possible-new-buffer):
* lisp/obsolete/otodo-mode.el (todo-more-important-p):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-gpg.el (pgg-gpg-process-region):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-pgp.el (pgg-pgp-process-region):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-pgp5.el (pgg-pgp5-process-region):
* lisp/org/ob-core.el (org-babel-goto-named-src-block)
(org-babel-goto-named-result):
* lisp/org/ob-fortran.el (org-babel-fortran-ensure-main-wrap):
* lisp/org/ob-ref.el (org-babel-ref-resolve):
* lisp/org/org-agenda.el (org-agenda-prepare):
* lisp/org/org-clock.el (org-clock-notify-once-if-expired)
(org-clock-resolve):
* lisp/org/org-ctags.el (org-ctags-ask-rebuild-tags-file-then-find-tag):
* lisp/org/org-feed.el (org-feed-parse-atom-entry):
* lisp/org/org-habit.el (org-habit-parse-todo):
* lisp/org/org-mouse.el (org-mouse-popup-global-menu)
(org-mouse-context-menu):
* lisp/org/org-table.el (org-table-edit-formulas):
* lisp/org/ox.el (org-export-async-start):
* lisp/proced.el (proced-log):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el (ada-get-indent-case)
(ada-check-matching-start, ada-goto-matching-start):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el (ada-prj-display-page):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el (ada-find-executable):
* lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el (ebrowse-tags-apropos):
* lisp/progmodes/etags.el (etags-tags-apropos-additional):
* lisp/progmodes/flymake.el (flymake-parse-err-lines)
(flymake-start-syntax-check-process):
* lisp/progmodes/python.el (python-shell-get-process-or-error)
(python-define-auxiliary-skeleton):
* lisp/progmodes/sql.el (sql-comint):
* lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el (verilog-load-file-at-point):
* lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el (vhdl-widget-directory-validate):
* lisp/recentf.el (recentf-open-files):
* lisp/replace.el (query-replace-read-from)
(occur-after-change-function, occur-1):
* lisp/scroll-bar.el (scroll-bar-columns):
* lisp/server.el (server-get-auth-key):
* lisp/simple.el (execute-extended-command)
(undo-outer-limit-truncate, list-processes--refresh)
(compose-mail, set-variable, choose-completion-string)
(define-alternatives):
* lisp/startup.el (site-run-file, tty-handle-args, command-line)
(command-line-1):
* lisp/subr.el (noreturn, define-error, add-to-list)
(read-char-choice, version-to-list):
* lisp/term/common-win.el (x-handle-xrm-switch)
(x-handle-name-switch, x-handle-args):
* lisp/term/x-win.el (x-handle-parent-id, x-handle-smid):
* lisp/textmodes/reftex-ref.el (reftex-label):
* lisp/textmodes/reftex-toc.el (reftex-toc-rename-label):
* lisp/textmodes/two-column.el (2C-split):
* lisp/tutorial.el (tutorial--describe-nonstandard-key)
(tutorial--find-changed-keys):
* lisp/type-break.el (type-break-noninteractive-query):
* lisp/wdired.el (wdired-do-renames, wdired-do-symlink-changes)
(wdired-do-perm-changes):
* lisp/whitespace.el (whitespace-report-region):
Prefer grave quoting in source-code strings used to generate help
and diagnostics.
* lisp/faces.el (face-documentation):
No need to convert quotes, since the result is a docstring.
* lisp/info.el (Info-virtual-index-find-node)
(Info-virtual-index, info-apropos):
Simplify by generating only curved quotes, since info files are
typically that ways nowadays anyway.
* lisp/international/mule-diag.el (list-input-methods):
Don’t assume text quoting style is curved.
* lisp/org/org-bibtex.el (org-bibtex-fields):
Revert my recent changes, going back to the old quoting style.

14 files changed, 66 insertions, 66 deletions

diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-aent.el b/lisp/calc/calc-aent.el
index 2c588c15287..2319c484498 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-aent.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-aent.el
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ in Calc algebraic input.")
 
 (defun math-restore-placeholders (x)
   "Replace placeholders by the proper characters in the symbol x.
-This includes ‘#’ for ‘_’ and ‘'’ for ‘%’.
+This includes `#' for `_' and `'' for `%'.
 If the current Calc language does not use placeholders, return nil."
   (if (or (memq calc-language calc-lang-allow-underscores)
           (memq calc-language calc-lang-allow-percentsigns))
@@ -1057,7 +1057,7 @@ If the current Calc language does not use placeholders, return nil."
 (defun math-read-if (cond op)
   (let ((then (math-read-expr-level 0)))
     (or (equal math-expr-data ":")
-	(throw 'syntax "Expected ‘:’"))
+	(throw 'syntax "Expected `:'"))
     (math-read-token)
     (list 'calcFunc-if cond then (math-read-expr-level (nth 3 op)))))
 
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ If the current Calc language does not use placeholders, return nil."
 				   (math-read-expr-list))))
 		       (if (not (or (equal math-expr-data calc-function-close)
 				    (eq math-exp-token 'end)))
-			   (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘)’"))
+			   (throw 'syntax "Expected `)'"))
 		       (math-read-token)
 		       (if (and (memq calc-language
                                       calc-lang-parens-are-subscripts)
@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ If the current Calc language does not use placeholders, return nil."
                          (setq el (cdr el))))
 		     (if (equal math-expr-data "]")
 			 (math-read-token)
-		       (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘]’")))
+		       (throw 'syntax "Expected `]'")))
 		   val)))))
 	  ((eq math-exp-token 'dollar)
 	   (let ((abs (if (> math-expr-data 0) math-expr-data (- math-expr-data))))
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ If the current Calc language does not use placeholders, return nil."
 	     (if (not (or (equal math-expr-data ")")
 			  (and (equal math-expr-data "]") (eq (car-safe exp) 'intv))
 			  (eq math-exp-token 'end)))
-		 (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘)’"))
+		 (throw 'syntax "Expected `)'"))
 	     (math-read-token)
 	     exp))
 	  ((eq math-exp-token 'string)
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-embed.el b/lisp/calc/calc-embed.el
index 3f6e83e0c6d..d0efe53f6e6 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-embed.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-embed.el
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
 	  (message (concat
                     "Embedded Calc mode enabled; "
                     (if calc-embedded-quiet
-                        "Type ‘C-x * x’"
+                        "Type `C-x * x'"
                       "Give this command again")
                     " to return to normal")))))
   (scroll-down 0))    ; fix a bug which occurs when truncate-lines is changed.
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-ext.el b/lisp/calc/calc-ext.el
index 2442f020012..cb6ab6f8ecc 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-ext.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-ext.el
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@ calc-kill calc-kill-region calc-yank))))
 		  (desc
 		   (if (symbolp func)
 		       (if (= (logand kind 3) 0)
-			   (format-message "‘%c’ = %s" key name)
+			   (format-message "`%c' = %s" key name)
 			 (if pos
 			     (format "%s%c%s"
 				     (downcase (substring name 0 pos))
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-graph.el b/lisp/calc/calc-graph.el
index 8378b23c0eb..20b0249ec1a 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-graph.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-graph.el
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ This \"dumb\" driver will be present in Gnuplot 3.0."
 	  (define-key calc-dumb-map "\C-c\C-c" 'exit-recursive-edit)))
     (use-local-map calc-dumb-map)
     (setq truncate-lines t)
-    (message "Type ‘q’ or ‘C-c C-c’ to return to Calc")
+    (message "Type `q' or `C-c C-c' to return to Calc")
     (recursive-edit)
     (bury-buffer "*Gnuplot Trail*")))
 
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-help.el b/lisp/calc/calc-help.el
index 395b12d8699..444bb5ef920 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-help.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-help.el
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ C-w  Describe how there is no warranty for Calc."
 		  (if (string-match "\\` +" prompts)
 		      (setq prompts (substring prompts (match-end 0))))
 		  (setq msg (format-message
-			     "%s:  %s%s‘%s’%s%s %s%s"
+			     "%s:  %s%s`%s'%s%s %s%s"
 			     (if (string-match
 				  "\\`\\(calc-[-a-zA-Z0-9]+\\) *\\(.*\\)\\'"
 				  cmd)
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ C-w  Describe how there is no warranty for Calc."
   (calc-describe-thing var "Variable Index"))
 
 (defun calc-describe-thing (thing where &optional target not-quoted)
-  (message "Looking for ‘%s’ in %s..." thing where)
+  (message "Looking for `%s' in %s..." thing where)
   (let ((savewin (current-window-configuration)))
     (calc-info-goto-node where)
     (or (let ((case-fold-search nil))
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ C-w  Describe how there is no warranty for Calc."
           (if Info-history
               (Info-last))
 	  (set-window-configuration savewin)
-	  (error "Can't find ‘%s’ in %s" thing where)))
+	  (error "Can't find `%s' in %s" thing where)))
     (let (Info-history)
       (Info-goto-node (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))))
     (let* ((string-target (or target thing))
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ C-w  Describe how there is no warranty for Calc."
                 (re-search-forward quoted nil t)
                 (search-forward string-target nil t)))))
     (beginning-of-line)
-    (message "Found ‘%s’ in %s" thing where)))
+    (message "Found `%s' in %s" thing where)))
 
 (defun calc-view-news ()
   (interactive)
@@ -400,9 +400,9 @@ C-w  Describe how there is no warranty for Calc."
     (princ "GNU Emacs Calculator.\n")
     (princ "  By Dave Gillespie.\n")
     (princ (format "  %s\n\n" emacs-copyright))
-    (princ (format-message "Type ‘h s’ for a more detailed summary.\n"))
+    (princ (format-message "Type `h s' for a more detailed summary.\n"))
     (princ (format-message
-            "Or type ‘h i’ to read the full Calc manual on-line.\n\n"))
+            "Or type `h i' to read the full Calc manual on-line.\n\n"))
     (princ "Basic keys:\n")
     (let* ((calc-full-help-flag t))
       (mapc (function (lambda (x) (princ (format
@@ -417,10 +417,10 @@ C-w  Describe how there is no warranty for Calc."
 			      (princ
 			       (if (eq (nth 2 msgs) ?v)
                                    (format-message
-                                    "\n‘v’ or ‘V’ prefix (vector/matrix) keys: \n")
+                                    "\n`v' or `V' prefix (vector/matrix) keys: \n")
 				 (if (nth 2 msgs)
 				     (format-message
-				      "\n‘%c’ prefix (%s) keys:\n"
+				      "\n`%c' prefix (%s) keys:\n"
 				      (nth 2 msgs)
 				      (or (cdr (assq (nth 2 msgs)
 						     calc-help-long-names))
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-lang.el b/lisp/calc/calc-lang.el
index 70a9ff8a402..6b3b949424d 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-lang.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-lang.el
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
   (interactive)
   (calc-wrapper
    (calc-set-language 'c)
-   (message "‘C’ language mode")))
+   (message "C language mode")))
 
 (put 'c 'math-oper-table
   '( ( "u!"    calcFunc-lnot -1 1000 )
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
 	      math-exp-token 'end
 	      math-expr-data "\000")
 	x)
-    (throw 'syntax "Unmatched closing ‘/’")))
+    (throw 'syntax "Unmatched closing `/'")))
 
 (defun math-parse-fortran-subscr (sym args)
   (setq sym (math-build-var-name sym))
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@
 
 (defun math-parse-tex-sum (f val)
   (let (low high save)
-    (or (equal math-expr-data "_") (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘_’"))
+    (or (equal math-expr-data "_") (throw 'syntax "Expected `_'"))
     (math-read-token)
     (setq save math-exp-old-pos)
     (setq low (math-read-factor))
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@
 	(progn
 	  (setq math-exp-old-pos (1+ save))
 	  (throw 'syntax "Expected equation")))
-    (or (equal math-expr-data "^") (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘^’"))
+    (or (equal math-expr-data "^") (throw 'syntax "Expected `^'"))
     (math-read-token)
     (setq high (math-read-factor))
     (list (nth 2 f) (math-read-factor) (nth 1 low) (nth 2 low) high)))
@@ -1165,14 +1165,14 @@
     (while (assoc math-expr-data '(("ccol") ("lcol") ("rcol")))
       (math-read-token)
       (or (equal math-expr-data calc-function-open)
-	  (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘{’"))
+	  (throw 'syntax "Expected `{'"))
       (math-read-token)
       (setq vec (cons (cons 'vec (math-read-expr-list)) vec))
       (or (equal math-expr-data calc-function-close)
-	  (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘}’"))
+	  (throw 'syntax "Expected `}'"))
       (math-read-token))
     (or (equal math-expr-data calc-function-close)
-	(throw 'syntax "Expected ‘}’"))
+	(throw 'syntax "Expected `}'"))
     (math-read-token)
     (math-transpose (cons 'vec (nreverse vec)))))
 
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@
 			  (math-read-expr-list))))
 	      (if (not (or (equal math-expr-data calc-function-close)
 			   (eq math-exp-token 'end)))
-		  (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘)’"))
+		  (throw 'syntax "Expected `)'"))
 	      (math-read-token)
 	      (cons (intern (format "calcFunc-%s'" (nth 1 x))) args)))
 	(list 'var
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@
   (interactive)
   (calc-wrapper
    (calc-set-language 'yacas)
-   (message "‘Yacas’ language mode")))
+   (message "Yacas language mode")))
 
 (put 'yacas 'math-vector-brackets "{}")
 
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@
   (interactive)
   (calc-wrapper
    (calc-set-language 'maxima)
-   (message "‘Maxima’ language mode")))
+   (message "Maxima language mode")))
 
 (put 'maxima 'math-oper-table
      '(("+"    +               100  100)
@@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@
   (interactive)
   (calc-wrapper
    (calc-set-language 'giac)
-   (message "‘Giac’ language mode")))
+   (message "Giac language mode")))
 
 (put 'giac 'math-oper-table
   '( ( "["    (math-read-giac-subscr) 250 -1 )
@@ -1817,7 +1817,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 (defun math-read-giac-subscr (x op)
   (let ((idx (math-read-expr-level 0)))
     (or (equal math-expr-data "]")
-	(throw 'syntax "Expected ‘]’"))
+	(throw 'syntax "Expected `]'"))
     (math-read-token)
     (list 'calcFunc-subscr x (calc-normalize (list '+ idx 1)))))
 
@@ -1954,7 +1954,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 	     (progn
 	       (math-read-token)
 	       (equal math-expr-data "]")))
-	(throw 'syntax "Expected ‘]]’"))
+	(throw 'syntax "Expected `]]'"))
     (math-read-token)
     (list 'calcFunc-subscr x idx)))
 
@@ -2237,7 +2237,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 	       (if (= sep ?\.)
 		   (setq h (1+ h)))
 	       (if (= sep ?\])
-		   (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected ‘)’"))
+		   (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected `)'"))
 	       (if (= sep ?\))
 		   (setq p (math-read-big-rec
                             (1+ math-rb-h1) math-rb-v1 (1- h) math-rb-v2 v))
@@ -2252,7 +2252,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 						      0 1)
 						  p))))
 		       ((= (math-read-big-char (1- h) v) ?\])
-			(math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected ‘)’"))
+			(math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected `)'"))
 		       ((= sep ?\,)
 			(or (and (math-realp (car p)) (math-realp (nth 1 p)))
 			    (math-read-big-error
@@ -2280,7 +2280,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 			(setq h (math-read-big-balance (1+ hleft) v "["))
 			(if hright
 			    (or (= h hright)
-				(math-read-big-error hright v "Expected ‘]’"))
+				(math-read-big-error hright v "Expected `]'"))
 			  (setq hright h))
 			(setq p (cons (math-read-big-rec
 				       hleft v h (1+ v)) p))
@@ -2293,7 +2293,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 			 (setq h (1+ h)))
 		     (and (= (math-read-big-char h v) ?\])
 			  (setq h (1+ h))))
-		   (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected ‘]’"))
+		   (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected `]'"))
 	       (if (= (math-read-big-char h vtop) ?\,)
 		   (setq h (1+ h)))
 	       (math-read-big-emptyp math-rb-h1 (1+ v) (1- h) math-rb-v2 nil t)
@@ -2317,7 +2317,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 	     (setq widest (math-read-big-char (1- h) v))
 	     (if (or (memq widest '(?\; ?\)))
 		     (and (eq widest ?\.) (cdr p)))
-		 (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected ‘]’"))
+		 (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected `]'"))
 	     (if (= widest ?\.)
 		 (setq h (1+ h)
 		       widest (math-read-big-balance h v "[")
@@ -2369,7 +2369,7 @@ order to Calc's."
 				  h widest)
 			    (= (math-read-big-char (1- h) v) ?\,)))
 		   (or (= (math-read-big-char (1- h) v) ?\))
-		       (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected ‘)’"))
+		       (math-read-big-error (1- h) v "Expected `)'"))
 		   (setq p (cons line (nreverse p))))
 	       (setq p (list 'var
 			     (intern (math-remove-dashes p))
@@ -2433,7 +2433,7 @@ order to Calc's."
                                            math-rb-v2 baseline nil t)))
 		 (or (= (math-read-big-char math-read-big-h2 baseline) ?\:)
 		     (math-read-big-error math-read-big-h2 baseline
-                                          "Expected ‘:’"))
+                                          "Expected `:'"))
 		 (setq p (list (nth 1 widest) p y
 			       (math-read-big-rec
                                 (1+ math-read-big-h2) math-rb-v1 math-rb-h2 math-rb-v2
@@ -2509,7 +2509,7 @@ order to Calc's."
       (if (>= h len)
 	  (if what
 	      (math-read-big-error nil v (format-message
-                                          "Unmatched ‘%s’" what))
+                                          "Unmatched `%s'" what))
 	    (setq count 0))
 	(if (memq (aref line h) '(?\( ?\[))
 	    (setq count (1+ count))
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el b/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el
index e141589ab7b..aa0ccb79edd 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ Calc user interface as before (either C-x * C or C-x * K; initially C-x * C).
 (defun calc-help ()
   (interactive)
   (let ((msgs
-	 '("Press ‘h’ for complete help; press ‘?’ repeatedly for a summary"
+	 '("Press `h' for complete help; press `?' repeatedly for a summary"
 	   "Letter keys: Negate; Precision; Yank; Why; Xtended cmd; Quit"
 	   "Letter keys: SHIFT + Undo, reDo; Inverse, Hyperbolic, Option"
 	   "Letter keys: SHIFT + sQrt; Sin, Cos, Tan; Exp, Ln, logB"
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ Prompts for bug subject.  Leaves you in a mail buffer."
 				nil nil nil
 				"Please describe exactly what actions triggered the bug and the
 precise symptoms of the bug.  If possible, include a backtrace by
-doing ‘\\[toggle-debug-on-error]’, then reproducing the bug.
+doing `\\[toggle-debug-on-error]', then reproducing the bug.
 " )))
 ;;;###autoload
 (defalias 'calc-report-bug 'report-calc-bug)
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-mode.el b/lisp/calc/calc-mode.el
index b5eef7f6784..3ed9612f79a 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-mode.el
@@ -110,11 +110,11 @@
      (setq n (and (not (eq calc-auto-why t)) (if calc-auto-why t 1))))
    (calc-change-mode 'calc-auto-why n nil)
    (cond ((null n)
-	  (message "User must press ‘w’ to explain unsimplified results"))
+	  (message "User must press `w' to explain unsimplified results"))
 	 ((eq n t)
-	  (message "Automatically doing ‘w’ to explain unsimplified results"))
+	  (message "Automatically doing `w' to explain unsimplified results"))
 	 (t
-	  (message "Automatically doing ‘w’ only for unusual messages")))))
+	  (message "Automatically doing `w' only for unusual messages")))))
 
 (defun calc-group-digits (n)
   (interactive "P")
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
 	 (vals (mapcar (function (lambda (v) (symbol-value (car v))))
 		       calc-mode-var-list)))
      (unless calc-settings-file
-       (error "No ‘calc-settings-file’ specified"))
+       (error "No `calc-settings-file' specified"))
      (set-buffer (find-file-noselect (substitute-in-file-name
 				      calc-settings-file)))
      (goto-char (point-min))
@@ -572,8 +572,8 @@
    (calc-change-mode 'calc-auto-recompute arg nil t)
    (calc-refresh-evaltos)
    (message (if calc-auto-recompute
-		"Automatically recomputing ‘=>’ forms when necessary"
-	      "Not recomputing ‘=>’ forms automatically"))))
+		"Automatically recomputing `=>' forms when necessary"
+	      "Not recomputing `=>' forms automatically"))))
 
 (defun calc-working (n)
   (interactive "P")
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-prog.el b/lisp/calc/calc-prog.el
index 58d2b5ce431..57af0d27822 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-prog.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-prog.el
@@ -597,9 +597,9 @@
 	 ",")
 	((equal name "#")
 	 (search-backward "#")
-	 (error "Token ‘#’ is reserved"))
+	 (error "Token `#' is reserved"))
 	((and unquoted (string-match "#" name))
-	 (error "Tokens containing ‘#’ must be quoted"))
+	 (error "Tokens containing `#' must be quoted"))
 	((not (string-match "[^ ]" name))
 	 (search-backward "\"" nil t)
 	 (error "Blank tokens are not allowed"))
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@
 	(quoted nil))
     (while (progn
 	     (skip-chars-forward "\n\t ")
-	     (if (eobp) (error "Expected ‘%s’" eterm))
+	     (if (eobp) (error "Expected `%s'" eterm))
 	     (not (looking-at term)))
       (cond ((looking-at "%%")
 	     (end-of-line))
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@
 	     (forward-char 2)
 	     (let ((p (calc-read-parse-table-part "}" "}")))
 	       (or (looking-at "[+*?]")
-		   (error "Expected ‘+’, ‘*’, or ‘?’"))
+		   (error "Expected `+', `*', or `?'"))
 	       (let ((sym (intern (buffer-substring (point) (1+ (point))))))
 		 (forward-char 1)
 		 (looking-at "[^\n\t ]*")
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@
 					      (match-end 1)))))))
 	     (goto-char (match-end 0)))
 	    ((looking-at ":=[\n\t ]")
-	     (error "Misplaced ‘:=’"))
+	     (error "Misplaced `:='"))
 	    (t
 	     (looking-at "[^\n\t ]*")
 	     (let ((end (match-end 0)))
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@
   (or last-kbd-macro
       (error "No keyboard macro defined"))
   (setq calc-invocation-macro last-kbd-macro)
-  (message "Use ‘C-x * Z’ to invoke this macro"))
+  (message "Use `C-x * Z' to invoke this macro"))
 
 (defun calc-user-define-edit ()
   (interactive)  ; but no calc-wrapper!
@@ -1899,7 +1899,7 @@ Redefine the corresponding command."
 			  `((and
 			     (,chk ,var)
 			     (math-reject-arg ,var ',qual)))))
-	      (error "Unknown qualifier ‘%s’" qual-name))))))))
+	      (error "Unknown qualifier `%s'" qual-name))))))))
 
 (defun math-do-arg-list-check (args is-opt is-rest)
   (cond ((null args) nil)
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-store.el b/lisp/calc/calc-store.el
index 4cf5b8c3a31..3d8c865c7bf 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-store.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-store.el
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
 	 (calc-edit-mode (list 'calc-finish-stack-edit (list 'quote var))
 			 t
 			 (format-message
-                          "Editing variable ‘%s’" (calc-var-name var)))
+                          "Editing variable `%s'" (calc-var-name var)))
 	 (and value
 	      (insert (math-format-nice-expr value (frame-width)) "\n")))))
   (calc-show-edit-buffer))
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-units.el b/lisp/calc/calc-units.el
index d56c0b29c12..4373e52eb87 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-units.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-units.el
@@ -1625,10 +1625,10 @@ If COMP or STD is non-nil, put that in the units table instead."
              (format-message
               (concat
                "(**) When in TeX or LaTeX display mode, the TeX specific unit\n"
-               "names will not use the ‘tex’ prefix; the unit name for a\n"
-               "TeX point will be ‘pt’ instead of ‘texpt’, for example.\n"
+               "names will not use the `tex' prefix; the unit name for a\n"
+               "TeX point will be `pt' instead of `texpt', for example.\n"
                "To avoid conflicts, the unit names for pint and parsec will\n"
-               "be ‘pint’ and ‘parsec’ instead of ‘pt’ and ‘pc’."))))
+               "be `pint' and `parsec' instead of `pt' and `pc'."))))
 	  (view-mode)
 	  (message "Formatting units table...done"))
 	(setq math-units-table-buffer-valid t)
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-vec.el b/lisp/calc/calc-vec.el
index c7a3e716d61..cd157703f49 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-vec.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-vec.el
@@ -1618,13 +1618,13 @@ of two matrices is a matrix."
 	    (if (not (or (equal math-expr-data math-rb-close)
 			 (equal math-expr-data ")")
 			 (eq math-exp-token 'end)))
-		(throw 'syntax "Expected ‘]’")))
+		(throw 'syntax "Expected `]'")))
 	(if (equal math-expr-data ";")
 	    (let ((math-exp-keep-spaces space-sep))
 	      (setq vals (cons 'vec (math-read-matrix (list vals))))))
 	(if (not (or (equal math-expr-data math-rb-close)
 		     (eq math-exp-token 'end)))
-	    (throw 'syntax "Expected ‘]’")))
+	    (throw 'syntax "Expected `]'")))
       (or (eq math-exp-token 'end)
 	  (math-read-token))
       vals)))
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-yank.el b/lisp/calc/calc-yank.el
index cce04705da8..5694a4e56ae 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-yank.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-yank.el
@@ -603,9 +603,9 @@ To cancel the edit, simply kill the *Calc Edit* buffer."
     (insert (propertize
              (concat
               (or title title "Calc Edit Mode. ")
-              (format-message "Press ‘C-c C-c’")
+              (format-message "Press `C-c C-c'")
               (if allow-ret "" " or RET")
-              (format-message " to finish, ‘C-x k RET’ to cancel.\n\n"))
+              (format-message " to finish, `C-x k RET' to cancel.\n\n"))
              'font-lock-face 'italic 'read-only t 'rear-nonsticky t 'front-sticky t))
     (make-local-variable 'calc-edit-top)
     (setq calc-edit-top (point))))
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc.el b/lisp/calc/calc.el
index ea20986bc85..b4b0ad8b185 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc.el
@@ -989,11 +989,11 @@ Used by `calc-user-invocation'.")
 (defvar calc-last-kill nil
   "The last number killed in calc-mode.")
 (defvar calc-dollar-values nil
-  "Values to be used for ‘$’.")
+  "Values to be used for `$'.")
 (defvar calc-dollar-used nil
-  "The highest order of ‘$’ that occurred.")
+  "The highest order of `$' that occurred.")
 (defvar calc-hashes-used nil
-  "The highest order of ‘#’ that occurred.")
+  "The highest order of `#' that occurred.")
 (defvar calc-quick-prev-results nil
   "Previous results from Quick Calc.")
 (defvar calc-said-hello nil
@@ -1474,7 +1474,7 @@ commands given here will actually operate on the *Calculator* stack."
 	  (and calc-display-trail
 	       (= (window-width) (frame-width))
 	       (calc-trail-display 1 t)))
-	(message "Welcome to the GNU Emacs Calculator!  Press ‘?’ or ‘h’ for help, ‘q’ to quit")
+	(message "Welcome to the GNU Emacs Calculator!  Press `?' or `h' for help, `q' to quit")
 	(run-hooks 'calc-start-hook)
 	(and (windowp full-display)
 	     (window-point full-display)
@@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ See calc-keypad for details."
 		    (stringp (nth 1 err))
 		    (string-match "max-specpdl-size\\|max-lisp-eval-depth"
 				  (nth 1 err)))
-	       (error "Computation got stuck or ran too long.  Type ‘M’ to increase the limit")
+	       (error "Computation got stuck or ran too long.  Type `M' to increase the limit")
 	     (setq calc-aborted-prefix nil)
 	     (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
       (when calc-aborted-prefix
@@ -3856,7 +3856,7 @@ Also looks for the equivalent TeX words, \\gets and \\evalto."
 (defun calc-user-invocation ()
   (interactive)
   (unless calc-invocation-macro
-    (error "Use ‘Z I’ inside Calc to define a ‘C-x * Z’ keyboard macro"))
+    (error "Use `Z I' inside Calc to define a `C-x * Z' keyboard macro"))
   (execute-kbd-macro calc-invocation-macro nil))
 
 ;;; User-programmability.