Use curved quotes in core elisp diagnostics

In the core elisp files, use curved quotes in diagnostic formats,
so that they follow user preference as per ‘text-quoting-style’
rather than being hard-coded to quote `like this'.
* lisp/abbrev.el (expand-region-abbrevs):
* lisp/button.el (button-category-symbol, button-put)
(make-text-button):
* lisp/cus-start.el:
* lisp/custom.el (custom-add-dependencies, custom-check-theme)
(custom--sort-vars-1, load-theme):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el (defun, defsubst):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el (cl-defgeneric)
(cl-generic-generalizers):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el (macroexp--obsolete-warning):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el (map-y-or-n-p):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el (advice--make-docstring)
(advice--make, define-advice):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el (tabulated-list-put-tag):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el (timer-event-handler):
* lisp/env.el (setenv):
* lisp/facemenu.el (facemenu-add-new-face)
(facemenu-add-new-color):
* lisp/faces.el (face-documentation, read-face-name)
(face-read-string, read-face-font, face-spec-set-match-display)
(read-color, x-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/files.el (locate-user-emacs-file, find-alternate-file)
(set-auto-mode, hack-local-variables)
(hack-one-local-variable--obsolete)
(dir-locals-set-directory-class, write-file)
(basic-save-buffer, delete-directory, copy-directory)
(recover-session, recover-session-finish, insert-directory)
(file-modes-char-to-who, file-modes-symbolic-to-number)
(move-file-to-trash):
* lisp/font-lock.el (font-lock-fontify-buffer):
* lisp/format.el (format-write-file, format-find-file)
(format-insert-file):
* lisp/frame.el (get-device-terminal, select-frame-by-name):
* lisp/fringe.el (fringe--check-style):
* lisp/help.el (describe-minor-mode-from-indicator):
* lisp/image.el (image-type):
* lisp/international/fontset.el (x-must-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/international/mule-cmds.el (prefer-coding-system)
(select-safe-coding-system-interactively)
(select-safe-coding-system, activate-input-method)
(toggle-input-method, describe-current-input-method):
* lisp/international/mule-conf.el (code-offset):
* lisp/mouse.el (minor-mode-menu-from-indicator):
* lisp/replace.el (query-replace-read-from)
(occur-after-change-function, occur-1):
* lisp/scroll-bar.el (scroll-bar-columns):
* lisp/simple.el (execute-extended-command)
(undo-outer-limit-truncate, compose-mail, set-variable)
(choose-completion-string, define-alternatives):
* lisp/startup.el (site-run-file, tty-handle-args, )
(command-line, command-line-1):
* lisp/subr.el (noreturn, define-error, add-to-list)
(read-char-choice):
* lisp/term/common-win.el (x-handle-xrm-switch)
(x-handle-name-switch, x-handle-args):
* lisp/term/x-win.el (x-handle-parent-id, x-handle-smid):
Use curved quotes in diagnostics.
* lisp/international/mule.el (find-auto-coding):
Use " to quote in a diagnostic, to be consistent with the rest of
this file.

33 files changed, 133 insertions, 132 deletions

diff --git a/lisp/abbrev.el b/lisp/abbrev.el
index f9f078b5777..02b9fd7cd84 100644
--- a/lisp/abbrev.el
+++ b/lisp/abbrev.el
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ A prefix argument means don't query; expand all abbrevs."
 		   (buffer-substring-no-properties
 		    (save-excursion (forward-word -1) (point))
 		    pnt)))
-	    (if (or noquery (y-or-n-p (format "Expand `%s'? " string)))
+	    (if (or noquery (y-or-n-p (format "Expand ‘%s’? " string)))
 		(expand-abbrev)))))))
 
 ;;; Abbrev properties.
diff --git a/lisp/button.el b/lisp/button.el
index e7602dd7050..5fe5bf077ba 100644
--- a/lisp/button.el
+++ b/lisp/button.el
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Mode-specific keymaps may want to use this as their parent keymap.")
   "Return the symbol used by button-type TYPE to store properties.
 Buttons inherit them by setting their `category' property to that symbol."
   (or (get type 'button-category-symbol)
-      (error "Unknown button type `%s'" type)))
+      (error "Unknown button type ‘%s’" type)))
 
 (defun define-button-type (name &rest properties)
   "Define a `button type' called NAME (a symbol).
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ changes to a supertype are not reflected in its subtypes)."
 	 (setq val (button-category-symbol val)))
 	((eq prop 'category)
 	 ;; Disallow updating the `category' property directly.
-	 (error "Button `category' property may not be set directly")))
+	 (error "Button ‘category’ property may not be set directly")))
   ;; Add the property.
   (cond ((overlayp button)
 	 (overlay-put button prop val))
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ Also see `insert-text-button'."
       (setq object beg beg 0 end (length object)))
     ;; Disallow setting the `category' property directly.
     (when (plist-get properties 'category)
-      (error "Button `category' property may not be set directly"))
+      (error "Button ‘category’ property may not be set directly"))
     (if (null type-entry)
 	;; The user didn't specify a `type' property, use the default.
 	(setq properties (cons 'category (cons 'default-button properties)))
diff --git a/lisp/cus-start.el b/lisp/cus-start.el
index 7a37198fb2c..daa95d1cb9d 100644
--- a/lisp/cus-start.el
+++ b/lisp/cus-start.el
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ since it could result in memory overflow and make Emacs crash."
     (if (not (boundp symbol))
 	;; If variables are removed from C code, give an error here!
 	(and native-p
-	     (message "Note, built-in variable `%S' not bound" symbol))
+	     (message "Note, built-in variable ‘%S’ not bound" symbol))
       ;; Save the standard value, unless we already did.
       (or (get symbol 'standard-value)
 	  (put symbol 'standard-value (list standard)))
diff --git a/lisp/custom.el b/lisp/custom.el
index ea5ab7a4773..f2b5d526bc5 100644
--- a/lisp/custom.el
+++ b/lisp/custom.el
@@ -548,13 +548,13 @@ VALUE should be a list of symbols.  For each symbol in that list,
 this specifies that SYMBOL should be set after the specified symbol,
 if both appear in constructs like `custom-set-variables'."
   (unless (listp value)
-    (error "Invalid custom dependency `%s'" value))
+    (error "Invalid custom dependency ‘%s’" value))
   (let* ((deps (get symbol 'custom-dependencies))
 	 (new-deps deps))
     (while value
       (let ((dep (car value)))
 	(unless (symbolp dep)
-	  (error "Invalid custom dependency `%s'" dep))
+	  (error "Invalid custom dependency ‘%s’" dep))
 	(unless (memq dep new-deps)
 	  (setq new-deps (cons dep new-deps)))
 	(setq value (cdr value))))
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ to the front of this list.")
 (defsubst custom-check-theme (theme)
   "Check whether THEME is valid, and signal an error if it is not."
   (unless (custom-theme-p theme)
-    (error "Unknown theme `%s'" theme)))
+    (error "Unknown theme ‘%s’" theme)))
 
 (defun custom-push-theme (prop symbol theme mode &optional value)
   "Record VALUE for face or variable SYMBOL in custom theme THEME.
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ list, in which A occurs before B if B was defined with a
     (when elt
       (cond
        ((eq (car elt) 'dependant)
-	(error "Circular custom dependency on `%s'" sym))
+	(error "Circular custom dependency on ‘%s’" sym))
        ((car elt)
 	(setcar elt 'dependant)
 	(dolist (dep (get sym 'custom-dependencies))
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ Return t if THEME was successfully loaded, nil otherwise."
 				     (custom-available-themes))))
     nil nil))
   (unless (custom-theme-name-valid-p theme)
-    (error "Invalid theme name `%s'" theme))
+    (error "Invalid theme name ‘%s’" theme))
   ;; If THEME is already enabled, re-enable it after loading, even if
   ;; NO-ENABLE is t.
   (if no-enable
@@ -1217,7 +1217,7 @@ Return t if THEME was successfully loaded, nil otherwise."
 			 '("" "c")))
 	hash)
     (unless fn
-      (error "Unable to find theme file for `%s'" theme))
+      (error "Unable to find theme file for ‘%s’" theme))
     (with-temp-buffer
       (insert-file-contents fn)
       (setq hash (secure-hash 'sha256 (current-buffer)))
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el
index 081ea3183b9..2022e1d3e58 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ The return value is undefined.
                                 (cdr body)
                               body)))
                     nil)
-                   (t (message "Warning: Unknown defun property `%S' in %S"
+                   (t (message "Warning: Unknown defun property ‘%S’ in %S"
                                (car x) name)))))
                    decls))
           (def (list 'defalias
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ The return value is undefined.
   (declare (debug defun) (doc-string 3))
   (or (memq (get name 'byte-optimizer)
 	    '(nil byte-compile-inline-expand))
-      (error "`%s' is a primitive" name))
+      (error "‘%s’ is a primitive" name))
   `(prog1
        (defun ,name ,arglist ,@body)
      (eval-and-compile
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el
index 7ae63b1e6b1..cecd7378620 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ BODY, if present, is used as the body of a default method.
          (when doc (error "Multiple doc strings for %S" name))
          (setq doc (cadr (pop options-and-methods))))
         (`declare
-         (when declarations (error "Multiple `declare' for %S" name))
+         (when declarations (error "Multiple ‘declare’ for %S" name))
          (setq declarations (pop options-and-methods)))
         (`:method (push (cdr (pop options-and-methods)) methods))
         (_ (push (pop options-and-methods) options))))
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ BODY, if present, is used as the body of a default method.
                                        defun-declarations-alist))))
                      (cond
                       (f (apply (car f) name args (cdr declaration)))
-                      (t (message "Warning: Unknown defun property `%S' in %S"
+                      (t (message "Warning: Unknown defun property ‘%S’ in %S"
                                   (car declaration) name)
                          nil))))
                  (cdr declarations))
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ The value returned is a list of elements of the form
    (and (assq type cl--generic-typeof-types)
         (progn
           (if (memq type '(vector array sequence))
-              (message "`%S' also matches CL structs and EIEIO classes" type))
+              (message "‘%S’ also matches CL structs and EIEIO classes" type))
           (list cl--generic-typeof-generalizer)))
    (cl-call-next-method)))
 
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el
index ffc6585e191..cc461c81cdd 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el
@@ -146,10 +146,10 @@ and also to avoid outputting the warning during normal execution."
 (defun macroexp--obsolete-warning (fun obsolescence-data type)
   (let ((instead (car obsolescence-data))
         (asof (nth 2 obsolescence-data)))
-    (format "`%s' is an obsolete %s%s%s" fun type
+    (format "‘%s’ is an obsolete %s%s%s" fun type
             (if asof (concat " (as of " asof ")") "")
             (cond ((stringp instead) (concat "; " instead))
-                  (instead (format "; use `%s' instead." instead))
+                  (instead (format "; use ‘%s’ instead." instead))
                   (t ".")))))
 
 (defun macroexpand-1 (form &optional environment)
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el
index 08b34fbe2fe..ceae99b4209 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ Returns the number of actions taken."
 				   (objects (if help (nth 1 help) "objects"))
 				   (action (if help (nth 2 help) "act on")))
 			       (concat
-				(format "Type SPC or `y' to %s the current %s;
-DEL or `n' to skip the current %s;
-RET or `q' to give up on the %s (skip all remaining %s);
+				(format "Type SPC or ‘y’ to %s the current %s;
+DEL or ‘n’ to skip the current %s;
+RET or ‘q’ to give up on the %s (skip all remaining %s);
 C-g to quit (cancel the whole command);
 ! to %s all remaining %s;\n"
 					action object object action objects action
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el
index 5a59a980feb..4d5b0c78cc3 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Each element has the form (WHERE BYTECODE STACK) where:
                (propertize (format "%s advice: " where)
                            'face 'warning)
                (let ((fun (advice--car flist)))
-                 (if (symbolp fun) (format "`%S'" fun)
+                 (if (symbolp fun) (format "‘%S’" fun)
                    (let* ((name (cdr (assq 'name (advice--props flist))))
                           (doc (documentation fun t))
                           (usage (help-split-fundoc doc function)))
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ WHERE is a symbol to select an entry in `advice--where-alist'."
           (advice--make-1 (aref main 1) (aref main 3)
                           (advice--car main) rest (advice--props main)))
       (let ((desc (assq where advice--where-alist)))
-        (unless desc (error "Unknown add-function location `%S'" where))
+        (unless desc (error "Unknown add-function location ‘%S’" where))
         (advice--make-1 (nth 1 desc) (nth 2 desc)
                         function main props)))))
 
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ otherwise it is named `SYMBOL@NAME'.
          (advice (cond ((null name) `(lambda ,lambda-list ,@body))
                        ((or (stringp name) (symbolp name))
                         (intern (format "%s@%s" symbol name)))
-                       (t (error "Unrecognized name spec `%S'" name)))))
+                       (t (error "Unrecognized name spec ‘%S’" name)))))
     `(prog1 ,@(and (symbolp advice) `((defun ,advice ,lambda-list ,@body)))
        (advice-add ',symbol ,where #',advice ,@(and props `(',props))))))
 
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el
index cd61eb9ae56..404dbd1dc17 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ no entry at POS.  POS, if omitted or nil, defaults to point."
 TAG should be a string, with length <= `tabulated-list-padding'.
 If ADVANCE is non-nil, move forward by one line afterwards."
   (unless (stringp tag)
-    (error "Invalid argument to `tabulated-list-put-tag'"))
+    (error "Invalid argument to ‘tabulated-list-put-tag’"))
   (unless (> tabulated-list-padding 0)
     (error "Unable to tag the current line"))
   (save-excursion
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el
index 9ae11b71e5e..dadbe5f7b67 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ This function is called, by name, directly by the C code."
               (apply (timer--function timer) (timer--args timer)))
           (error (message "Error running timer%s: %S"
                           (if (symbolp (timer--function timer))
-                              (format " `%s'" (timer--function timer)) "")
+                              (format " ‘%s’" (timer--function timer)) "")
                           err)))
         (when (and retrigger
                    ;; If the timer's been canceled, don't "retrigger" it
diff --git a/lisp/env.el b/lisp/env.el
index 3966ab14f7e..f50ed12398e 100644
--- a/lisp/env.el
+++ b/lisp/env.el
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ a side-effect."
       (let ((codings (find-coding-systems-string (concat variable value))))
 	(unless (or (eq 'undecided (car codings))
 		    (memq (coding-system-base locale-coding-system) codings))
-	  (error "Can't encode `%s=%s' with `locale-coding-system'"
+	  (error "Can't encode ‘%s=%s’ with ‘locale-coding-system’"
 		 variable (or value "")))))
   (and value
        substitute-env-vars
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ a side-effect."
   (if (and value (multibyte-string-p value))
       (setq value (encode-coding-string value locale-coding-system)))
   (if (string-match "=" variable)
-      (error "Environment variable name `%s' contains `='" variable))
+      (error "Environment variable name ‘%s’ contains ‘=’" variable))
   (if (string-equal "TZ" variable)
       (set-time-zone-rule value))
   (setq process-environment (setenv-internal process-environment
diff --git a/lisp/facemenu.el b/lisp/facemenu.el
index 3d5894309df..6c847f062e4 100644
--- a/lisp/facemenu.el
+++ b/lisp/facemenu.el
@@ -797,10 +797,10 @@ This is called whenever you create a new face, and at other times."
 	    symbol (intern name)))
     (setq menu 'facemenu-face-menu)
     (setq docstring
-	  (purecopy (format "Select face `%s' for subsequent insertion.
+	  (purecopy (format "Select face ‘%s’ for subsequent insertion.
 If the mark is active and there is no prefix argument,
-apply face `%s' to the region instead.
-This command was defined by `facemenu-add-new-face'."
+apply face ‘%s’ to the region instead.
+This command was defined by ‘facemenu-add-new-face’."
 		  name name)))
     (cond ((facemenu-iterate ; check if equivalent face is already in the menu
 	    (lambda (m) (and (listp m)
@@ -846,12 +846,12 @@ Return the event type (a symbol) of the added menu entry.
 This is called whenever you use a new color."
   (let (symbol)
     (unless (color-defined-p color)
-      (error "Color `%s' undefined" color))
+      (error "Color ‘%s’ undefined" color))
     (cond ((eq menu 'facemenu-foreground-menu)
 	   (setq symbol (intern (concat "fg:" color))))
 	  ((eq menu 'facemenu-background-menu)
 	   (setq symbol (intern (concat "bg:" color))))
-	  (t (error "MENU should be `facemenu-foreground-menu' or `facemenu-background-menu'")))
+	  (t (error "MENU should be ‘facemenu-foreground-menu’ or ‘facemenu-background-menu’")))
     (unless (facemenu-iterate ; Check if color is already in the menu.
 	     (lambda (m) (and (listp m)
 			      (eq (car m) symbol)))
diff --git a/lisp/faces.el b/lisp/faces.el
index 125b14d8085..15ed699aaa8 100644
--- a/lisp/faces.el
+++ b/lisp/faces.el
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ If FACE is a face-alias, get the documentation for the target face."
   (let ((alias (get face 'face-alias)))
     (if alias
         (let ((doc (get alias 'face-documentation)))
-	  (format "%s is an alias for the face `%s'.%s" face alias
+	  (format "%s is an alias for the face ‘%s’.%s" face alias
                   (if doc (format "\n%s" doc)
                     "")))
       (get face 'face-documentation))))
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ a single face name."
     (setq default (car (split-string default crm-separator t))))
 
   (let ((prompt (if default
-                    (format "%s (default `%s'): " prompt default)
+                    (format "%s (default ‘%s’): " prompt default)
                   (format "%s: " prompt)))
         aliasfaces nonaliasfaces faces)
     ;; Build up the completion tables.
@@ -1137,9 +1137,9 @@ Value is the new attribute value."
   (let* ((completion-ignore-case t)
 	 (value (completing-read
 		 (if default
-		     (format "%s for face `%s' (default %s): "
+		     (format "%s for face ‘%s’ (default %s): "
 			     name face default)
-		   (format "%s for face `%s': " name face))
+		   (format "%s for face ‘%s’: " name face))
 		 completion-alist nil nil nil nil default)))
     (if (equal value "") default value)))
 
@@ -1224,7 +1224,8 @@ of a global face.  Value is the new attribute value."
   "Read the name of a font for FACE on FRAME.
 If optional argument FRAME is nil or omitted, use the selected frame."
   (let ((completion-ignore-case t))
-    (completing-read (format "Set font attributes of face `%s' from font: " face)
+    (completing-read (format "Set font attributes of face ‘%s’ from font: "
+                             face)
 		     (append (fontset-list) (x-list-fonts "*" nil frame)))))
 
 
@@ -1547,7 +1548,7 @@ If FRAME is nil, the current FRAME is used."
 			       options))
 			((eq req 'supports)
 			 (display-supports-face-attributes-p options frame))
-			(t (error "Unknown req `%S' with options `%S'"
+			(t (error "Unknown req ‘%S’ with options ‘%S’"
 				  req options)))))
     match))
 
@@ -1920,7 +1921,7 @@ resulting color name in the echo area."
 				(logand 65535 (nth 0 components))
 				(logand 65535 (nth 1 components))
 				(logand 65535 (nth 2 components))))))))
-    (when msg (message "Color: `%s'" color))
+    (when msg (message "Color: ‘%s’" color))
     color))
 
 (defun face-at-point (&optional thing multiple)
@@ -2773,13 +2774,13 @@ also the same size as FACE on FRAME, or fail."
 		(if (string-match-p "\\*" pattern)
 		    (if (null (face-font face))
 			(error "No matching fonts are the same height as the frame default font")
-		      (error "No matching fonts are the same height as face `%s'" face))
+		      (error "No matching fonts are the same height as face ‘%s’" face))
 		  (if (null (face-font face))
-		      (error "Height of font `%s' doesn't match the frame default font"
+		      (error "Height of font ‘%s’ doesn't match the frame default font"
 			     pattern)
-		    (error "Height of font `%s' doesn't match face `%s'"
+		    (error "Height of font ‘%s’ doesn't match face ‘%s’"
 			   pattern face)))
-	      (error "No fonts match `%s'" pattern)))
+	      (error "No fonts match ‘%s’" pattern)))
 	(car fonts))
     (cdr (assq 'font (frame-parameters (selected-frame))))))
 
diff --git a/lisp/files.el b/lisp/files.el
index dd0f28681dc..10392677c67 100644
--- a/lisp/files.el
+++ b/lisp/files.el
@@ -995,10 +995,10 @@ directory if it does not exist."
 	       (put 'user-emacs-directory-warning 'this-session t)
 	       (display-warning 'initialization
 				(format "\
-Unable to %s `user-emacs-directory' (%s).
+Unable to %s ‘user-emacs-directory’ (%s).
 Any data that would normally be written there may be lost!
 If you never want to see this message again,
-customize the variable `user-emacs-directory-warning'."
+customize the variable ‘user-emacs-directory-warning’."
 					errtype user-emacs-directory)))))
        bestname))))
 
@@ -1641,7 +1641,7 @@ killed."
     (user-error "Aborted"))
   (and (buffer-modified-p) buffer-file-name
        (not (yes-or-no-p
-             (format "Kill and replace buffer `%s' without saving it? "
+             (format "Kill and replace buffer ‘%s’ without saving it? "
                      (buffer-name))))
        (user-error "Aborted"))
   (let ((obuf (current-buffer))
@@ -2789,7 +2789,7 @@ we don't actually set it to the same mode the buffer already has."
 	(catch 'nop
 	  (dolist (mode (nreverse modes))
 	    (if (not (functionp mode))
-		(message "Ignoring unknown mode `%s'" mode)
+		(message "Ignoring unknown mode ‘%s’" mode)
 	      (setq done t)
 	      (or (set-auto-mode-0 mode keep-mode-if-same)
 		  ;; continuing would call minor modes again, toggling them off
@@ -2803,7 +2803,7 @@ we don't actually set it to the same mode the buffer already has."
 	 (setq mode (hack-local-variables t))
 	 (not (memq mode modes))	; already tried and failed
 	 (if (not (functionp mode))
-	     (message "Ignoring unknown mode `%s'" mode)
+	     (message "Ignoring unknown mode ‘%s’" mode)
 	   (setq done t)
 	   (set-auto-mode-0 mode keep-mode-if-same)))
     ;; If we didn't, look for an interpreter specified in the first line.
@@ -3419,7 +3419,7 @@ local variables, but directory-local variables may still be applied."
 				 (setq hack-local-variables--warned-lexical t)
 				 (display-warning
                                   :warning
-                                  (format "%s: `lexical-binding' at end of file unreliable"
+                                  (format "%s: ‘lexical-binding’ at end of file unreliable"
                                           (file-name-nondirectory
                                            (or buffer-file-name ""))))))
 			      (t
@@ -3556,7 +3556,7 @@ It is dangerous if either of these conditions are met:
                  var (if since (format " (since %s)" since))
                  (if (stringp instead)
                      (substitute-command-keys instead)
-                   (format "use `%s' instead" instead)))))))
+                   (format "use ‘%s’ instead" instead)))))))
 
 (defun hack-one-local-variable (var val)
   "Set local variable VAR with value VAL.
@@ -3673,7 +3673,7 @@ variables from CLASS are applied to the buffer.  The variables
 for a class are defined using `dir-locals-set-class-variables'."
   (setq directory (file-name-as-directory (expand-file-name directory)))
   (unless (assq class dir-locals-class-alist)
-    (error "No such class `%s'" (symbol-name class)))
+    (error "No such class ‘%s’" (symbol-name class)))
   (push (list directory class mtime) dir-locals-directory-cache))
 
 (defun dir-locals-set-class-variables (class variables)
@@ -4028,7 +4028,7 @@ Interactively, confirmation is required unless you supply a prefix argument."
 	     (not (and (eq (framep-on-display) 'ns)
 		       (listp last-nonmenu-event)
 		       use-dialog-box))
-	     (or (y-or-n-p (format "File `%s' exists; overwrite? " filename))
+	     (or (y-or-n-p (format "File ‘%s’ exists; overwrite? " filename))
 		 (user-error "Canceled")))
 	(set-visited-file-name filename (not confirm))))
   (set-buffer-modified-p t)
@@ -4733,7 +4733,7 @@ Before and after saving the buffer, this function runs
                         ;; Signal an error if the user specified the name of an
                         ;; existing directory.
                         (error "%s is a directory" filename)
-                      (unless (y-or-n-p (format "File `%s' exists; overwrite? "
+                      (unless (y-or-n-p (format "File ‘%s’ exists; overwrite? "
                                                 filename))
                         (error "Canceled"))))
                 (set-visited-file-name filename)))
@@ -4774,7 +4774,7 @@ Before and after saving the buffer, this function runs
 			    (expand-file-name buffer-file-name))))
 		  (unless (file-exists-p dir)
 		    (if (y-or-n-p
-			 (format "Directory `%s' does not exist; create? " dir))
+			 (format "Directory ‘%s’ does not exist; create? " dir))
 			(make-directory dir t)
 		      (error "Canceled")))
 		  (setq setmodes (basic-save-buffer-1))))
@@ -5217,7 +5217,7 @@ given.  With a prefix argument, TRASH is nil."
      (list dir
 	   (if (directory-files	dir nil directory-files-no-dot-files-regexp)
 	       (y-or-n-p
-		(format "Directory `%s' is not empty, really %s? "
+		(format "Directory ‘%s’ is not empty, really %s? "
 			dir (if trashing "trash" "delete")))
 	     nil)
 	   (null current-prefix-arg))))
@@ -5323,7 +5323,7 @@ directly into NEWNAME instead."
 	    default-directory default-directory nil nil)
 	   current-prefix-arg t nil)))
   (when (file-in-directory-p newname directory)
-    (error "Cannot copy `%s' into its subdirectory `%s'"
+    (error "Cannot copy ‘%s’ into its subdirectory ‘%s’"
            directory newname))
   ;; If default-directory is a remote directory, make sure we find its
   ;; copy-directory handler.
@@ -5695,7 +5695,7 @@ To choose one, move point to the proper line and then type C-c C-c.
 Then you'll be asked about a number of files to recover."
   (interactive)
   (if (null auto-save-list-file-prefix)
-      (error "You set `auto-save-list-file-prefix' to disable making session files"))
+      (error "You set ‘auto-save-list-file-prefix’ to disable making session files"))
   (let ((dir (file-name-directory auto-save-list-file-prefix))
         (nd (file-name-nondirectory auto-save-list-file-prefix)))
     (unless (file-directory-p dir)
@@ -5789,7 +5789,7 @@ This command is used in the special Dired buffer created by
 			       (condition-case nil
 				   (save-excursion (recover-file file))
 				 (error
-				  "Failed to recover `%s'" file)))
+				  "Failed to recover ‘%s’" file)))
 			     files
 			     '("file" "files" "recover"))
 	    (message "No files can be recovered from this session now")))
@@ -6474,7 +6474,7 @@ normally equivalent short `-D' option is just passed on to
 		 file result)
 	      ;; Unix.  Access the file to get a suitable error.
 	      (access-file file "Reading directory")
-	      (error "Listing directory failed but `access-file' worked")))
+	      (error "Listing directory failed but ‘access-file’ worked")))
 
 	  (when (if (stringp switches)
 		    (string-match "--dired\\>" switches)
@@ -6767,7 +6767,7 @@ for the specified category of users."
 	((= char ?g) #o2070)
 	((= char ?o) #o1007)
 	((= char ?a) #o7777)
-	(t (error "%c: bad `who' character" char))))
+	(t (error "%c: bad ‘who’ character" char))))
 
 (defun file-modes-char-to-right (char &optional from)
   "Convert CHAR to a numeric value of mode bits.
@@ -6839,7 +6839,7 @@ as in \"og+rX-w\"."
 		    (file-modes-rights-to-number (substring modes (match-end 1))
 						 num-who num-modes)
 		    modes (substring modes (match-end 3))))
-	  (error "Parse error in modes near `%s'" (substring modes 0))))
+	  (error "Parse error in modes near ‘%s’" (substring modes 0))))
       num-modes)))
 
 (defun read-file-modes (&optional prompt orig-file)
@@ -6908,7 +6908,7 @@ Otherwise, trash FILENAME using the freedesktop.org conventions,
 					       trash-dir)))
 	   ;; We can't trash a parent directory of trash-directory.
 	   (if (string-prefix-p fn trash-dir)
-	       (error "Trash directory `%s' is a subdirectory of `%s'"
+	       (error "Trash directory ‘%s’ is a subdirectory of ‘%s’"
 		      trash-dir filename))
 	   (unless (file-directory-p trash-dir)
 	     (make-directory trash-dir t))
diff --git a/lisp/font-lock.el b/lisp/font-lock.el
index b1455131114..2fba6a80a23 100644
--- a/lisp/font-lock.el
+++ b/lisp/font-lock.el
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ The region it returns may start or end in the middle of a line.")
    ;; Of course, this function doesn't do all of the above in all situations
    ;; (e.g. depending on whether jit-lock is in use) and it can't guess what
    ;; the caller wants.
-   (interactive-only "use `font-lock-ensure' or `font-lock-flush' instead."))
+   (interactive-only "use ‘font-lock-ensure’ or ‘font-lock-flush’ instead."))
   (interactive "p")
   (font-lock-set-defaults)
   (let ((font-lock-verbose (or font-lock-verbose interactively)))
diff --git a/lisp/format.el b/lisp/format.el
index 1a05e7e2ac0..afec51c3aa2 100644
--- a/lisp/format.el
+++ b/lisp/format.el
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ unless you supply a prefix argument."
 				  (cdr (assq 'default-directory
 					     (buffer-local-variables)))
 				  nil nil (buffer-name))))
-	  (fmt (format-read (format "Write file `%s' in format: "
+	  (fmt (format-read (format "Write file ‘%s’ in format: "
 				    (file-name-nondirectory file)))))
      (list file fmt (not current-prefix-arg))))
   (let ((old-formats buffer-file-format)
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ If FORMAT is nil then do not do any format conversion."
   (interactive
    ;; Same interactive spec as write-file, plus format question.
    (let* ((file (read-file-name "Find file: "))
-	  (fmt (format-read (format "Read file `%s' in format: "
+	  (fmt (format-read (format "Read file ‘%s’ in format: "
 				    (file-name-nondirectory file)))))
      (list file fmt)))
   (let ((format-alist nil))
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ a list (ABSOLUTE-FILE-NAME SIZE)."
   (interactive
    ;; Same interactive spec as write-file, plus format question.
    (let* ((file (read-file-name "Find file: "))
-	  (fmt (format-read (format "Read file `%s' in format: "
+	  (fmt (format-read (format "Read file ‘%s’ in format: "
 				    (file-name-nondirectory file)))))
      (list file fmt)))
   (let (value size old-undo)
diff --git a/lisp/frame.el b/lisp/frame.el
index 1177a008a67..d1e7c003411 100644
--- a/lisp/frame.el
+++ b/lisp/frame.el
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ the name of an X display device (HOST.SERVER.SCREEN) or a tty device file."
       (frame-terminal f)))
    ((terminal-live-p device) device)
    (t
-    (error "Invalid argument %s in `get-device-terminal'" device))))
+    (error "Invalid argument %s in ‘get-device-terminal’" device))))
 
 (defun frames-on-display-list (&optional device)
   "Return a list of all frames on DEVICE.
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ If there is no frame by that name, signal an error."
 	 (frame (cdr (assoc name frame-names-alist))))
     (if frame
 	(select-frame-set-input-focus frame)
-      (error "There is no frame named `%s'" name))))
+      (error "There is no frame named ‘%s’" name))))
 
 
 ;;;; Background mode.
diff --git a/lisp/fringe.el b/lisp/fringe.el
index 8f40c46c3d3..f982b3557e6 100644
--- a/lisp/fringe.el
+++ b/lisp/fringe.el
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ See `fringe-mode' for possible values and their effect."
       (and (consp style)
 	   (or (null (car style)) (integerp (car style)))
 	   (or (null (cdr style)) (integerp (cdr style))))
-      (error "Invalid fringe style `%s'" style)))
+      (error "Invalid fringe style ‘%s’" style)))
 
 ;; For initialization of fringe-mode, take account of changes
 ;; made explicitly to default-frame-alist.
diff --git a/lisp/help.el b/lisp/help.el
index 461a8ab8986..a8991b5f82b 100644
--- a/lisp/help.el
+++ b/lisp/help.el
@@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@ is currently activated with completion."
   (let ((minor-mode (lookup-minor-mode-from-indicator indicator)))
     (if minor-mode
 	(describe-minor-mode-from-symbol minor-mode)
-      (error "Cannot find minor mode for `%s'" indicator))))
+      (error "Cannot find minor mode for ‘%s’" indicator))))
 
 (defun lookup-minor-mode-from-indicator (indicator)
   "Return a minor mode symbol from its indicator on the mode line."
diff --git a/lisp/image.el b/lisp/image.el
index b02349131de..1c268c4fb08 100644
--- a/lisp/image.el
+++ b/lisp/image.el
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ of image data.  If that doesn't work, and SOURCE is a file name,
 use its file extension as image type.
 Optional DATA-P non-nil means SOURCE is a string containing image data."
   (when (and (not data-p) (not (stringp source)))
-    (error "Invalid image file name `%s'" source))
+    (error "Invalid image file name ‘%s’" source))
   (unless type
     (setq type (if data-p
 		   (image-type-from-data source)
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ Optional DATA-P non-nil means SOURCE is a string containing image data."
 		     (image-type-from-file-name source))))
     (or type (error "Cannot determine image type")))
   (or (memq type (and (boundp 'image-types) image-types))
-      (error "Invalid image type `%s'" type))
+      (error "Invalid image type ‘%s’" type))
   type)
 
 
diff --git a/lisp/international/fontset.el b/lisp/international/fontset.el
index 2d57955055f..98f0170d8ae 100644
--- a/lisp/international/fontset.el
+++ b/lisp/international/fontset.el
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ Value is name of that font."
 	(condition-case nil
 	    (setq ascii-font (x-resolve-font-name pattern))
 	  (error
-	   (message "Warning: no fonts matching `%s' available" pattern)
+	   (message "Warning: no fonts matching ‘%s’ available" pattern)
 	   (aset xlfd-fields index "*")
 	   (setq index (1+ index))))))
     (unless ascii-font
diff --git a/lisp/international/mule-cmds.el b/lisp/international/mule-cmds.el
index 59fc37de43c..2142f0bb961 100644
--- a/lisp/international/mule-cmds.el
+++ b/lisp/international/mule-cmds.el
@@ -400,9 +400,9 @@ To prefer, for instance, utf-8, say the following:
   \(prefer-coding-system 'utf-8)"
   (interactive "zPrefer coding system: ")
   (if (not (and coding-system (coding-system-p coding-system)))
-      (error "Invalid coding system `%s'" coding-system))
+      (error "Invalid coding system ‘%s’" coding-system))
   (if (memq (coding-system-type coding-system) '(raw-text undecided))
-      (error "Can't prefer the coding system `%s'" coding-system))
+      (error "Can't prefer the coding system ‘%s’" coding-system))
   (let ((base (coding-system-base coding-system))
 	(eol-type (coding-system-eol-type coding-system)))
     (set-coding-system-priority base)
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ To prefer, for instance, utf-8, say the following:
     (set-default-coding-systems base)
     (if (called-interactively-p 'interactive)
 	(or (eq base default-file-name-coding-system)
-	    (message "The default value of `file-name-coding-system' was not changed because the specified coding system is not suitable for file names.")))))
+	    (message "The default value of ‘file-name-coding-system’ was not changed because the specified coding system is not suitable for file names.")))))
 
 (defvar sort-coding-systems-predicate nil
   "If non-nil, a predicate function to sort coding systems.
@@ -719,14 +719,14 @@ DEFAULT is the coding system to use by default in the query."
 	      (insert "No default coding systems to try for "
 		      (if (stringp from)
 			  (format "string \"%s\"." from)
-			(format "buffer `%s'." bufname)))
+			(format "buffer ‘%s’." bufname)))
 	    (insert
 	     "These default coding systems were tried to encode"
 	     (if (stringp from)
 		 (concat " \"" (if (> (length from) 10)
 				   (concat (substring from 0 10) "...\"")
 				 (concat from "\"")))
-	       (format " text\nin the buffer `%s'" bufname))
+	       (format " text\nin the buffer ‘%s’" bufname))
 	     ":\n")
 	    (let ((pos (point))
 		  (fill-prefix "  "))
@@ -876,12 +876,12 @@ and TO is ignored."
 		(display-warning
 		 'mule
 		 (format "\
-Invalid coding system `%s' is specified
+Invalid coding system ‘%s’ is specified
 for the current buffer/file by the %s.
 It is highly recommended to fix it before writing to a file."
 			 (car auto-cs)
 			 (if (eq (cdr auto-cs) :coding) ":coding tag"
-			   (format "variable `%s'" (cdr auto-cs))))
+			   (format "variable ‘%s’" (cdr auto-cs))))
 		 :warning)
 		(or (yes-or-no-p "Really proceed with writing? ")
 		    (error "Save aborted"))
@@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@ If INPUT-METHOD is nil, deactivate any current input method."
   (unless (or current-input-method (null input-method))
     (let ((slot (assoc input-method input-method-alist)))
       (if (null slot)
-	  (error "Can't activate input method `%s'" input-method))
+	  (error "Can't activate input method ‘%s’" input-method))
       (setq current-input-method-title nil)
       (let ((func (nth 2 slot)))
 	(if (functionp func)
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ If INPUT-METHOD is nil, deactivate any current input method."
 	      (progn
 		(require (cdr func))
 		(apply (car func) input-method (nthcdr 5 slot)))
-	    (error "Can't activate input method `%s'" input-method))))
+	    (error "Can't activate input method ‘%s’" input-method))))
       (setq current-input-method input-method)
       (or (stringp current-input-method-title)
 	  (setq current-input-method-title (nth 3 slot)))
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ which marks the variable `default-input-method' as set for Custom buffers."
 
   (interactive "P\np")
   (if toggle-input-method-active
-      (error "Recursive use of `toggle-input-method'"))
+      (error "Recursive use of ‘toggle-input-method’"))
   (if (and current-input-method (not arg))
       (deactivate-input-method)
     (let ((toggle-input-method-active t)
@@ -1598,7 +1598,7 @@ This is a subroutine for `describe-input-method'."
       (if (and (symbolp describe-current-input-method-function)
 	       (fboundp describe-current-input-method-function))
 	  (funcall describe-current-input-method-function)
-	(message "No way to describe the current input method `%s'"
+	(message "No way to describe the current input method ‘%s’"
 		 current-input-method)
 	(ding))
     (error "No input method is activated now")))
diff --git a/lisp/international/mule-conf.el b/lisp/international/mule-conf.el
index babb83bc647..c3d58aa0397 100644
--- a/lisp/international/mule-conf.el
+++ b/lisp/international/mule-conf.el
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@
   (dolist (script '(devanagari sanskrit bengali tamil telugu assamese
 			       oriya kannada malayalam gujarati punjabi))
     (define-charset (intern (format "%s-cdac" script))
-      (format "Glyphs of %s script for CDAC font.  Subset of `indian-glyph'."
+      (format "Glyphs of %s script for CDAC font.  Subset of ‘indian-glyph’."
 	      (capitalize (symbol-name script)))
       :short-name (format "CDAC %s glyphs" (capitalize (symbol-name script)))
       :supplementary-p t
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
   (dolist (script '(devanagari bengali punjabi gujarati
 			       oriya tamil telugu kannada malayalam))
     (define-charset (intern (format "%s-akruti" script))
-      (format "Glyphs of %s script for AKRUTI font.  Subset of `indian-glyph'."
+      (format "Glyphs of %s script for AKRUTI font.  Subset of ‘indian-glyph’."
 	      (capitalize (symbol-name script)))
       :short-name (format "AKRUTI %s glyphs" (capitalize (symbol-name script)))
       :supplementary-p t
diff --git a/lisp/international/mule.el b/lisp/international/mule.el
index 181474c65ce..946f793731b 100644
--- a/lisp/international/mule.el
+++ b/lisp/international/mule.el
@@ -2002,7 +2002,7 @@ use \"coding: 'raw-text\" instead."
 		(goto-char pos)
 		(when (and set-auto-coding-for-load
 			   (re-search-forward re-unibyte tail-end t))
-                  (display-warning 'mule "`unibyte: t' is obsolete; \
+                  (display-warning 'mule "\"unibyte: t\" is obsolete; \
 use \"coding: 'raw-text\" instead." :warning)
 		  (setq coding-system 'raw-text))
 		(when (and (not coding-system)
diff --git a/lisp/mouse.el b/lisp/mouse.el
index 221d30bc3d8..50482711006 100644
--- a/lisp/mouse.el
+++ b/lisp/mouse.el
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ items `Turn Off' and `Help'."
 	  (describe-minor-mode-completion-table-for-indicator))))
   (let* ((minor-mode (lookup-minor-mode-from-indicator indicator))
          (mm-fun (or (get minor-mode :minor-mode-function) minor-mode)))
-    (unless minor-mode (error "Cannot find minor mode for `%s'" indicator))
+    (unless minor-mode (error "Cannot find minor mode for ‘%s’" indicator))
     (let* ((map (cdr-safe (assq minor-mode minor-mode-map-alist)))
            (menu (and (keymapp map) (lookup-key map [menu-bar]))))
       (setq menu
diff --git a/lisp/replace.el b/lisp/replace.el
index aa1da08eca3..3cdb54f2132 100644
--- a/lisp/replace.el
+++ b/lisp/replace.el
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ wants to replace FROM with TO."
              (let ((match (match-string 3 from)))
                (cond
                 ((string= match "\\n")
-                 (message "Note: `\\n' here doesn't match a newline; to do that, type C-q C-j instead"))
+                 (message "Note: ‘\\n’ here doesn't match a newline; to do that, type C-q C-j instead"))
                 ((string= match "\\t")
-                 (message "Note: `\\t' here doesn't match a tab; to do that, just type TAB")))
+                 (message "Note: ‘\\t’ here doesn't match a tab; to do that, just type TAB")))
                (sit-for 2)))
         (if (not to)
             from
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ To return to ordinary Occur mode, use \\[occur-cease-edit]."
 	    (goto-char m)
 	    (recenter line)
 	    (if readonly
-		(message "Buffer `%s' is read only." buf)
+		(message "Buffer ‘%s’ is read only." buf)
 	      (delete-region (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position))
 	      (insert text))
 	    (move-to-column col)))))))
@@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ See also `multi-occur'."
 		     ;; Don't display regexp if with remaining text
 		     ;; it is longer than window-width.
 		     (if (> (+ (length regexp) 42) (window-width))
-			 "" (format " for `%s'" (query-replace-descr regexp)))))
+			 "" (format " for ‘%s’" (query-replace-descr regexp)))))
 	  (setq occur-revert-arguments (list regexp nlines bufs))
           (if (= count 0)
               (kill-buffer occur-buf)
diff --git a/lisp/scroll-bar.el b/lisp/scroll-bar.el
index 635990a7825..c46e05d5a1b 100644
--- a/lisp/scroll-bar.el
+++ b/lisp/scroll-bar.el
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ SIDE must be the symbol `left' or `right'."
          (cols  (nth 1 wsb)))
     (cond
      ((not (memq side '(left right)))
-      (error "`left' or `right' expected instead of %S" side))
+      (error "‘left’ or ‘right’ expected instead of %S" side))
      ((and (eq vtype side) cols))
      ((eq (frame-parameter nil 'vertical-scroll-bars) side)
       ;; nil means it's a non-toolkit scroll bar, and its width in
diff --git a/lisp/simple.el b/lisp/simple.el
index 2636777bb9e..923d88dd1fb 100644
--- a/lisp/simple.el
+++ b/lisp/simple.el
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ invoking, give a prefix argument to `execute-extended-command'."
 		       (not executing-kbd-macro)
 		       (where-is-internal function overriding-local-map t))))
     (unless (commandp function)
-      (error "`%s' is not a valid command name" command-name))
+      (error "‘%s’ is not a valid command name" command-name))
     (setq this-command function)
     ;; Normally `real-this-command' should never be changed, but here we really
     ;; want to pretend that M-x <cmd> RET is nothing more than a "key
@@ -1689,7 +1689,7 @@ invoking, give a prefix argument to `execute-extended-command'."
                            (symbol-name function) typed))))
         (when binding
           (with-temp-message
-              (format "You can run the command `%s' with %s"
+              (format "You can run the command ‘%s’ with %s"
                       function
                       (if (stringp binding)
                           (concat "M-x " binding " RET")
@@ -2796,7 +2796,7 @@ This variable only matters if `undo-ask-before-discard' is non-nil.")
 	;; but we don't want to ask the question again.
 	(setq undo-extra-outer-limit (+ size 50000))
 	(if (let (use-dialog-box track-mouse executing-kbd-macro )
-	      (yes-or-no-p (format "Buffer `%s' undo info is %d bytes long; discard it? "
+	      (yes-or-no-p (format "Buffer ‘%s’ undo info is %d bytes long; discard it? "
 				   (buffer-name) size)))
 	    (progn (setq buffer-undo-list nil)
 		   (setq undo-extra-outer-limit nil)
@@ -2804,7 +2804,7 @@ This variable only matters if `undo-ask-before-discard' is non-nil.")
 	  nil))
     (display-warning '(undo discard-info)
 		     (concat
-		      (format "Buffer `%s' undo info was %d bytes long.\n"
+		      (format "Buffer ‘%s’ undo info was %d bytes long.\n"
 			      (buffer-name) size)
 		      "The undo info was discarded because it exceeded \
 `undo-outer-limit'.
@@ -7265,8 +7265,8 @@ buffer buried."
 			    (format "\
 The default mail mode is now Message mode.
 You have the following Mail mode variable%s customized:
-\n  %s\n\nTo use Mail mode, set `mail-user-agent' to sendmail-user-agent.
-To disable this warning, set `compose-mail-user-agent-warnings' to nil."
+\n  %s\n\nTo use Mail mode, set ‘mail-user-agent’ to sendmail-user-agent.
+To disable this warning, set ‘compose-mail-user-agent-warnings’ to nil."
 				    (if (> (length warn-vars) 1) "s" "")
 				    (mapconcat 'symbol-name
 					       warn-vars " "))))))
@@ -7337,8 +7337,8 @@ With a prefix argument, set VARIABLE to VALUE buffer-locally."
 				(t "globally"))))
 	  (val (progn
                  (when obsolete
-                   (message (concat "`%S' is obsolete; "
-                                    (if (symbolp obsolete) "use `%S' instead" "%s"))
+                   (message (concat "‘%S’ is obsolete; "
+                                    (if (symbolp obsolete) "use ‘%S’ instead" "%s"))
                             var obsolete)
                    (sit-for 3))
                  (if prop
@@ -7362,7 +7362,7 @@ With a prefix argument, set VARIABLE to VALUE buffer-locally."
       (require 'cus-edit)
       (setq type (widget-convert type))
       (unless (widget-apply type :match value)
-	(user-error "Value `%S' does not match type %S of %S"
+	(user-error "Value ‘%S’ does not match type %S of %S"
 		    value (car type) variable))))
 
   (if make-local
@@ -7573,7 +7573,7 @@ back on `completion-list-insert-choice-function' when nil."
   ;; `base-position'.  It's difficult to make any use of `base-size',
   ;; so we just ignore it.
   (unless (consp base-position)
-    (message "Obsolete `base-size' passed to choose-completion-string")
+    (message "Obsolete ‘base-size’ passed to choose-completion-string")
     (setq base-position nil))
 
   (let* ((buffer (or buffer completion-reference-buffer))
@@ -8298,7 +8298,7 @@ CUSTOMIZATIONS, if non-nil, should be composed of alternating
     `(progn
 
        (defcustom ,varalt-sym nil
-         ,(format "Alist of alternative implementations for the `%s' command.
+         ,(format "Alist of alternative implementations for the ‘%s’ command.
 
 Each entry must be a pair (ALTNAME . ALTFUN), where:
 ALTNAME - The name shown at user to describe the alternative implementation.
@@ -8311,28 +8311,28 @@ ALTFUN  - The function called to implement this alternative."
        (defvar ,varimp-sym nil "Internal use only.")
 
        (defun ,command (&optional arg)
-         ,(format "Run generic command `%s'.
+         ,(format "Run generic command ‘%s’.
 If used for the first time, or with interactive ARG, ask the user which
-implementation to use for `%s'.  The variable `%s'
+implementation to use for ‘%s’.  The variable ‘%s’
 contains the list of implementations currently supported for this command."
                   command-name command-name varalt-name)
          (interactive "P")
          (when (or arg (null ,varimp-sym))
            (let ((val (completing-read
-		       ,(format "Select implementation for command `%s': "
+		       ,(format "Select implementation for command ‘%s’: "
 				command-name)
 		       ,varalt-sym nil t)))
              (unless (string-equal val "")
 	       (when (null ,varimp-sym)
 		 (message
-		  "Use `C-u M-x %s RET' to select another implementation"
+		  "Use ‘C-u M-x %s RET’ to select another implementation"
 		  ,command-name)
 		 (sit-for 3))
 	       (customize-save-variable ',varimp-sym
 					(cdr (assoc-string val ,varalt-sym))))))
          (if ,varimp-sym
              (call-interactively ,varimp-sym)
-           (message ,(format "No implementation selected for command `%s'"
+           (message ,(format "No implementation selected for command ‘%s’"
                              command-name)))))))
 
 
diff --git a/lisp/startup.el b/lisp/startup.el
index 11d22124c0c..3248a99e3d9 100644
--- a/lisp/startup.el
+++ b/lisp/startup.el
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ this variable usefully is to set it while building and dumping Emacs."
   :group 'initialization
   :initialize #'custom-initialize-default
   :set (lambda (_variable _value)
-	  (error "Customizing `site-run-file' does not work")))
+	  (error "Customizing ‘site-run-file’ does not work")))
 
 (make-obsolete-variable 'system-name "use (system-name) instead" "25.1")
 
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ to prepare for opening the first frame (e.g. open a connection to an X server)."
 		(let ((elt (assoc completion tty-long-option-alist)))
 		  ;; Check for abbreviated long option.
 		  (or elt
-		      (error "Option `%s' is ambiguous" argi))
+		      (error "Option ‘%s’ is ambiguous" argi))
 		  (setq argi (cdr elt)))
 	      ;; Check for a short option.
 	      (setq argval nil
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ please check its value")
 		  ((stringp completion)
 		   (let ((elt (assoc completion longopts)))
 		     (unless elt
-		       (error "Option `%s' is ambiguous" argi))
+		       (error "Option ‘%s’ is ambiguous" argi))
 		     (setq argi (substring (car elt) 1))))
 		  (t
 		   (setq argval nil
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ please check its value")
           (setq done t)))
 	;; Was argval set but not used?
 	(and argval
-	     (error "Option `%s' doesn't allow an argument" argi))))
+	     (error "Option ‘%s’ doesn't allow an argument" argi))))
 
     ;; Re-attach the --display arg.
     (and display-arg (setq args (append display-arg args)))
@@ -964,7 +964,7 @@ please check its value")
 	       (not (featurep
 		     (intern
 		      (concat (symbol-name initial-window-system) "-win")))))
-	  (error "Unsupported window system `%s'" initial-window-system))
+	  (error "Unsupported window system ‘%s’" initial-window-system))
       ;; Process window-system specific command line parameters.
       (setq command-line-args
             (let ((window-system initial-window-system)) ;Hack attack!
@@ -1176,10 +1176,10 @@ please check its value")
 	    (error
 	     (display-warning
 	      'initialization
-	      (format "An error occurred while loading `%s':\n\n%s%s%s\n\n\
+	      (format "An error occurred while loading ‘%s’:\n\n%s%s%s\n\n\
 To ensure normal operation, you should investigate and remove the
 cause of the error in your initialization file.  Start Emacs with
-the `--debug-init' option to view a complete error backtrace."
+the ‘--debug-init’ option to view a complete error backtrace."
 		      user-init-file
 		      (get (car error) 'error-message)
 		      (if (cdr error) ": " "")
@@ -1311,8 +1311,8 @@ the `--debug-init' option to view a complete error backtrace."
 			 (expand-file-name user-emacs-directory))
 	   (setq warned t)
 	   (display-warning 'initialization
-			    (format "Your `load-path' seems to contain
-your `.emacs.d' directory: %s\n\
+			    (format "Your ‘load-path’ seems to contain
+your ‘.emacs.d’ directory: %s\n\
 This is likely to cause problems...\n\
 Consider using a subdirectory instead, e.g.: %s"
                                     dir (expand-file-name
@@ -2260,7 +2260,7 @@ nil default-directory" name)
                     (if (stringp completion)
                         (let ((elt (member completion longopts)))
                           (or elt
-                              (error "Option `%s' is ambiguous" argi))
+                              (error "Option ‘%s’ is ambiguous" argi))
                           (setq argi (substring (car elt) 1)))
                       (setq argval nil
                             argi orig-argi)))))
@@ -2330,7 +2330,7 @@ nil default-directory" name)
                      (setq inhibit-startup-screen t)
                      (setq tem (or argval (pop command-line-args-left)))
                      (or (stringp tem)
-                         (error "File name omitted from `-insert' option"))
+                         (error "File name omitted from ‘-insert’ option"))
                      (insert-file-contents (command-line-normalize-file-name tem)))
 
                     ((equal argi "-kill")
@@ -2365,7 +2365,7 @@ nil default-directory" name)
                      ;; An explicit option to specify visiting a file.
                      (setq tem (or argval (pop command-line-args-left)))
                      (unless (stringp tem)
-                       (error "File name omitted from `%s' option" argi))
+                       (error "File name omitted from ‘%s’ option" argi))
                      (funcall process-file-arg tem))
 
                     ;; These command lines now have no effect.
@@ -2386,7 +2386,7 @@ nil default-directory" name)
                        (unless did-hook
                          ;; Presume that the argument is a file name.
                          (if (string-match "\\`-" argi)
-                             (error "Unknown option `%s'" argi))
+                             (error "Unknown option ‘%s’" argi))
                          ;; FIXME: Why do we only inhibit the startup
                          ;; screen for -nw?
                          (unless initial-window-system
diff --git a/lisp/subr.el b/lisp/subr.el
index 3dd87d65617..7e7dbd145a6 100644
--- a/lisp/subr.el
+++ b/lisp/subr.el
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ For more information, see Info node `(elisp)Declaring Functions'."
 If FORM does return, signal an error."
   (declare (debug t))
   `(prog1 ,form
-     (error "Form marked with `noreturn' did return")))
+     (error "Form marked with ‘noreturn’ did return")))
 
 (defmacro 1value (form)
   "Evaluate FORM, expecting a constant return value.
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ Defaults to `error'."
                     (mapcar (lambda (parent)
                               (cons parent
                                     (or (get parent 'error-conditions)
-                                        (error "Unknown signal `%s'" parent))))
+                                        (error "Unknown signal ‘%s’" parent))))
                             parent))
            (cons parent (get parent 'error-conditions)))))
     (put name 'error-conditions
@@ -1606,7 +1606,7 @@ can do the job."
           exp
         (let* ((sym (cadr list-var))
                (append (eval append))
-               (msg (format "`add-to-list' can't use lexical var `%s'; use `push' or `cl-pushnew'"
+               (msg (format "‘add-to-list’ can't use lexical var ‘%s’; use ‘push’ or ‘cl-pushnew’"
                             sym))
                ;; Big ugly hack so we only output a warning during
                ;; byte-compilation, and so we can use
@@ -2207,7 +2207,7 @@ Any input that is not one of CHARS is ignored.
 If optional argument INHIBIT-KEYBOARD-QUIT is non-nil, ignore
 keyboard-quit events while waiting for a valid input."
   (unless (consp chars)
-    (error "Called `read-char-choice' without valid char choices"))
+    (error "Called ‘read-char-choice’ without valid char choices"))
   (let (char done show-help (helpbuf " *Char Help*"))
     (let ((cursor-in-echo-area t)
           (executing-kbd-macro executing-kbd-macro)
diff --git a/lisp/term/common-win.el b/lisp/term/common-win.el
index 98ad5acf268..ccac1421004 100644
--- a/lisp/term/common-win.el
+++ b/lisp/term/common-win.el
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
 ;; Handle the -xrm option.
 (defun x-handle-xrm-switch (switch)
   (unless (consp x-invocation-args)
-    (error "%s: missing argument to `%s' option" (invocation-name) switch))
+    (error "%s: missing argument to ‘%s’ option" (invocation-name) switch))
   (setq x-command-line-resources
 	(if (null x-command-line-resources)
 	    (pop x-invocation-args)
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
 ;; the initial frame, too.
 (defun x-handle-name-switch (switch)
   (or (consp x-invocation-args)
-      (error "%s: missing argument to `%s' option" (invocation-name) switch))
+      (error "%s: missing argument to ‘%s’ option" (invocation-name) switch))
   (setq x-resource-name (pop x-invocation-args)
 	initial-frame-alist (cons (cons 'name x-resource-name)
 				  initial-frame-alist)))
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ have been processed."
 		  (let ((elt (assoc completion option-alist)))
 		    ;; Check for abbreviated long option.
 		    (or elt
-			(error "Option `%s' is ambiguous" this-switch))
+			(error "Option ‘%s’ is ambiguous" this-switch))
 		    (setq this-switch completion))))))
       (setq aelt (assoc this-switch option-alist))
       (if aelt (setq handler (nth 2 aelt)))
diff --git a/lisp/term/x-win.el b/lisp/term/x-win.el
index ebd76a679a3..c32566181e5 100644
--- a/lisp/term/x-win.el
+++ b/lisp/term/x-win.el
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 ;; Handle the --parent-id option.
 (defun x-handle-parent-id (switch)
   (or (consp x-invocation-args)
-      (error "%s: missing argument to `%s' option" (invocation-name) switch))
+      (error "%s: missing argument to ‘%s’ option" (invocation-name) switch))
   (setq initial-frame-alist (cons
                              (cons 'parent-id
                                    (string-to-number (car x-invocation-args)))
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 ;; to give us back our session id we had on the previous run.
 (defun x-handle-smid (switch)
   (or (consp x-invocation-args)
-      (error "%s: missing argument to `%s' option" (invocation-name) switch))
+      (error "%s: missing argument to ‘%s’ option" (invocation-name) switch))
   (setq x-session-previous-id (car x-invocation-args)
 	x-invocation-args (cdr x-invocation-args)))