Renamed PyString to PyBytes

40 files changed, 436 insertions, 436 deletions

diff --git a/Modules/_bsddb.c b/Modules/_bsddb.c
index 28f2cafbbd..04c3835664 100644
--- a/Modules/_bsddb.c
+++ b/Modules/_bsddb.c
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ _db_associateCallback(DB* db, const DBT* priKey, const DBT* priData,
         else if (PyLong_Check(result)) {
             retval = PyLong_AsLong(result);
         }
-        else if (PyByteArray_Check(result) || PyString_Check(result)) {
+        else if (PyByteArray_Check(result) || PyBytes_Check(result)) {
             char* data;
             Py_ssize_t size;
 
@@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ _db_associateCallback(DB* db, const DBT* priKey, const DBT* priData,
             if (PyByteArray_Check(result))
                 data = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(result);
             else
-                data = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+                data = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
             secKey->flags = DB_DBT_APPMALLOC;   /* DB will free */
             secKey->data = malloc(size);        /* TODO, check this */
 	    if (secKey->data) {
@@ -1523,7 +1523,7 @@ DB_get(DBObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
             retval = Py_BuildValue("y#y#", key.data, key.size, data.data,
                                    data.size);
         else /* return just the data */
-            retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
+            retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
         free_dbt(&data);
     }
     FREE_DBT_VIEW(key, keyobj, key_buf_view);
@@ -1593,13 +1593,13 @@ DB_pget(DBObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
     else if (!err) {
         PyObject *pkeyObj;
         PyObject *dataObj;
-        dataObj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(data.data, data.size);
+        dataObj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data.data, data.size);
 
         if (self->primaryDBType == DB_RECNO ||
             self->primaryDBType == DB_QUEUE)
             pkeyObj = PyLong_FromLong(*(int *)pkey.data);
         else
-            pkeyObj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(pkey.data, pkey.size);
+            pkeyObj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(pkey.data, pkey.size);
 
         if (flags & DB_SET_RECNO) /* return key , pkey and data */
         {
@@ -1608,7 +1608,7 @@ DB_pget(DBObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
             if (type == DB_RECNO || type == DB_QUEUE)
                 keyObj = PyLong_FromLong(*(int *)key.data);
             else
-                keyObj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(key.data, key.size);
+                keyObj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(key.data, key.size);
 #if (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02040000)
             retval = PyTuple_Pack(3, keyObj, pkeyObj, dataObj);
 #else
@@ -1736,7 +1736,7 @@ DB_get_both(DBObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
         /* XXX(nnorwitz): can we do: retval = dataobj; Py_INCREF(retval); */
         /* XXX(gps) I think not: buffer API input vs. bytes object output. */
         /* XXX(guido) But what if the input is PyString? */
-        retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
+        retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
 
         /* Even though the flags require DB_DBT_MALLOC, data is not always
            allocated.  4.4: allocated, 4.5: *not* allocated. :-( */
@@ -2780,7 +2780,7 @@ PyObject* DB_subscript(DBObject* self, PyObject* keyobj)
         retval = NULL;
     }
     else {
-        retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
+        retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
         free_dbt(&data);
     }
 
@@ -2935,7 +2935,7 @@ _DB_make_list(DBObject* self, DB_TXN* txn, int type)
             case DB_BTREE:
             case DB_HASH:
             default:
-                item = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)key.data, key.size);
+                item = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)key.data, key.size);
                 break;
             case DB_RECNO:
             case DB_QUEUE:
@@ -2945,7 +2945,7 @@ _DB_make_list(DBObject* self, DB_TXN* txn, int type)
             break;
 
         case _VALUES_LIST:
-            item = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
+            item = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)data.data, data.size);
             break;
 
         case _ITEMS_LIST:
@@ -3293,13 +3293,13 @@ DBC_pget(DBCursorObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject *kwargs)
     else {
         PyObject *pkeyObj;
         PyObject *dataObj;
-        dataObj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(data.data, data.size);
+        dataObj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data.data, data.size);
 
         if (self->mydb->primaryDBType == DB_RECNO ||
             self->mydb->primaryDBType == DB_QUEUE)
             pkeyObj = PyLong_FromLong(*(int *)pkey.data);
         else
-            pkeyObj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(pkey.data, pkey.size);
+            pkeyObj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(pkey.data, pkey.size);
 
         if (key.data && key.size) /* return key, pkey and data */
         {
@@ -3308,7 +3308,7 @@ DBC_pget(DBCursorObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject *kwargs)
             if (type == DB_RECNO || type == DB_QUEUE)
                 keyObj = PyLong_FromLong(*(int *)key.data);
             else
-                keyObj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(key.data, key.size);
+                keyObj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(key.data, key.size);
             retval = PyTuple_Pack(3, keyObj, pkeyObj, dataObj);
             Py_DECREF(keyObj);
         }
@@ -4916,7 +4916,7 @@ DBSequence_get_key(DBSequenceObject* self, PyObject* args)
     MYDB_END_ALLOW_THREADS
 
     if (!err)
-        retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize(key.data, key.size);
+        retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(key.data, key.size);
 
     free_dbt(&key);
     RETURN_IF_ERR();
diff --git a/Modules/_bytesio.c b/Modules/_bytesio.c
index 2e649d667c..455f9b1065 100644
--- a/Modules/_bytesio.c
+++ b/Modules/_bytesio.c
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ static PyObject *
 bytesio_getvalue(BytesIOObject *self)
 {
     CHECK_CLOSED(self);
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize(self->buf, self->string_size);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self->buf, self->string_size);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(isatty_doc,
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ bytesio_read(BytesIOObject *self, PyObject *args)
     output = self->buf + self->pos;
     self->pos += size;
 
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize(output, size);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(output, size);
 }
 
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ bytesio_readline(BytesIOObject *self, PyObject *args)
         self->pos -= size;
     }
 
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(readlines_doc,
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ bytesio_readlines(BytesIOObject *self, PyObject *args)
         return NULL;
 
     while ((n = get_line(self, &output)) != 0) {
-        line = PyString_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
+        line = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
         if (!line)
             goto on_error;
         if (PyList_Append(result, line) == -1) {
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ bytesio_iternext(BytesIOObject *self)
     if (!next || n == 0)
         return NULL;
 
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize(next, n);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(next, n);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(seek_doc,
diff --git a/Modules/_codecsmodule.c b/Modules/_codecsmodule.c
index caaac5879b..efa4d806ec 100644
--- a/Modules/_codecsmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_codecsmodule.c
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ escape_decode(PyObject *self,
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#|z:escape_decode",
 			  &data, &size, &errors))
 	return NULL;
-    return codec_tuple(PyString_DecodeEscape(data, size, errors, 0, NULL),
+    return codec_tuple(PyBytes_DecodeEscape(data, size, errors, 0, NULL),
 		       size);
 }
 
@@ -170,17 +170,17 @@ escape_encode(PyObject *self,
 	PyObject *v;
 
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!|z:escape_encode",
-			      &PyString_Type, &str, &errors))
+			      &PyBytes_Type, &str, &errors))
 		return NULL;
 
-	size = PyString_GET_SIZE(str);
+	size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(str);
 	newsize = 4*size;
 	if (newsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX || newsize / 4 != size) {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
 			"string is too large to encode");
 			return NULL;
 	}
-	v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, newsize);
+	v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, newsize);
 
 	if (v == NULL) {
 		return NULL;
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ escape_encode(PyObject *self,
 	else {
 		register Py_ssize_t i;
 		register char c;
-		register char *p = PyString_AS_STRING(v);
+		register char *p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
 
 		for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
 			/* There's at least enough room for a hex escape */
-			assert(newsize - (p - PyString_AS_STRING(v)) >= 4);
-			c = PyString_AS_STRING(str)[i];
+			assert(newsize - (p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(v)) >= 4);
+			c = PyBytes_AS_STRING(str)[i];
 			if (c == '\'' || c == '\\')
 				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = c;
 			else if (c == '\t')
@@ -212,12 +212,12 @@ escape_encode(PyObject *self,
 				*p++ = c;
 		}
 		*p = '\0';
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&v, (p - PyString_AS_STRING(v)))) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&v, (p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(v)))) {
 			return NULL;
 		}
 	}
 	
-	return codec_tuple(v, PyString_Size(v));
+	return codec_tuple(v, PyBytes_Size(v));
 }
 
 /* --- Decoder ------------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ readbuffer_encode(PyObject *self,
 			  &data, &size, &errors))
 	return NULL;
 
-    return codec_tuple(PyString_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
+    return codec_tuple(PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ charbuffer_encode(PyObject *self,
 			  &data, &size, &errors))
 	return NULL;
 
-    return codec_tuple(PyString_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
+    return codec_tuple(PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -694,12 +694,12 @@ unicode_internal_encode(PyObject *self,
     if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
 	data = PyUnicode_AS_DATA(obj);
 	size = PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE(obj);
-	return codec_tuple(PyString_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
+	return codec_tuple(PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
     }
     else {
 	if (PyObject_AsReadBuffer(obj, (const void **)&data, &size))
 	    return NULL;
-	return codec_tuple(PyString_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
+	return codec_tuple(PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, size), size);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c b/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c
index 1d548dc455..fe332533a7 100644
--- a/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c
+++ b/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ CharArray_set_raw(CDataObject *self, PyObject *value)
 static PyObject *
 CharArray_get_raw(CDataObject *self)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(self->b_ptr, self->b_size);
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self->b_ptr, self->b_size);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ CharArray_get_value(CDataObject *self)
 	for (i = 0; i < self->b_size; ++i)
 		if (*ptr++ == '\0')
 			break;
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(self->b_ptr, i);
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self->b_ptr, i);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1081,14 +1081,14 @@ CharArray_set_value(CDataObject *self, PyObject *value)
 						  conversion_mode_errors);
 		if (!value)
 			return -1;
-	} else if (!PyString_Check(value)) {
+	} else if (!PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
 			     "str/bytes expected instead of %s instance",
 			     Py_TYPE(value)->tp_name);
 		return -1;
 	} else
 		Py_INCREF(value);
-	size = PyString_GET_SIZE(value);
+	size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(value);
 	if (size > self->b_size) {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
 				"string too long");
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@ CharArray_set_value(CDataObject *self, PyObject *value)
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	ptr = PyString_AS_STRING(value);
+	ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(value);
 	memcpy(self->b_ptr, ptr, size);
 	if (size < self->b_size)
 		self->b_ptr[size] = '\0';
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ WCharArray_set_value(CDataObject *self, PyObject *value)
 				"can't delete attribute");
 		return -1;
 	}
-	if (PyString_Check(value)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		value = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(value,
 						    conversion_mode_encoding,
 						    conversion_mode_errors);
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ c_wchar_p_from_param(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
 		Py_INCREF(Py_None);
 		return Py_None;
 	}
-	if (PyUnicode_Check(value) || PyString_Check(value)) {
+	if (PyUnicode_Check(value) || PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		PyCArgObject *parg;
 		struct fielddesc *fd = getentry("Z");
 
@@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ c_char_p_from_param(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
 		Py_INCREF(Py_None);
 		return Py_None;
 	}
-	if (PyString_Check(value) || PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value) || PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
 		PyCArgObject *parg;
 		struct fielddesc *fd = getentry("z");
 
@@ -1579,7 +1579,7 @@ c_void_p_from_param(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)
 	}
 	/* XXX struni: remove later */
 /* string */
-	if (PyString_Check(value)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		PyCArgObject *parg;
 		struct fielddesc *fd = getentry("z");
 
@@ -1828,8 +1828,8 @@ SimpleType_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 		PyObject *v = _PyUnicode_AsDefaultEncodedString(proto, NULL);
 		if (!v)
 			goto error;
-		proto_str = PyString_AS_STRING(v);
-		proto_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
+		proto_str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
+		proto_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(v);
 	} else {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
 			"class must define a '_type_' string attribute");
@@ -2501,7 +2501,7 @@ CData_reduce(PyObject *_self, PyObject *args)
 			     _unpickle,
 			     Py_TYPE(_self),
 			     PyObject_GetAttrString(_self, "__dict__"),
-			     PyString_FromStringAndSize(self->b_ptr, self->b_size));
+			     PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self->b_ptr, self->b_size));
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -3137,8 +3137,8 @@ _get_name(PyObject *obj, char **pname)
 		return 1;
 	}
 #endif
-	if (PyString_Check(obj)) {
-		*pname = PyString_AS_STRING(obj);
+	if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
+		*pname = PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj);
 		return *pname ? 1 : 0;
 	}
 	if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
@@ -3953,7 +3953,7 @@ Struct_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 			}
 
 			if (kwds && PyDict_GetItem(kwds, name)) {
-				char *field = PyString_AsString(name);
+				char *field = PyBytes_AsString(name);
 				if (field == NULL) {
 					PyErr_Clear();
 					field = "???";
@@ -4166,9 +4166,9 @@ Array_subscript(PyObject *_self, PyObject *item)
 			char *dest;
 
 			if (slicelen <= 0)
-				return PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+				return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 			if (step == 1) {
-				return PyString_FromStringAndSize(ptr + start,
+				return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(ptr + start,
 								 slicelen);
 			}
 			dest = (char *)PyMem_Malloc(slicelen);
@@ -4181,7 +4181,7 @@ Array_subscript(PyObject *_self, PyObject *item)
 				dest[i] = ptr[cur];
 			}
 
-			np = PyString_FromStringAndSize(dest, slicelen);
+			np = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(dest, slicelen);
 			PyMem_Free(dest);
 			return np;
 		}
@@ -4859,9 +4859,9 @@ Pointer_subscript(PyObject *_self, PyObject *item)
 			char *dest;
 			
 			if (len <= 0)
-                        	return PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+                        	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 			if (step == 1) {
-				return PyString_FromStringAndSize(ptr + start,
+				return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(ptr + start,
 								 len);
 			}
 			dest = (char *)PyMem_Malloc(len);
@@ -4870,7 +4870,7 @@ Pointer_subscript(PyObject *_self, PyObject *item)
 			for (cur = start, i = 0; i < len; cur += step, i++) {
 				dest[i] = ptr[cur];
 			}
-			np = PyString_FromStringAndSize(dest, len);
+			np = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(dest, len);
 			PyMem_Free(dest);
 			return np;
 		}
@@ -5105,8 +5105,8 @@ static PyObject *
 string_at(const char *ptr, int size)
 {
 	if (size == -1)
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(ptr, strlen(ptr));
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(ptr, size);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(ptr, strlen(ptr));
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(ptr, size);
 }
 
 static int
diff --git a/Modules/_ctypes/callbacks.c b/Modules/_ctypes/callbacks.c
index 94c6096316..87e3df7cb3 100644
--- a/Modules/_ctypes/callbacks.c
+++ b/Modules/_ctypes/callbacks.c
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ void _AddTraceback(char *funcname, char *filename, int lineno)
 	if (!py_globals) goto bad;
 	empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
 	if (!empty_tuple) goto bad;
-	empty_string = PyString_FromString("");
+	empty_string = PyBytes_FromString("");
 	if (!empty_string) goto bad;
 	py_code = PyCode_New(
 		0,            /*int argcount,*/
diff --git a/Modules/_ctypes/callproc.c b/Modules/_ctypes/callproc.c
index 437cce710f..fd662160c3 100644
--- a/Modules/_ctypes/callproc.c
+++ b/Modules/_ctypes/callproc.c
@@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ static int ConvParam(PyObject *obj, Py_ssize_t index, struct argument *pa)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	if (PyString_Check(obj)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
 		pa->ffi_type = &ffi_type_pointer;
-		pa->value.p = PyString_AsString(obj);
+		pa->value.p = PyBytes_AsString(obj);
 		Py_INCREF(obj);
 		pa->keep = obj;
 		return 0;
diff --git a/Modules/_ctypes/cfield.c b/Modules/_ctypes/cfield.c
index 86f6b5383b..6cf56a8dac 100644
--- a/Modules/_ctypes/cfield.c
+++ b/Modules/_ctypes/cfield.c
@@ -1160,16 +1160,16 @@ c_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t size)
 						  conversion_mode_errors);
 		if (value == NULL)
 			return NULL;
-		if (PyString_GET_SIZE(value) != 1) {
+		if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(value) != 1) {
 			Py_DECREF(value);
 			goto error;
 		}
-		*(char *)ptr = PyString_AS_STRING(value)[0];
+		*(char *)ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(value)[0];
 		Py_DECREF(value);
 		_RET(value);
 	}
-	if (PyString_Check(value) && PyString_GET_SIZE(value) == 1) {
-		*(char *)ptr = PyString_AS_STRING(value)[0];
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value) && PyBytes_GET_SIZE(value) == 1) {
+		*(char *)ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(value)[0];
 		_RET(value);
 	}
 	if (PyByteArray_Check(value) && PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(value) == 1) {
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ c_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t size)
 static PyObject *
 c_get(void *ptr, Py_ssize_t size)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)ptr, 1);
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)ptr, 1);
 }
 
 #ifdef CTYPES_UNICODE
@@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@ static PyObject *
 u_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t size)
 {
 	Py_ssize_t len;
-	if (PyString_Check(value)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		value = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(value,
 						    conversion_mode_encoding,
 						    conversion_mode_errors);
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ U_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t length)
 	/* It's easier to calculate in characters than in bytes */
 	length /= sizeof(wchar_t);
 
-	if (PyString_Check(value)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		value = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(value,
 						    conversion_mode_encoding,
 						    conversion_mode_errors);
@@ -1334,8 +1334,8 @@ s_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t length)
 						  conversion_mode_errors);
 		if (value == NULL)
 			return NULL;
-		assert(PyString_Check(value));
-	} else if(PyString_Check(value)) {
+		assert(PyBytes_Check(value));
+	} else if(PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		Py_INCREF(value);
 	} else {
 		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
@@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@ s_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t length)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	data = PyString_AS_STRING(value);
+	data = PyBytes_AS_STRING(value);
 	if (!data)
 		return NULL;
 	size = strlen(data); /* XXX Why not Py_SIZE(value)? */
@@ -1375,8 +1375,8 @@ z_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t size)
 		Py_INCREF(value);
 		return value;
 	}
-	if (PyString_Check(value)) {
-		*(char **)ptr = PyString_AsString(value);
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value)) {
+		*(char **)ptr = PyBytes_AsString(value);
 		Py_INCREF(value);
 		return value;
 	} else if (PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ z_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t size)
 							  conversion_mode_errors);
 		if (str == NULL)
 			return NULL;
-		*(char **)ptr = PyString_AS_STRING(str);
+		*(char **)ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(str);
 		return str;
 	} else if (PyLong_Check(value)) {
 #if SIZEOF_VOID_P == SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
@@ -1439,7 +1439,7 @@ Z_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t size)
 		Py_INCREF(Py_None);
 		return Py_None;
 	}
-	if (PyString_Check(value)) {
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		value = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(value,
 						    conversion_mode_encoding,
 						    conversion_mode_errors);
@@ -1522,7 +1522,7 @@ BSTR_set(void *ptr, PyObject *value, Py_ssize_t size)
 	/* convert value into a PyUnicodeObject or NULL */
 	if (Py_None == value) {
 		value = NULL;
-	} else if (PyString_Check(value)) {
+	} else if (PyBytes_Check(value)) {
 		value = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(value,
 						    conversion_mode_encoding,
 						    conversion_mode_errors);
diff --git a/Modules/_cursesmodule.c b/Modules/_cursesmodule.c
index 06202e0bce..bde086da07 100644
--- a/Modules/_cursesmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_cursesmodule.c
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ PyCurses_ConvertToChtype(PyObject *obj, chtype *ch)
     *ch = (chtype) PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(obj, &overflow);
     if (overflow)
       return 0;
-  } else if(PyString_Check(obj) 
-	    && (PyString_Size(obj) == 1)) {
-    *ch = (chtype) *PyString_AsString(obj);
+  } else if(PyBytes_Check(obj) 
+	    && (PyBytes_Size(obj) == 1)) {
+    *ch = (chtype) *PyBytes_AsString(obj);
   } else if (PyUnicode_Check(obj) && PyUnicode_GetSize(obj) == 1) {
     *ch = (chtype) *PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(obj);
   } else {
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ PyCursesWindow_GetStr(PyCursesWindowObject *self, PyObject *args)
   }
   if (rtn2 == ERR)
     rtn[0] = 0;
-  return PyString_FromString(rtn);
+  return PyBytes_FromString(rtn);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ PyCursesWindow_InStr(PyCursesWindowObject *self, PyObject *args)
   }
   if (rtn2 == ERR)
     rtn[0] = 0;
-  return PyString_FromString(rtn);
+  return PyBytes_FromString(rtn);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@ PyCurses_EraseChar(PyObject *self)
 
   ch = erasechar();
 
-  return PyString_FromStringAndSize(&ch, 1);
+  return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(&ch, 1);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1869,7 +1869,7 @@ PyCurses_GetWin(PyCursesWindowObject *self, PyObject *stream)
     remove(fn);
     return NULL;
   }
-  if (!PyString_Check(data)) {
+  if (!PyBytes_Check(data)) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                  "f.read() returned %.100s instead of bytes",
                  data->ob_type->tp_name);
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ PyCurses_GetWin(PyCursesWindowObject *self, PyObject *stream)
     remove(fn);
     return NULL;
   }
-  fwrite(PyString_AS_STRING(data), 1, PyString_GET_SIZE(data), fp);
+  fwrite(PyBytes_AS_STRING(data), 1, PyBytes_GET_SIZE(data), fp);
   Py_DECREF(data);
   fseek(fp, 0, 0);
   win = getwin(fp);
@@ -2175,7 +2175,7 @@ PyCurses_KeyName(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
   }
   knp = keyname(ch);
 
-  return PyString_FromString((knp == NULL) ? "" : (char *)knp);
+  return PyBytes_FromString((knp == NULL) ? "" : (char *)knp);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -2186,7 +2186,7 @@ PyCurses_KillChar(PyObject *self)
 
   ch = killchar();  
 
-  return PyString_FromStringAndSize(&ch, 1);  
+  return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(&ch, 1);  
 }  
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -2557,7 +2557,7 @@ PyCurses_tigetstr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		Py_INCREF(Py_None);
 		return Py_None;
 	}
-	return PyString_FromString( capname );
+	return PyBytes_FromString( capname );
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -2581,7 +2581,7 @@ PyCurses_tparm(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
   		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	return PyString_FromString(result);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(result);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -2611,7 +2611,7 @@ PyCurses_UnCtrl(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  return PyString_FromString(unctrl(ch));
+  return PyBytes_FromString(unctrl(ch));
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -2806,7 +2806,7 @@ init_curses(void)
 	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "error", PyCursesError);
 
 	/* Make the version available */
-	v = PyString_FromString(PyCursesVersion);
+	v = PyBytes_FromString(PyCursesVersion);
 	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "version", v);
 	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__version__", v);
 	Py_DECREF(v);
diff --git a/Modules/_dbmmodule.c b/Modules/_dbmmodule.c
index 8484d94553..ddfd4cd759 100644
--- a/Modules/_dbmmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_dbmmodule.c
@@ -219,14 +219,14 @@ dbm_contains(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
 		if (arg == NULL)
 			return -1;
 	}
-	if (!PyString_Check(arg)) {
+	if (!PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
 		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
 			     "dbm key must be string, not %.100s",
 			     arg->ob_type->tp_name);
 		return -1;
 	}
-	key.dptr = PyString_AS_STRING(arg);
-	key.dsize = PyString_GET_SIZE(arg);
+	key.dptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg);
+	key.dsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(arg);
 	val = dbm_fetch(dp->di_dbm, key);
 	return val.dptr != NULL;
 }
diff --git a/Modules/_elementtree.c b/Modules/_elementtree.c
index d237cbb75b..0c8bf2a26d 100644
--- a/Modules/_elementtree.c
+++ b/Modules/_elementtree.c
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ list_join(PyObject* list)
     switch (PyList_GET_SIZE(list)) {
     case 0:
         Py_DECREF(list);
-        return PyString_FromString("");
+        return PyBytes_FromString("");
     case 1:
         result = PyList_GET_ITEM(list, 0);
         Py_INCREF(result);
@@ -725,9 +725,9 @@ checkpath(PyObject* tag)
         }
         return 0;
     }
-    if (PyString_Check(tag)) {
-        char *p = PyString_AS_STRING(tag);
-        for (i = 0; i < PyString_GET_SIZE(tag); i++) {
+    if (PyBytes_Check(tag)) {
+        char *p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(tag);
+        for (i = 0; i < PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tag); i++) {
             if (p[i] == '{')
                 check = 0;
             else if (p[i] == '}')
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ element_findtext(ElementObject* self, PyObject* args)
         if (Element_CheckExact(item) && !PyObject_Compare(item->tag, tag)) {
             PyObject* text = element_get_text(item);
             if (text == Py_None)
-                return PyString_FromString("");
+                return PyBytes_FromString("");
             Py_XINCREF(text);
             return text;
         }
@@ -1584,14 +1584,14 @@ treebuilder_handle_data(TreeBuilderObject* self, PyObject* data)
         Py_INCREF(data); self->data = data;
     } else {
         /* more than one item; use a list to collect items */
-        if (PyString_CheckExact(self->data) && Py_REFCNT(self->data) == 1 &&
-            PyString_CheckExact(data) && PyString_GET_SIZE(data) == 1) {
+        if (PyBytes_CheckExact(self->data) && Py_REFCNT(self->data) == 1 &&
+            PyBytes_CheckExact(data) && PyBytes_GET_SIZE(data) == 1) {
             /* expat often generates single character data sections; handle
                the most common case by resizing the existing string... */
-            Py_ssize_t size = PyString_GET_SIZE(self->data);
-            if (_PyString_Resize(&self->data, size + 1) < 0)
+            Py_ssize_t size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self->data);
+            if (_PyBytes_Resize(&self->data, size + 1) < 0)
                 return NULL;
-            PyString_AS_STRING(self->data)[size] = PyString_AS_STRING(data)[0];
+            PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->data)[size] = PyBytes_AS_STRING(data)[0];
         } else if (PyList_CheckExact(self->data)) {
             if (PyList_Append(self->data, data) < 0)
                 return NULL;
@@ -1848,7 +1848,7 @@ makeuniversal(XMLParserObject* self, const char* string)
     PyObject* value;
 
     /* look the 'raw' name up in the names dictionary */
-    key = PyString_FromStringAndSize(string, size);
+    key = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(string, size);
     if (!key)
         return NULL;
 
@@ -1870,8 +1870,8 @@ makeuniversal(XMLParserObject* self, const char* string)
                 break;
         if (i != size) {
             /* convert to universal name */
-            tag = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size+1);
-            p = PyString_AS_STRING(tag);
+            tag = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size+1);
+            p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(tag);
             p[0] = '{';
             memcpy(p+1, string, size);
             size++;
@@ -1882,7 +1882,7 @@ makeuniversal(XMLParserObject* self, const char* string)
         }
         
         /* decode universal name */
-        p = PyString_AS_STRING(tag);
+        p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(tag);
         value = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(p, size, "strict");
         Py_DECREF(tag);
         if (!value) {
@@ -1935,7 +1935,7 @@ expat_default_handler(XMLParserObject* self, const XML_Char* data_in,
     } else {
         PyErr_Format(
             PyExc_SyntaxError, "undefined entity &%s;: line %ld, column %ld",
-            PyString_AS_STRING(key),
+            PyBytes_AS_STRING(key),
             EXPAT(GetErrorLineNumber)(self->parser),
             EXPAT(GetErrorColumnNumber)(self->parser)
             );
@@ -2362,13 +2362,13 @@ xmlparser_parse(XMLParserObject* self, PyObject* args)
             return NULL;
         }
 
-        if (!PyString_CheckExact(buffer) || PyString_GET_SIZE(buffer) == 0) {
+        if (!PyBytes_CheckExact(buffer) || PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buffer) == 0) {
             Py_DECREF(buffer);
             break;
         }
 
         res = expat_parse(
-            self, PyString_AS_STRING(buffer), PyString_GET_SIZE(buffer), 0
+            self, PyBytes_AS_STRING(buffer), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buffer), 0
             );
 
         Py_DECREF(buffer);
@@ -2430,7 +2430,7 @@ xmlparser_setevents(XMLParserObject* self, PyObject* args)
 
     if (event_set == Py_None) {
         /* default is "end" only */
-        target->end_event_obj = PyString_FromString("end");
+        target->end_event_obj = PyBytes_FromString("end");
         Py_RETURN_NONE;
     }
 
@@ -2440,9 +2440,9 @@ xmlparser_setevents(XMLParserObject* self, PyObject* args)
     for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(event_set); i++) {
         PyObject* item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(event_set, i);
         char* event;
-        if (!PyString_Check(item))
+        if (!PyBytes_Check(item))
             goto error;
-        event = PyString_AS_STRING(item);
+        event = PyBytes_AS_STRING(item);
         if (strcmp(event, "start") == 0) {
             Py_INCREF(item);
             target->start_event_obj = item;
@@ -2514,7 +2514,7 @@ xmlparser_getattr(XMLParserObject* self, char* name)
         char buffer[100];
         sprintf(buffer, "Expat %d.%d.%d", XML_MAJOR_VERSION,
                 XML_MINOR_VERSION, XML_MICRO_VERSION);
-        return PyString_FromString(buffer);
+        return PyBytes_FromString(buffer);
     } else {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, name);
         return NULL;
diff --git a/Modules/_fileio.c b/Modules/_fileio.c
index 7966878e53..1a78f60c23 100644
--- a/Modules/_fileio.c
+++ b/Modules/_fileio.c
@@ -392,14 +392,14 @@ fileio_readall(PyFileIOObject *self)
 	Py_ssize_t total = 0;
 	int n;
 
-	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+	result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
 	if (result == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
 	while (1) {
 		Py_ssize_t newsize = total + DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE;
-		if (PyString_GET_SIZE(result) < newsize) {
-			if (_PyString_Resize(&result, newsize) < 0) {
+		if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result) < newsize) {
+			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&result, newsize) < 0) {
 				if (total == 0) {
 					Py_DECREF(result);
 					return NULL;
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ fileio_readall(PyFileIOObject *self)
 		Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 		errno = 0;
 		n = read(self->fd,
-			 PyString_AS_STRING(result) + total,
+			 PyBytes_AS_STRING(result) + total,
 			 newsize - total);
 		Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
 		if (n == 0)
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ fileio_readall(PyFileIOObject *self)
 		total += n;
 	}
 
-	if (PyString_GET_SIZE(result) > total) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&result, total) < 0) {
+	if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result) > total) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&result, total) < 0) {
 			/* This should never happen, but just in case */
 			Py_DECREF(result);
 			return NULL;
@@ -460,10 +460,10 @@ fileio_read(PyFileIOObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return fileio_readall(self);
 	}
 
-	bytes = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
+	bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
 	if (bytes == NULL)
 		return NULL;
-	ptr = PyString_AS_STRING(bytes);
+	ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes);
 
 	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 	errno = 0;
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ fileio_read(PyFileIOObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	if (n != size) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&bytes, n) < 0) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&bytes, n) < 0) {
 			Py_DECREF(bytes);
 			return NULL;
 		}
diff --git a/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c b/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c
index 4404d2f348..6c7581969a 100644
--- a/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ dbm_subscript(dbmobject *dp, register PyObject *key)
         PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, key);
         return NULL;
     }
-    v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(drec.dptr, drec.dsize);
+    v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(drec.dptr, drec.dsize);
     free(drec.dptr);
     return v;
 }
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ dbm_keys(register dbmobject *dp, PyObject *unused)
 
     key = gdbm_firstkey(dp->di_dbm);
     while (key.dptr) {
-        item = PyString_FromStringAndSize(key.dptr, key.dsize);
+        item = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(key.dptr, key.dsize);
         if (item == NULL) {
             free(key.dptr);
             Py_DECREF(v);
@@ -251,14 +251,14 @@ dbm_contains(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
 			"GDBM object has already been closed");
 	return -1;
     }
-    if (!PyString_Check(arg)) {
+    if (!PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
 	PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
 		     "gdbm key must be bytes, not %.100s",
 		     arg->ob_type->tp_name);
 	return -1;
     }
-    key.dptr = PyString_AS_STRING(arg);
-    key.dsize = PyString_GET_SIZE(arg);
+    key.dptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg);
+    key.dsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(arg);
     return gdbm_exists(dp->di_dbm, key);
 }
 
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ dbm_firstkey(register dbmobject *dp, PyObject *unused)
     check_dbmobject_open(dp);
     key = gdbm_firstkey(dp->di_dbm);
     if (key.dptr) {
-        v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(key.dptr, key.dsize);
+        v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(key.dptr, key.dsize);
         free(key.dptr);
         return v;
     }
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ dbm_nextkey(register dbmobject *dp, PyObject *args)
     check_dbmobject_open(dp);
     nextkey = gdbm_nextkey(dp->di_dbm, key);
     if (nextkey.dptr) {
-        v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(nextkey.dptr, nextkey.dsize);
+        v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(nextkey.dptr, nextkey.dsize);
         free(nextkey.dptr);
         return v;
     }
diff --git a/Modules/_hashopenssl.c b/Modules/_hashopenssl.c
index 1791efeddf..ecbe01c9db 100644
--- a/Modules/_hashopenssl.c
+++ b/Modules/_hashopenssl.c
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ EVP_digest(EVPobject *self, PyObject *unused)
     digest_size = EVP_MD_CTX_size(&temp_ctx);
     EVP_DigestFinal(&temp_ctx, digest, NULL);
 
-    retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, digest_size);
+    retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, digest_size);
     EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&temp_ctx);
     return retval;
 }
diff --git a/Modules/_json.c b/Modules/_json.c
index 890d27e977..cc52ff6e64 100644
--- a/Modules/_json.c
+++ b/Modules/_json.c
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ ascii_escape_unicode(PyObject *pystr)
     input_unicode = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(pystr);
     /* One char input can be up to 6 chars output, estimate 4 of these */
     output_size = 2 + (MIN_EXPANSION * 4) + input_chars;
-    rval = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, output_size);
+    rval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, output_size);
     if (rval == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    output = PyString_AS_STRING(rval);
+    output = PyBytes_AS_STRING(rval);
     chars = 0;
     output[chars++] = '"';
     for (i = 0; i < input_chars; i++) {
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ ascii_escape_unicode(PyObject *pystr)
             if (output_size > 2 + (input_chars * MAX_EXPANSION)) {
                 output_size = 2 + (input_chars * MAX_EXPANSION);
             }
-            if (_PyString_Resize(&rval, output_size) == -1) {
+            if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rval, output_size) == -1) {
                 return NULL;
             }
-            output = PyString_AS_STRING(rval);
+            output = PyBytes_AS_STRING(rval);
         }
     }
     output[chars++] = '"';
-    if (_PyString_Resize(&rval, chars) == -1) {
+    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rval, chars) == -1) {
         return NULL;
     }
     return rval;
@@ -116,15 +116,15 @@ ascii_escape_str(PyObject *pystr)
     char *output;
     char *input_str;
 
-    input_chars = PyString_GET_SIZE(pystr);
-    input_str = PyString_AS_STRING(pystr);
+    input_chars = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(pystr);
+    input_str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(pystr);
     /* One char input can be up to 6 chars output, estimate 4 of these */
     output_size = 2 + (MIN_EXPANSION * 4) + input_chars;
-    rval = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, output_size);
+    rval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, output_size);
     if (rval == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    output = PyString_AS_STRING(rval);
+    output = PyBytes_AS_STRING(rval);
     chars = 0;
     output[chars++] = '"';
     for (i = 0; i < input_chars; i++) {
@@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ ascii_escape_str(PyObject *pystr)
             if (output_size > 2 + (input_chars * MIN_EXPANSION)) {
                 output_size = 2 + (input_chars * MIN_EXPANSION);
             }
-            if (_PyString_Resize(&rval, output_size) == -1) {
+            if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rval, output_size) == -1) {
                 return NULL;
             }
-            output = PyString_AS_STRING(rval);
+            output = PyBytes_AS_STRING(rval);
         }
     }
     output[chars++] = '"';
-    if (_PyString_Resize(&rval, chars) == -1) {
+    if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rval, chars) == -1) {
         return NULL;
     }
     return rval;
@@ -227,10 +227,10 @@ static PyObject *
 scanstring_str(PyObject *pystr, Py_ssize_t end, char *encoding, int strict)
 {
     PyObject *rval;
-    Py_ssize_t len = PyString_GET_SIZE(pystr);
+    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(pystr);
     Py_ssize_t begin = end - 1;
     Py_ssize_t next = begin;
-    char *buf = PyString_AS_STRING(pystr);
+    char *buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(pystr);
     Py_buffer info;
     PyObject *chunks = PyList_New(0);
     if (chunks == NULL) {
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ py_scanstring(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
     if (encoding == NULL) {
         encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING;
     }
-    if (PyString_Check(pystr)) {
+    if (PyBytes_Check(pystr)) {
         return scanstring_str(pystr, end, encoding, strict);
     }
     else if (PyUnicode_Check(pystr)) {
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ py_encode_basestring_ascii(PyObject* self, PyObject *pystr)
 {
     PyObject *rval;
     /* METH_O */
-    if (PyString_Check(pystr)) {
+    if (PyBytes_Check(pystr)) {
         rval = ascii_escape_str(pystr);
     }
     else if (PyUnicode_Check(pystr)) {
@@ -594,8 +594,8 @@ py_encode_basestring_ascii(PyObject* self, PyObject *pystr)
                      Py_TYPE(pystr)->tp_name);
         return NULL;
     }
-    if (PyString_Check(rval)) {
-        PyObject *urval = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(PyString_AS_STRING(rval), PyString_GET_SIZE(rval), NULL);
+    if (PyBytes_Check(rval)) {
+        PyObject *urval = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(PyBytes_AS_STRING(rval), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(rval), NULL);
         Py_DECREF(rval);
         return urval;
     }
diff --git a/Modules/_sqlite/connection.c b/Modules/_sqlite/connection.c
index 667c3f00a3..2d1b8220d0 100644
--- a/Modules/_sqlite/connection.c
+++ b/Modules/_sqlite/connection.c
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ PyObject* _pysqlite_build_py_params(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_
                 break;
             case SQLITE_BLOB:
                 buflen = sqlite3_value_bytes(cur_value);
-                cur_py_value = PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+                cur_py_value = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
                     sqlite3_value_blob(cur_value), buflen);
                 break;
             case SQLITE_NULL:
diff --git a/Modules/_sqlite/connection.h b/Modules/_sqlite/connection.h
index dd177aedfe..af414a0c38 100644
--- a/Modules/_sqlite/connection.h
+++ b/Modules/_sqlite/connection.h
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ typedef struct
     /* Determines how bytestrings from SQLite are converted to Python objects:
      * - PyUnicode_Type:        Python Unicode objects are constructed from UTF-8 bytestrings
      * - OptimizedUnicode:      Like before, but for ASCII data, only PyStrings are created.
-     * - PyString_Type:         PyStrings are created as-is.
+     * - PyBytes_Type:         PyStrings are created as-is.
      * - Any custom callable:   Any object returned from the callable called with the bytestring
      *                          as single parameter.
      */
diff --git a/Modules/_sqlite/cursor.c b/Modules/_sqlite/cursor.c
index 4ab84616a2..243b0b66cc 100644
--- a/Modules/_sqlite/cursor.c
+++ b/Modules/_sqlite/cursor.c
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ PyObject* _pysqlite_fetch_one_row(pysqlite_Cursor* self)
                 Py_INCREF(Py_None);
                 converted = Py_None;
             } else {
-                item = PyString_FromStringAndSize(val_str, nbytes);
+                item = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(val_str, nbytes);
                 if (!item) {
                     return NULL;
                 }
@@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ PyObject* _pysqlite_fetch_one_row(pysqlite_Cursor* self)
                             Py_DECREF(buf_bytes);
                         }
                     }
-                } else if (self->connection->text_factory == (PyObject*)&PyString_Type) {
-                    converted = PyString_FromString(val_str);
+                } else if (self->connection->text_factory == (PyObject*)&PyBytes_Type) {
+                    converted = PyBytes_FromString(val_str);
                 } else if (self->connection->text_factory == (PyObject*)&PyByteArray_Type) {
                     converted = PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(val_str, strlen(val_str));
                 } else {
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ PyObject* _pysqlite_fetch_one_row(pysqlite_Cursor* self)
             } else {
                 /* coltype == SQLITE_BLOB */
                 nbytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(self->statement->st, i);
-                buffer = PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+                buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
                     sqlite3_column_blob(self->statement->st, i), nbytes);
                 if (!buffer) {
                     break;
diff --git a/Modules/_sqlite/statement.c b/Modules/_sqlite/statement.c
index ddbb85e1ff..fb1eec7c0f 100644
--- a/Modules/_sqlite/statement.c
+++ b/Modules/_sqlite/statement.c
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ int pysqlite_statement_bind_parameter(pysqlite_Statement* self, int pos, PyObjec
     }
 
     if (paramtype == TYPE_STRING && !allow_8bit_chars) {
-        string = PyString_AS_STRING(parameter);
+        string = PyBytes_AS_STRING(parameter);
         for (c = string; *c != 0; c++) {
             if (*c & 0x80) {
                 PyErr_SetString(pysqlite_ProgrammingError, "You must not use 8-bit bytestrings unless you use a text_factory that can interpret 8-bit bytestrings (like text_factory = str). It is highly recommended that you instead just switch your application to Unicode strings.");
diff --git a/Modules/_sre.c b/Modules/_sre.c
index bfe4ae93d9..22aff76e3c 100644
--- a/Modules/_sre.c
+++ b/Modules/_sre.c
@@ -1714,7 +1714,7 @@ getstring(PyObject* string, Py_ssize_t* p_length, int* p_charsize)
     /* determine character size */
     size = PyObject_Size(string);
 
-    if (PyString_Check(string) || bytes == size)
+    if (PyBytes_Check(string) || bytes == size)
         charsize = 1;
 #if defined(HAVE_UNICODE)
     else if (bytes == (Py_ssize_t) (size * sizeof(Py_UNICODE))) 
diff --git a/Modules/_ssl.c b/Modules/_ssl.c
index beb212fb94..af8df9c8ea 100644
--- a/Modules/_ssl.c
+++ b/Modules/_ssl.c
@@ -599,8 +599,8 @@ _create_tuple_for_X509_NAME (X509_NAME *xname)
                 /*
                 fprintf(stderr, "RDN level %d, attribute %s: %s\n",
                         entry->set,
-                        PyString_AS_STRING(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(attr, 0)),
-                        PyString_AS_STRING(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(attr, 1)));
+                        PyBytes_AS_STRING(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(attr, 0)),
+                        PyBytes_AS_STRING(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(attr, 1)));
                 */
 		if (attr == NULL)
 			goto fail1;
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ PySSL_peercert(PySSLObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			return NULL;
 		}
                 /* this is actually an immutable bytes sequence */
-		retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize
+		retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
                   ((const char *) bytes_buf, len);
 		OPENSSL_free(bytes_buf);
 		return retval;
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ static PyObject *PySSL_SSLread(PySSLObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
   done:
 	if (!buf_passed) {
-		PyObject *res = PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+		PyObject *res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
 			PyByteArray_AS_STRING(buf), count);
 		Py_DECREF(buf);
 		return res;
diff --git a/Modules/_struct.c b/Modules/_struct.c
index c162e6dd3a..ae8a160434 100644
--- a/Modules/_struct.c
+++ b/Modules/_struct.c
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ _range_error(const formatdef *f, int is_unsigned)
 static PyObject *
 nu_char(const char *p, const formatdef *f)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(p, 1);
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(p, 1);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -608,12 +608,12 @@ np_char(char *p, PyObject *v, const formatdef *f)
 		if (v == NULL)
 			return -1;
 	}
-	if (!PyString_Check(v) || PyString_Size(v) != 1) {
+	if (!PyBytes_Check(v) || PyBytes_Size(v) != 1) {
 		PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 				"char format requires string of length 1");
 		return -1;
 	}
-	*p = *PyString_AsString(v);
+	*p = *PyBytes_AsString(v);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ prepare_s(PyStructObject *self)
 	char c;
 	Py_ssize_t size, len, num, itemsize, x;
 
-	fmt = PyString_AS_STRING(self->s_format);
+	fmt = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->s_format);
 
 	f = whichtable((char **)&fmt);
 
@@ -1478,7 +1478,7 @@ s_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 		Py_INCREF(o_format);
 	}
 
-	if (!PyString_Check(o_format)) {
+	if (!PyBytes_Check(o_format)) {
 		Py_DECREF(o_format);
 		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
 			     "Struct() argument 1 must be bytes, not %.200s",
@@ -1518,12 +1518,12 @@ s_unpack_internal(PyStructObject *soself, char *startfrom) {
 		const formatdef *e = code->fmtdef;
 		const char *res = startfrom + code->offset;
 		if (e->format == 's') {
-			v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(res, code->size);
+			v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(res, code->size);
 		} else if (e->format == 'p') {
 			Py_ssize_t n = *(unsigned char*)res;
 			if (n >= code->size)
 				n = code->size - 1;
-			v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(res + 1, n);
+			v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(res + 1, n);
 		} else {
 			v = e->unpack(res, e);
 		}
@@ -1645,15 +1645,15 @@ s_pack_internal(PyStructObject *soself, PyObject *args, int offset, char* buf)
 				if (v == NULL)
 					return -1;
 			}
-			isstring = PyString_Check(v);
+			isstring = PyBytes_Check(v);
 			if (!isstring && !PyByteArray_Check(v)) {
 				PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 						"argument for 's' must be a string");
 				return -1;
 			}
 			if (isstring) {
-				n = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
-				p = PyString_AS_STRING(v);
+				n = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(v);
+				p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
 			}
 			else {
 				n = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(v);
@@ -1671,15 +1671,15 @@ s_pack_internal(PyStructObject *soself, PyObject *args, int offset, char* buf)
 				if (v == NULL)
 					return -1;
 			}
-			isstring = PyString_Check(v);
+			isstring = PyBytes_Check(v);
 			if (!isstring && !PyByteArray_Check(v)) {
 				PyErr_SetString(StructError,
 						"argument for 'p' must be a string");
 				return -1;
 			}
 			if (isstring) {
-				n = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
-				p = PyString_AS_STRING(v);
+				n = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(v);
+				p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
 			}
 			else {
 				n = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(v);
@@ -1731,12 +1731,12 @@ s_pack(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	/* Allocate a new string */
-	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, soself->s_size);
+	result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, soself->s_size);
 	if (result == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* Call the guts */
-	if ( s_pack_internal(soself, args, 0, PyString_AS_STRING(result)) != 0 ) {
+	if ( s_pack_internal(soself, args, 0, PyBytes_AS_STRING(result)) != 0 ) {
 		Py_DECREF(result);
 		return NULL;
 	}
@@ -2092,7 +2092,7 @@ init_struct(void)
 {
 	PyObject *ver, *m;
 
-	ver = PyString_FromString("0.2");
+	ver = PyBytes_FromString("0.2");
 	if (ver == NULL)
 		return;
 
diff --git a/Modules/_tkinter.c b/Modules/_tkinter.c
index 33efaffa6e..5002f4a001 100644
--- a/Modules/_tkinter.c
+++ b/Modules/_tkinter.c
@@ -335,8 +335,8 @@ WaitForMainloop(TkappObject* self)
 static char *
 AsString(PyObject *value, PyObject *tmp)
 {
-	if (PyString_Check(value))
-		return PyString_AsString(value);
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value))
+		return PyBytes_AsString(value);
 	else if (PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
 		PyObject *v = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(value);
 		if (v == NULL)
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ AsString(PyObject *value, PyObject *tmp)
 			return NULL;
 		}
 		Py_DECREF(v);
-		return PyString_AsString(v);
+		return PyBytes_AsString(v);
 	}
 	else {
 		PyObject *v = PyObject_Str(value);
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ AsString(PyObject *value, PyObject *tmp)
 			return NULL;
 		}
 		Py_DECREF(v);
-		return PyString_AsString(v);
+		return PyBytes_AsString(v);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -528,10 +528,10 @@ SplitObj(PyObject *arg)
 			return result;
 		/* Fall through, returning arg. */
 	}
-	else if (PyString_Check(arg)) {
+	else if (PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
 		int argc;
 		char **argv;
-		char *list = PyString_AsString(arg);
+		char *list = PyBytes_AsString(arg);
 
 		if (Tcl_SplitList((Tcl_Interp *)NULL, list, &argc, &argv) != TCL_OK) {
 			Py_INCREF(arg);
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ SplitObj(PyObject *arg)
 		}
 		Tcl_Free(FREECAST argv);
 		if (argc > 1)
-			return Split(PyString_AsString(arg));
+			return Split(PyBytes_AsString(arg));
 		/* Fall through, returning arg. */
 	}
 	Py_INCREF(arg);
@@ -866,9 +866,9 @@ AsObj(PyObject *value)
 	long longVal;
 	int overflow;
 
-	if (PyString_Check(value))
-		return Tcl_NewStringObj(PyString_AS_STRING(value),
-					PyString_GET_SIZE(value));
+	if (PyBytes_Check(value))
+		return Tcl_NewStringObj(PyBytes_AS_STRING(value),
+					PyBytes_GET_SIZE(value));
 	else if (PyBool_Check(value))
 		return Tcl_NewBooleanObj(PyObject_IsTrue(value));
 	else if (PyLong_CheckExact(value) &&
@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ FromObj(PyObject* tkapp, Tcl_Obj *value)
 	if (value->typePtr == app->ByteArrayType) {
 		int size;
 		char *data = (char*)Tcl_GetByteArrayFromObj(value, &size);
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(data, size);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(data, size);
 	}
 
 	if (value->typePtr == app->DoubleType) {
@@ -1419,8 +1419,8 @@ static int
 varname_converter(PyObject *in, void *_out)
 {
 	char **out = (char**)_out;
-	if (PyString_Check(in)) {
-		*out = PyString_AsString(in);
+	if (PyBytes_Check(in)) {
+		*out = PyBytes_AsString(in);
 		return 1;
 	}
         if (PyUnicode_Check(in)) {
@@ -3071,7 +3071,7 @@ init_tkinter(void)
 						 Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, 
 						 NULL);
 		if (cexe)
-			Tcl_FindExecutable(PyString_AsString(cexe));
+			Tcl_FindExecutable(PyBytes_AsString(cexe));
 		Py_XDECREF(cexe);
 		Py_DECREF(uexe);
 	}
diff --git a/Modules/arraymodule.c b/Modules/arraymodule.c
index a851212582..a84126d12b 100644
--- a/Modules/arraymodule.c
+++ b/Modules/arraymodule.c
@@ -1212,14 +1212,14 @@ array_fromfile(arrayobject *self, PyObject *args)
 	if (b == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
-	if (!PyString_Check(b)) {
+	if (!PyBytes_Check(b)) {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
 				"read() didn't return bytes");
 		Py_DECREF(b);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	if (PyString_GET_SIZE(b) != nbytes) {
+	if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(b) != nbytes) {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
 				"read() didn't return enough bytes");
 		Py_DECREF(b);
@@ -1263,7 +1263,7 @@ array_tofile(arrayobject *self, PyObject *f)
 		PyObject *bytes, *res;
 		if (i*BLOCKSIZE + size > nbytes)
 			size = nbytes - i*BLOCKSIZE;
-		bytes = PyString_FromStringAndSize(ptr, size);
+		bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(ptr, size);
 		if (bytes == NULL)
 			return NULL;
 		res = PyObject_CallMethod(f, "write", "O", bytes);
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ values, as if it had been read from a file using the fromfile() method).");
 static PyObject *
 array_tostring(arrayobject *self, PyObject *unused)
 {
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(self->ob_item,
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self->ob_item,
                                          Py_SIZE(self) * self->ob_descr->itemsize);
 }
 
@@ -1856,7 +1856,7 @@ array_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 
 	if (!(initial == NULL || PyList_Check(initial)
 	      || PyByteArray_Check(initial)
-	      || PyString_Check(initial)
+	      || PyBytes_Check(initial)
 	      || PyTuple_Check(initial)
 	      || ((c=='u') && PyUnicode_Check(initial)))) {
 		it = PyObject_GetIter(initial);
@@ -1902,7 +1902,7 @@ array_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 				}
 			}
 			else if (initial != NULL && (PyByteArray_Check(initial) ||
-					   PyString_Check(initial))) {
+					   PyBytes_Check(initial))) {
 				PyObject *t_initial, *v;
 				t_initial = PyTuple_Pack(1, initial);
 				if (t_initial == NULL) {
diff --git a/Modules/audioop.c b/Modules/audioop.c
index eb380821d0..7f1e34b030 100644
--- a/Modules/audioop.c
+++ b/Modules/audioop.c
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ audioop_findfit(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 
 	/* Passing a short** for an 's' argument is correct only
 	   if the string contents is aligned for interpretation
-	   as short[]. Due to the definition of PyStringObject,
+	   as short[]. Due to the definition of PyBytesObject,
 	   this is currently (Python 2.6) the case. */
         if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#s#:findfit",
 	                       (char**)&cp1, &len1, (char**)&cp2, &len2) )
@@ -759,10 +759,10 @@ audioop_mul(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
     
         for ( i=0; i < len; i += size ) {
@@ -801,10 +801,10 @@ audioop_tomono(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/2);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/2);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
     
         for ( i=0; i < len; i += size*2 ) {
@@ -846,10 +846,10 @@ audioop_tostereo(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
     
         for ( i=0; i < len; i += size ) {
@@ -903,10 +903,10 @@ audioop_add(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
 
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len1);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len1);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
 
         for ( i=0; i < len1; i += size ) {
                 if ( size == 1 )      val1 = (int)*CHARP(cp1, i);
@@ -949,10 +949,10 @@ audioop_bias(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
     
         for ( i=0; i < len; i += size ) {
@@ -985,10 +985,10 @@ audioop_reverse(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
         for ( i=0; i < len; i += size ) {
                 if ( size == 1 )      val = ((int)*CHARP(cp, i)) << 8;
@@ -1023,10 +1023,10 @@ audioop_lin2lin(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (len/size)*size2);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (len/size)*size2);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
         for ( i=0, j=0; i < len; i += size, j += size2 ) {
                 if ( size == 1 )      val = ((int)*CHARP(cp, i)) << 8;
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ audioop_ratecv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                     nbytes / bytes_per_frame != ceiling)
                         str = NULL;
                 else
-                        str = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, nbytes);
+                        str = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, nbytes);
 
                 if (str == NULL) {
                         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError,
@@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ audioop_ratecv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                         goto exit;
                 }
         }
-        ncp = PyString_AsString(str);
+        ncp = PyBytes_AsString(str);
 
         for (;;) {
                 while (d < 0) {
@@ -1182,9 +1182,9 @@ audioop_ratecv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                                         goto exit;
                                 /* We have checked before that the length
                                  * of the string fits into int. */
-                                len = (int)(ncp - PyString_AsString(str));
-				rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize
-					(PyString_AsString(str), len);
+                                len = (int)(ncp - PyBytes_AsString(str));
+				rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+					(PyBytes_AsString(str), len);
 				Py_DECREF(str);
 				str = rv;
 				if (str == NULL)
@@ -1254,10 +1254,10 @@ audioop_lin2ulaw(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/size);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/size);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
         for ( i=0; i < len; i += size ) {
                 if ( size == 1 )      val = ((int)*CHARP(cp, i)) << 8;
@@ -1288,10 +1288,10 @@ audioop_ulaw2lin(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*size);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*size);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
         for ( i=0; i < len*size; i += size ) {
                 cval = *cp++;
@@ -1322,10 +1322,10 @@ audioop_lin2alaw(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/size);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/size);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
         for ( i=0; i < len; i += size ) {
                 if ( size == 1 )      val = ((int)*CHARP(cp, i)) << 8;
@@ -1356,10 +1356,10 @@ audioop_alaw2lin(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*size);
+        rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*size);
         if ( rv == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(rv);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(rv);
     
         for ( i=0; i < len*size; i += size ) {
                 cval = *cp++;
@@ -1392,10 +1392,10 @@ audioop_lin2adpcm(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return 0;
         }
     
-        str = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/(size*2));
+        str = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len/(size*2));
         if ( str == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(str);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(str);
 
         /* Decode state, should have (value, step) */
         if ( state == Py_None ) {
@@ -1508,10 +1508,10 @@ audioop_adpcm2lin(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
         } else if ( !PyArg_ParseTuple(state, "ii", &valpred, &index) )
                 return 0;
     
-        str = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*size*2);
+        str = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*size*2);
         if ( str == 0 )
                 return 0;
-        ncp = (signed char *)PyString_AsString(str);
+        ncp = (signed char *)PyBytes_AsString(str);
 
         step = stepsizeTable[index];
         bufferstep = 0;
diff --git a/Modules/binascii.c b/Modules/binascii.c
index b65bdab786..62b86a82df 100644
--- a/Modules/binascii.c
+++ b/Modules/binascii.c
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ binascii_a2b_uu(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	ascii_len--;
 
 	/* Allocate the buffer */
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 
 	for( ; bin_len > 0 ; ascii_len--, ascii_data++ ) {
 		/* XXX is it really best to add NULs if there's no more data */
@@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ binascii_b2a_uu(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	/* We're lazy and allocate to much (fixed up later) */
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len*2+2)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len*2+2)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 
 	/* Store the length */
 	*ascii_data++ = ' ' + (bin_len & 077);
@@ -304,9 +304,9 @@ binascii_b2a_uu(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 	*ascii_data++ = '\n';	/* Append a courtesy newline */
 
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&rv,
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv,
                            (ascii_data -
-                            (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
+                            (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
 		rv = NULL;
 	}
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@ binascii_a2b_base64(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	bin_len = ((ascii_len+3)/4)*3; /* Upper bound, corrected later */
 
 	/* Allocate the buffer */
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 	bin_len = 0;
 
 	for( ; ascii_len > 0; ascii_len--, ascii_data++) {
@@ -419,17 +419,17 @@ binascii_a2b_base64(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 
 	/* And set string size correctly. If the result string is empty
 	** (because the input was all invalid) return the shared empty
-	** string instead; _PyString_Resize() won't do this for us.
+	** string instead; _PyBytes_Resize() won't do this for us.
 	*/
 	if (bin_len > 0) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&rv, bin_len) < 0) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv, bin_len) < 0) {
 			Py_DECREF(rv);
 			rv = NULL;
 		}
 	}
 	else {
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
-		rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+		rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 	}
 	return rv;
 }
@@ -456,9 +456,9 @@ binascii_b2a_base64(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	/* We're lazy and allocate too much (fixed up later).
 	   "+3" leaves room for up to two pad characters and a trailing
 	   newline.  Note that 'b' gets encoded as 'Yg==\n' (1 in, 5 out). */
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len*2 + 3)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len*2 + 3)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 
 	for( ; bin_len > 0 ; bin_len--, bin_data++ ) {
 		/* Shift the data into our buffer */
@@ -482,9 +482,9 @@ binascii_b2a_base64(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 	*ascii_data++ = '\n';	/* Append a courtesy newline */
 
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&rv,
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv,
 			   (ascii_data -
-			    (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
+			    (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
 		rv = NULL;
 	}
@@ -510,9 +510,9 @@ binascii_a2b_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	/* Allocate a string that is too big (fixed later) 
 	   Add two to the initial length to prevent interning which
 	   would preclude subsequent resizing.  */
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len+2)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len+2)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 
 	for( ; len > 0 ; len--, ascii_data++ ) {
 		/* Get the byte and look it up */
@@ -546,9 +546,9 @@ binascii_a2b_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&rv,
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv,
 			   (bin_data -
-			    (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
+			    (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
 		rv = NULL;
 	}
@@ -575,9 +575,9 @@ binascii_rlecode_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* Worst case: output is twice as big as input (fixed later) */
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2+2)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2+2)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	out_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	out_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 
 	for( in=0; in<len; in++) {
 		ch = in_data[in];
@@ -603,9 +603,9 @@ binascii_rlecode_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&rv,
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv,
 			   (out_data -
-			    (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
+			    (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
 		rv = NULL;
 	}
@@ -628,9 +628,9 @@ binascii_b2a_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* Allocate a buffer that is at least large enough */
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2+2)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len*2+2)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
-	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	ascii_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 
 	for( ; len > 0 ; len--, bin_data++ ) {
 		/* Shift into our buffer, and output any 6bits ready */
@@ -647,9 +647,9 @@ binascii_b2a_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		leftchar <<= (6-leftbits);
 		*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_hqx[leftchar & 0x3f];
 	}
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&rv,
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv,
 			   (ascii_data -
-			    (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
+			    (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
 		rv = NULL;
 	}
@@ -671,14 +671,14 @@ binascii_rledecode_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 
 	/* Empty string is a special case */
 	if ( in_len == 0 )
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 
 	/* Allocate a buffer of reasonable size. Resized when needed */
 	out_len = in_len*2;
-	if ( (rv=PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, out_len)) == NULL )
+	if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, out_len)) == NULL )
 		return NULL;
 	out_len_left = out_len;
-	out_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv);
+	out_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);
 
 	/*
 	** We need two macros here to get/put bytes and handle
@@ -697,9 +697,9 @@ binascii_rledecode_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 #define OUTBYTE(b) \
 	do { \
 		 if ( --out_len_left < 0 ) { \
-			  if (_PyString_Resize(&rv, 2*out_len) < 0) \
+			  if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv, 2*out_len) < 0) \
 			    { Py_DECREF(rv); return NULL; } \
-			  out_data = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv) \
+			  out_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv) \
 								 + out_len; \
 			  out_len_left = out_len-1; \
 			  out_len = out_len * 2; \
@@ -747,9 +747,9 @@ binascii_rledecode_hqx(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			OUTBYTE(in_byte);
 		}
 	}
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&rv,
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&rv,
 			   (out_data -
-			    (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
+			    (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv))) < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(rv);
 		rv = NULL;
 	}
@@ -948,10 +948,10 @@ binascii_hexlify(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#:b2a_hex", &argbuf, &arglen))
 		return NULL;
 
-	retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, arglen*2);
+	retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, arglen*2);
 	if (!retval)
 		return NULL;
-	retbuf = PyString_AS_STRING(retval);
+	retbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(retval);
 
 	/* make hex version of string, taken from shamodule.c */
 	for (i=j=0; i < arglen; i++) {
@@ -1008,10 +1008,10 @@ binascii_unhexlify(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (arglen/2));
+	retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (arglen/2));
 	if (!retval)
 		return NULL;
-	retbuf = PyString_AS_STRING(retval);
+	retbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(retval);
 
 	for (i=j=0; i < arglen; i += 2) {
 		int top = to_int(Py_CHARMASK(argbuf[i]));
@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ binascii_a2b_qp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 			out++;
 		}
 	}
-	if ((rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)odata, out)) == NULL) {
+	if ((rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)odata, out)) == NULL) {
 		PyMem_Free(odata);
 		return NULL;
 	}
@@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ binascii_b2a_qp (PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	if ((rv = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)odata, out)) == NULL) {
+	if ((rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)odata, out)) == NULL) {
 		PyMem_Free(odata);
 		return NULL;
 	}
diff --git a/Modules/bz2module.c b/Modules/bz2module.c
index 89d35aa48c..4adf8264ef 100644
--- a/Modules/bz2module.c
+++ b/Modules/bz2module.c
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ typedef fpos_t Py_off_t;
 #error "Large file support, but neither off_t nor fpos_t is large enough."
 #endif
 
-#define BUF(v) PyString_AS_STRING(v)
+#define BUF(v) PyBytes_AS_STRING(v)
 
 #define MODE_CLOSED   0
 #define MODE_READ     1
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ Util_GetLine(BZ2FileObject *f, int n)
 	int bytes_read;
 
 	total_v_size = n > 0 ? n : 100;
-	v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, total_v_size);
+	v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, total_v_size);
 	if (v == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ Util_GetLine(BZ2FileObject *f, int n)
 			Py_DECREF(v);
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&v, total_v_size) < 0) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&v, total_v_size) < 0) {
 			return NULL;
 		}
 		buf = BUF(v) + used_v_size;
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ Util_GetLine(BZ2FileObject *f, int n)
 
 	used_v_size = buf - BUF(v);
 	if (used_v_size != total_v_size) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&v, used_v_size) < 0) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&v, used_v_size) < 0) {
 			v = NULL;
 		}
 	}
@@ -338,10 +338,10 @@ Util_ReadAhead(BZ2FileObject *f, int bufsize)
 
 /* This is a hacked version of Python's
  * fileobject.c:readahead_get_line_skip(). */
-static PyStringObject *
+static PyBytesObject *
 Util_ReadAheadGetLineSkip(BZ2FileObject *f, int skip, int bufsize)
 {
-	PyStringObject* s;
+	PyBytesObject* s;
 	char *bufptr;
 	char *buf;
 	int len;
@@ -352,17 +352,17 @@ Util_ReadAheadGetLineSkip(BZ2FileObject *f, int skip, int bufsize)
 
 	len = f->f_bufend - f->f_bufptr;
 	if (len == 0)
-		return (PyStringObject *)
-			PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, skip);
+		return (PyBytesObject *)
+			PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, skip);
 	bufptr = memchr(f->f_bufptr, '\n', len);
 	if (bufptr != NULL) {
 		bufptr++;			/* Count the '\n' */
 		len = bufptr - f->f_bufptr;
-		s = (PyStringObject *)
-			PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, skip+len);
+		s = (PyBytesObject *)
+			PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, skip+len);
 		if (s == NULL)
 			return NULL;
-		memcpy(PyString_AS_STRING(s)+skip, f->f_bufptr, len);
+		memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)+skip, f->f_bufptr, len);
 		f->f_bufptr = bufptr;
 		if (bufptr == f->f_bufend)
 			Util_DropReadAhead(f);
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ Util_ReadAheadGetLineSkip(BZ2FileObject *f, int skip, int bufsize)
 		        PyMem_Free(buf);
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		memcpy(PyString_AS_STRING(s)+skip, bufptr, len);
+		memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(s)+skip, bufptr, len);
 		PyMem_Free(buf);
 	}
 	return s;
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ BZ2File_read(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		case MODE_READ:
 			break;
 		case MODE_READ_EOF:
-			ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+			ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 			goto cleanup;
 		case MODE_CLOSED:
 			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ BZ2File_read(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 				"more than a Python string can hold");
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
-	ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, buffersize);
+	ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, buffersize);
 	if (ret == NULL || buffersize == 0)
 		goto cleanup;
 	bytesread = 0;
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ BZ2File_read(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		}
 		if (bytesrequested < 0) {
 			buffersize = Util_NewBufferSize(buffersize);
-			if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, buffersize) < 0) {
+			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, buffersize) < 0) {
 				ret = NULL;
 				goto cleanup;
 			}
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ BZ2File_read(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		}
 	}
 	if (bytesread != buffersize) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, bytesread) < 0) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, bytesread) < 0) {
 			ret = NULL;
 		}
 	}
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ BZ2File_readline(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		case MODE_READ:
 			break;
 		case MODE_READ_EOF:
-			ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+			ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 			goto cleanup;
 		case MODE_CLOSED:
 			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ BZ2File_readline(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	if (sizehint == 0)
-		ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+		ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 	else
 		ret = Util_GetLine(self, (sizehint < 0) ? 0 : sizehint);
 
@@ -604,20 +604,20 @@ BZ2File_readlines(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			}
 			if (big_buffer == NULL) {
 				/* Create the big buffer */
-				big_buffer = PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+				big_buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
 					NULL, buffersize);
 				if (big_buffer == NULL)
 					goto error;
-				buffer = PyString_AS_STRING(big_buffer);
+				buffer = PyBytes_AS_STRING(big_buffer);
 				memcpy(buffer, small_buffer, nfilled);
 			}
 			else {
 				/* Grow the big buffer */
-				if (_PyString_Resize(&big_buffer, buffersize) < 0){
+				if (_PyBytes_Resize(&big_buffer, buffersize) < 0){
 					big_buffer = NULL;
 					goto error;
 				}
-				buffer = PyString_AS_STRING(big_buffer);
+				buffer = PyBytes_AS_STRING(big_buffer);
 			}
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ BZ2File_readlines(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		while (p != NULL) {
 			/* Process complete lines */
 			p++;
-			line = PyString_FromStringAndSize(q, p-q);
+			line = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(q, p-q);
 			if (line == NULL)
 				goto error;
 			err = PyList_Append(list, line);
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ BZ2File_readlines(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 	if (nfilled != 0) {
 		/* Partial last line */
-		line = PyString_FromStringAndSize(buffer, nfilled);
+		line = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buffer, nfilled);
 		if (line == NULL)
 			goto error;
 		if (sizehint > 0) {
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ BZ2File_readlines(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *args)
 				Py_DECREF(line);
 				goto error;
 			}
-			PyString_Concat(&line, rest);
+			PyBytes_Concat(&line, rest);
 			Py_DECREF(rest);
 			if (line == NULL)
 				goto error;
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ BZ2File_writelines(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *seq)
 		   could potentially execute Python code. */
 		for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
 			PyObject *v = PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i);
-			if (!PyString_Check(v)) {
+			if (!PyBytes_Check(v)) {
 			    	const char *buffer;
 			    	Py_ssize_t len;
 				if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(v, &buffer, &len)) {
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ BZ2File_writelines(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *seq)
 							"bytes objects");
 					goto error;
 				}
-				line = PyString_FromStringAndSize(buffer,
+				line = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buffer,
 								  len);
 				if (line == NULL)
 					goto error;
@@ -837,9 +837,9 @@ BZ2File_writelines(BZ2FileObject *self, PyObject *seq)
 		Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 		for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
 		    	line = PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i);
-			len = PyString_GET_SIZE(line);
+			len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(line);
 			BZ2_bzWrite (&bzerror, self->fp,
-				     PyString_AS_STRING(line), len);
+				     PyBytes_AS_STRING(line), len);
 			if (bzerror != BZ_OK) {
 				Py_BLOCK_THREADS
 				Util_CatchBZ2Error(bzerror);
@@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@ BZ2File_getiter(BZ2FileObject *self)
 static PyObject *
 BZ2File_iternext(BZ2FileObject *self)
 {
-	PyStringObject* ret;
+	PyBytesObject* ret;
 	ACQUIRE_LOCK(self);
 	if (self->mode == MODE_CLOSED) {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ BZ2File_iternext(BZ2FileObject *self)
 	}
 	ret = Util_ReadAheadGetLineSkip(self, 0, READAHEAD_BUFSIZE);
 	RELEASE_LOCK(self);
-	if (ret == NULL || PyString_GET_SIZE(ret) == 0) {
+	if (ret == NULL || PyBytes_GET_SIZE(ret) == 0) {
 		Py_XDECREF(ret);
 		return NULL;
 	}
@@ -1363,7 +1363,7 @@ BZ2Comp_compress(BZ2CompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return NULL;
 
 	if (datasize == 0)
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 
 	ACQUIRE_LOCK(self);
 	if (!self->running) {
@@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ BZ2Comp_compress(BZ2CompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		goto error;
 	}
 
-	ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
+	ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
 	if (!ret)
 		goto error;
 
@@ -1395,7 +1395,7 @@ BZ2Comp_compress(BZ2CompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			break; /* no more input data */
 		if (bzs->avail_out == 0) {
 			bufsize = Util_NewBufferSize(bufsize);
-			if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
+			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
 				BZ2_bzCompressEnd(bzs);
 				goto error;
 			}
@@ -1405,7 +1405,7 @@ BZ2Comp_compress(BZ2CompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&ret,
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret,
 			   (Py_ssize_t)(BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs) - totalout)) < 0)
 		goto error;
 
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ BZ2Comp_flush(BZ2CompObject *self)
 	}
 	self->running = 0;
 
-	ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
+	ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
 	if (!ret)
 		goto error;
 
@@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@ BZ2Comp_flush(BZ2CompObject *self)
 		}
 		if (bzs->avail_out == 0) {
 			bufsize = Util_NewBufferSize(bufsize);
-			if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0)
+			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0)
 				goto error;
 			bzs->next_out = BUF(ret);
 			bzs->next_out = BUF(ret) + (BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs)
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@ BZ2Comp_flush(BZ2CompObject *self)
 	}
 
 	if (bzs->avail_out != 0) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&ret,
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret,
 			    (Py_ssize_t)(BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs) - totalout)) < 0)
 			goto error;
 	}
@@ -1658,7 +1658,7 @@ BZ2Decomp_decompress(BZ2DecompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		goto error;
 	}
 
-	ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
+	ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
 	if (!ret)
 		goto error;
 
@@ -1677,7 +1677,7 @@ BZ2Decomp_decompress(BZ2DecompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			if (bzs->avail_in != 0) {
 				Py_DECREF(self->unused_data);
 				self->unused_data =
-				    PyString_FromStringAndSize(bzs->next_in,
+				    PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(bzs->next_in,
 							       bzs->avail_in);
 			}
 			self->running = 0;
@@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ BZ2Decomp_decompress(BZ2DecompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			break; /* no more input data */
 		if (bzs->avail_out == 0) {
 			bufsize = Util_NewBufferSize(bufsize);
-			if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
+			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
 				BZ2_bzDecompressEnd(bzs);
 				goto error;
 			}
@@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ BZ2Decomp_decompress(BZ2DecompObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	if (bzs->avail_out != 0) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&ret,
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret,
 			    (Py_ssize_t)(BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs) - totalout)) < 0)
 			goto error;
 	}
@@ -1742,7 +1742,7 @@ BZ2Decomp_init(BZ2DecompObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 	}
 #endif
 
-	self->unused_data = PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+	self->unused_data = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 	if (!self->unused_data)
 		goto error;
 
@@ -1875,7 +1875,7 @@ bz2_compress(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 	 * data in one shot. We will check it later anyway. */
 	bufsize = datasize + (datasize/100+1) + 600;
 
-	ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
+	ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
 	if (!ret)
 		return NULL;
 
@@ -1907,7 +1907,7 @@ bz2_compress(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 		}
 		if (bzs->avail_out == 0) {
 			bufsize = Util_NewBufferSize(bufsize);
-			if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
+			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
 				BZ2_bzCompressEnd(bzs);
 				return NULL;
 			}
@@ -1917,7 +1917,7 @@ bz2_compress(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 	}
 
 	if (bzs->avail_out != 0) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, (Py_ssize_t)BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs)) < 0) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, (Py_ssize_t)BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs)) < 0) {
 			ret = NULL;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1948,9 +1948,9 @@ bz2_decompress(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return NULL;
 
 	if (datasize == 0)
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 
-	ret = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
+	ret = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bufsize);
 	if (!ret)
 		return NULL;
 
@@ -1989,7 +1989,7 @@ bz2_decompress(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		}
 		if (bzs->avail_out == 0) {
 			bufsize = Util_NewBufferSize(bufsize);
-			if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
+			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, bufsize) < 0) {
 				BZ2_bzDecompressEnd(bzs);
 				return NULL;
 			}
@@ -1999,7 +1999,7 @@ bz2_decompress(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	if (bzs->avail_out != 0) {
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&ret, (Py_ssize_t)BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs)) < 0) {
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&ret, (Py_ssize_t)BZS_TOTAL_OUT(bzs)) < 0) {
 			ret = NULL;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/Modules/cStringIO.c b/Modules/cStringIO.c
index 64e2146934..8929500fdf 100644
--- a/Modules/cStringIO.c
+++ b/Modules/cStringIO.c
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ PyDoc_STRVAR(IO_getval__doc__,
 static PyObject *
 IO_cgetval(PyObject *self) {
         if (!IO__opencheck(IOOOBJECT(self))) return NULL;
-        return PyString_FromStringAndSize(((IOobject*)self)->buf,
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(((IOobject*)self)->buf,
                                           ((IOobject*)self)->pos);
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ IO_getval(IOobject *self, PyObject *args) {
         }
         else
                   s=self->string_size;
-        return PyString_FromStringAndSize(self->buf, s);
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self->buf, s);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(IO_isatty__doc__, "isatty(): always returns 0");
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ IO_read(IOobject *self, PyObject *args) {
 
         if ( (n=IO_cread((PyObject*)self,&output,n)) < 0) return NULL;
 
-        return PyString_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(IO_readline__doc__, "readline() -- Read one line");
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ IO_readline(IOobject *self, PyObject *args) {
                 n -= m;
                 self->pos -= m;
         }
-        return PyString_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(output, n);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(IO_readlines__doc__, "readlines() -- Read all lines");
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ IO_readlines(IOobject *self, PyObject *args) {
                         goto err;
 		if (n == 0)
 			break;
-		line = PyString_FromStringAndSize (output, n);
+		line = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize (output, n);
 		if (!line) 
                         goto err;
 		if (PyList_Append (result, line) == -1) {
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ IO_iternext(Iobject *self)
 	next = IO_readline((IOobject *)self, NULL);
 	if (!next)
 		return NULL;
-	if (!PyString_GET_SIZE(next)) {
+	if (!PyBytes_GET_SIZE(next)) {
 		Py_DECREF(next);
 		PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
 		return NULL;
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ O_writelines(Oobject *self, PyObject *args) {
 	while ((s = PyIter_Next(it)) != NULL) {
 		Py_ssize_t n;
 		char *c;
-		if (PyString_AsStringAndSize(s, &c, &n) == -1) {
+		if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(s, &c, &n) == -1) {
 			Py_DECREF(it);
 			Py_DECREF(s);
 			return NULL;
diff --git a/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c b/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c
index 4371db42ab..26dd8ddab0 100644
--- a/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c
+++ b/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c
@@ -175,15 +175,15 @@ expand_encodebuffer(MultibyteEncodeBuffer *buf, Py_ssize_t esize)
 	Py_ssize_t orgpos, orgsize;
 
 	orgpos = (Py_ssize_t)((char *)buf->outbuf -
-				PyString_AS_STRING(buf->outobj));
-	orgsize = PyString_GET_SIZE(buf->outobj);
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&buf->outobj, orgsize + (
+				PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf->outobj));
+	orgsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buf->outobj);
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&buf->outobj, orgsize + (
 	    esize < (orgsize >> 1) ? (orgsize >> 1) | 1 : esize)) == -1)
 		return -1;
 
-	buf->outbuf = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(buf->outobj) +orgpos;
-	buf->outbuf_end = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(buf->outobj)
-		+ PyString_GET_SIZE(buf->outobj);
+	buf->outbuf = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf->outobj) +orgpos;
+	buf->outbuf_end = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf->outobj)
+		+ PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buf->outobj);
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -330,11 +330,11 @@ multibytecodec_encerror(MultibyteCodec *codec,
 			goto errorexit;
 	}
 
-        assert(PyString_Check(retstr));
-	retstrsize = PyString_GET_SIZE(retstr);
+        assert(PyBytes_Check(retstr));
+	retstrsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(retstr);
 	REQUIRE_ENCODEBUFFER(buf, retstrsize);
 
-	memcpy(buf->outbuf, PyString_AS_STRING(retstr), retstrsize);
+	memcpy(buf->outbuf, PyBytes_AS_STRING(retstr), retstrsize);
 	buf->outbuf += retstrsize;
 
 	newpos = PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(retobj, 1));
@@ -476,16 +476,16 @@ multibytecodec_encode(MultibyteCodec *codec,
 	Py_ssize_t finalsize, r = 0;
 
 	if (datalen == 0)
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
 
 	buf.excobj = NULL;
 	buf.inbuf = buf.inbuf_top = *data;
 	buf.inbuf_end = buf.inbuf_top + datalen;
-	buf.outobj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, datalen * 2 + 16);
+	buf.outobj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, datalen * 2 + 16);
 	if (buf.outobj == NULL)
 		goto errorexit;
-	buf.outbuf = (unsigned char *)PyString_AS_STRING(buf.outobj);
-	buf.outbuf_end = buf.outbuf + PyString_GET_SIZE(buf.outobj);
+	buf.outbuf = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf.outobj);
+	buf.outbuf_end = buf.outbuf + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buf.outobj);
 
 	while (buf.inbuf < buf.inbuf_end) {
 		Py_ssize_t inleft, outleft;
@@ -520,10 +520,10 @@ multibytecodec_encode(MultibyteCodec *codec,
 		}
 
 	finalsize = (Py_ssize_t)((char *)buf.outbuf -
-				 PyString_AS_STRING(buf.outobj));
+				 PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf.outobj));
 
-	if (finalsize != PyString_GET_SIZE(buf.outobj))
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&buf.outobj, finalsize) == -1)
+	if (finalsize != PyBytes_GET_SIZE(buf.outobj))
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&buf.outobj, finalsize) == -1)
 			goto errorexit;
 
 	Py_XDECREF(buf.excobj);
@@ -1230,7 +1230,7 @@ mbstreamreader_iread(MultibyteStreamReaderObject *self,
 		if (cres == NULL)
 			goto errorexit;
 
-		if (!PyString_Check(cres)) {
+		if (!PyBytes_Check(cres)) {
 			PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                                      "stream function returned a "
                                      "non-bytes object (%.100s)",
@@ -1238,28 +1238,28 @@ mbstreamreader_iread(MultibyteStreamReaderObject *self,
 			goto errorexit;
 		}
 
- 		endoffile = (PyString_GET_SIZE(cres) == 0);
+ 		endoffile = (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(cres) == 0);
 
 		if (self->pendingsize > 0) {
 			PyObject *ctr;
 			char *ctrdata;
 
-			rsize = PyString_GET_SIZE(cres) + self->pendingsize;
-			ctr = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, rsize);
+			rsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(cres) + self->pendingsize;
+			ctr = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, rsize);
 			if (ctr == NULL)
 				goto errorexit;
-			ctrdata = PyString_AS_STRING(ctr);
+			ctrdata = PyBytes_AS_STRING(ctr);
 			memcpy(ctrdata, self->pending, self->pendingsize);
 			memcpy(ctrdata + self->pendingsize,
-				PyString_AS_STRING(cres),
-				PyString_GET_SIZE(cres));
+				PyBytes_AS_STRING(cres),
+				PyBytes_GET_SIZE(cres));
 			Py_DECREF(cres);
 			cres = ctr;
 			self->pendingsize = 0;
 		}
 
-		rsize = PyString_GET_SIZE(cres);
-		if (decoder_prepare_buffer(&buf, PyString_AS_STRING(cres),
+		rsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(cres);
+		if (decoder_prepare_buffer(&buf, PyBytes_AS_STRING(cres),
 					   rsize) != 0)
 			goto errorexit;
 
@@ -1603,8 +1603,8 @@ mbstreamwriter_reset(MultibyteStreamWriterObject *self)
 	if (pwrt == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
-        assert(PyString_Check(pwrt));
-	if (PyString_Size(pwrt) > 0) {
+        assert(PyBytes_Check(pwrt));
+	if (PyBytes_Size(pwrt) > 0) {
 		PyObject *wr;
 		wr = PyObject_CallMethod(self->stream, "write", "O", pwrt);
 		if (wr == NULL) {
diff --git a/Modules/datetimemodule.c b/Modules/datetimemodule.c
index e64b230a43..0ad5b91062 100644
--- a/Modules/datetimemodule.c
+++ b/Modules/datetimemodule.c
@@ -1181,7 +1181,7 @@ make_freplacement(PyObject *object)
 	else
 	    sprintf(freplacement, "%06d", 0);
 
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(freplacement, strlen(freplacement));
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(freplacement, strlen(freplacement));
 }
 
 /* I sure don't want to reproduce the strftime code from the time module,
@@ -1251,9 +1251,9 @@ wrap_strftime(PyObject *object, PyObject *format, PyObject *timetuple,
 	 * is expensive, don't unless they're actually used.
 	 */
 	totalnew = flen + 1;	/* realistic if no %z/%Z */
-	newfmt = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, totalnew);
+	newfmt = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, totalnew);
 	if (newfmt == NULL) goto Done;
-	pnew = PyString_AsString(newfmt);
+	pnew = PyBytes_AsString(newfmt);
 	usednew = 0;
 
 	while ((ch = *pin++) != '\0') {
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ wrap_strftime(PyObject *object, PyObject *format, PyObject *timetuple,
 				/* format utcoffset */
 				char buf[100];
 				PyObject *tzinfo = get_tzinfo_member(object);
-				zreplacement = PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+				zreplacement = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 				if (zreplacement == NULL) goto Done;
 				if (tzinfo != Py_None && tzinfo != NULL) {
 					assert(tzinfoarg != NULL);
@@ -1285,15 +1285,15 @@ wrap_strftime(PyObject *object, PyObject *format, PyObject *timetuple,
 						goto Done;
 					Py_DECREF(zreplacement);
 					zreplacement =
-					  PyString_FromStringAndSize(buf,
+					  PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf,
 								   strlen(buf));
 					if (zreplacement == NULL)
 						goto Done;
 				}
 			}
 			assert(zreplacement != NULL);
-			ptoappend = PyString_AS_STRING(zreplacement);
-			ntoappend = PyString_GET_SIZE(zreplacement);
+			ptoappend = PyBytes_AS_STRING(zreplacement);
+			ntoappend = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(zreplacement);
 		}
 		else if (ch == 'Z') {
 			/* format tzname */
@@ -1317,9 +1317,9 @@ wrap_strftime(PyObject *object, PyObject *format, PyObject *timetuple,
 					goto Done;
 			}
 			assert(freplacement != NULL);
-			assert(PyString_Check(freplacement));
-			ptoappend = PyString_AS_STRING(freplacement);
-			ntoappend = PyString_GET_SIZE(freplacement);
+			assert(PyBytes_Check(freplacement));
+			ptoappend = PyBytes_AS_STRING(freplacement);
+			ntoappend = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(freplacement);
 		}
 		else {
 			/* percent followed by neither z nor Z */
@@ -1340,10 +1340,10 @@ wrap_strftime(PyObject *object, PyObject *format, PyObject *timetuple,
  				PyErr_NoMemory();
  				goto Done;
  			}
- 			if (_PyString_Resize(&newfmt, bigger) < 0)
+ 			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&newfmt, bigger) < 0)
  				goto Done;
  			totalnew = bigger;
- 			pnew = PyString_AsString(newfmt) + usednew;
+ 			pnew = PyBytes_AsString(newfmt) + usednew;
  		}
 		memcpy(pnew, ptoappend, ntoappend);
 		pnew += ntoappend;
@@ -1351,14 +1351,14 @@ wrap_strftime(PyObject *object, PyObject *format, PyObject *timetuple,
 		assert(usednew <= totalnew);
 	}  /* end while() */
 
-	if (_PyString_Resize(&newfmt, usednew) < 0)
+	if (_PyBytes_Resize(&newfmt, usednew) < 0)
 		goto Done;
 	{
 		PyObject *format;
 		PyObject *time = PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock("time");
 		if (time == NULL)
 			goto Done;
-		format = PyUnicode_FromString(PyString_AS_STRING(newfmt));
+		format = PyUnicode_FromString(PyBytes_AS_STRING(newfmt));
 		if (format != NULL) {
 			result = PyObject_CallMethod(time, "strftime", "OO",
 						     format, timetuple);
@@ -2213,15 +2213,15 @@ date_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
 
 	/* Check for invocation from pickle with __getstate__ state */
 	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 1 &&
-	    PyString_Check(state = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)) &&
-	    PyString_GET_SIZE(state) == _PyDateTime_DATE_DATASIZE &&
-	    MONTH_IS_SANE(PyString_AS_STRING(state)[2]))
+	    PyBytes_Check(state = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)) &&
+	    PyBytes_GET_SIZE(state) == _PyDateTime_DATE_DATASIZE &&
+	    MONTH_IS_SANE(PyBytes_AS_STRING(state)[2]))
 	{
 	    	PyDateTime_Date *me;
 
 		me = (PyDateTime_Date *) (type->tp_alloc(type, 0));
 		if (me != NULL) {
-			char *pdata = PyString_AS_STRING(state);
+			char *pdata = PyBytes_AS_STRING(state);
 			memcpy(me->data, pdata, _PyDateTime_DATE_DATASIZE);
 			me->hashcode = -1;
 		}
@@ -2609,7 +2609,7 @@ static PyObject *
 date_getstate(PyDateTime_Date *self)
 {
 	PyObject* field;
-	field = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)self->data,
+	field = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)self->data,
 					   _PyDateTime_DATE_DATASIZE);
 	return Py_BuildValue("(N)", field);
 }
@@ -3062,9 +3062,9 @@ time_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
 	/* Check for invocation from pickle with __getstate__ state */
 	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) >= 1 &&
 	    PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) <= 2 &&
-	    PyString_Check(state = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)) &&
-	    PyString_GET_SIZE(state) == _PyDateTime_TIME_DATASIZE &&
-	    ((unsigned char) (PyString_AS_STRING(state)[0])) < 24)
+	    PyBytes_Check(state = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)) &&
+	    PyBytes_GET_SIZE(state) == _PyDateTime_TIME_DATASIZE &&
+	    ((unsigned char) (PyBytes_AS_STRING(state)[0])) < 24)
 	{
 		PyDateTime_Time *me;
 		char aware;
@@ -3080,7 +3080,7 @@ time_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
 		aware = (char)(tzinfo != Py_None);
 		me = (PyDateTime_Time *) (type->tp_alloc(type, aware));
 		if (me != NULL) {
-			char *pdata = PyString_AS_STRING(state);
+			char *pdata = PyBytes_AS_STRING(state);
 
 			memcpy(me->data, pdata, _PyDateTime_TIME_DATASIZE);
 			me->hashcode = -1;
@@ -3397,7 +3397,7 @@ time_getstate(PyDateTime_Time *self)
 	PyObject *basestate;
 	PyObject *result = NULL;
 
-	basestate =  PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->data,
+	basestate =  PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->data,
 						_PyDateTime_TIME_DATASIZE);
 	if (basestate != NULL) {
 		if (! HASTZINFO(self) || self->tzinfo == Py_None)
@@ -3581,9 +3581,9 @@ datetime_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
 	/* Check for invocation from pickle with __getstate__ state */
 	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) >= 1 &&
 	    PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) <= 2 &&
-	    PyString_Check(state = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)) &&
-	    PyString_GET_SIZE(state) == _PyDateTime_DATETIME_DATASIZE &&
-	    MONTH_IS_SANE(PyString_AS_STRING(state)[2]))
+	    PyBytes_Check(state = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)) &&
+	    PyBytes_GET_SIZE(state) == _PyDateTime_DATETIME_DATASIZE &&
+	    MONTH_IS_SANE(PyBytes_AS_STRING(state)[2]))
 	{
 		PyDateTime_DateTime *me;
 		char aware;
@@ -3599,7 +3599,7 @@ datetime_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
 		aware = (char)(tzinfo != Py_None);
 		me = (PyDateTime_DateTime *) (type->tp_alloc(type , aware));
 		if (me != NULL) {
-			char *pdata = PyString_AS_STRING(state);
+			char *pdata = PyBytes_AS_STRING(state);
 
 			memcpy(me->data, pdata, _PyDateTime_DATETIME_DATASIZE);
 			me->hashcode = -1;
@@ -4478,7 +4478,7 @@ datetime_getstate(PyDateTime_DateTime *self)
 	PyObject *basestate;
 	PyObject *result = NULL;
 
-	basestate = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->data,
+	basestate = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)self->data,
 					       _PyDateTime_DATETIME_DATASIZE);
 	if (basestate != NULL) {
 		if (! HASTZINFO(self) || self->tzinfo == Py_None)
diff --git a/Modules/fcntlmodule.c b/Modules/fcntlmodule.c
index c5d41f29cd..9acfece0c0 100644
--- a/Modules/fcntlmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/fcntlmodule.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fcntl_fcntl(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_IOError);
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(buf, len);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf, len);
 	}
 
 	PyErr_Clear();
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ fcntl_ioctl(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			return PyLong_FromLong(ret);
 		}
 		else {
-			return PyString_FromStringAndSize(buf, len);
+			return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf, len);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ fcntl_ioctl(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_IOError);
 			return NULL;
 		}
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(buf, len);
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf, len);
 	}
 
 	PyErr_Clear();
diff --git a/Modules/md5module.c b/Modules/md5module.c
index 833eb813ef..6a18a13b05 100644
--- a/Modules/md5module.c
+++ b/Modules/md5module.c
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ MD5_digest(MD5object *self, PyObject *unused)
 
     temp = self->hash_state;
     md5_done(&temp, digest);
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, MD5_DIGESTSIZE);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, MD5_DIGESTSIZE);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(MD5_hexdigest__doc__,
diff --git a/Modules/mmapmodule.c b/Modules/mmapmodule.c
index a6cd50b460..3600c983b6 100644
--- a/Modules/mmapmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/mmapmodule.c
@@ -708,9 +708,9 @@ mmap_subscript(mmap_object *self, PyObject *item)
 		}
 
 		if (slicelen <= 0)
-			return PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+			return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
 		else if (step == 1)
-			return PyString_FromStringAndSize(self->data + start,
+			return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self->data + start,
 							  slicelen);
 		else {
 			char *result_buf = (char *)PyMem_Malloc(slicelen);
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ mmap_subscript(mmap_object *self, PyObject *item)
 			     cur += step, i++) {
 			     	result_buf[i] = self->data[cur];
 			}
-			result = PyString_FromStringAndSize(result_buf,
+			result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(result_buf,
 							    slicelen);
 			PyMem_Free(result_buf);
 			return result;
diff --git a/Modules/posixmodule.c b/Modules/posixmodule.c
index 7020d8eb8b..f6bb023bc0 100644
--- a/Modules/posixmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/posixmodule.c
@@ -425,13 +425,13 @@ convertenviron(void)
 
         rc = DosQueryExtLIBPATH(buffer, BEGIN_LIBPATH);
 	if (rc == NO_ERROR) { /* (not a type, envname is NOT 'BEGIN_LIBPATH') */
-            PyObject *v = PyString_FromString(buffer);
+            PyObject *v = PyBytes_FromString(buffer);
 	    PyDict_SetItemString(d, "BEGINLIBPATH", v);
             Py_DECREF(v);
         }
         rc = DosQueryExtLIBPATH(buffer, END_LIBPATH);
         if (rc == NO_ERROR) { /* (not a typo, envname is NOT 'END_LIBPATH') */
-            PyObject *v = PyString_FromString(buffer);
+            PyObject *v = PyBytes_FromString(buffer);
 	    PyDict_SetItemString(d, "ENDLIBPATH", v);
             Py_DECREF(v);
         }
@@ -2197,7 +2197,7 @@ posix_listdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		/* Skip over . and .. */
 		if (strcmp(FileData.cFileName, ".") != 0 &&
 		    strcmp(FileData.cFileName, "..") != 0) {
-			v = PyString_FromString(FileData.cFileName);
+			v = PyBytes_FromString(FileData.cFileName);
 			if (v == NULL) {
 				Py_DECREF(d);
 				d = NULL;
@@ -2289,7 +2289,7 @@ posix_listdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
             /* Leave Case of Name Alone -- In Native Form */
             /* (Removed Forced Lowercasing Code) */
 
-            v = PyString_FromString(namebuf);
+            v = PyBytes_FromString(namebuf);
             if (v == NULL) {
                 Py_DECREF(d);
                 d = NULL;
@@ -2340,7 +2340,7 @@ posix_listdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		    (NAMLEN(ep) == 1 ||
 		     (ep->d_name[1] == '.' && NAMLEN(ep) == 2)))
 			continue;
-		v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(ep->d_name, NAMLEN(ep));
+		v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(ep->d_name, NAMLEN(ep));
 		if (v == NULL) {
 			Py_DECREF(d);
 			d = NULL;
@@ -2423,7 +2423,7 @@ posix__getfullpathname(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return PyUnicode_Decode(outbuf, strlen(outbuf),
 			Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, NULL);
 	}
-	return PyString_FromString(outbuf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(outbuf);
 } /* end of posix__getfullpathname */
 #endif /* MS_WINDOWS */
 
@@ -4445,7 +4445,7 @@ posix_readlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(path);
 
 	PyMem_Free(path);
-	v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(buf, n);
+	v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf, n);
 	if (arg_is_unicode) {
 		PyObject *w;
 
@@ -4849,18 +4849,18 @@ posix_read(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		errno = EINVAL;
 		return posix_error();
 	}
-	buffer = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, size);
+	buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, size);
 	if (buffer == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-	n = read(fd, PyString_AS_STRING(buffer), size);
+	n = read(fd, PyBytes_AS_STRING(buffer), size);
 	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
 	if (n < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(buffer);
 		return posix_error();
 	}
 	if (n != size)
-		_PyString_Resize(&buffer, n);
+		_PyBytes_Resize(&buffer, n);
 	return buffer;
 }
 
@@ -5160,13 +5160,13 @@ posix_putenv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 #endif
 	/* XXX This can leak memory -- not easy to fix :-( */
 	/* len includes space for a trailing \0; the size arg to
-	   PyString_FromStringAndSize does not count that */
+	   PyBytes_FromStringAndSize does not count that */
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
 	len = wcslen(s1) + wcslen(s2) + 2;
 	newstr = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, (int)len - 1);
 #else
 	len = strlen(s1) + strlen(s2) + 2;
-	newstr = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (int)len - 1);
+	newstr = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (int)len - 1);
 #endif
 	if (newstr == NULL)
 		return PyErr_NoMemory();
@@ -5179,7 +5179,7 @@ posix_putenv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
                 return NULL;
 	}
 #else
-	newenv = PyString_AS_STRING(newstr);
+	newenv = PyBytes_AS_STRING(newstr);
 	PyOS_snprintf(newenv, len, "%s=%s", s1, s2);
 	if (putenv(newenv)) {
                 Py_DECREF(newstr);
@@ -6667,11 +6667,11 @@ win32_urandom(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	/* Allocate bytes */
-	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
+	result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
 	if (result != NULL) {
 		/* Get random data */
 		if (! pCryptGenRandom(hCryptProv, howMany, (unsigned char*)
-				      PyString_AS_STRING(result))) {
+				      PyBytes_AS_STRING(result))) {
 			Py_DECREF(result);
 			return win32_error("CryptGenRandom", NULL);
 		}
@@ -6738,11 +6738,11 @@ vms_urandom(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 				    "negative argument not allowed");
 
 	/* Allocate bytes */
-	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
+	result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
 	if (result != NULL) {
 		/* Get random data */
 		if (RAND_pseudo_bytes((unsigned char*)
-				      PyString_AS_STRING(result),
+				      PyBytes_AS_STRING(result),
 				      howMany) < 0) {
 			Py_DECREF(result);
 			return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
diff --git a/Modules/pyexpat.c b/Modules/pyexpat.c
index 852d093889..fcd44c3d90 100644
--- a/Modules/pyexpat.c
+++ b/Modules/pyexpat.c
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ getcode(enum HandlerTypes slot, char* func_name, int lineno)
     PyObject *filename = NULL;
 
     if (handler_info[slot].tb_code == NULL) {
-        code = PyString_FromString("");
+        code = PyBytes_FromString("");
         if (code == NULL)
             goto failed;
         name = PyUnicode_FromString(func_name);
@@ -864,8 +864,8 @@ readinst(char *buf, int buf_size, PyObject *meth)
     if (str == NULL)
         goto finally;
 
-    if (PyString_Check(str))
-        ptr = PyString_AS_STRING(str);
+    if (PyBytes_Check(str))
+        ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(str);
     else if (PyByteArray_Check(str))
         ptr = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(str);
     else {
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ xmlparse_GetInputContext(xmlparseobject *self, PyObject *unused)
             = XML_GetInputContext(self->itself, &offset, &size);
 
         if (buffer != NULL)
-            return PyString_FromStringAndSize(buffer + offset,
+            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buffer + offset,
                                               size - offset);
         else
             Py_RETURN_NONE;
diff --git a/Modules/selectmodule.c b/Modules/selectmodule.c
index 653b713de5..56acf60491 100644
--- a/Modules/selectmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/selectmodule.c
@@ -1216,7 +1216,7 @@ kqueue_event_repr(kqueue_event_Object *s)
 		"data=0x%lx udata=%p>",
 		(unsigned long)(s->e.ident), s->e.filter, s->e.flags,
 		s->e.fflags, (long)(s->e.data), s->e.udata);
-	return PyString_FromString(buf);
+	return PyBytes_FromString(buf);
 }
 
 static int
diff --git a/Modules/sha1module.c b/Modules/sha1module.c
index 9b4d8e5173..1d5f070524 100644
--- a/Modules/sha1module.c
+++ b/Modules/sha1module.c
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ SHA1_digest(SHA1object *self, PyObject *unused)
 
     temp = self->hash_state;
     sha1_done(&temp, digest);
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, SHA1_DIGESTSIZE);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, SHA1_DIGESTSIZE);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA1_hexdigest__doc__,
diff --git a/Modules/sha256module.c b/Modules/sha256module.c
index f31013452c..162a905477 100644
--- a/Modules/sha256module.c
+++ b/Modules/sha256module.c
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ SHA256_digest(SHAobject *self, PyObject *unused)
 
     SHAcopy(self, &temp);
     sha_final(digest, &temp);
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, self->digestsize);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, self->digestsize);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA256_hexdigest__doc__,
diff --git a/Modules/sha512module.c b/Modules/sha512module.c
index 3e32132dcc..3fe5a1b2fc 100644
--- a/Modules/sha512module.c
+++ b/Modules/sha512module.c
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ SHA512_digest(SHAobject *self, PyObject *unused)
 
     SHAcopy(self, &temp);
     sha512_final(digest, &temp);
-    return PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, self->digestsize);
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, self->digestsize);
 }
 
 PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA512_hexdigest__doc__,
diff --git a/Modules/socketmodule.c b/Modules/socketmodule.c
index e2f384b839..b2cd9a28d5 100644
--- a/Modules/socketmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/socketmodule.c
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ makesockaddr(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen, int proto)
 #ifdef linux
 		if (a->sun_path[0] == 0) {  /* Linux abstract namespace */
 			addrlen -= offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path);
-			return PyString_FromStringAndSize(a->sun_path, addrlen);
+			return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(a->sun_path, addrlen);
 		}
 		else
 #endif /* linux */
@@ -1326,12 +1326,12 @@ getsockaddrarg(PySocketSockObject *s, PyObject *args,
 
 			addr = (struct sockaddr_sco *)addr_ret;
 			_BT_SCO_MEMB(addr, family) = AF_BLUETOOTH;
-			if (!PyString_Check(args)) {
+			if (!PyBytes_Check(args)) {
 				PyErr_SetString(socket_error, "getsockaddrarg: "
 						"wrong format");
 				return 0;
 			}
-			straddr = PyString_AS_STRING(args);
+			straddr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(args);
 			if (setbdaddr(straddr, &_BT_SCO_MEMB(addr, bdaddr)) < 0)
 				return 0;
 
@@ -1773,16 +1773,16 @@ sock_getsockopt(PySocketSockObject *s, PyObject *args)
 				"getsockopt buflen out of range");
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	buf = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, buflen);
+	buf = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, buflen);
 	if (buf == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 	res = getsockopt(s->sock_fd, level, optname,
-			 (void *)PyString_AS_STRING(buf), &buflen);
+			 (void *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf), &buflen);
 	if (res < 0) {
 		Py_DECREF(buf);
 		return s->errorhandler();
 	}
-	_PyString_Resize(&buf, buflen);
+	_PyBytes_Resize(&buf, buflen);
 	return buf;
 }
 
@@ -2212,12 +2212,12 @@ sock_recv(PySocketSockObject *s, PyObject *args)
 	}
 
 	/* Allocate a new string. */
-	buf = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *) 0, recvlen);
+	buf = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *) 0, recvlen);
 	if (buf == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* Call the guts */
-	outlen = sock_recv_guts(s, PyString_AS_STRING(buf), recvlen, flags);
+	outlen = sock_recv_guts(s, PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf), recvlen, flags);
 	if (outlen < 0) {
 		/* An error occurred, release the string and return an
 		   error. */
@@ -2227,7 +2227,7 @@ sock_recv(PySocketSockObject *s, PyObject *args)
 	if (outlen != recvlen) {
 		/* We did not read as many bytes as we anticipated, resize the
 		   string if possible and be successful. */
-		_PyString_Resize(&buf, outlen);
+		_PyBytes_Resize(&buf, outlen);
 	}
 
 	return buf;
@@ -2383,11 +2383,11 @@ sock_recvfrom(PySocketSockObject *s, PyObject *args)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	buf = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *) 0, recvlen);
+	buf = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *) 0, recvlen);
 	if (buf == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
-	outlen = sock_recvfrom_guts(s, PyString_AS_STRING(buf),
+	outlen = sock_recvfrom_guts(s, PyBytes_AS_STRING(buf),
 				    recvlen, flags, &addr);
 	if (outlen < 0) {
 		goto finally;
@@ -2396,7 +2396,7 @@ sock_recvfrom(PySocketSockObject *s, PyObject *args)
 	if (outlen != recvlen) {
 		/* We did not read as many bytes as we anticipated, resize the
 		   string if possible and be succesful. */
-		if (_PyString_Resize(&buf, outlen) < 0)
+		if (_PyBytes_Resize(&buf, outlen) < 0)
 			/* Oopsy, not so succesful after all. */
 			goto finally;
 	}
@@ -3519,7 +3519,7 @@ socket_inet_aton(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
     if (inet_aton != NULL) {
 #endif
 	if (inet_aton(ip_addr, &buf))
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)(&buf),
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)(&buf),
 						  sizeof(buf));
 
 	PyErr_SetString(socket_error,
@@ -3548,7 +3548,7 @@ socket_inet_aton(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			return NULL;
 		}
 	}
-	return PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *) &packed_addr,
+	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *) &packed_addr,
                                           sizeof(packed_addr));
 
 #ifdef USE_INET_ATON_WEAKLINK
@@ -3625,11 +3625,11 @@ socket_inet_pton(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 			"illegal IP address string passed to inet_pton");
 		return NULL;
 	} else if (af == AF_INET) {
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(packed,
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(packed,
                                                   sizeof(struct in_addr));
 #ifdef ENABLE_IPV6
 	} else if (af == AF_INET6) {
-		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(packed,
+		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(packed,
                                                   sizeof(struct in6_addr));
 #endif
 	} else {
@@ -3728,10 +3728,10 @@ socket_getaddrinfo(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		idna = PyObject_CallMethod(hobj, "encode", "s", "idna");
 		if (!idna)
 			return NULL;
-		assert(PyString_Check(idna));
-		hptr = PyString_AS_STRING(idna);
-	} else if (PyString_Check(hobj)) {
-		hptr = PyString_AsString(hobj);
+		assert(PyBytes_Check(idna));
+		hptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(idna);
+	} else if (PyBytes_Check(hobj)) {
+		hptr = PyBytes_AsString(hobj);
 	} else {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
 				"getaddrinfo() argument 1 must be string or None");
@@ -3745,8 +3745,8 @@ socket_getaddrinfo(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		pptr = pbuf;
 	} else if (PyUnicode_Check(pobj)) {
 		pptr = PyUnicode_AsString(pobj);
-	} else if (PyString_Check(pobj)) {
-		pptr = PyString_AsString(pobj);
+	} else if (PyBytes_Check(pobj)) {
+		pptr = PyBytes_AsString(pobj);
 	} else if (pobj == Py_None) {
 		pptr = (char *)NULL;
 	} else {
diff --git a/Modules/termios.c b/Modules/termios.c
index 0707ad9330..ff69c92f53 100644
--- a/Modules/termios.c
+++ b/Modules/termios.c
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ termios_tcgetattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 		return NULL;
 	for (i = 0; i < NCCS; i++) {
 		ch = (char)mode.c_cc[i];
-		v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(&ch, 1);
+		v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(&ch, 1);
 		if (v == NULL)
 			goto err;
 		PyList_SetItem(cc, i, v);
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ termios_tcsetattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 	for (i = 0; i < NCCS; i++) {
 		v = PyList_GetItem(cc, i);
 
-		if (PyString_Check(v) && PyString_Size(v) == 1)
-			mode.c_cc[i] = (cc_t) * PyString_AsString(v);
+		if (PyBytes_Check(v) && PyBytes_Size(v) == 1)
+			mode.c_cc[i] = (cc_t) * PyBytes_AsString(v);
 		else if (PyLong_Check(v))
 			mode.c_cc[i] = (cc_t) PyLong_AsLong(v);
 		else {