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+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc;  See end for conditions.
+
+You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
+
+Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled
+CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labelled EDIT).  Rather than
+write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character,
+we'll use the following abbreviations:
+
+ C-<chr>  means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
+	  Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
+ M-<chr>  means hold the META or EDIT key down while typing <chr>.
+	  If there is no META or EDIT key, type <ESC>, release it,
+	  then type the character <chr>.  "<ESC>" stands for the
+	  key labelled "ALT" or "ESC".
+
+Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c.  (Two characters.)
+The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
+try using a command.  For instance:
+<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
+>>  Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
+	(go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and v together).
+	From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish
+	reading the screen.
+
+Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this
+provides some continuity when moving through the file.
+
+The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from
+place to place in the file.  You already know how to move forward a
+screen, with C-v.  To move backwards a screen, type M-v (depress the
+META key and type v, or type <ESC>v if you don't have a META or EDIT
+key).
+
+>>  Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.
+
+
+SUMMARY
+-------
+
+The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
+
+	C-v	Move forward one screenful
+	M-v	Move backward one screenful
+	C-l	Clear screen and redisplay everything
+		 putting the text near the cursor at the center.
+		 (That's control-L, not control-1.
+		  There is no such character as control-1.)
+
+>> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
+   Then type a C-l.
+   Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.
+
+
+BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
+--------------------
+
+Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
+reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
+There are several ways you can do this.  One way (not the best, but
+the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward
+and next.  As you can imagine these commands (which are given to
+Emacs as C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n  respectively) move the cursor from
+where it currently is to a new place in the given direction.  Here,
+in a more graphical form are the commands:
+ 
+			  Previous line, C-p
+				  :
+				  :
+   Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
+				  :
+				  :
+			  Next line, C-n
+
+>> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
+   and type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen.
+
+You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter.  P for
+previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward.  These are
+the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL
+the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
+
+>> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
+
+>> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
+   See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
+
+Lines are separated by Newline characters.  For most applications
+there should normally be a Newline character at the end of the text,
+as well, but it is up to you to make sure of this.  A file can
+validly exist without a Newline at the end.
+
+>> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line.  Do a few more C-b's.
+   Then do C-f's back to the end of the line and beyond.
+
+When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
+the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can
+be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen.
+
+>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n and
+   see what happens.
+
+If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words.  M-f
+(Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
+
+>> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.  Intersperse them with C-f's and C-b's.
+
+Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
+M-b on the other hand.  Very often Meta characters are used for
+operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate
+on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are
+editing (characters, lines, etc).  There is a similar parallel between
+lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to the beginning or end of a
+line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning or end of a sentence.
+
+>> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
+   Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
+
+See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving
+farther.  Do you think that this is right?
+
+Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
+which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than),
+which moves to the end of the file.  You probably don't need to try
+them, since finding this spot again will be boring.  On most terminals
+the "<" is above the comma and you must use the shift key to type it.
+On these terminals you must use the shift key to type M-< also;
+without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
+
+The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point".  To
+paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
+the text.
+
+Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word and
+sentence moving commands:
+
+	C-f	Move forward a character
+	C-b	Move backward a character
+
+	M-f	Move forward a word
+	M-b	Move backward a word
+
+	C-n	Move to next line
+	C-p	Move to previous line
+
+	C-a	Move to beginning of line
+	C-e	Move to end of line
+
+	M-a	Move back to beginning of sentence
+	M-e	Move forward to end of sentence
+
+	M-<	Go to beginning of file
+	M->	Go to end of file
+
+>> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
+   Since the last two will take you away from this screen,
+   you can come back here with M-v's and C-v's.  These are
+   the most often used commands.
+
+Like all other commands in Emacs, these commands can be given
+arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly.  The way you
+give a command a repeat count is by typing C-u and then the digits
+before you type the command.  If you have a META or EDIT key, you can
+omit the C-u if you hold down the META or EDIT key while you type the
+digits.  This is easier, but we recommend the C-u method because it
+works on any terminal.
+
+For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
+	
+>> Try giving a suitable argument to C-n or C-p to come as close
+   as you can to this line in one jump.
+
+The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands,
+C-v and M-v.  When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or
+down by that many lines, rather than screenfuls.  This proves to be
+much more useful.
+
+>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
+
+Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines?  If you would like to
+scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.
+
+
+WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
+-----------------
+
+If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
+you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
+You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
+a command that you don't want to finish.
+
+>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
+   Now type C-f.  How many characters does it move?
+   If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
+   with a C-g.
+
+If you type <ESC> <ESC>, you get a new window appearing on
+the screen, telling you that M-ESC is a "disabled command"
+and asking whether you really want to execute it.  The command
+M-ESC is marked as disabled because you probably don't want to
+use it until you know more about Emacs, and we expect it would
+confuse you if it were allowed to go ahead and run.  If you really
+want to try the M-ESC command, you could type a Space in answer
+to the question and M-ESC would go ahead.  Normally, if you do
+not want to execute M-ESC, you would type "n" to answer the question.
+
+>> Type <ESC> <ESC>, then type n.
+
+
+WINDOWS
+-------
+
+Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
+At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
+using multiple windows.  But you do need to know how to get
+rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
+output from certain commands.  It is simple:
+
+	C-x 1	One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
+
+That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.
+C-x 1 makes the window which the cursor is in become
+the full screen, by getting rid of any other windows.
+
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
+>> Type Control-h k Control-f.
+   See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
+   to display documentation on the Control-f command.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
+
+
+INSERTING AND DELETING
+----------------------
+
+If you want to insert text, just type it.  Characters which you can
+see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
+immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
+Newline character.
+
+You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Rubout>.
+<Rubout> is a key on the keyboard, which might be labelled "Delete"
+instead of "Rubout" on some terminals.  More generally, <Rubout>
+deletes the character immediately before the current cursor position.
+
+>> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them
+   by typing <Rubout> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
+   being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial.  This is just
+   a copy of it.
+
+>> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep
+   typing.  When a line of text gets too big for one line on the
+   screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.
+   The backslash at the right margin indicates a line which has
+   been continued.
+>> Use <Rubout>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
+   line again.  The continuation line goes away.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Rubout>.  This
+   deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto
+   the previous line.  The resulting line may be too long to fit, in
+   which case it has a continuation line.
+>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
+
+Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
+this includes characters which insert themselves.
+
+>>  Try that now -- type C-u 8 * and see what happens.
+
+You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
+Emacs and correcting errors.  You can delete by words or lines
+as well.  Here is a summary of the delete operations:
+
+	<Rubout>     delete the character just before the cursor
+	C-d   	     delete the next character after the cursor
+
+	M-<Rubout>   kill the word immediately before the cursor
+	M-d	     kill the next word after the cursor
+
+	C-k	     kill from the cursor position to end of line
+	M-k	     kill to the end of the current sentence
+
+Notice that <Rubout> and C-d vs M-<Rubout> and M-d extend the parallel
+started by C-f and M-f (well, <Rubout> isn't really a control
+character, but let's not worry about that).  C-k and M-k are like C-e
+and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
+
+Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to
+get it back?  Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a
+character, Emacs saves it for you.  To yank it back, use C-y.  You
+can kill text in one place, move elsewhere, and then do C-y; this is
+a good way to move text around.  Note that the difference
+between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" things
+can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.  Generally, the
+commands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that
+attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do
+not save.
+
+For instance, type C-n a couple times to postion the cursor
+at some line on this screen.
+
+>> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k.
+
+Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
+C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up.  If
+you give C-k a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND their
+contents.
+
+The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you can
+retrieve it.  To retrieve the last killed text and put it where
+the cursor currently is, type C-y.
+
+>> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
+
+Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone
+took away from you.  Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row
+the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-y will
+yank all of the lines.
+
+>> Do this now, type C-k several times.
+
+Now to retrieve that killed text:
+
+>> Type C-y.  Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
+   again.  You now see how to copy some text.
+
+What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
+you kill something else?  C-y would yank the more recent kill.  But
+the previous text is not lost.  You can get back to it using the M-y
+command.  After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
+M-Y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill.  Typing M-y
+again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills.  When you
+have reached the text you are looking for, you can just go away and
+leave it there.  If you M-y enough times, you come back to the
+starting point (the most recent kill).
+
+>> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
+   Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
+   Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
+   Do more M-y's and see what you get.  Keep doing them until
+   the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
+   If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
+   arguments.
+
+
+UNDO
+----
+
+Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,
+you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)
+with the undo command, C-x u.  Normally, C-x u undoes one command's
+worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,
+each time undoes one more command.  There are two exceptions:
+commands that made no change (just moved the cursor) do not count,
+and self-inserting characters are often lumped together in groups
+of up to 20.  This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to type.
+
+>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
+
+C-_ is another command for undoing; it is just the same as C-x u
+but easier to type several times in a row.  The problem with C-_ is
+that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it.  That is
+why C-x u is provided as well.  On some DEC terminals, you can type
+C-_ by typing / while holding down CTRL.  Illogical, but what can
+you expect from DEC?
+
+Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating
+it as many times as the argument says.
+
+
+FILES
+-----
+
+In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
+file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
+away.  You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file.  What
+finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;
+and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself.
+However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" the
+file.  This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changed
+file around when you don't want to.  Even then, Emacs leaves the
+original file under a changed name in case your changes turn out
+to be a mistake.
+
+If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
+begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs: TUTORIAL".
+Your copy of the Emacs tutorial is called "TUTORIAL".  Whatever
+file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
+spot.
+
+The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
+commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
+They both start with the character Control-x.  There is a whole series
+of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
+files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of
+Control-x followed by some other character.
+
+Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
+to say what file name you want.  We say the command "reads an argument
+from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
+file).  After you type the command
+
+	C-x C-f   Find a file
+
+Emacs asks you to type the file name.  It echoes on the bottom
+line of the screen.  You are using the minibuffer now!  this is
+what the minibuffer is for.  When you type <Return> to end the
+file name, the minibuffer is no longer needed, so it disappears.
+
+>> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g.  This cancels the minibuffer,
+   and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
+   minibuffer.  So you do not find any file.
+
+In a little while the file contents appear on the screen.  You can
+edit the contents.  When you wish to make the changes permanent,
+issue the command
+
+	C-x C-s   Save the file
+
+The contents of Emacs are written into the file.  The first time you
+do this, the original file is renamed to a new name so that it
+is not lost.  The new name is made by appending "~" to the end
+of the original file's name.
+
+When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
+You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
+work if the system should crash.
+
+>> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
+   This should print "Wrote .../TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
+   On VMS it will print "Wrote ...[...]TUTORIAL."
+
+To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed.  Then
+start typing in the text.  When you ask to "save" the file, Emacs
+will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
+From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
+existing file.
+
+
+BUFFERS
+-------
+
+If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
+inside Emacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
+C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
+
+The object inside Emacs which holds the text read from one file
+is called a "buffer."  Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.
+To see a list of the buffers that exist in Emacs, type
+
+	C-x C-b   List buffers
+
+>> Try C-x C-b now.
+
+See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
+for the file whose contents it holds.  Some buffers do not correspond
+to files.  For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
+not have any file.  It is the buffer which contains the buffer
+list that was made by C-x C-b.  ANY text you see in an Emacs window
+has to be in some buffer.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
+
+If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
+this does not save the first file.  Its changes remain inside Emacs,
+in that file's buffer.  The creation or editing of the second file's
+buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer.  This is very useful,
+but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
+file's buffer.  It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
+it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s.  So we have
+
+	C-x s     Save some buffers
+
+C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
+and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
+For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.
+
+
+EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
+-------------------------
+
+There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
+on all the control and meta characters.  Emacs gets around this with
+the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:
+
+	C-x	Character eXtend.  Followed by one character.
+	M-x	Named command eXtend.  Followed by a long name.
+
+These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
+commands you have already learned about.  You have already seen two
+of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.
+Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stop
+editing and get rid of Emacs.  The command to do this is C-x C-c.
+(Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills the
+Emacs.)
+
+C-z is the usual way to exit Emacs, because it is always better not to
+kill the Emacs if you are going to do any more editing.  On systems
+which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does not destroy
+the Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs with the `fg'
+command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works even if your
+most recent job was some other).  On systems where suspending is not
+possible, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to give you the
+chance to run other programs and return to Emacs afterward, but it
+does not truly "exit" from Emacs.  In this case, the shell command
+`exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the subshell.
+
+You would use C-x C-c if you were about to log out.  You would
+also use it to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling programs
+and other random utilities, since they may not believe you have
+really finished using the Emacs if it continues to exist.
+
+There are many C-x commands.  The ones you know are:
+
+	C-x C-f		Find file.
+	C-x C-s		Save file.
+	C-x C-b		List buffers.
+	C-x C-c		Quit Emacs.
+	C-x u		Undo.
+
+Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
+frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes.  These
+commands are usually called "functions".  An example is the function
+replace-string, which globally replaces one string with another.  When
+you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the bottom of the screen with
+M-x and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; in
+this case, "replace-string".  Just type "repl s<TAB>" and Emacs will
+complete the name.  End the command name with <Return>.
+Then type the two "arguments"--the string to be replaced, and the string
+to replace it with--each one ended with a Return.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
+   Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
+
+   Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
+   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occured
+   after the cursor.
+
+
+MODE LINE
+---------
+
+If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
+at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area."  The echo
+area contains the bottom line of the screen.  The line immediately above
+it is called the MODE LINE.  The mode line says something like
+
+--**--Emacs: TUTORIAL		    (Fundamental)----58%-------------
+
+This is a very useful "information" line.
+
+You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
+found.  What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file is
+above the top of the screen.  If the top of the file is on the screen,
+it will say --TOP-- instead of --00%--.  If the bottom of the file is
+on the screen, it will say --BOT--.  If you are looking at a file so
+small it all fits on the screen, it says --ALL--.
+
+The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
+Right after you visit or save a file, there are no stars, just dashes.
+
+The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
+modes you are in.  The default mode is Fundamental which is what you
+are in now.  It is an example of a "major mode".  There are several
+major modes in Emacs for editing different languages and text, such as
+Lisp mode, Text mode, etc.  At any time one and only one major mode is
+active, and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
+"Fundamental" is now.  Each major mode makes a few commands behave
+differently.  For example, there are commands for creating comments in
+a program, and since each programming language has a different idea of
+what a comment should look like, each major mode has to insert
+comments differently.  Each major mode is the name of an extended
+command, which is how you get into the mode.  For example,
+M-X fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.
+
+If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
+should probably use Text Mode.
+>> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
+
+Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
+any great way.  But you can now observe that periods are no longer
+part of words when you do M-f or M-b!  Major modes are usually like
+that: commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they
+work a little bit differently.
+
+To get documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
+
+>> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
+>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
+>> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
+
+Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
+They are called minor because they aren't alternatives to the major
+modes, just minor modifications of them.  Each minor mode can be
+turned on or off by itself, regardless of what major mode you are in,
+and regardless of the other minor modes.  So you can use no minor
+modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes.
+
+One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
+text, is Auto Fill mode.  When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
+in between words automatically whenever the line gets too long.  You
+can turn this mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.  When the
+mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
+If the mode is off, this function turns it on, and if the mode is on,
+this function turns it off.  This is called "toggling".
+
+>> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now.  Then insert a line of "asdf "
+   over again until you see it divide into two lines.  You must put in
+   spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
+
+The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
+with the C-x f command.  You should give the margin setting you want
+as a numeric argument.
+
+>> Type C-x f with an argument of 20.  (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+   Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
+   characters with it.  Then set the margin back to 70 using
+   C-x f again.
+
+If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
+does not re-fill it for you.
+To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
+that paragraph.
+
+>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
+
+SEARCHING
+---------
+
+Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
+characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
+through it.  To search for the string means that you are trying to
+locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the
+occurrences of the string exist.  This type of search is somewhat
+different from what you may be familiar with.  It is a search that is
+performed as you type in the thing to search for.  The command to
+initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reverse
+search.  BUT WAIT!  Don't do them now.  When you type C-s you'll
+notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo
+area.  This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incremental
+search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.
+<ESC> terminates a search.
+
+>> Now type C-s to start a search.  SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
+   type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
+   character to notice what happens to the cursor.
+>> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor".
+>> Now type <Rubout> four times and see how the cursor moves.
+>> Type <ESC> to terminate the search.
+
+Did you see what happened?  Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
+go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far.  To go
+to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again.  If no such
+occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failing
+search.  C-g would also terminate the search.
+
+If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Rubout>,
+you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
+and the search backs up to the last place of the search.  For
+instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your
+cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'.  If you now type <Rubout>,
+the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the
+text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you
+typed the 'u'.  This provides a useful means for backing up while you
+are searching.
+
+If you are in the middle of a search and happen to type a control
+character (other than a C-s or C-r, which tell Emacs to search for the
+next occurrence of the string), the search is terminated.
+
+The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
+string AFTER the current cursor position.  But what if you want to
+search for something earlier in the text?  To do this, type C-r for
+Reverse search.  Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
+that the direction of the search is reversed.
+
+
+RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
+------------------------
+
+Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
+level".  This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
+surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name.  For
+example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
+
+To get out of the recursive editing level, type
+  M-x top-level<Return>.
+
+>> Try that now; it should display "Back to top level"
+   at the bottom of the screen.
+
+In fact, you were ALREADY at top level (not inside a recursive editing
+level) if you have obeyed instructions.  M-x top-level does not care;
+it gets out of any number of recursive editing levels, perhaps zero,
+to get back to top level.
+
+You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g
+is used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commands
+WITHIN the recursive editing level.
+
+
+GETTING MORE HELP
+-----------------
+
+In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
+get you started using Emacs.  There is so much available in Emacs that
+it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
+to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features
+that you don't know about yet.  Emacs has a great deal of internal
+documentation.  All of these commands can be accessed through
+the character Control-h, which we call "the Help character"
+because of the function it serves.
+
+To use the HELP features, type the C-h character, and then a
+character saying what kind of help you want.  If you are REALLY lost,
+type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
+If you have typed C-h and decide you don't want any help, just
+type C-G to cancel it.
+
+The most basic HELP feature is C-h c.  Type C-h, a c, and a
+command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
+description of the command.
+
+>> Type C-h c Control-p.
+  The message should be something like
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+This tells you the "name of the function".  That is important in
+writing Lisp code to extend Emacs; it also is enough to remind
+you of what the command does if you have seen it before but did
+not remember.
+
+Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
+EDIT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
+
+To get more information on the command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
+
+>> Type C-h k Control-p.
+
+This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its name,
+in an Emacs window.  When you are finished reading the output, type
+C-x 1 to get rid of the help text.  You do not have to do this right
+away.  You can do some editing based on the help text before you type
+C-x 1.
+
+Here are some other useful C-h options:
+
+   C-h f	Describe a function.  You type in the name of the
+		function.
+
+>> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+   This prints all the information Emacs has about the
+   function which implements the C-P command.
+
+   C-h a	Command Apropos.  Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
+		all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
+		These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
+		For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
+		or two character sequence which has the same effect.
+
+>> Type C-h a file<Return>.  You will see a list of all M-x commands
+with "file" in their names.  You will also see commands
+like C-x C-f and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names
+find-file and write-file.
+
+
+CONCLUSION
+----------
+
+Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c.  To exit to a shell
+temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.
+
+This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
+you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
+
+
+COPYING
+-------
+
+This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
+starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
+
+This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
+comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
+
+The conditions for copying Emacs itself are slightly different
+but in the same spirit.  Please read the file COPYING and then
+do give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends.
+Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by using,
+writing, and sharing free software!