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528 Q .032(The follo)108 544.8 R .032(wing paragraphs describe ho)-.25 F
(w)-.25 E F1(bash)2.532 E F0 -.15(exe)2.532 G .032
(cutes its startup \214les.).15 F .032(If an)5.032 F 2.532(yo)-.15 G
2.532(ft)-2.532 G .032(he \214les e)-2.532 F .033(xist b)-.15 F .033
(ut cannot be)-.2 F(read,)108 556.8 Q F1(bash)2.6 E F0 .1
(reports an error)2.6 F 5.1(.T)-.55 G .1(ildes are e)-5.45 F .099
(xpanded in \214lenames as described belo)-.15 F 2.599(wu)-.25 G(nder)
-2.599 E F1 -.18(Ti)2.599 G .099(lde Expansion).18 F F0(in)2.599 E(the)
108 568.8 Q F3(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(section.)2.25 E(When)108
585.6 Q F1(bash)2.895 E F0 .395(is in)2.895 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.895(da).1 G 2.895(sa)-2.895 G 2.895(ni)-2.895 G(nteracti)-2.895 E .695
-.15(ve l)-.25 H .396(ogin shell, or as a non-interacti).15 F .696 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .396(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)2.896 E F0 .396
(option, it)2.896 F 1.334(\214rst reads and e)108 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.334(cutes commands from the \214le).15 F F2(/etc/pr)3.834 E(o\214le)
-.45 E F0 3.834(,i)C 3.833(ft)-3.834 G 1.333(hat \214le e)-3.833 F 3.833
(xists. After)-.15 F 1.333(reading that \214le, it)3.833 F .248
(looks for)108 609.6 R F2(~/.bash_pr)2.748 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,)A F2
(~/.bash_lo)2.748 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.748(,a)C(nd)-2.748 E F2(~/.pr)2.748 E
(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.748(,i)C 2.749(nt)-2.748 G .249(hat order)-2.749 F
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(xists and is readable.)-.15 F(The)5.796 E F1(\255\255nopr)3.296 E
(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .796(option may be used when the shell is started to)
3.296 F(inhibit this beha)108 633.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 1.104
(When an interacti)108 650.4 R 1.404 -.15(ve l)-.25 H 1.104
(ogin shell e).15 F 1.104(xits, or a non-interacti)-.15 F 1.404 -.15
(ve l)-.25 H 1.104(ogin shell e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.104(cutes the).15
F F1(exit)3.604 E F0 -.2(bu)3.604 G 1.104(iltin command,).2 F F1(bash)
108 662.4 Q F0(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
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2.5(,i)C 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(te)-2.5 G(xists.)-2.65 E 1.698
(When an interacti)108 679.2 R 1.998 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.698
(hell that is not a login shell is started,).15 F F1(bash)4.197 E F0
1.697(reads and e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.697(cutes commands from).15 F
F2(~/.bashr)108 691.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ft)-2.535 G .035
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SF -.27(BA)108 84 S(SH_ENV).27 E F0 1.01(in the en)3.26 F 1.01
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1.011(alue as the)-.25 F(name of a \214le to read and e)108 96 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15
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(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is not used to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 148.8 Q
F2(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw)
.1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)
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(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0(as)
3.417 E .145
(closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.)
108 160.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G
2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l)
-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 172.8 R 1.564 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264
(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263
(cute commands).15 F(from)108 184.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr)
4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F4(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0
2.992(,i).18 G 2.992(nt)-2.992 G .492(hat order)-2.992 F 5.492(.T)-.55 G
(he)-5.492 E F2(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E
.418(When in)108 196.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918
(sa)-2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.418(hell with the name).15 F F2(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.918 E F0
.418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F(alue)
-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 208.8 R .171
(xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in)
-2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 220.8 Q F2(sh)3.081 E F0
.581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581
(cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58
(ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F2<adad72>3.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0
.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 232.8 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F
(non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F2(sh)2.682 E
F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183
(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 244.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5
E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E
(When)108 261.6 Q F2(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4
(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F2(\255\255posix)2.726
E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-)
-.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 273.6 R .341
(In this mode, interacti)5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15
F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F1(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342
(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 285.6 S
(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5
(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 302.4
Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \
input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223(ork connection,)-.1 F .025
(as when e)108 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025
(cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1
E F0 2.525(,o)C 2.525(rt)-2.525 G .025(he secure shell daemon)-2.525 F
F4(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F2(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525
E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 326.4 R .134
(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .133(cutes commands from)
.15 F F4(~/.bashr)2.633 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.633(,i)C 2.633(ft)-2.633 G .133
(hat \214le e)-2.633 F .133(xists and is)-.15 F 2.869(readable. It)108
338.4 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F2(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F2
<adad6e6f72>2.869 E(c)-.18 E F0 .369
(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.869 F(vior)-.2 E 2.869(,a)-.4
G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 350.4 Q F2<adad72>2.919 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .419
(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.919 F .419
(ut neither)-.2 F F4 -.1(rs)2.919 G(hd).1 E F0(nor)2.919 E F4(sshd)2.919
E F0 .418(generally in)2.919 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
(the shell with those options or allo)108 362.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207
(If the shell is started with the ef)108 379.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H 1.208
(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
F2<ad70>3.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \
read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 391.2 R .535
(vironment, the)-.4 F F1(SHELLOPTS)108 403.2 Q F5(,)A F1 -.27(BA)2.959 G
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(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71
(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 415.2 R(fecti)-.25 E
1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F
.904(If the)5.904 F F2<ad70>3.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in)
3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 427.2 Q
(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)
72 444 Q F0(The follo)108 456 Q
(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25
E F2(blank)108 468 Q F0 2.5(As)144 468 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2
-.1(wo)108 480 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)144 480 S
(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E
(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108
492 Q F0(A)144 492 Q F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165
(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)
3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F
(betic character or an underscore.)144 504 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E
F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 516 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144
528 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1
F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 540 S 2.5
(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 552 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 564 Q
F4(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5
(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 576 R(<newline>)10 E F6(RESER)72
592.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 604.8 R(ds)
-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)
-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F
.306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 616.8 Q
.227(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227
(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F1 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0
(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 628.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E
F2(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F2
11.295(!c)144 645.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795
(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795
(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144
657.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 674.4 Q F2(Simple Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A)
108 698.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388
(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25
F .389(wed by)-.25 F F2(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389
(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 710.4 R F4
(contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815
(he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 722.4 Q
(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E
(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)
-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(3)195.395 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The return v)108
84 Q(alue of a)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(simple command)2.5 E F0
(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+)-.15 E F1(n)A F0
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10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 100.8 Q F0(A)108 112.8 Q F1(pipeline)
2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \
of the control operators)2.996 F F2(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F2(|&)2.996
E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 124.8 Q([)144
141.6 Q F2(time)A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0(]] [ ! ])A F1(command)2.5 E F0
2.5([[)2.5 G F2(|)-2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ef>A F2(|&)A F0(])A F1
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F1(command)2.944 E F0 .243
(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.514 F F1(command2)
2.743 E F0 5.243(.T).02 G .243(his connec-)-5.243 F .642
(tion is performed before an)108 170.4 R 3.142(yr)-.15 G .642
(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.142 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(REDIRECTION)3.143 E F0(belo)2.893 E 3.143(w\). If)-.25 F F2(|&)3.143
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D 1.147(tandard error).55 F 3.647(,i)-.4 G 3.647(na)-3.647 G 1.147
(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-3.647 F F1(command2)
3.647 E F0 2.247 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028
(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 194.4 R F2 .028(2>&1 |)
2.528 F F0 5.028(.T)C .028
(his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F
(dard output is performed after an)108 206.4 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G
(edirections speci\214ed by the command.)-2.5 E .48
(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 223.2 R .48
(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F2(pipefail)2.98 E F0
.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 235.2 Q F2(pipefail)2.686 E F0 .186
(is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186
(eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15
F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 247.2 R .611
(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61
(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(!)3.11 E F0 .61
(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 259.2 S .55
(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55
(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F
(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108
271.2 Q(alue.)-.25 E .299(If the)108 288 R F2(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)
2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\
ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 300 S
.139(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E
F2<ad70>2.639 E F0 .14(option changes the output format to that spec-)
2.639 F .303(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 312 R .303(When the shell is in)5.303
F F1 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303
(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F2(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F
.303(ed w)-.15 F .302(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 324 Q .735
(en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236
E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736
(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.236
(wt)-.25 G(he)-3.236 E 2.226
(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 336
R F4(TIMEFORMA)4.725 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)4.475 E F2 2.225(Shell V)4.725
F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 348 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85
(When the shell is in)108 364.8 R F1 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F2
(time)3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35
(wline. In)-.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.074
(total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108
376.8 R(The)6.073 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.573 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.323 G
1.073(riable may be).25 F
(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 388.8 Q .655
(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 405.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .656
(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 F(See)5.656 E
F4 .656(COMMAND EXE-)3.156 F 1.106(CUTION ENVIR)108 417.6 R(ONMENT)-.27
E F0 1.106(for a description of a subshell en)3.356 F 3.606
(vironment. If)-.4 F(the)3.606 E F2(lastpipe)3.606 E F0 1.105
(option is enabled)3.606 F .744(using the)108 429.6 R F2(shopt)3.244 E
F0 -.2(bu)3.244 G .744(iltin \(see the description of).2 F F2(shopt)
3.245 E F0(belo)3.245 E .745
(w\), the last element of a pipeline may be run by)-.25 F
(the shell process.)108 441.6 Q F2(Lists)87 458.4 Q F0(A)108 470.4 Q F1
(list)2.85 E F0 .35(is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by\
 one of the operators)2.85 F F2(;)2.849 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.849 E F0(,)A F2
(&&)2.849 E F0 2.849(,o)C(r)-2.849 E F2(||)2.849 E F0 2.849(,a)C .349
(nd option-)-2.849 F(ally terminated by one of)108 482.4 Q F2(;)2.5 E F0
(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(<newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .96
(Of these list operators,)108 499.2 R F2(&&)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F2(||)
3.46 E F0(ha)3.46 E 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo).15
F .961(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.461 E F0(and)3.461 E F2(&)3.461 E F0 3.461
(,w)C .961(hich ha)-3.461 F 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual prece-).15 F
(dence.)108 511.2 Q 2.5(As)108 528 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E
(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F1(list)2.5 E F0
(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029
(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 544.8 R F2(&)
2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029
(cutes the command in the).15 F F1(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0
(in)2.528 E 2.875(as)108 556.8 S 2.875(ubshell. The)-2.875 F .375
(shell does not w)2.875 F .375
(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .376
(Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 568.8 R F2(;)3.349 E F0 .849
(are e)3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F
.848(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .848(The return)
5.848 F(status is the e)108 580.8 Q(xit status of the last command e)
-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences \
of one or more pipelines separated by the)108 597.6 R F2(&&)3.437 E F0
(and)3.437 E F2(||)3.437 E F0 .937(control operators,)3.437 F(respecti)
108 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G
2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F1(command1)144 626.4 Q F2(&&)
2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 643.2 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F1(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e)
2.5 E(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108
660 Q F1(command1)144 676.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)
108.2 693.6 Q F0 .435(is e)2.955 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .435
(cuted if, and only if,).15 F F1(command1)3.135 E F0 .435
(returns a non-zero e)2.935 F .435(xit status.)-.15 F .434
(The return status of AND)5.434 F(and OR lists is the e)108 705.6 Q
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted in the list.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235
E(4)195.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Compound Commands)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.053
(compound command)3.553 F F0 1.053(is one of the follo)3.553 F 3.553
(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F2(list)3.553 E F0 1.054
(in a command')3.554 F 3.554(sd)-.55 G 1.054(escription may be)-3.554 F
1.027(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)108 108 R
1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.026(wed by a ne)-.25 F 1.026
(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 120 Q(\()108 136.8 Q F2(list)
A F0(\))A F2(list)144 136.8 Q F0 .011(is e)2.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see)-.4 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0
(belo)2.262 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 148.8 S 1.064
(riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F
1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064
(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 160.8 Q
(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E
(xit status of)-.15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 177.6 Q F2(list)2.5 E
F0 2.5(;})C F2(list)144 177.6 Q F0 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F2(list)
5.401 E F0 .402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25
F 3.215(semicolon. This)144 189.6 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)
-.25 F F2(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715
(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list)
3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 201.6 R 2.719(et)
-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F1(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1
(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F1({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719
E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22
(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 213.6 S .257
(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd)
-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the)
-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 225.6 Q F2
(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55
E(\(\()108 242.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144
254.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F
2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E F3 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E
(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 266.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)
4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the retur\
n status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 278.4 Q
(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(let ")
2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(")A F0(.)A F1([[)108 295.2 Q
F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(]])2.5 E F0 1.299
(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 307.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G
1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.8 G
(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274
(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 319.2 R
4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E F3(CONDITION)4.773 E 2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18
F(SIONS)144 331.2 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133
(rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133
(xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F
F1([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 343.2 Q F1(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464
(ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e)
-.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463
(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081
(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 355.2 R -.25(va)-.15 G
3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081
(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F1<ad66>3.581 E F0
(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 367.2 Q
(When used with)144 385.2 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E
F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144
403.2 R F1(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F1(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\
e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-)
3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144
415.2 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F1 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM)
-.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he)
-3.31 E F1(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 427.2 Q F0 1.39
(shell option were enabled.)3.89 F(The)6.39 E F1(=)3.889 E F0 1.389
(operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F1(==)3.889
E F0 6.389(.I)C 3.889(ft)-6.389 G(he)-3.889 E F1(nocasematch)3.889 E F0
(shell)3.889 E .271
(option is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 439.2 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .272(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.272
E 1.068(return v)144 451.2 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \()
-.25 F F1(==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \()
-3.568 F F1(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.067(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)
-3.568 F(An)144 463.2 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \
to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243
(An additional binary operator)144 481.2 R(,)-.4 E F1(=~)2.743 E F0
2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243
(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F1(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E
F1(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F .182
(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX e)
144 493.2 R .182(xtended re)-.15 F .181(gular e)-.15 F .181
(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 505.2 R F2
-.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207
(return v)2.707 F .207
(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.346
(otherwise. If)144 517.2 R .846(the re)3.346 F .846(gular e)-.15 F .845
(xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F
(xpression')-.15 E 3.345(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.345 E -.25(va)144 529.2 S
.666(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F1(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G .667(rd to).05 F .593(the case of alphabetic characters.)144
541.2 R(An)5.593 E 3.093(yp)-.15 G .592
(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.093 F(-)-.2
E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 553.2 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016
(et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016
(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 565.2 Q 4.436(,s)-.65
G 1.936
(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.436
F 4.435(ets. If)-.1 F 1.935(the pattern is)4.435 F .264
(stored in a shell v)144 577.2 R .264(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264
(ariable e)-.25 F .265
(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.774(as)144
589.2 S 3.774(tring. Substrings)-3.774 F 1.274
(matched by parenthesized sube)3.774 F 1.273(xpressions within the re)
-.15 F 1.273(gular e)-.15 F 1.273(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 601.2 Q
-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F
(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0
.597(The element of)5.097 F F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E
F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s)-3.097 E .049
(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 613.2 R .049
(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549 F F3
-.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 625.2 Q(x)
-.15 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F2
(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 643.2 R .786
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144
655.2 Q F1(\()144 673.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\))
2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 685.2 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)
3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o)
-5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F
(operators.)180 697.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E
(5)195.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(!)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E
F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0
(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1
(&&)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S
(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2
-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144
132 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1(||)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E
(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 144 S(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37
E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 160.8 Q F1(&&)3.64 E F0(and)3.64 E F1(||)
3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F2
-.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141(if the v)3.641 F 1.141
(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 1.141
(is suf)3.641 F 1.141(\214cient to)-.25 F(determine the return v)144
172.8 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F1
-.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)
2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2
(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .424(The list of w)144 201.6 R
.424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.924 E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F
.423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .423(The v)5.423 F
(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to)2.923 F .653
(each element of this list in turn, and)144 213.6 R F2(list)3.153 E F0
.653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653
(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653
(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e)
144 225.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648
(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).)
-.25 E .153(The return status is the e)144 237.6 R .153
(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654
(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F
(follo)144 249.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0
(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 266.4 S(r).25 E
F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2
E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2
(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e)
144 278.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)
3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235
(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G
(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 290.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e)
5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e)
3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144
302.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F
F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592
(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e)
3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144
314.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229
(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G
2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G
.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 326.4 R .228
(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2
(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f)
.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727
E -.15(ex)144 338.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1
(select)108 355.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0
.432(The list of w)144 367.2 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)
2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)
-.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843
(is printed on the standard error)144 379.2 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842
(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he)
-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842
(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)
144 391.2 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701
(w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a)
2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 403.2 R .213
(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214
F 1.537(played w)144 415.2 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of)
-.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If)
-.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038
F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 427.2 R 2.566
(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)
5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25
F F2(name)144.36 439.2 Q F0 .953(to be set to null.)3.633 F .953
(The line read is sa)5.953 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.454(di).15 G 3.454(nt)
-3.454 G .954(he v)-3.454 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.454 E(Y)-.828 E F4
(.)A F0(The)5.454 E F2(list)3.544 E F0 .954(is e)4.134 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.954(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 451.2 R F1(br)
2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571
(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)
2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F
(last command e)144 463.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E
F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 480 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E
F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2
(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...)
2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 492 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764
(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F 2.218
(matching rules described under)144 504 R F1 -.1(Pa)4.718 G(tter).1 E
4.718(nM)-.15 G(atching)-4.718 E F0(belo)4.718 E 6.017 -.65(w. T)-.25 H
(he).65 E F2(wor)4.717 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.217(is e)4.717 F 2.217
(xpanded using tilde)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 516 S 3.968
(pansion, parameter and v).15 F 3.969(ariable e)-.25 F 3.969
(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.969(xpansion, command substitution,)
-.15 F .042(process substitution and quote remo)144 528 R -.25(va)-.15 G
2.542(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)2.542 E F0 -.15(ex)2.542 G .042
(amined is e).15 F .041(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .8
(parameter and v)144 540 R .8(ariable e)-.25 F .8
(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .8
(xpansion, command substitution, and process sub-)-.15 F 2.583
(stitution. If)144 552 R(the)2.583 E F1(nocasematch)2.583 E F0 .083
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.583 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G .082(rd to the).05 F .278(case of alphabetic characters.)144
564 R .279(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.278 F F2(list)
2.779 E F0 .279(is e)2.779 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.779(cuted. If).15 F(the)
2.779 E F1(;;)2.779 E F0 .812(operator is used, no subsequent matches a\
re attempted after the \214rst pattern match.)144 576 R(Using)5.812 E F1
(;&)3.312 E F0(in)3.312 E .007(place of)144 588 R F1(;;)2.507 E F0 .007
(causes e)2.507 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .007(cution to continue with the).15 F
F2(list)2.507 E F0 .007(associated with the ne)2.507 F .007
(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.008 E F1(;;&)144 600 Q F0 .561
(in place of)3.061 F F1(;;)3.061 E F0 .561
(causes the shell to test the ne)3.061 F .56
(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 1.86 -.65(y, a)-.15 H
.56(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute).15 E(an)144 612 Q 2.568(ya)-.15 G
(ssociated)-2.568 E F2(list)2.568 E F0 .068(on a successful match.)2.568
F .068(The e)5.068 F .068(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15
F(Otherwise,)5.069 E(it is the e)144 624 Q
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E
F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 640.8 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5
E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E
F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(if)2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0
.478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978
F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0
.478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)
2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 E F0 1.087(is e)144 664.8 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087
(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list)
3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F
.104(command completes.)144 676.8 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else)
2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103
(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e)
-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 688.8 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)
108 705.6 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1
(done)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(6)195.395
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(until)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5
E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 96 Q F1(while)3.45 E
F0 .95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list)
.15 F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)
3.45 F F2(list-1)144 108 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205
(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205
(command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205
(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 120 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F2(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.19 E F0
.6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 132 S .205(it status.).15 F .205
(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.705 E F0(and)
2.705 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204
(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 144 S(cuted in).15 E
F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)-.1
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(Copr)87 160.8 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108
172.8 Q F2(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212
(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F1(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0
(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213
(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\
onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the)
108 184.8 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G
.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 196.8 S 2.5(yp).1 G
(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:)
108 213.6 Q F1(copr)144 230.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27
E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37
E F0(])A .708(This creates a coprocess named)108 247.2 R F2 -.27(NA)
3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0
.708(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)
3.209 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.709 G(ME).27 E F0 .64
(must not be supplied if)108 259.2 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14
F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
.64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108
271.2 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44
(When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44
(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)108 283.2 Q F0(belo)3.671 E 1.171(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)
3.671 G(ME).27 E F0 1.171(in the conte)3.671 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.17(The standard output of)
6.17 F F2(command)3.87 E F0(is)4.44 E 2.029
(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 295.2 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.029
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27
(NA)108 307.2 S(ME).27 E F0 3.857([0]. The)B 1.357(standard input of)
3.857 F F2(command)4.057 E F0 1.356
(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.627 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103
(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 319.2 R F2 -.27
(NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103
(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.604(yr)-.15 G .104
(edirections spec-)-2.604 F 1.272(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 331.2
R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F
1.271(guments to)-.18 F 1.719
(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 343.2 R 1.719
(ord e)-.1 F 4.219(xpansions. Other)-.15 F 1.72(than those created to e)
4.219 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute).15 E .945
(command and process substitutions, the \214le descriptors are not a)108
355.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .945(ilable in subshells.).25 F .944
(The process ID of)5.944 F .597(the shell spa)108 367.2 R .597
(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .597(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25
(va)-.2 G .597(ilable as the v).25 F .597(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2 -.27(NA)3.097 G(ME).27 E F0 3.097(_PID. The)B F1(wait)3.098 E
F0 -.2(bu)108 379.2 S(iltin command may be used to w).2 E
(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336
(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 396
R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .335
(ys returns success.).1 F(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108
408 Q(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 424.8 Q F0 2.697(As)108 436.8 S .198
(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G
.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 448.8 S .5 -.25(ew s)
-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 465.6
Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C
(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 477.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir)
.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144
489.6 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402
(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F
1.402(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 501.6 Q .162
(ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F
(The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound)
2.662 F(command)144 513.6 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)
3.354 E F1 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 525.6
Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F
2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044
(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 537.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w)
.15 G .402(ith one e)-2.902 F .402(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function)
2.901 E F0(reserv)2.901 E .401(ed w)-.15 F .401(ord is used, b)-.1 F
.401(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047
(plied, the braces are required.)144 549.6 R F2(compound\255command)
5.047 E F0 .047(is e)2.547 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .047(cuted whene).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)2.547 E F0 .047(is speci\214ed as the)2.547 F
1.68(name of a simple command.)144 561.6 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68
(posix mode)4.18 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.679
(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 573.6 Q F2 .014
(special b)2.513 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H
.014(edirections \(see).15 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.514 E F0(belo)2.264 E .014
(w\) speci\214ed when a function is)-.25 F 1.12
(de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 585.6 R -.15(xe)-.15
G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.119
(it status of a function de\214nition is).15 F .217(zero unless a synta\
x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144
597.6 R 2.717(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 609.6 S .546(cuted, the e)
.15 F .546(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .545
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 621.6 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E
F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF
(COMMENTS)72 638.4 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 650.4 R 1.282 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 662.4 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F
(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25
F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E F0 .951
(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604
(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 674.4 R
.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the)
.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 686.4 Q F0
1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836
(omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E
F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108
698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(QU)72 84 S -.438(OT).11 G(ING).438 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Quoting)108 96 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777
-.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15
F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185
(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108
108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184
(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 120 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 136.8
R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288(listed abo)
2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(DEFINITIONS)2.788 E F0 .288
(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F
(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 148.8 Q 1.345
(When the command history e)108 165.6 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344
(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the)
-.25 F F2(history e)108 177.6 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5
(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C
(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E
(xpansion.)-.15 E(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 194.4 Q F2
(escape c)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G
(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 211.2 S .474
(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F F4(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974
G(he)-2.974 E F2 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474
(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v)-.15 F
.474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 223.2
Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053
(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F4(\\)4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553
(wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122
(quoted, the)108 235.2 R F4(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122
(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F
(ef)108 247.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295
(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 264 R .295
(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.)
-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E
(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25
G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033
(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 292.8 R .034
(es the literal v)-.15 F .034
(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108
304.8 S .108(ception of).15 F F4($)2.608 E F0(,)A F4<92>2.608 E F0(,)A
F4(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107
(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F4(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107
(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F2 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C
(he)-2.607 E F4(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F 1.397
(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.897(nw).15 G 1.397(hen history e)-3.897 F 1.397(xpansion is enabled.)
-.15 F 1.398(The characters)6.398 F F4($)3.898 E F0(and)3.898 E F4<92>
3.898 E F0 .045(retain their special meaning within double quotes.)108
328.8 R .044(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-)
5.045 F(lo)108 340.8 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602
(wing characters:)-.25 F F4($)3.102 E F0(,)A F4<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F4(")
3.935 E F0(,).833 E F4(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F4(<newline>)
3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131
(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 352.8 R .131
(If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an)
-.15 F F4(!)2.63 E F0
(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 364.8 Q
(The backslash preceding the)5 E F4(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 381.6 Q F4(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5
E F4(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H
(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G
(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 398.4 S .211
(rds of the form).8 F F4($)2.711 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 2.711<0861>C
.211(re treated specially)-2.711 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)-5.211 F
.211(ord e)-.1 F .212(xpands to)-.15 F F2(string)2.712 E F0 2.712(,w)C
.212(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.712 F(-)-.2 E .605
(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 410.4 R .604
(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo)
108 422.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4(\\a)144 434.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 434.4 Q
F4(\\b)144 446.4 Q F0(backspace)180 446.4 Q F4(\\e)144 458.4 Q(\\E)144
470.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 470.4 Q F4(\\f)144 482.4 Q F0
(form feed)180 482.4 Q F4(\\n)144 494.4 Q F0(ne)180 494.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25
G(ine)-2.5 E F4(\\r)144 506.4 Q F0(carriage return)180 506.4 Q F4(\\t)
144 518.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 518.4 Q F4(\\v)144 530.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)
180 530.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F4(\\\\)144 542.4 Q F0(backslash)180 542.4
Q F4<5c08>144 554.4 Q F0(single quote)180 554.4 Q F4(\\")144 566.4 Q F0
(double quote)180 566.4 Q F4(\\?)144 578.4 Q F0(question mark)180 578.4
Q F4(\\)144 590.4 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180
590.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0
(\(one to three octal digits\))2.5 E F4(\\x)144 602.4 Q F2(HH)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)180 602.4 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E
(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F4(\\u)144 614.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0
1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 626.4 R 1.507
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH)
4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 638.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F4
(\\U)144 650.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 662.4 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-)
3.047 E(HHH)180 674.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G
(igits\))-2.5 E F4(\\c)144 686.4 Q F2(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 686.4 S(ontrol-)
-2.5 E F2(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 703.2 Q(xpanded result is si\
ngle-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)
108 720 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F
F4($)A F0(")A F2(string)A F0 .14
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .496
(to the current locale.)108 84 R .495(If the current locale is)5.496 F
/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F1(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995
(,t)C .495(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .495
(If the string is trans-)5.495 F
(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 96 Q/F2 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 112.8 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 124.8 Q/F3
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)4.592 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .842
(is an entity that stores v)4.072 F 3.342(alues. It)-.25 F .842
(can be a)3.342 F F3(name)3.343 E F0 3.343(,an).18 G(umber)-3.343 E
3.343(,o)-.4 G 3.343(ro)-3.343 G .843(ne of the special characters)
-3.343 F .823(listed belo)108 136.8 R 3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F1
.823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.823(.A)C F3(variable)-2.21 E
F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a)3.503 F F3(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A)
.18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823(riable has a).25 F F3(value)108 148.8 Q F0
.368(and zero or more)2.868 F F3(attrib)2.868 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C
(ttrib)-5.369 E .369(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.869 E
(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar)
2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0(belo)108 160.8 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E/F4 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.755(Ap)108 177.6 S .255
(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754(alue. The)
-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F 2.754
(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 F
(may be unset only by using the)108 189.6 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5
G(iltin command \(see).2 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 206.4 Q F3(variable)2.79 E F0
(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F3(name)144 223.2
Q F0(=[)A F3(value)A F0(])A(If)108 240 Q F3(value)3.022 E F0 .232
(is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232
(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F3(values)3.023
E F0(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15
F .515(and v)108 252 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see)
-3.015 E F4(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 264 Q 2.698(w\). If)
-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its)-.25 F F1(integer)2.698 E
F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F3(value)2.988 E F0 .198
(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .199(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199
(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E .902(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)
108 276 R .902(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .901
(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F F0(belo)3.401 E 3.401(w\). W)-.25 F .901
(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.178(with the e)108 288 R 1.178
(xception of)-.15 F F1("$@")3.678 E F0 1.178(as e)3.678 F 1.179
(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F1 1.179(Special P)
3.679 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.179(.P)C 1.179(athname e)-6.329 F 1.179
(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.649(performed. Assignment)108 300 R 1.149
(statements may also appear as ar)3.649 F 1.148(guments to the)-.18 F F1
(alias)3.648 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.648 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(typeset)3.648
E F0(,)A F1(export)3.648 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)108 312 S(adonly).18 E F0
3.288(,a)C(nd)-3.288 E F1(local)3.288 E F0 -.2(bu)3.288 G .788
(iltin commands \().2 F F3(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288
(commands\). When)3.288 F(in)3.289 E F3 .789(posix mode)3.289 F F0 3.289
(,t)C .789(hese b)-3.289 F .789(uiltins may)-.2 F 1.496
(appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 324 R F1
(command)3.996 E F0 -.2(bu)3.996 G 1.496
(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 336 Q
.376(In the conte)108 352.8 R .376
(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376
(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377
(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631
(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 364.8 R(ariable')
-.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This)
-.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 376.8 S
.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F1(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164
(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F3(declar)A(ation)-.15 E
F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .252
(applied to a v)108 388.8 R .252(ariable for which the)-.25 F F3(inte)
2.752 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.752 E .252(ute has been set,)-.2
F F3(value)2.752 E F0 .251(is e)2.751 F -.25(va)-.25 G .251
(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .05
(sion and added to the v)108 400.8 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05
(urrent v)-2.55 F .05(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.55
(luated. When).25 F .05(+= is applied to an array v)2.55 F(ari-)-.25 E
.459(able using compound assignment \(see)108 412.8 R F1(Arrays)2.959 E
F0(belo)2.959 E .459(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.959(sv)-.55 G
.459(alue is not unset \(as it is when using)-3.209 F .265(=\), and ne)
108 424.8 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be)
-3.015 F .265(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.765(sm)
-.55 G .265(aximum inde)-2.765 F 2.765(x\()-.15 G(for)-2.765 E(inde)108
436.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.402(da).15 G .902
(rrays\) or added as additional k)-3.402 F -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .901
(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.201 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E
5.901(.W)-.65 G .901(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 448.8
S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F3(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E
(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G
(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 465.6 S .882(ariable can be assigned the)
-3.632 F F3(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882
(ute using the)-.2 F F1<ad6e>3.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F1
(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F1(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383
G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 477.6 R
F1(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.816 E F1(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816
E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F3(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C
2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 4.04
(able. This)108 489.6 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54
(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 6.54(.W)-.65 G(hene)-6.54
E -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.04(rt).15 G 1.54(he nameref v)-4.04 F 1.54
(ariable is referenced,)-.25 F .54
(assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 501.6 R .54
(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F3(namer)3.04
E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.04 E .54(ute itself\),)-.2 F .352
(the operation is actually performed on the v)108 513.6 R .352
(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.852(sv)
-.55 G 2.852(alue. A)-3.102 F .352(nameref is)2.852 F .972
(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 525.6 R .971
(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F
2.5(function. F)108 537.6 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E
(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E
(gument, running)-.18 E/F6 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 555.6 Q
F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 573.6 R(ariable)-.25
E F1 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v)
-.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E
3.592(ment. References)108 585.6 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F1
-.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib)
-3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143
(ments, and attrib)108 597.6 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F
.144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F1($1)2.644 E
F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144
(ariable in a)-.25 F F1 -.25(fo)108 609.6 S(r).25 E F0 .868
(loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867
(ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867
(ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509
(will be established for each w)108 621.6 R .509
(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009
(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108
633.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.193(nt).15 G(he)-4.193 E F1(namer)4.193 E(ef)
-.18 E F0(attrib)4.193 E 4.193(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.493 -.4(r, n).15 H 1.693(ameref v).4 F 1.692
(ariables can reference array v)-.25 F 1.692(ariables and subscripted)
-.25 F .101(array v)108 645.6 R 2.601(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .101
(can be unset using the)2.601 F F1<ad6e>2.602 E F0 .102(option to the)
2.602 F F1(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.602 G 2.602(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F
(if)2.602 E F1(unset)2.602 E F0 .102(is e)2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E
.443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 657.6 R .442
(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442
(ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E
(will be unset.)108 669.6 Q F1 -.2(Po)87 686.4 S(sitional P).2 E
(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 698.4 Q F3 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter)
-.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\
 the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445
(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 710.4 R 2.944(sa)
-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 722.4 Q F1
(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\
 parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F
(The)5.834 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(9)195.395 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(positional parame\
ters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is e)108 84 Q -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0
(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional parameter consisting o\
f more than a single digit is e)108 100.8 R 1.403
(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 112.8 Q F1(EXP)
2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(Special P)87 129.6 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108
141.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)
-.65 G 1.675(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)
-6.675 F(them is not allo)108 153.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F2(*)108 165.6 Q F0
.224(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 165.6
R .223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662
(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 177.6 R .662
(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662
(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 189.6 R 1.082
(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e)
-.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E
.914(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 201.6 R .914
(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .915(ord with the v)-.1 F .915
(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .891
(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 213.6 R F1(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89
(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .89(is, ")3.39 F F2($*)A F0
3.39("i)C 3.39(se)-3.39 G(qui)-3.39 E -.25(va)-.25 G .89(lent to ").25 F
F2($1)A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2(...)A F0(",)A
(where)144 225.6 Q F3(c)3.532 E F0 .832
(is the \214rst character of the v)3.642 F .832(alue of the)-.25 F F1
(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332(riable. If).25 F F1(IFS)3.332 E F0
.833(is unset, the parameters are)3.082 F(separated by spaces.)144 237.6
Q(If)5 E F1(IFS)2.5 E F0
(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E
(ening separators.)-.15 E F2(@)108 249.6 Q F0 .722
(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 249.6 R
.722(In conte)5.722 F .722(xts where w)-.15 F .722(ord splitting is per)
-.1 F(-)-.2 E 1.165(formed, this e)144 261.6 R 1.165
(xpands each positional parameter to a separate w)-.15 F 1.165
(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .655(these w)144 273.6 R .655
(ords are subject to w)-.1 F .655(ord splitting.)-.1 F .655(In conte)
5.655 F .655(xts where w)-.15 F .654
(ord splitting is not performed, this)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 285.6 S .748
(pands to a single w).15 F .748
(ord with each positional parameter separated by a space.)-.1 F .748
(When the e)5.748 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.091
(sion occurs within double quotes, each parameter e)144 297.6 R 1.091
(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.59(ord. That)-.1 F 1.09(is, ")3.59 F F2
($@)A F0 3.59("i)C(s)-3.59 E(equi)144 309.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .412
(lent to ").25 F F2($1)A F0 2.912("")C F2($2)-2.912 E F0 2.912(".)C
2.912(.. If)-2.912 F .413(the double-quoted e)2.913 F .413
(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .413(ord, the e)-.1 F .413
(xpansion of)-.15 F .38(the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)144
321.6 R .379(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .379(ord, and the e)
-.1 F .379(xpansion of the)-.15 F 1.774
(last parameter is joined with the last part of the original w)144 333.6
R 4.274(ord. When)-.1 F 1.774(there are no positional)4.274 F
(parameters, ")144 345.6 Q F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2($@)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 357.6 Q F0
(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 357.6 Q
F2(?)108 369.6 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 369.6 Q
(xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15
E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2<ad>108 381.6 Q F0 .882
(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 381.6
R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G
.881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)
144 393.6 Q F2<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 405.6 Q F0 .214
(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 405.6 R .214
(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214
(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F
(shell, not the subshell.)144 417.6 Q F2(!)108 429.6 Q F0 .499(Expands \
to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, \
whether e)144 429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E
(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 441.6 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F1(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)2.25 E
(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 453.6 Q F0 1.691
(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 453.6 R 1.692
(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F2(bash)4.192 E
F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 465.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578
(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F2($0)3.078 E F0 .578
(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F2(bash)3.077 E
F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F2<ad63>3.077 E F0 .368
(option, then)144 477.6 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369
(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E
(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 489.6 Q -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25
(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E
F2(_)108 501.6 Q F0 .055
(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)144 501.6 R
-.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054(he shell or shell script being e).1
F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691(as passed in the en)144 513.6 R .691
(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E
3.191(,e)-.65 G .692(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the)
-.18 F(pre)144 525.6 Q .752(vious simple command e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.752(cuted in the fore).15 F .751(ground, after e)-.15 F 3.251
(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .751(set to the full path-)3.251 F .156
(name used to in)144 537.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .356 -.1(ke e).2 H .156
(ach command e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .157(cuted and placed in the en).15 F
.157(vironment e)-.4 F .157(xported to that com-)-.15 F 4.937
(mand. When)144 549.6 R 2.436(checking mail, this parameter holds the n\
ame of the mail \214le currently being)4.937 F(check)144 561.6 Q(ed.)-.1
E F2(Shell V)87 578.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 590.4 Q(wing v)
-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 607.2 S(SH).3
E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 607.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G
.2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108
619.2 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.548(Ac)144 631.2 S .049
(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w)
5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049
(gument for the)-.18 F F2<ad73>2.549 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 643.2
R F2(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F1
1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)
3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .476(appearing in)144
655.2 R F1 -.27(BA)2.976 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .476(are those reported as)
2.726 F F3(on)3.206 E F0(by)3.217 E F2(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.477(.I)C 2.977
(ft)-5.477 G .477(his v)-2.977 F .477(ariable is in the en)-.25 F
(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 667.2 Q F2(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\
ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F
3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 679.2 Q
(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 691.2 S(SHPID).3 E
F0 .187(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 703.2 R F2(bash)
2.687 E F0 2.688(process. This)2.688 F(dif)2.688 E .188(fers from)-.25 F
F2($$)2.688 E F0 .188(under certain circum-)2.688 F .548
(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 715.2 R F2(bash)
3.048 E F0 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .548(Assignments to)5.548
F F1 -.27(BA)3.048 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 727.2 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).3 E
F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(10)190.395 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144 96 R 1.495
-.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose members corresp\
ond to the internal list of aliases as main-)-.25 F .16(tained by the)
144 108 R F1(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66(iltin. Elements).2 F .16
(added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503
(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 120 R
-.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If)
9.503 E F1 -.3(BA)144 132 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 156 R
.935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934
(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F
F1(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 168 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535
(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell function or\
 script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 180 S .142(cuted with).15 F F1(.)2.642 E F0
(or)2.642 E F1(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa)-2.642 G
2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141
(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141
(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144
192 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F3 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.131 G
(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 204 S .284
(tended deb).15 F .284(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F1
(extdeb)2.784 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .283(option to the)2.783 F F1(shopt)2.783 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.783 G .283(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 216 Q F1
(extdeb)3.362 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .862(after the shell has started to e)3.362
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .863(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .863
(ariable when)-.25 F F1(extdeb)144 228 Q(ug)-.2 E F0
(is not set, may result in inconsistent v)2.5 E(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)
108 240 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98(An array v)144 252 R .979
(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F1(bash)
3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F(The)5.979 E
.275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the\
 stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 264 R 1.424
(call is at the bottom.)144 276 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15
F F2 -.27(BA)144 288 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F3(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets)
6.697 F F2 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F
2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F .966
(description of the)144 300 R F1(extdeb)3.466 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .966
(option to the)3.466 F F1(shopt)3.466 E F0 -.2(bu)3.466 G .966
(iltin belo).2 F 3.466(w\). Setting)-.25 F F1(extdeb)3.465 E(ug)-.2 E F0
.965(after the shell)3.465 F .319(has started to e)144 312 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .319(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .319
(ariable when)-.25 F F1(extdeb)2.82 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .32
(is not set, may result in)2.82 F(inconsistent v)144 324 Q(alues.)-.25 E
F1 -.3(BA)108 336 S(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .251(When referenced, this v)144
348 R .251(ariable e)-.25 F .251
(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 F
F1($0)2.75 E F0 2.75(;s)C(ee)-2.75 E 1.224
(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 360 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.724(\). Assignment).15 F(to)3.724 E F1 -.3(BA)3.724 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0
1.225(causes the v)3.724 F(alue)-.25 E .247
(assigned to also be assigned to)144 372 R F1($0)2.747 E F0 5.247(.I)C
(f)-5.247 E F1 -.3(BA)2.747 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .247
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.747 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n)
.15 E(if it is subsequently reset.)144 384 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 396 S
(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .667(An associati)144 408 R .967 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .667
(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal has\
h table of commands)-.25 F .196(as maintained by the)144 420 R F1(hash)
2.696 E F0 -.2(bu)2.696 G 2.696(iltin. Elements).2 F .195
(added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently does no\
t cause command names to be remo)144 432 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G
.853(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 444 R F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G
(SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 456 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.243
(The command currently being e)144 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243
(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242
(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F
(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144
480 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108
492 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 504 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 516 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692
(An array v)144 528 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\
n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 540 R
F2(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)
-3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969
(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 552 R F1
(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171
E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G
17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 564 Q(ASH_LINENO[)
-.3 E F4($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115
(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2
(LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144
576 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 588 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E
-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 600 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\
 directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F
(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 612 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0(command.)
2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 624 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006(An array v)144
636 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506
E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 E F0 .005
(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 648 R .007
(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007
(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e)
-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 660 R(x)-.15 E
F4(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F
F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5
(sion. This)144 672 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1 -.3(BA)108 684 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 696 R .125(ar\
iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \
shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 708 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME)
-.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78
(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A
F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 720 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[)
-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[)
-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)
141.235 E(11)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .296
(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 96 R .296
(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 108 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v)
2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 120 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.645
(Ar)144 132 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144
(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144
(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144
(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 144 S
(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3
(BA)144 162 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)264 162 Q
(ersion number \(the)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.5 G(lease)
.37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 174 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0
(The minor v)264 174 Q(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F2(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1
E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 186 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0
(The patch le)264 186 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 198 S
(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A F0(The b)264 198 Q(uild v)-.2 E
(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 210 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0
(The release status \(e.g.,)264 210 Q F2(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)
144 222 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1(])A F0(The v)264 222 Q(alue of)
-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0
SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 234 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0
(Expands to a string describing the v)144 246 Q
(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108
258 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 270 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E
F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396
(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F
(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 282 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681
(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F
1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 294 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 306 Q F0(The k)144 318 Q .3
-.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3
-.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2
H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 330 Q F0 1.207
(The current command line.)144 342 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F
2.849(mands in)144 354 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349
(yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.848(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F
F0(belo)144 366 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 378 Q F0 .666(The inde)
144 390 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666
(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166
(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15
F .667(If the)5.667 F .535
(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144
402 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1
(${#COMP_LINE})144 414 Q F0 7.005(.T)C 2.005(his v)-7.005 F 2.005
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.006
(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15
F(in)144 426 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G
(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108
438 Q F0 .042(Set to an inte)144 450 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\
esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion)
-.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 462 R F2 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0
2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)
C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t)
-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 474 Q F0 4.092(,f)C 1.592
(or listing alternati)-4.092 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np)
-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)4.092
E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)-4.092
F 1.591(ord is not)-.1 F 1.552(unmodi\214ed, or)144 486 R F2(%)4.052 E
F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)6.552 F
1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552
(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 498 S 2.929
(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429
(yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929
(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.428 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144
510 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 522 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0
1.335(The set of characters that the)144 534 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G
(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336
(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If)
144 546 R F3(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G
(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 558 Q F1(COMP_W)108 570 Q(ORDS)-.1 E
F0 .653(An array v)144 582 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.153 E
F0(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w)
-.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.333(line. The)144 594 R
1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332
G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3
(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.082 E .831(described abo)144
606 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.831(.T).15 G .831(his v)-5.831 F .831
(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .832
(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.332
(db).1 G 3.332(yt)-3.332 G .832(he programmable)-3.332 F(completion f)
144 618 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E
F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 630 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v)
144 642 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E
.169
(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input)
-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 654 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses)
-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 666 Q -.55(AC)
-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 678 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
(Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26
(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F
1.095(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 690 R 3.594
(ya)-.15 G 1.094(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.594 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.594 G 3.594(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.594 E 1.431
(members of this array v)144 702 R 1.432
(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25
F 1.432(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 714 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546
-.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746
F(ariable)-.25 E .35(will not change the current directory)144 726 R
5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.851
(ni).15 G(f)-2.851 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(12)
190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(it is subsequently reset.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(EPOCHREAL)108
96 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 .338(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)
144 108 R .337(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15
F(\(see)144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(time)2.916 E F0 .416
(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .417
(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.417(.A)-.65 G .417
(ssignments to)-5.417 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EPOCHRE-)2.917 E(AL)144 132
Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 1.091(are ignored.)3.341 F(If)6.091 E F3(EPOCHREAL)
3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F0 1.09
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.59
(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E(subsequently reset.)
144 144 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 156 Q F0 .337
(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 168 R .338
(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144
180 Q F2(time)4.042 E F0 4.042(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.042 E F3
(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3
(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.541(is unset, it)3.791 F
(loses its special properties, e)144 192 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
(EUID)108 204 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 204 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403
-.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G
1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104
(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 216 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 228 Q(AME)
-.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 240 R .479
(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276
(The element with inde)144 252 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276
(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15
G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385
(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 264 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4
10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384
(ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .075
(tion is e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)
2.575 E F3(FUNCN)2.575 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.325 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H
2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.576 E
(AME)-.18 E F0 .076(is unset, it loses its)2.326 F
(special properties, e)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .111(This v)144
306 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO)
.3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111
(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.61 E -.2(NA)144 318 S(ME).2 E F0
1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO)
.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404
(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 330 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G
2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A
F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le)
-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.183
(at line number)144 342 R F1(${B)3.683 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1
(]})A F0 6.183(.T)C(he)-6.183 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G
1.184(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F
(this information.)144 354 Q F1(GR)108 366 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229
(An array v)144 378 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of wh\
ich the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 E
.571(ments to)144 390 R F3(GR)3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872
-.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3
(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572
(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s)-3.072 E
(subsequently reset.)144 402 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 414 Q F0 .356
(The history number)144 426 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G(nde)
-2.856 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356
(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3
(HISTCMD)2.855 E F0 .355(is unset, it)2.605 F
(loses its special properties, e)144 438 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1
(HOSTN)108 450 Q(AME)-.2 E F0
(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 462 Q F1
(HOSTTYPE)108 474 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\
 describes the type of machine on which)144 486 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0
.223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 498 R(def)
2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 510 Q F0 1.408(Each\
 time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\
ber representing the)144 522 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\
arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 534 R .079
(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 546 R .307
(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E
F3(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F
(special properties, e)144 558 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5
G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 570 Q
(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\
es the system type on which)144 582 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 594 Q F2
(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E
(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 606 Q F0 .294
(An array v)144 618 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0
(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293
(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293
(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 630 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1
(OLDPWD)108 642 Q F0(The pre)144 654 Q(vious w)-.25 E
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
(OPT)108 666 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 678 R 1.627
(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F
F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F3
(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 690 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 702 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 714 R 4.152
(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F
1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu)
4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 726
S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(OSTYPE)108 84 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes\
 the operating system on which)144 96 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 108 Q
(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 120 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US)
.95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 132 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)
3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61
(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F
(the most-recently-e)144 144 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E
(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1
(PPID)108 156 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 156 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G
2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E
F1(PWD)108 168 Q F0(The current w)144 168 Q
(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
(RANDOM)108 180 Q F0 .565
(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 192 R .566
(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.566 E .01
(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 204
R .01(alue to)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)2.51 E/F3 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E
(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 216 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)
-2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 228 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 240 R
F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)
-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.547(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09
E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 252 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(READLINE_POINT)108 264 Q F0 .314
(The position of the insertion point in the)144 276 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G
(adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G
.313(or use with)-2.813 F F4 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F2
(SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 288 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)
2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 300 Q(Y)-.92 E F0
(Set to the line of input read by the)144 312 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18
E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)
-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 324 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\
ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 336 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795
(cation is returned.).2 F .713(If a v)144 348 R .712
(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F3(,)A F0 .712(the v)
2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25
F .407(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 360 R .408
(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .408
(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 372 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G
(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 384 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 396 S
.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w)
5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763
(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 408 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F
F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.174
(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E
3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 420 R F2
(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F5 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0
5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019
(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 432 Q F1(bash)
3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\
d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142
F(This v)144 444 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 456 Q
(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 468 Q F1
(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 480 Q F0
(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 480 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G
(nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25
E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 496.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994
(ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1
(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993
(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 508.8
Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0
1.192(The v)144 537.6 R 1.192(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F
3.692(sc)-.55 G 1.193(ompatibility le)-3.692 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.693
(l. See).15 F 1.193(the description of the)3.693 F F1(shopt)3.693 E F0
-.2(bu)3.693 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 549.6 Q 2.872(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.872 E
F1 .372(SHELL B)2.872 F(UIL)-.1 E .372(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372
(for a description of the v)2.872 F .371(arious compatibility le)-.25 F
(v-)-.25 E .36(els and their ef)144 561.6 R 2.86(fects. The)-.25 F -.25
(va)2.86 G .361(lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25
F .361(ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.751
(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 573.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.75
(is unset or set to the empty)5.201 F .578(string, the compatibility le)
144 585.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578
(et to the def)-3.078 F .578(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.078
(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3(BA)3.078 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0(is)
4.028 E .249(set to a v)144 597.6 R .249(alue that is not one of the v)
-.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .248
(ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F 1.119
(sets the compatibility le)144 609.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.619(lt).15 G
3.619(ot)-3.619 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119(ault for the current v)-.1
F 3.62(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.62 G 1.12(lid compatibility le).25 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .576
(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 621.6 R F1
(shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.075 G .575(iltin described belo).2 F 3.075
(w\()-.25 G .575(for e)-3.075 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 633.6 Q F1
(compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5
(alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v)
-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 645.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .505
(If this parameter is set when)144 657.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e)
3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .506
(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .355
(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 669.6 R F5
(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.354(.T).31 G .354(he v)-5.354 F .354
(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.27(BA)2.854 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .354(is subjected)
2.604 F .525(to parameter e)144 681.6 R .525
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525
(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 693.6 Q
F2 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0
(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA)
108 705.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 717.6
R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25
F(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.98 E F0 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F
(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 729.6 R F4 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114
(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114
(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0
SF -.27(BA)144 84 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138
(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638
(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F1 -.27(BA)2.638 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E
F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the empty string causes the trace\
 output to be sent to the standard error)144 96 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531
(ote that setting)-7.531 F F1 -.27(BA)144 108 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495
E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \214le descriptor\) and then unsetti\
ng it will result in the)2.991 F(standard error being closed.)144 120 Q
/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(CDP)108 132 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247
(The search path for the)144 144 R F2(cd)3.747 E F0 3.747(command. This)
3.747 F 1.248(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)
3.747 F 3.796
(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 156 R F2
(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795
(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(".:~:/usr")144 168 Q F0(.)A F2
(CHILD_MAX)108 180 Q F0 .997(Set the number of e)144 192 R .997
(xited child status v)-.15 F .997(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F
5.997(.B)-.55 G .997(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.498(wt)-.25 G(his)
-3.498 E -.25(va)144 204 S 1.078(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577
(waP)-.25 G 1.077(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577
F 1.077(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144
216 Q 2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)
-.25 E F2(COLUMNS)108 228 Q F0 .828(Used by the)144 240 R F2(select)
3.328 E F0 .829(compound command to determine the terminal width when p\
rinting selection)3.328 F 4.507(lists. Automatically)144 252 R 2.007
(set if the)4.507 F F2(checkwinsize)4.507 E F0 2.006
(option is enabled or in an interacti)4.507 F 2.306 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
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(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144
312 Q F2(EMA)108 324 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 336 Q F2(bash)2.535 E F0 .035
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F2(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F2(FIGNORE)108 492 Q F0
2.599(Ac)144 504 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E
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(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 456 R 1.27(ault ar)
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(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e)
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(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 336
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(The search path for commands.)144 540 R .588
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(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 564 S
.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 576 R .868
(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 588 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C
(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 600 Q
F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 612 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 624 R
.472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971
E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .471
(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011
(the startup \214les, as if the)144 636 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 648 Q F1(bash)
4.498 E F0(enables)4.498 E F5 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C
4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F4 1.997
(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.997(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
.15 E(When the shell enters)144 660 Q F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C
2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E
(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 672 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
(If set, the v)144 684 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR)
108 696 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 708 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
(nents to retain when e)144 720 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E
(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(17)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Characters remo)
144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5
E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS0)108 96 Q F0 1.174(The v)144 96 R 1.174
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see)-.15 F/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174
(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 108 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 120 Q F0 .065(The v)144 120 R
.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)
2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 132 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 144 Q F0 .117(The v)144 144 R .117
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)
5.118 E(def)144 156 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 168 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 168 R 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)
144 180 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 192 Q F0 .1
(The v)144 192 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101
(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 204 Q F0 .335
(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F
.335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335
(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.834 E F0 .334(is repli-)2.584 F
(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 216 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5
G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E
(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1
(SHELL)108 228 Q F0 .663(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 240 R
.664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25
F .664(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 252 Q F1(bash)
2.5 E F0(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5
(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 264 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827
(The v)144 276 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
(pipelines pre\214x)144 288 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
(an escape sequence that is e)144 300 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F
(and their meanings are as follo)144 312 Q
(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 330 Q F0 2.5
(Al)194 330 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 342 Q/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194
342 Q F1(%[)144 354 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 354 Q F1(%[)144 366 Q
F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194
366 Q F1(%P)144 378 Q F0
(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 378 Q .87
(The optional)144 394.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A)
144 406.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537
(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 418.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3
(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E
F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 430.8 Q
(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 447.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 459.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364
(If this v)144 476.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)
144 488.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113
(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113
(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144
500.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E
(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108
512.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 524.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,)
-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941
(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441
G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 536.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311
(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F
.885(ing from a terminal.)144 548.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886
(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 560.4
S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1
(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1
F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 572.4
Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 584.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 596.4
R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39
(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391
(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 608.4 Q 2.5(su)
-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 620.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144
632.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53
(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 644.4 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
 for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 656.4 S .367(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F
1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
668.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this)
3.805 F(conte)144 680.4 Q 1.133
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132
(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624
(match the name of a stopped job e)144 692.4 R .624(xactly; if set to)
-.15 F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885
(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 704.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 716.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E
F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27
E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)
-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316
(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 728.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
(2018 October 22)141.235 E(18)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(identi\214er)144
84 Q(.)-.55 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histchars)108 96 Q F0 2.069(The tw)
144 108 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07
(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07(xpansion and tok)
-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.57 E(OR)
-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 120 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E 3.716
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.215(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)
3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G 1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798
(signals the start of a history e)144 132 R .798(xpansion, normally `)
-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798(second character is the)3.298 F F3
(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 144 Q F0
(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G .239
(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239
(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575
(ing one string for another in the command.)144 156 R .575(The def)5.575
F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576
(optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\
 that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
char)144 168 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 180 R 1.293
(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294
(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38
(skipped for the remaining w)144 192 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379
(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 204 Q F1(Arrays)87 220.8 Q(Bash)
108 232.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891
(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 244.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15
F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F
.328(an array)108 256.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr)
-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F
5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329
(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 268.8 R
1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595
(xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25
H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108
280.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15
(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 297.6 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F
4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F
F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 309.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A
F0 6.549(.T)C(he)-6.549 E F3(subscript)4.389 E F0 1.549
(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.729 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15
F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.548(luate to a number).25 F 6.548(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.348
E -.15(ex)108 321.6 S 1.979(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
G 4.479(da).15 G(rray)-4.479 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48
E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F3(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E F2 1.98
(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E
(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 333.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5
E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3
(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 350.4 Q .3 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18
G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 367.2 Q .941
(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the)
-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 -.18(re)3.44 G
(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.44 E(ute)
-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 379.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647
(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 396 R
F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647
(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each)
-4.148 F F3(value)108 408 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.333 F F3
(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15
G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.832
(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)4.332 E F0(.)A .163
(When assigning to inde)108 420 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163
(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163
(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.664(xi)-.15 G 2.664
(sa)-2.664 G(ssigned)-2.664 E 1.411(to; otherwise the inde)108 432 R
3.911(xo)-.15 G 3.911(ft)-3.911 G 1.411
(he element assigned is the last inde)-3.911 F 3.91(xa)-.15 G 1.41
(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.91 F(Inde)108 444 Q
(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 460.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)
-2.5 E .239(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 477.6 R F1(declar)
2.739 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24
(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108
489.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917
(syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917
(hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray)
-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-)
4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 501.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415
-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115
(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E
(of)108 513.6 Q F3(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25
-.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838
(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838
(nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338
G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 525.6 Q(An)108 542.4 Q
3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)
-3.575 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076
(braces are required to a)3.576 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542
(con\215icts with pathname e)108 554.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F3
(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E
F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541
(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F3(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056
(These subscripts dif)108 566.4 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057
(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057
(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 578.4 Q F3(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B
.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52
(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F
1.374(of the)108 590.4 R F2(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375
(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F3(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375
(xpands each element of)-.15 F F3(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w)
3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028(there are no array members, ${)108
602.4 R F3(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F
2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758
(within a w)108 614.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759
(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759
(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108
626.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\
t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015
F .227(to the e)108 638.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15
F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228
(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728
(\). ${#).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 650.4
S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F3(name)A F0([)A F3(subscript)A
F0 3.386(]}. If)B F3(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or)
3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886
(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294(ments in the array)108 662.4
R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F3(subscript)3.135 E F0
.295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.795(da).15 G .295(rray e)-2.795 F -.25(va)-.25 G .295
(luates to a number).25 F .629
(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 674.4 R .929 -.15(ve t)
-.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .628(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F
3.128(xo)-.15 G 3.128(ft)-3.128 G .628(he array)-3.128 F 3.128(,s)-.65 G
3.128(on)-3.128 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.128 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(indices count back from the end of the array)108 686.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G
(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G
(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108
703.2 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G
.595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An)
108 715.2 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25
E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F1(bash)2.5 E
F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(An array v)108 84
Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E
2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E
.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 100.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\()
.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917
(alues. ${)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A
F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 112.8 S .749
(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)
3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75
(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108
124.8 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5
E F2(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 141.6 Q F1(unset)
2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1
G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A
F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)
-.15 E F2(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 153.6 Q F0 3.974(,f)C 1.474
(or both inde)-3.974 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.974(da).15 G 1.474(nd associati)
-3.974 F 1.774 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.974(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti)
.05 E 1.774 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.474(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
G 3.975(da).15 G 1.475(rrays are interpreted as)-3.975 F .615
(described abo)108 165.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.615(.U).15 G .615
(nsetting the last element of an array v)-5.615 F .614
(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F1(unset)5.614 E F2
(name)3.114 E F0(,)A(where)108 177.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array)2.5
E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F1(unset)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0([)A F2
(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0
(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G
(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E .847(When using a v)108 194.4 R .848
(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .848
(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F1(unset)3.348 E F0 3.348(,w)C
(ithout)-3.348 E .345(using the w)108 206.4 R .345(ord e)-.1 F .345
(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.845(,t).15 G .345
(he ar)-2.845 F .344(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 2.844
(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)2.844 E(name e)108 218.4 Q
(xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E
(The)108 235.2 Q F1(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.573 E F0
3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F1 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G
1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F F1<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073
(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074
(rray and a)-3.574 F F1<ad41>3.574 E F0 .339
(option to specify an associati)108 247.2 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray)
.15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,)
-2.838 F F1<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The)
5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44
(accepts a)108 259.2 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
-5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 271.2 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 288 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perform\
ed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 300 R 3.26
(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 312 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br)
2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)2.869 E .369
(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .37
(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 324 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)2.5
E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E
F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 E
.419(The order of e)108 340.8 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418
(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418
(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 352.8 S
.195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F
.196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)
-.15 E(sion.)108 364.8 Q .257
(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 381.6 R
.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.757 E .257
(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2
E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 393.6 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G
(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.)
-.15 E .002(After these e)108 410.4 R .003
(xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w)
-.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003
(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 422.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F2(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1
E F0(\).)A 1.191(Only brace e)108 439.2 R 1.191(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.191
(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.191
(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F 1.19(ords of the)-.1 F
-.15(ex)108 451.2 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15
F 1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the)
-.15 F -.15(ex)108 463.2 S 1.245(pansions of ").15 F F1($@)A F0 3.745
("a)C 1.245(nd ")-3.745 F F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 1.245
(", and, in most cases,)B F1($*)3.745 E F0(and)3.745 E F1(${)3.744 E F2
(name)A F1([*]})A F0 1.244(as e)3.744 F 1.244(xplained abo)-.15 F 1.544
-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)108 475.2 S
(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 492 Q
F2(Br)108.58 504 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 516 Q F2 .415(pathname e)
2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 528 R F2(pr)2.651 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 540 R .563
(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563
(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(co\
ntained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each \
resulting string, e)108 552 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108
564 Q .719(Brace e)108 580.8 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719
(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
108 592.8 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0
(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As)
108 609.6 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742
(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.242 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A
F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F2(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F2(y)
3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,)
-.15 F(and)108 621.6 Q F2(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G
.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G
.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532
(xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108
633.6 R F2(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F2(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi)
-2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077
(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .078
(to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015
(same width.)108 645.6 R .015(When either)5.015 F F2(x)2.515 E F0(or)
2.515 E F2(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\
empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143
(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 657.6 R
6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F
(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 669.6 S 1.064(pands to each character le)
.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E
F2(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G
1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .983
(that both)108 681.6 R F2(x)3.483 E F0(and)3.483 E F2(y)3.483 E F0 .983
(must be of the same type.)3.483 F .984
(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference)
-.25 E(between each term.)108 693.6 Q(The def)5 E
(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108
710.4 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581
(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E 1.208
(are preserv)108 722.4 R 1.208(ed in the result.)-.15 F 1.209
(It is strictly te)6.209 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)6.209 E F0 1.209
(does not apply an)3.709 F 3.709(ys)-.15 G 1.209
(yntactic interpretation to the)-3.709 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(conte)108 84 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 100.8 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132
(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\
t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 112.8 R 3.441
(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
(unchanged. A)108 124.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E
F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G .255(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)
-.15 E 2.91(sion. T)108 136.8 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion, and inhibits brace e)108 148.8 Q
(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F1(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\
ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\
gs to be generated is)108 165.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 177.6 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144
194.4 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 206.4 Q(cho)144
218.4 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15
E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 235.2 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 247.2 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 259.2 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 271.2 Q F0
.515(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F
.515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514
(after e)3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436
(If strict compatibility with)108 283.2 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437
(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 295.2 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
87 312 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 324 R 1.087(ord be)-.1
F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.086
('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
 \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
108 336 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\
 are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 348 R .725
(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 360 Q .522
(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 372 Q/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
with the speci\214ed login name.)108 384 Q .092
(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 400.8 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 412.8 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo)
5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641
(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 424.8 R F2(N)4.141
E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642
(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
436.8 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 448.8 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
108 460.8 Q(If the login name is in)108 477.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 494.4 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E
F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E
.467(these cases, tilde e)108 506.4 R .467(xpansion is also performed.)
-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468
(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108
518.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
(alue.)-.25 E .024(Bash also performs tilde e)108 535.2 R .024
(xpansion on w)-.15 F .023(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F
.023(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 547.2 Q .769 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.969 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A F0
.469(when the)2.719 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469
(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .47(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F
-.15(ex)108 559.2 S(cept for the).15 E F2(declar)2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0
(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F2
(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(Pa)87 576 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0
1.606(The `)108 588 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606
(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.106 F 1.605
(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105
(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 600 R
.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407
(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033
(tect the v)108 612 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032
(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 624
Q 1.189
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
640.8 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
-3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
652.8 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15
(ex)108 664.8 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 681.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0
(})A 1.204(The v)144 693.6 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.704 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204
(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264
(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 705.6 R F2(par)4.014 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.676
(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 717.6 R(The)7.677 E F2(par)
5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.677(is a shell parameter as described abo)
5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 729.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .347
(If the \214rst character of)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.846
E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F
/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F1(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15
E F0 .346(is not a)2.846 F F1(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C
2.846(ti)-2.846 G(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.906(al)108 96 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)
-2.906 H 2.906(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.906 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F2(Bash)
5.406 E F0 .406(uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406
(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F1(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406
(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F1(par)2.907 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 108 Q F0
2.579(;t)C .079(his is then e)-2.579 F .079(xpanded and that v)-.15 F
.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .078
(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .078(xpansion of the)-.15 F
(original)108 120 Q F1(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.042(.T)C .042
(his is kno)-5.042 F .042(wn as)-.25 F F1(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37
F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .043
(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .043(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15
(ex)108 132 S .249(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 F
2.749(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .248
(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .248(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51
(name of the parameter referenced by)108 144 R F1(par)4.01 E(ameter)-.15
E F0 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F
(xpansion.)-.15 E .388(The e)108 156 R .387(xceptions to this are the e)
-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A
F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .387
(]} described belo)B 4.187 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .387(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15
E(tion point must immediately follo)108 168 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E .334
(In each of the cases belo)108 184.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 E(d)
-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334(xpansion, parameter e)
-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F(and arithmetic e)108
196.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09(When not performing substring e)108 213.6
R 1.089(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25
G(e.g.,)-3.589 E F2(:-)3.589 E F0(\),)A F2(bash)3.589 E F0 1.089
(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 225.6 Q(Omitt\
ing the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E
(${)108 242.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})
A F2 .722(Use Default V)144 254.4 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722
E F1(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F
.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)
3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 266.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1
(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 278.4 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.005
(Assign Default V)144 290.4 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F1
(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F
2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004
(is assigned to)5.274 F F1(par)144 302.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73
G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279
(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F
(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 314.4 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E
(${)108 326.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A
F2 .535(Display Err)144 338.4 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535
(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535
(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 350.4 R
.661(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\
 written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F
(interacti)144 362.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)
-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 374.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1
(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 386.4 R .745(nate V)-.15 F
(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 398.4 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 410.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 422.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion)
144 434.4 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502
E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.082
(character speci\214ed by)144 446.4 R F1(of)3.582 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.082
(.I)C(f)-6.082 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E
F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15
G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.581 E F2(*)
3.581 E F0 3.581(,o)C 3.581(ra)-3.581 G(n)-3.581 E(associati)144 458.4 Q
1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722
(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length)
3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043
(substring of the v)144 470.4 R .043(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.543 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F
F1(of)2.542 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)
-.15 F .846(end of the v)144 482.4 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0
(and)3.346 E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F
.847(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)
3.347 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 494.4 Q
(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 518.4 Q F1(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029
G .529(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529
(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F
.045(end of the v)144 530.4 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G
.046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F
(of)144 542.4 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F
.202(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202
(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 554.4 R
.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E
F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25
F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 566.4 Q -.2
(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(pansion.).15 E(If)144 590.4 Q F1(par)2.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.959
E F2(@)2.959 E F0 2.959(,t)C .459(he result is)-2.959 F F1(length)2.959
E F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .458(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)
2.958 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.458(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.108 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .6(is tak)144 602.4 R .6
(en relati)-.1 F .9 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.1(oo).15 G .6
(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-3.1 F 3.1(,s)-.4 G
3.1(oa)-3.1 G 3.1(no)-3.1 G -.25(ff)-3.1 G .6(set of \2551 e).25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G(luates).25 E .64(to the last positional parameter)144 614.4 R
5.64(.I)-.55 G 3.14(ti)-5.64 G 3.14(sa)-3.14 G 3.139(ne)-3.14 G .639
(xpansion error if)-3.289 F F1(length)3.139 E F0 -.25(eva)3.139 G .639
(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 626.4 Q(If)144 650.4 Q F1
(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.014(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)
-3.014 F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082
(the array be)144 662.4 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)
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-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081
(is tak)3.581 F 1.081(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo)
.15 G 1.081(ne greater)-3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 674.4 R
3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft)-3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F
6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G
1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08
(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.)144 686.4 Q(Substring e)144
710.4 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.931
(Substring inde)144 84 R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional\
 parameters are used, in which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 96 Q .306
(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.806(ault. If)-.1 F/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307
(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.807 E F0 .307(is pre\214x)2.807 F(ed)-.15 E
(to the list.)144 108 Q(${)108 124.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2
(*)A F0(})A(${)108 136.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2
.085(Names matching pr)144 148.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084
(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F
.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)
-2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 160.8 R/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757
(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F
.258(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 172.8 Q
(ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108
189.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 201.6 Q F2(!)A F1
(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 213.6 R(eys)
-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)
4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036
(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E
.595(assigned in)144 225.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1
(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595
(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596
(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 237.6 Q F0
(is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)
-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108
254.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 266.4 S .471
(rameter length).1 F F0 5.471(.T)C .471
(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)
2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F1(par)
4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 278.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or)
3.708 E F2(@)3.708 E F0 3.708(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208
(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If)
6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F .349
(array name subscripted by)144 290.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@)
2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349
(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.348
(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.348 E F1(par)145.25 302.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455
(is an inde)3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456
(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756
-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456
(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 314.4 R 1.273
-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde)
-3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272
-.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)
144 326.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5
G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 343.2 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 355.2 Q F1
(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 367.2
Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F
(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196
(is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F
.544(name e)144 379.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544
(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)
4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .543(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)
144 391.2 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.221 G(tter).1 E 3.221(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.221 E
F0(belo)3.221 E 4.521 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.221(ft).65 G .721
(he pattern matches the be)-3.221 F .722(ginning of the v)-.15 F .722
(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.222 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.152
(then the result of the e)144 403.2 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F
1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.901 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.151(with the shortest matching)4.381 F .183(pattern \(the `)144
415.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.663 -.74('' c)D .184
(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0
1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.184 E F1(par)3.934 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.414 E F2(@)2.684 E F0(or)144 427.2 Q F2(*)3.019 E
F0 3.019(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.019 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25
G .518
(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.121(sion is the resultant list.)144 439.2 R(If)
6.121 E F1(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.121(is an array v)4.351 F
1.121(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F2(*)
3.622 E F0 3.622(,t)C 1.122(he pattern)-3.622 F(remo)144 451.2 Q -.25
(va)-.15 G 2.53(lo).25 G .03
(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)
-2.53 F .03(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 463.2 Q(${)108
480 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 492
Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144
504 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0
5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F1(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 516
S .459(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .459(ainst the e)-.05 F .459
(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.208 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.458(using the rules described under)3.688 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 528 S(tter).1
E 4.592(nM)-.15 G(atching)-4.592 E F0(belo)4.592 E 5.892 -.65(w. I)-.25
H 4.592(ft).65 G 2.092(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)
-4.592 F 2.093(xpanded v)-.15 F 2.093(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 540 Q
(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.15(,t).73 G .65(hen the result of the e)-3.15 F .65
(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .65(xpanded v)-.15 F .65(alue of)-.25 F F1
(par)4.4 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .65(with the shortest)3.88 F 1.084
(matching pattern \(the `)144 552 R(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D
1.084(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2
(%%)A F0 2.565 -.74('' c)D 1.085(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.085 E F1(par)
145.25 564 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.39 E F2(@)2.66 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(*)
2.66 E F0 2.66(,t)C .16(he pattern remo)-2.66 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.659(lo)
.25 G .159(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)
-2.659 F .509(and the e)144 576 R .509(xpansion is the resultant list.)
-.15 F(If)5.509 E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .51(is an array v)
3.739 F .51(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.01 E F0(or)3.01 E F2
(*)3.01 E F0(,)A .423(the pattern remo)144 588 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.923
(lo).25 G .422
(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)
-2.923 F .422(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 600 Q(${)108
616.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0
(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 628.8 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606
E F0 6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106 E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F
1.107(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)
-.15 E(sion,)144 640.8 Q F1 -.8(Pa)3.7 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.2
(is e)3.7 F 1.2(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern)3.7 E
F0(ag)3.7 E 1.2(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.2(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1
(string)144 652.8 Q F0 5.396(.T)C .396
(he match is performed using the rules described under)-5.396 F F2 -.1
(Pa)2.897 G(tter).1 E 2.897(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.897 E F0(belo)2.897 E
4.197 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(pat-)2.897 E(tern)144 664.8 Q F0(be)
2.57 E .07(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)2.57 E F0 2.57(,a)C .07(ll matches of)
-2.57 F F1(pattern)2.57 E F0 .069(are replaced with)2.569 F F1(string)
2.569 E F0 5.069(.N)C .069(ormally only the \214rst match is)-5.069 F
2.579(replaced. If)144 676.8 R F1(pattern)2.579 E F0(be)2.579 E .079
(gins with)-.15 F F2(#)2.579 E F0 2.579(,i)C 2.579(tm)-2.579 G .079
(ust match at the be)-2.579 F .08(ginning of the e)-.15 F .08(xpanded v)
-.15 F .08(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.58 E(am-)-.15 E(eter)144 688.8 Q F0
5.762(.I)C(f)-5.762 E F1(pattern)3.262 E F0(be)3.261 E .761(gins with)
-.15 F F2(%)3.261 E F0 3.261(,i)C 3.261(tm)-3.261 G .761
(ust match at the end of the e)-3.261 F .761(xpanded v)-.15 F .761
(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.261 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.761(.I)C(f)-5.761 E F1
(string)144 700.8 Q F0 .957(is null, matches of)3.457 F F1(pattern)3.457
E F0 .958(are deleted and the)3.457 F F2(/)3.458 E F0(follo)3.458 E
(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.458 E F0 .958(may be omitted.)3.458 F .958
(If the)5.958 F F2(nocasematch)144 712.8 Q F0 .492
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.992 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G .492(rd to the case of alpha-).05 F .883(betic characters.)
144 724.8 R(If)5.883 E F1(par)4.633 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.113 E F2(@)
3.383 E F0(or)3.383 E F2(*)3.383 E F0 3.383(,t)C .884
(he substitution operation is applied to each positional)-3.383 F
(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(23)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.002
(parameter in turn, and the e)144 84 R 1.002
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)6.002 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(par)4.752 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.002(is an array v)4.232 F 1.001
(ariable sub-)-.25 F .158(scripted with)144 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(@)2.658 E F0(or)2.659 E F2(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he substitutio\
n operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and)-2.659 F
(the e)144 108 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 124.8 Q
F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 136.8 Q F1(par)
A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 148.8 Q F1(par)A
(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 160.8 Q F1(par)A
(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)
144 172.8 R F0 5.438(.T)C .438(his e)-5.438 F .437
(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par)
2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 184.8 Q
F0 1.406(is e)3.906 F 1.407
(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.907
(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.407(character in the)3.907 F -.15(ex)144 196.8
S 1.232(panded v).15 F 1.232(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732
(,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144
208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424
(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F
5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F2(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F
-.15(ve)144 220.8 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F
F1(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F2(,)3.11 E F0 .61
(operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F
1.547(letters to lo)144 232.8 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E
F0(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded)
-.15 E -.25(va)144 244.8 S .634(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.134 E F0(and)3.134
E F2(,)3.134 E F0 -.15(ex)3.134 G .634(pansions match and con).15 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .633(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .633
(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.133(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 256.8 Q F0 .78
(is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C
.78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78
(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F2(@)3.28
E F0(or)3.28 E F2(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\
n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 268.8 R
(xpansion)-.15 E .468(is the resultant list.)144 280.8 R(If)5.468 E F1
(par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468
(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.969 E
F0 2.969(,t)C .469(he case modi\214ca-)-2.969 F(tion operation is appli\
ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 292.8 Q
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 309.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 321.6 S .86
(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86
(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F
F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(or information about)144 333.6 R F1
(par)2.653 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.653 F
.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.154(.E)C(ach)-5.154
E F1(oper)2.654 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .154(is a sin-)2.654 F(gle letter:)144
345.6 Q F2(Q)144 369.6 Q F0 1.065(The e)180 369.6 R 1.065
(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)
3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F
(reused as input.)180 381.6 Q F2(E)144 393.6 Q F0 .44(The e)180 393.6 R
.441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1
(par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941
F -.15(ex)180 405.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E
F0(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 417.6 Q F0 1.073(The e)180 417.6 R
1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073
(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 429.6 Q F2(PR)
2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 441.6 Q F0 1.137
(The e)180 441.6 R 1.138
(xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F
F2(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 453.6 Q
-.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 465.6 Q F0
(The e)180 465.6 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E
(alues representing)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D
(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 482.4 Q F1(par)5.331 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
(is)4.811 E F2(@)4.081 E F0(or)4.081 E F2(*)4.081 E F0 4.081(,t)C 1.58
(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the)
-4.081 F -.15(ex)144 494.4 S .129(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F
(If)5.129 E F1(par)3.879 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .129(is an array v)3.359 F
.13(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.63 E F0(or)2.63 E F2(*)2.63 E
F0 2.63(,t)C .13(he oper)-2.63 F(-)-.2 E
(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144
506.4 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E 1.85(The result of the e)
144 530.4 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F 1.849
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.849(xpansion as described)-.15 F
(belo)144 542.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 559.2 Q F1
1.697(Command substitution)108 571.2 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697
(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 583.2 Q F2($\()144 600 Q F1
(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 612 Q F2<92>144 624 Q F1(command)A F2
<92>A(Bash)108 640.8 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089
(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.589 E F0
.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command)
-.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)
108 652.8 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)
-.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b)
108 664.8 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)
-.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.691 E F1(\214le)
2.691 E F2(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 676.8 Q -.25(va)-.25
G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2
(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\
 used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 693.6 R(xcept)-.15 E
.315(when follo)108 705.6 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.815 E F0(,)A F2
<92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F2(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(h\
e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \
sub-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 717.6 R 1.386(using the $\()
3.886 F F1(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387
(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G
3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F
(mand; none are treated specially)108 729.6 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .894
(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 84 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
(quotes with backslashes.)108 96 Q .422
(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 112.8 R .422
(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15
F(on the results.)108 124.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(Arithmetic Expansion)87 141.6 Q F0 1.035(Arithmetic e)108 153.6 R 1.035
(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034
(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034
(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
(The format for arithmetic e)108 165.6 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()
144 182.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1
(\)\))A F0(The)108 199.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0
.165(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166
(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .231
(treated specially)108 211.2 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231
(ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v)
-.18 F .23(ariable e)-.25 F .23(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.059
(tution, and quote remo)108 223.2 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.559(l. The).25 F
1.059(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.559 F 1.06
(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.56(luated. Arithmetic).25 F
-.15(ex)108 235.2 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 252 R
-.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 264 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)
2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 280.8 Q
(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 292.8 Q .405(ocess substitution)
-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405
(nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405
(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 304.8 Q F1(<\()3.251 E F2
(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F1(>\()3.251 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E
F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751
(is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751
(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147
(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 316.8 R .148
(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648
(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F1(>\()2.648 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E
F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 328.8 R .56
(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G
(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.059 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .559
(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 340.8 Q .308
(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0
5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-)
-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 352.8 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt)
-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0
(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 369.6 R -.25(va)
-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\
h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 381.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
-.75(Wo)87 398.4 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142
(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 410.4 R 1.143
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143
(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 422.4 Q
F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
(The shell treats each character of)108 439.2 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w)
-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)
108 451.2 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F
.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)2.708 E F0
(,)A .837(the def)108 463.2 R .837(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1
(<space>)3.337 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F1
(<newline>)3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836
(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 475.2 R .345
(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15
G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345
(characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es)
-.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 487.2 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.737
E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236
(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)108
499.2 Q F0(,)A F1(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F1(newline)2.506
E F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w)
-.15 F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921
(ter is in the v)108 511.2 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)
3.17 E F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E
3.42(yc)-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(that is not)
3.17 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(whitespace,)3.17 E .428(along with an)108 523.2
R 2.928(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428
(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G
.428(equence of)-2.928 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .429(whitespace charac-)2.679
F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 535.2 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5
G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E
(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.927(Explicit null ar)108 552 R 1.927
(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.594 E F1 .833<0808>5.26 G
F0 4.427(\)a)C 1.927
(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-4.427 F(Unquoted)
6.927 E .484(implicit null ar)108 564 R .484
(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .484
(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .785 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.985(ov).15
G .485(alues, are remo)-3.235 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.985(d. If).15 F(a)2.985
E 1.572(parameter with no v)108 576 R 1.572(alue is e)-.25 F 1.571
(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F 1.571
(gument results and is retained and)-.18 F .723
(passed to a command as an empty string.)108 588 R .724
(When a quoted null ar)5.724 F .724(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F
.724(ord whose)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 600 S .176
(pansion is non-null, the null ar).15 F .176(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. That).15 F .176(is, the w)2.676 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10
/Courier@0 SF -5.167<ad64082008>2.676 F F0(becomes)2.675 E F5<ad64>2.675
E F0 .175(after w)2.675 F .175(ord split-)-.1 F(ting and null ar)108 612
Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 628.8
Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 645.6
S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 657.6 R .37
(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F1<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0
2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678
(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 669.6 R .677
(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E
F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562
(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 681.6 R
F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo)
2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .562(no matching \214lenames)3.062 F .009
(are found, and the shell option)108 693.6 R F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .008
(is not enabled, the w)2.509 F .008(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .008
(If the)5.008 F F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 .008(option is)2.508 F .442
(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 705.6 R .442(ord is remo)-.1 F
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.942(d. If).15 F(the)2.943 E F1(failglob)2.943 E F0 .443
(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.943 F 1.38
(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 717.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F1
(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .103
(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 729.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .104
(When a pattern is used)5.104 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)
141.235 E(25)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .378
(for pathname e)108 84 R .378(xpansion, the character)-.15 F/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .378
(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .377
(wing a slash must be)-.25 F 1.353(matched e)108 96 R(xplicitly)-.15 E
3.853(,u)-.65 G 1.353(nless the shell option)-3.853 F F1(dotglob)3.854 E
F0 1.354(is set.)3.854 F 1.354(The \214lenames)6.354 F F1 -.63(``)3.854
G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.354 E F1 -.63(``)3.854 G(..).63 E -.63
('')-.55 G F0 1.354(must al)6.984 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.354(ys be).1 F .486
(matched e)108 108 R(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.986(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-3.236 G
2.986(ni).15 G(f)-2.986 E F1(dotglob)2.986 E F0 .485(is set.)2.986 F
.485(In other cases, the)5.485 F F1 -.63(``)2.985 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08
E F0 .485(character is not treated specially)5.485 F 5.485(.W)-.65 G
(hen)-5.485 E .114(matching a pathname, the slash character must al)108
120 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .114(ys be matched e).1 F .115
(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 F .115(ut in)-.2 F .581
(other matching conte)108 132 R .581
(xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo)
-.15 F 3.081(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.081 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)3.081
G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E(Matching)108 144 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
.072(See the description of)4.572 F F1(shopt)2.572 E F0(belo)2.572 E
2.572(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.572 E F2 .073(SHELL B)2.572 F(UIL)-.09 E .073
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .073(for a description of the)2.323 F F1
(nocaseglob)108 156 Q F0(,)A F1(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E
F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108
172.8 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.631 E F0 .131(shell v)2.381 F .131
(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25
F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.63 E F0 5.13(.I).24 G(f)-5.13 E F2
(GLO-)2.63 E(BIGNORE)108 184.8 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le \
name that also matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)
4.515 E F0(is)4.265 E(remo)108 196.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G
1.415(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F1
(nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F
1.414(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 208.8 Q F0 .146
(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F
.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E
F0(and)5.147 E F1 -.63(``)2.647 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147
(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108
220.8 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0
.827(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)
-.25 F .682(enabling the)108 232.8 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682
(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a)
-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.)
5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 244.8 Q
1.185(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F
F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e)
-.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184
(one of the patterns in)6.184 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E F3(.)A F0(The)108
256.8 Q F1(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631(option is disabled when)3.131 F F2
(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .632
(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 268.8 Q F1
(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 285.6 S(tter).1 E
2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 302.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(har\
acter that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern charact\
ers described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62
(itself. The)108 314.4 R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)
3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12
(wing character; the)-.25 F .576
(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 326.4 R .576
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya)
-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 338.4 Q(.)-.65 E
(The special pattern characters ha)108 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 372 Q F0 .376(Matches an)
180 372 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.876
F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377
(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 384 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775
(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)
-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775
(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\
 or more directories and subdirectories.)180 396 R 1.058(If follo)6.058
F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 408 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G
(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 420 Q F0
(Matches an)180 420 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
([...])144 432 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 432 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579
(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578
(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684
(denotes a)180 444 R F4 -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)
-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684
(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.185(oc)-.1 G
.685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.713(,u).15
G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212
(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.212(If the)
6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 468 R 1.123(wing the)-.25 F F1
([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 1.124(or a)6.123 F F1
(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G 1.124
(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F .895
(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 480 R .894
(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .375(and the v)
180 492 R .375(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)
2.625 E F2(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375
(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.976 -.8(To o)5.376 H .376(btain the tra-).8
F .068(ditional interpretation of range e)180 504 R .068
(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.568 E F0 .067(is equi)2.567 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .067(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.567 E F0 2.567(,s)C .067
(et v)-2.567 F(alue)-.25 E .156(of the)180 516 R F1(LC_ALL)2.656 E F0
.156(shell v)2.656 F .156(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C
2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0
.157(shell option.)2.657 F(A)5.157 E F1<ad>2.657 E F0(may)2.657 E .193(\
be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.)
180 528 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .193(may be matched by)2.693 F
(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 540 Q -.4(Wi)180
558 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F4 -.15(ch)
3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.071 E F4(class)A F1
(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F4(class)3.071 E F0
(is one of the follo)180 570 Q
(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173
(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 582 R 8.173
(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 594 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0
4.289(Ac)180 606 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc)
-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1
-.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E
(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 618 Q -.4(Wi)
180 636 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537
(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F4 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036
(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.536 E F4(c)A F1(=])
A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\
 collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 648 R
(the character)180 660 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 678 S(thin).4 E F1
([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5
E F4(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4(symbol)
2.5 E F0(.)A .705(If the)108 694.8 R F1(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705
(shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704
(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108
706.8 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F4
(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255
(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.756 E
F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)
108 718.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(?\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E
F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\))
.833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 120 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 132 Q F2(pattern-list).833
E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 144 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 156 Q F2
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 168 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 180 Q F2
(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 192 Q(ything e)-.15
E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E
.969(Complicated e)108 208.8 R .969(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F
.969(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968
(specially when the patterns contain).65 F 1.23
(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 220.8 R 1.23
(Using separate matches ag)6.23 F 1.23(ainst shorter strings, or)-.05 F
(using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f)108
232.8 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 249.6 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1
E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 261.6 R 1.113
(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)
3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0
1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 273.6 Q .3
-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 290.4 Q F0 .545
(Before a command is e)108 302.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405
(by the shell.)108 314.4 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\
ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)
-.25 F(dif)108 326.4 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\
 the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02
(Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215
(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 338.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E
.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .875(may precede or appear an)108
350.4 R .875(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0
.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.376(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.876(.R).77 G
.876(edirections are)-5.876 F(processed in the order the)108 362.4 Q 2.5
(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\
h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\
stead be preceded by a w)108 379.2 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)
108 391.2 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293
(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293
(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 403.2 S
.679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F
F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679
(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 415.2 Q
F0 .599(}, the v)B .599(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.099 E F0 .599
(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.099 F .6(If {)5.6 F F2
(varname)A F0 3.1(}i)C 3.1(ss)-3.1 G .6(upplied, the redirection)-3.1 F
1.238(persists be)108 427.2 R 1.238(yond the scope of the command, allo)
-.15 F 1.238(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor)
-.25 F(himself.)108 439.2 Q .283(In the follo)108 456 R .284(wing descr\
iptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst ch\
aracter of the redirect-)-.25 F .513(ion operator is)108 468 R F1(<)
3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
(redirection operator is)108 480 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
-2.5 E .824(The w)108 496.8 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463
(jected to brace e)108 508.8 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462
(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 520.8 R
.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F
.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867
F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 532.8 S(rd,).1 E F1
(bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E
(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 549.6 Q -.15
(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 566.4 Q F1(>)2.5
E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 583.2
Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 600
Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 616.8 R F2(dirlist)3.027
E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F
(output before the standard output w)108 628.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E
F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 645.6 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098
F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
(wing)-.25 E 3.478(table. If)108 657.6 R .978
(the operating system on which)3.478 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978
(is running pro)3.478 F .977
(vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F
(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 669.6 Q
(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 686.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15
E F2(fd)A F0(If)180 698.4 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E
(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(is duplicated.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180
96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q(v/stderr)
-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 144 Q F1(/de)144 156 Q
(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180
168 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144
192 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 204 Q F2(host)
2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(vice name,)180 216 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108
232.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)
-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\
an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 249.6 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947
(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F
(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 261.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
278.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 290.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 302.4 Q F2
(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 319.2 Q([)144 336 Q F2
(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 352.8 Q(ecting Output)
-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
108 364.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 376.8
R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F
-.15(ex)108 388.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 405.6 Q([)144 422.4 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
(If the redirection operator is)108 439.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 451.2 R
.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 463.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
475.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
492 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
(Redirection of output in this f)108 504 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 516 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0
.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
528 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
(The general format for appending output is:)108 544.8 Q([)144 561.6 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 578.4 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
(This construct allo)108 590.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108
602.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
(There are tw)108 619.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
(&>)144 636 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 648 Q F1(>&)144 660 Q F2(wor)
A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 676.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 693.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 710.4 R F2(wor)
2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)
-.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G
.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 722.4 Q
F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.25(Ap)87 84 S(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)
-.18 E F0 .249(This construct allo)108 96 R .249(ws both the standard o\
utput \(\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le de\
scrip-)-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)
108 108 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E
F0(.).77 E
(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
124.8 Q F1(&>>)144 141.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
(This is semantically equi)108 158.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
(>>)144 175.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108
192 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
(Her)87 208.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\
ection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until \
a line containing only)108 220.8 R F2(delimiter)108.35 232.8 Q F0 .615
(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 244.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E
F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
(The format of here-documents is:)108 261.6 Q([)144 278.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])
A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 290.4 Q
(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 302.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108
319.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .415(is performed on)108
331.2 R F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.415(.I).77 G 2.915(fa)-5.415 G .715
-.15(ny p)-2.915 H .415(art of).15 F F2(wor)3.255 E(d)-.37 E F0 .415
(is quoted, the)3.685 F F2(delimiter)3.265 E F0 .415
(is the result of quote remo)3.645 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.915(lo).25 G(n)
-2.915 E F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .773
(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 343.2 R 3.274
(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774
(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.274 F 2.59
(are subjected to parameter e)108 355.2 R 2.59
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.59
(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 367.2 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5
E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0
(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5
E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
(If the redirection operator is)108 384 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t)
C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\
 the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 396 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G
(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 412.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
2.5(Av)108 424.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)
144 441.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 458.4 Q
F2(wor)3.292 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.292 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .791
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 470.4 S
1.187(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F
1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187
(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.188(The result is)6.187 F .375
(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 482.4 R .374(wline appended\
, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor)
108 494.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E
F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 511.2 Q F0(The redirection operator)
108 523.2 Q([)144 540 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 556.8 R(If)5.127 E
F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
568.8 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 580.8 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E
F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 592.8 Q
(The operator)108 609.6 Q([)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 .444
(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 643.2 R
(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357
(tor 1\) is used.)108 655.2 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)
4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 667.2 R F2(wor)
3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.524 G .254(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.754 E
F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254
(is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0
.253(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.753 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.753 E
.965(not e)108 679.2 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966
(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
-3.466 F(pre)108 691.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Mo)87 84 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)
108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2
(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536
(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit)3.036 E F0 .536
(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt)
-3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2
(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5
E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
(Similarly)108 158.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)
144 175.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 192 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2
(digit)2.785 E F0 .285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0
2.785(,o).24 G 2.785(rt)-2.785 G .286
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F2(n)2.786 E F0
.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1
(Opening File Descriptors f)87 220.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 232.8 Q([)144 249.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)
A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
266.4 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
108 278.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.173
E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674
(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0
(and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2
F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09
E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F
(check)108 343.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472
(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A
F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0
1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)
-3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112
(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.12
(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119
(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1
F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
.296(not e)108 391.2 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 403.2 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543
(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne)
-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 448.8 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
108 460.8 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
(Aliases are not e)108 477.6 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .436
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
506.4 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1
(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67
(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 518.4 R 3.17(eu)
-.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe)
-.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E
1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 530.4 R 1.059
(Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.058(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F
.074(when it is e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15
F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\
and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 554.4 Q 2.838(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.838 G
.338(ect until the ne).25 F .338(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337
(The commands follo)5.337 F .337
(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F 1.472(not af)108
566.4 R 1.473(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.973(wa)-.25 G 3.973(lias. This)
-3.973 F(beha)3.973 E 1.473(vior is also an issue when functions are e)
-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.973(cuted. Aliases).15 F(are)3.973 E -.15(ex)108
578.4 S .61(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\
unction is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .609
(cuted, because a function de\214ni-).15 F .711
(tion is itself a command.)108 590.4 R .711
(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.711 F
-.25(va)-.2 G .712(ilable until after that).25 F 1.186(function is e)108
602.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.686(cuted. T).15 F 3.686(ob)-.8 G 3.686(es)
-3.686 G 1.185(afe, al)-3.686 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.185
(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F1
(alias)3.685 E F0(in)3.685 E(compound commands.)108 614.4 Q -.15(Fo)108
631.2 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3
(FUNCTIONS)72 648 Q F0 3.467(As)108 660 S .967
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 672 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315
(mands associated with that function name is e)108 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316
(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036
(shell; no ne)108 696 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035
F .639(function is e)108 708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E 1.659(The special parameter)108 720
R F1(#)4.159 E F0 1.659(is updated to re\215ect the change.)4.159 F
1.659(Special parameter)6.659 F F1(0)4.159 E F0 1.658(is unchanged.)
4.158 F 1.658(The \214rst)6.658 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(element of the)108
84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108
100.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F
1.215(these e)108 112.8 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F1(DEB)3.715 E(UG)
-.09 E F0(and)3.465 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215
(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 124.8 S(IL)
.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479
(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E
.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 136.8 R F1(declar)
2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)
-.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 148.8 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2
(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072
(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322
F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 160.8 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0
(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 177.6 S .656
(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local)
3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E
3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F .05(their v)108 189.6 R .05
(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.051(.I)
-.55 G 2.551(fav)-5.051 G .051(ariable is declared)-2.801 F F2(local)
2.551 E F0 2.551(,t)C .051(he v)-2.551 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.551(sv)-.55 G
(isi-)-2.551 E 1.186(ble scope is restricted to that function and its c\
hildren \(including the functions it calls\).)108 201.6 R 1.185(Local v)
6.185 F(ariables)-.25 E("shado)108 213.6 Q .154(w" v)-.25 F .154
(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .155(vious scopes.)
-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.155 G 2.655(ri).15 G .155(nstance, a local v)-2.655 F
.155(ariable declared)-.25 F .67(in a function hides a global v)108
225.6 R .669(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer\
 to the local v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .688(able, lea)108 237.6 R .688
(ving the global v)-.2 F .688(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .688
(When the function returns, the global v)5.688 F .688
(ariable is once ag)-.25 F(ain)-.05 E(visible.)108 249.6 Q .727
(The shell uses)108 266.4 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .727
(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.227 F(ariable')-.25 E
3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226 F -.4(Wi)5.726 G
.726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 278.4 R .007
(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007
(alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.)
108 290.4 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813
(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813
(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 302.4 Q
2.116 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .816
(hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65
F .817(This is also the v)5.816 F .817(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va)
108 314.4 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E
(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108
331.2 S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F3
(var)2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F3(func1)
2.723 E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F3(func1)2.723 E F0 .223
(calls another function)2.723 F F3(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463
(references to)108 343.2 R F3(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963
F F3(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot)
-2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.964 E F0(from)
2.964 E F3(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F
(y)-.15 E(global v)108 355.2 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A
(The)108 372 Q F2(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483
(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482
(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F0 .19
(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 384 R .19
(ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19
(alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f)
-5.19 E 2.721(av)108 396 S .221(ariable at the current local scope is u\
nset, it will remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the fu\
nc-)-2.971 F .013(tion returns.)108 408 R .013
(Once the function returns, an)5.013 F 2.513(yi)-.15 G .014
(nstance of the v)-2.513 F .014(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .014
(vious scope will become visible.)-.25 F .567(If the unset acts on a v)
108 420 R .566(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .566(vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.066
(yi)-.15 G .566(nstance of a v)-3.066 F .566
(ariable with that name that had been)-.25 F(shado)108 432 Q
(wed will become visible.)-.25 E(The)108 448.8 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0
-.25(va)3.528 G 1.028(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028
(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108
460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.)
-.15 E .044(If the b)108 477.6 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re)
2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 489.6 R 1.011
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012
(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 501.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213
(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
108 513.6 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)
-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358
(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 530.4 R F2
<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E
F0(or)3.859 E F2(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F
3.39(mands. The)108 542.4 R F2<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2
(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
.326(\214le and line number)108 554.4 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G
(he)-2.826 E F2(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
(shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327
(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 566.4 R
1.598 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F2<ad66>3.798 E
F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F2(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797
(iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F
(deleted using the)108 578.4 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F2
(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .371(Functions may be recursi)
108 595.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871
E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371
(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141
(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 607.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141
(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 619.2 Q .3
-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72
636 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297(The shell allo)
108 648 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.297(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F
F2(let)4.798 E F0(and)4.798 E F2(declar)108 660 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.684 G .183(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()2.683 E F0 .183
(compound command, and)2.683 F F2 .183(Arithmetic Expansion)2.683 F F0
2.683(\). Ev)B .183(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 672 Q 1.057
(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057
(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829
(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 684 R(vity)-.25 E
3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829
(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F
(lo)108 696 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le)5.44
F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F
(of decreasing precedence.)108 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(++)A F1(id)2.5 E F2
<adad>A F0 -.25(va)144 96 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25
E F2 2.5<ad2b>108 108 S F0(unary minus and plus)144 108 Q F2(++)108 120
Q F1(id)A F2<adad>2.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 132 S
(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 144 S F0
(logical and bitwise ne)144 144 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108
156 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 156 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 168 S F0
(multiplication, di)144 168 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad>108
180 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 180 Q F2(<< >>)108 192 Q F0
(left and right bitwise shifts)144 192 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 204 Q F0
(comparison)144 216 Q F2(== !=)108 228 Q F0(equality and inequality)144
228 Q F2(&)108 240 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 240 Q F2(^)108 252 Q F0
(bitwise e)144 252 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|)108
264 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 264 Q F2(&&)108 276 Q F0(logical AND)144 276 Q
F2(||)108 288 Q F0(logical OR)144 288 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 300 S(pr).2 E F2
(?)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0
(conditional operator)144 312 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 324 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5
(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=)
-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 336 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 348 S(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E
F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 360 Q .68(Shell v)108 376.8 R .68
(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 388.8 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4
F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007
(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
-.25 F -.15(ex)108 400.8 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G
1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466
(using the parameter e)108 412.8 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467
(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25
(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.258
(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 424.8 R 1.258
(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.758(nt).15 G(he)
-3.758 E F1(inte)3.758 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.758 E 1.257
(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)3.757 E 3.757<65ad>-.18 G(i)-3.757 E F0(is)
3.757 E .332(assigned a v)108 436.8 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)
2.832 F .332(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832
(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632
-.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)
2.832 E .333(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 448.8 Q
(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406
(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 465.6
R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.)
-.15 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 477.6 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112
(he form [)-2.612 F F1(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F1(base)
2.612 E F0 .113(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534
(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 489.6 R F1(n)3.034 E F0 .534
(is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F1(base#)3.033 E F0 .533
(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .512(When specifying)108
501.6 R F1(n)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.012 F .513
(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943
(@, and _, in that order)108 513.6 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F1(base)
3.443 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.443 F .942
(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F
(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 525.6 Q
.234(Operators are e)108 542.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234
(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234
(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235
(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 554.4 S
(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 571.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256
(Conditional e)108 583.2 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[)
2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and)
2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F
1.233(\214le attrib)108 595.2 R 1.233
(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)6.234 E
F2(test)3.734 E F0(abd)3.734 E F2([)3.734 E F0 1.234
(commands determine their)3.734 F(beha)108 607.2 Q .997
(vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .996
(guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 3.496(yo)
-.15 G .996(ther com-)-3.496 F(mand-speci\214c actions.)108 619.2 Q .234
(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 636 R .234
(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.234 E F0 .235
(handles se)2.735 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .235(ral \214lenames spe-).15 F .425
(cially when the)108 648 R 2.925(ya)-.15 G .425(re used in e)-2.925 F
2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which)2.925 F
F2(bash)2.924 E F0 .424(is running pro)2.924 F .424(vides these)-.15 F
1.153(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate th\
em internally with this beha)108 660 R 1.153(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E
F1(\214le)3.653 E F0(ar)108 672 Q .426
(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)2.926 E
(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 2.926(,t)C .426(hen \214le descriptor)-2.926 F F1(n)
2.926 E F0 .426(is check)2.926 F 2.926(ed. If)-.1 F(the)2.926 E F1
(\214le)2.926 E F0(ar)2.926 E(gu-)-.18 E .029
(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 684 R F1(/de)2.529 E
(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.53(,o)C(r)
-2.53 E F1(/de)2.53 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.53<2c8c>C .03
(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.53 F(ti)108 696 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722
(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
108 712.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar)
-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 724.8
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.095
(When used with)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C
(he)-3.595 E F1(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095
(operators sort le)3.595 F 1.095
(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 E F1(test)
3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 96 Q F1
<ad61>108 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 120
S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad62>108
132 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 132 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1<ad63>108
144 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 144 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1<ad64>
108 156 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 156 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad65>108
168 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 168 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad66>108 180 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35
(Tr)144 180 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1<ad67>108 192 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 192 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1<ad68>108 204 Q F2(\214le)
2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 204 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad6b>108 216 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 216 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.)
-2.5 E F1<ad70>108 228 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 228 S(ue if).35
E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).)
.15 E F1<ad72>108 240 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 240 S(ue if).35 E
F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1<ad73>108
252 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 252 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1<ad74>
108 264 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 264 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E
F2(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1<ad75>108 276
Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 276 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1<ad77>
108 288 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 288 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5
E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1<ad78>108 300 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 300 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1<ad47>108
312 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 312 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E
F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1<ad4c>108 324 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 324 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad4e>108 336 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 336 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1
<ad4f>108 348 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 348 S(ue if).35 E F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1<ad53>108 360 Q F2
(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 360 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 372 Q F1
(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 384 S(ue if).35 E F2
(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5
E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 396 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(nt)
A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 408 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0
(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2
(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0
-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2
(\214le1)108 420 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144
432 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5
E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>108 444 Q F2
(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 456 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 F F2
(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262
(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1<ad6f>
2.762 E F0(option to the)144 468 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1<ad76>108 480 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0
-.35(Tr)144 492 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79
E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1<ad52>108
504 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 516 S(ue if the shell v).35 E
(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.)
2.68 E F1<ad7a>108 528 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 540 S
(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)
108 552 Q F1<ad6e>108 564 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 576 S
(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2
(string1)108 592.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 604.8 Q F1
(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 616.8 S .861
(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861
(should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .862
(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144
628.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446
(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746
-.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 640.8 Q F0(\).)A F2
(string1)108 657.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 669.6 S
(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 686.4 Q F1(<)2.5
E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 698.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E
F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15
E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(33)190.395 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0
(sorts after)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E
(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 112.8 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37
E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 124.8 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2
(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A
F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2
(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C .385
(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar)2.885 E
(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or e\
qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 136.8 R F1(ar)144
148.8 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.589(,r)C(especti)-3.589 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.099 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.589 E F1(ar)3.919 E(g2)-.37 E
F0 1.089(may be positi)3.609 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 G
-2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E 3.59
(gers. When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F2([[)3.59 E F0(command,)
144 160.8 Q F1(Ar)4.22 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(Ar)4.22 E(g2)-.37 E
F0 .71(are e)3.23 F -.25(va)-.25 G .71(luated as arithmetic e).25 F
3.209(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .709(ARITHMETIC EV)3.209 F(ALU)-1.215 E
(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 172.8 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 189.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0
.613(When a simple command is e)108 201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614
(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614
(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.)
108 213.6 Q(1.)108 230.4 Q 1.849(The w)144 230.4 R 1.849
(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848
(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F
(name\) and redirections are sa)144 242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G
(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 259.2 Q 1.163(The w)144 259.2 R
1.163(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164
(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15
F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144
271.2 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775
(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E
(are the ar)144 283.2 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 300 Q
(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.)108
316.8 Q .716(The te)144 316.8 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0
.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717
(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 328.8 R .339
(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339
(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 340.8 Q
.332(If no command name results, the v)108 357.6 R .332
(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F
2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 369.6 S .757
(riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757
(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 381.6
R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677
(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677
(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F
(the command e)108 393.6 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15
(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 410.4 R
.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649
(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 422.4
Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064
(If there is a command name left after e)108 439.2 R 1.064(xpansion, e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F
4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108
451.2 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069
(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068
(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 463.2 R .466
(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467
(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 475.2
Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 492 Q F0
.547(After a command has been split into w)108 504 R .546
(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1
F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 516 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E(en.)
-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts \
to locate it.)108 532.8 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379
(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in)
108 544.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G
.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)
2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F
(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 556.8 Q 2.5
(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E
(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309
(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 573.6 R .31
(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.81 E F0 .31
(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 585.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH)
-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662
(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108
597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E
F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS)
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(search of the directories in)108 609.6 R F3 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E
F0 .719
(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F
.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\
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(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 633.6 Q F0 6.006(.I)C 3.506(ft)-6.006 G 1.006
(hat function e)-3.506 F 1.006(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.005(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.005(cution en).15 F 1.005
(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .255
(and the original command')108 645.6 R 2.755(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.755 G
.255(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.756
(se)-.55 G .256(xit status becomes the e)-2.906 F .256(xit sta-)-.15 F
.263(tus of that subshell.)108 657.6 R .263(If that function is not de\
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(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 669.6 Q 1.089(If the search is success\
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108 686.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .198
(named program in a separate e)108 698.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198
(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197
(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 710.4 Q
(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 727.2 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809
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(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G
4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)
141.235 E(34)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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(assumed to be a)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)
3.178 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678(le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F
3.178(As)5.678 G .678(ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .677(wned to e)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .677(cute it.).15 F(This)5.677 E .329
(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 96 R .329
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-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.83(dt).1 G 2.83(oh)-2.83 G .33
(andle the script, with)-2.83 F 1.219(the e)108 108 R 1.219
(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see)
-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25
G(nder)-3.719 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 120 S(IL)
.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0
(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347(If the program is a \214le be)
108 136.8 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(h\
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-2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 148.8 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\
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108 160.8 R 3.692(es. The)-.15 F(ar)3.693 E 1.193
(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F 1.193
(gument follo)-.18 F 1.193(wing the)-.25 F 1.131
(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 172.8 R
1.13(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F 1.13(wed by the)-.25 F
(command ar)108 184.8 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95
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(The shell has an)108 213.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E
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E<83>108 230.4 Q 1.405(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144
230.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.406
(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F2(exec)
3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 242.4 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 259.2 Q(the current w)
144 259.2 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F2
(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5
G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E<83>108 276
Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 276 Q F2(umask)2.5 E F0
(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E<83>108
292.8 Q(current traps set by)144 292.8 Q F2(trap)2.5 E F0<83>108 309.6 Q
.257(shell parameters that are set by v)144 309.6 R .256
(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F2(set)2.756 E F0 .256
(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.756 E
(in the en)144 321.6 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 338.4 Q
(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 338.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 355.2 Q
(options enabled at in)144 355.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def)
.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F2(set)
2.5 E F0<83>108 372 Q(options enabled by)144 372 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0<83>
108 388.8 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 388.8 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
<83>108 405.6 Q -.25(va)144 405.6 S
(rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E
(alue of)-.25 E F2($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E
F3(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426(When a simple command other than a b)108 422.4 R
.427(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427
(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.927(di).1 G 2.927(nas)
-2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 434.4 S .134(cution en).15 F .134
(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F
.133(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .133(alues are inherited from)-.25 F
(the shell.)108 446.4 Q<83>108 463.2 Q 1.055(the shell')144 463.2 R
3.555(so)-.55 G 1.055(pen \214les, plus an)-3.555 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G
1.056
(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-)
-3.556 F(mand)144 475.2 Q<83>108 492 Q(the current w)144 492 Q
(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 508.8 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144
508.8 Q<83>108 525.6 Q .857(shell v)144 525.6 R .857
(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857
(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857
(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 537.6 Q(vironment)
-.4 E<83>108 554.4 Q .306(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v)
144 554.4 R .307(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G
.307(arent, and traps ignored)-2.807 F(by the shell are ignored)144
566.4 Q 2.5(Ac)108 583.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5
(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E
(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E
(vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\
ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 600 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
.2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as)108 612 S .244(ubshell en)-2.744
F .244(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245
(vironment, e)-.4 F .245(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F
.359(reset to the v)108 624 R .358
(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4
G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .358(commands that are in)2.858 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .856(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 636 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.357
(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .857(made to the subshell en)3.357 F(viron-)
-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 648 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15
(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108
664.8 R 1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377
(cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F
F2<ad65>3.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent)3.876 F 2.5(shell. When)
108 676.8 R(not in)2.5 E F1(posix mode)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0
(clears the)2.5 E F2<ad65>2.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404
(If a command is follo)108 693.6 R .404(wed by a)-.25 F F2(&)2.904 E F0
.405(and job control is not acti)2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G
.405(he def)-2.905 F .405(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198
(is the empty \214le)108 705.6 R F1(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198
(.O)C .198(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc)
.1 G .197(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)
-2.698 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768
Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(35)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 84 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.353
(When a program is in)108 96 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G
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2.354(his is a list of)-7.353 F F2(name)108 108 Q F0<ad>A F2(value)A F0
(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F0(.).18 E
1.486(The shell pro)108 124.8 R 1.486(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
1.486(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985
(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.485
(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 136.8 Q .144(viron\
ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\
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2.704(cesses. Ex)108 148.8 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F
2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(export)2.703 E F0(and)
2.703 E F3(declar)2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203
(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E 1.153
(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 160.8 R
3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.154
(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 172.8 Q .64
(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64
(alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.)
-.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 184.8
R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58
(cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58
(nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F
.301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 196.8 R 2.801(yp)-.15 G .301
(airs remo)-2.801 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.801(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.801 G(he)
-2.801 E F3(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an)2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3
(dditions via the)-2.8 F F3(export)2.8 E F0(and)2.8 E F3(declar)108
208.8 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .562(The en)108
225.6 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .562(simple command)
3.402 F F0 .563
(or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F
.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 237.6 R .502 -.15(ve i)
-.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5
9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F
.202(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 249.6 Q
(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 266.4 R F3<ad6b>
3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F3(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0
.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 278.4 Q
(vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.)
-.4 E(When)108 295.2 Q F3(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
(ke).2 G 3.586(sa).1 G 3.586(ne)-3.586 G 1.086(xternal command, the v)
-3.736 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(_)3.586 E F0 1.085
(is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F
(passed to that command in its en)108 307.2 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1
(EXIT ST)72 324 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 336 R .15
(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v).15
F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151
(system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848
(tion. Exit)108 348 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347
(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F
1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25
F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 360 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G
.506(xit statuses from shell b)-5.506 F .507
(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F
(Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108
372 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)
108 388.8 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873
(urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873
(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872(xit status of)
-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 400.8 R 2.548(An)5.048 G .049
(on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549
(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .049(ommand terminates on a f)
-2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 412.8 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(bash)
2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E
(xit status.)-.15 E .405
(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 429.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .404
(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 441.6 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 458.4
Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E
(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.)
-.15 E .08(Shell b)108 475.2 R .08
(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C
2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0
2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fa)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G .081(rror occurs while)
-2.581 F(the)108 487.2 Q 2.968(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.118 G 2.968
(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.968 G .468(iltins return an e).2 F .468
(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.4 G .467(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 499.2 Q(guments.)-.18
E F3(Bash)108 516 Q F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202
(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202
(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 528 Q
(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F3
(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1
(SIGN)72 544.8 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 556.8 Q F3(bash)3.183 E F0 .683
(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G 3.183(nt)-3.183 G
.683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores)
-3.183 F F4(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682(\(so that)2.933 F F3 .682(kill 0)
3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 F(interacti)108 568.8 Q .757 -.15
(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458
(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F3(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458(In all cases,)5.458 F
F3(bash)108 580.8 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0
(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5
E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25
E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 597.6 Q 1.065
(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F3(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15
(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064
(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108
609.6 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747
(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and)
2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653
(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 621.6 R .653
(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F
-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 633.6 Q F4
(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4
(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 650.4 R 2.045
(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E
F5(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346
-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 662.4 Q F0
1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004
(Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004
(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 674.4 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p)
5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\
 to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15
G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 686.4 R F3(diso)
3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356
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(SIGHUP)108 698.4 Q F0(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A
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(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F3(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F3(bash)
2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166
(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108
727.2 Q(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(36)
190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F .546
(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046
(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F
.662(will not be e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662
(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E
F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99
(via the)108 108 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the recep\
tion of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1
(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F
(return immediately with an e)108 120 Q
(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72
136.8 Q(OL)-.329 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 148.8 S 4.567(bc)
.25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067(refers to the ability to selecti)
5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F3(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)
C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.068
(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 160.8 Q F3 -.37(re)C
(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702
(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702
(ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702
(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace)
-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 172.8 Q(ernel')-.1
E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E
F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 189.6 R F3(job)
5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F .785
(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785
(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 201.6 R F1
(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F1(bash)2.841 E F0 .341
(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F3(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E
(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 213.6
Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 230.4 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\
umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\
ociated)108 247.2 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 259.2 R .732
(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job)
5.733 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 271.2 Q F3(job)
4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.062 -.8
(To f)108 288 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7
F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F
.871(notion of a)108 300 R F3(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F
.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .87
(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023
(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108
312 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023
(board-generated signals such as).15 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.523 E
(INT)108 324 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.347
(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F3(for)3.846 E -.4(eg)
-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F3(Bac)6.926 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)
-.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 F .145
(group ID dif)108 336 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146
(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146
(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16
(ground processes are allo)108 348 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66
(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 10
/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter)
-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 360 R .551
(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551
(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F
.718(terminal are sent a)108 372 R F4 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F(OU\))
-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 G
.717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717
(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 384 Q 1.087
(If the operating system on which)108 400.8 R F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088
(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088
(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 412.8 S
.302(ping the).8 F F3(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302(character \(typically)
3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301
(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801
F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 424.8 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0
7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0
2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F1(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C
(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\
mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108
436.8 R(to)108 448.8 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892
(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F
F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895
(background, the)108 460.8 R F1(fg)3.395 E F0 .895
(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F
F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F1(^Z)
3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 472.8 Q .948(fect immediately)
-.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948
(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.)
108 484.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 501.6 R .777
(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F1
(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 513.6
Q F3(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F3(n)3.817 E F0 .957
(may be referred to as)3.697 F F1(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957
(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\
ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.)
108 525.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E
F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 537.6 Q F1(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463
E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963
(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F1(bash)3.463 E F0 .963
(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F1(%?ce)3.463 E
F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087
(hand, refers to an)108 549.6 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087
(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F1(ce)2.587 E F0 .087
(in its command line.)2.587 F .087
(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 561.6 Q F1
(bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018
(he symbols)-5.018 F F1(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F1(%+)2.518 E F0 .018
(refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F
F3(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is)
-2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 573.6 R .495
(as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F
(The)5.494 E F3(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494
(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 585.6 R F1<25ad>3.287 E F0
5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F1
(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788
(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E
.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 597.6 R F1
(jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa)
-.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre)
108 609.6 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F1<ad>2.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411
(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411
(ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
(rent job)108 621.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444
(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 638.4 R
(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for)
-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C
(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
650.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473
(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F
(equi)108 662.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1')
.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 679.2
R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F
(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13
(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157
(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 691.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G
.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158
(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F1<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158
(option to)2.658 F(the)108 703.2 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148
(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.648 E F0 .148
(reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.147(.A)-.65 G .447 -.15
(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F F4(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0 .147(is e)2.397 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 715.2 Q(xits.)
-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(37)190.395 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .032
(If an attempt to e)108 84 R(xit)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.532
E F0 .032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G
2.533(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033
(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 96 R F1(shopt)
4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F
2.019(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019
(option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108
108 R(The)5.458 E F1(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459
(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a)
5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 120 R .604
(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
(and an)108 132 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E .644
(When the shell is w)108 148.8 R .644
(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0
(will)3.145 E .428(return when the job changes state. The)108 160.8 R F1
<ad66>2.928 E F0 .428(option will force)2.928 F F1(wait)2.928 E F0 .428
(to w)2.928 F .428(ait until the job or process terminates)-.1 F
(before returning.)108 172.8 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 189.6 Q
(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644
(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E
F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)
3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428
(and the secondary prompt)108 213.6 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427
(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F1(Bash)5.427 E
F0(displays)2.927 E F3(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037
(it reads a command b)108 225.6 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.037(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.538 E
F0 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038
(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108 237.6 R F1<ad78>
3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo)
3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a)
-.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \
as follo)108 249.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 261.6 Q F0
(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 261.6 Q F1(\\d)144 273.6 Q F0
(the date in "W)180 273.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 285.6 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)
A F1(})A F0(the)180 297.6 Q F4(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)
3.926 F F4(strftime)3.926 E F0 1.427
(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
309.6 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 321.6 Q F0
(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 321.6 Q F1(\\h)144 333.6 Q F0
(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 333.6 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 345.6
Q F0(the hostname)180 345.6 Q F1(\\j)144 357.6 Q F0
(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 357.6 Q F1(\\l)
144 369.6 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 369.6 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 381.6 Q F0(ne)180 381.6 Q
(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 393.6 Q F0(carriage return)180 393.6 Q F1(\\s)
144 405.6 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 405.6 Q F1($0)
2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1
(\\t)144 417.6 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180
417.6 Q F1(\\T)144 429.6 Q F0
(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 429.6 Q F1(\\@)144
441.6 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 441.6 Q F1(\\A)
144 453.6 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 453.6 Q F1
(\\u)144 465.6 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 465.6 Q F1(\\v)
144 477.6 Q F0(the v)180 477.6 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 489.6 Q F0(the release of)180 489.6 Q
F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 501.6 Q F0 .116
(the current w)180 501.6 R .116(orking directory)-.1 F 2.616(,w)-.65 G
(ith)-2.616 E F3($HOME)2.616 E F0(abbre)2.366 E .115
(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .115(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PR)
180 513.6 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E
F1(\\W)144 525.6 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 525.6 Q
(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F0
(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 537.6 Q F0
(the history number of this command)180 537.6 Q F1(\\#)144 549.6 Q F0
(the command number of this command)180 549.6 Q F1(\\$)144 561.6 Q F0
(if the ef)180 561.6 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 573.6 Q F4
(nnn)A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 573.6 Q F4
(nnn)2.5 E F1(\\\\)144 585.6 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 585.6 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1
(\\[)144 597.6 Q F0(be)180 597.6 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing\
 characters, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
(control sequence into the prompt)180 609.6 Q F1(\\])144 621.6 Q F0
(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 621.6 Q .12
(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 638.4 R
.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positi\
on in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hi\
story \214le \(see)108 650.4 R F3(HIST)4.085 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
(belo)108 662.4 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\
 the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54
(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 674.4 R
.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 686.4 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1
(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351(shell option \(see the)2.852
F(description of the)108 698.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(38)190.395 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 84 Q F0 .15
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
108 96 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209
(is gi)108 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209
(hell in)-3.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F2<ad65>3.708 E F0 1.208
(option to the)3.708 F F2 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G
3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 120 Q .851
(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F
3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852
(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 132 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
-3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
(\(see)108 144 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E
.762(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)
-.8 G .763(urn of)-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.263 E
(emacs)108 156 Q F0(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2
(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 172.8 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
108 184.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1
(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 196.8 R
(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153
(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653
(oM)-3.653 G 1.153(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)
108 208.8 S .831(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)
3.591 G 2.131 -.65(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F
F4(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13
-.15(ey t)-.1 H .83(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65
(y. T)-.05 H .83(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 220.8 R F4 .599
(meta pr)3.099 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599
(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F4(x)A F0 .599
(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G
.6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6(hen hold).15 F
(the Control k)108 232.8 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F4
(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .62
(Readline commands may be gi)108 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G
(umeric)-3.119 E F4(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619
(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E(ho)108
261.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G
3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 273.6 R 1.018
(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F2(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018
(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 285.6 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 302.4 R F4
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812
(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F4
(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 314.4 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529
F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F4
.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H
.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 326.4 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F
.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
108 338.4 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 355.2 Q F0 .091(Readline is c\
ustomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108
367.2 R F4(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091
(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 379.2 R .196(en from the v)
-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F3(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G
2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)2.696
E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\
es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\
nd the k)108 391.2 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F -.25
(va)108 403.2 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe)
6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15
(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737
(lines are ignored.)108 415.2 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737
(ginning with a)-.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737
(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .736
(indicate conditional)3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 427.2 R
(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E
(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)108 444 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15
(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F4(inputr)3.497 E
(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987
(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 456 Q
(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 472.8 S 2.5(re).15 G
(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 489.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25
G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 501.6 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144
513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 525.6
Q F4(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G
(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F4
(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo)
108 542.4 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F
F4 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F4
(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F4(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F4(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0
(,).73 E F4(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(RETURN)108 554.4 Q F0(,)1.1 E F4
(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F4(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G
(nd)-2.5 E F4 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209
(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 571.2 R .209(ws k)-.25
F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209
(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 583.2 Q F4(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2
(Readline K)87 600 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
(The syntax for controlling k)108 612 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
(indings in the).15 F F4(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 624 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)-.15
F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.).15 F
.264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108 636 R
3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H
.853(ame, possibly with).15 F F4(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F4
(Contr)3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15
F -.15(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 648 Q .16(When using the form)108 664.8 R
F2 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F4(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66
E F4(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F4 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161
(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-)
.15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 676.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)
144 700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 712.8 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E
(Control-o: "> output")144 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .699(In the abo)
108 84 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E
F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)
108 96 Q F2(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)
-2.758 E F1(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F
.259(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)
108 108 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0
(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 124.8 R F2("k)2.556
E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F1(macr)
2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055
(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15
(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284
(denoting an entire k)108 136.8 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\
ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F
(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 148.8 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H
.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385
(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F
(are not recognized.)108 160.8 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 196.8 Q
("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 208.8 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314
(In this e)108 225.6 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag)
3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1
G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0
.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 237.6 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G
<ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1
(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3
(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A
(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 254.4 Q F2
<5c43ad>144 266.4 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 266.4 Q F2<5c4dad>144 278.4
Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 278.4 Q F2(\\e)144 290.4 Q F0
(an escape character)180 290.4 Q F2(\\\\)144 302.4 Q F0(backslash)180
302.4 Q F2(\\")144 314.4 Q F0(literal ")180 314.4 Q F2<5c08>144 326.4 Q
F0(literal \010)180 326.4 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\
equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 343.2 Q -.25(va)-.2
G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 355.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 355.2 Q F2(\\b)
144 367.2 Q F0(backspace)180 367.2 Q F2(\\d)144 379.2 Q F0(delete)180
379.2 Q F2(\\f)144 391.2 Q F0(form feed)180 391.2 Q F2(\\n)144 403.2 Q
F0(ne)180 403.2 Q(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 415.2 Q F0(carriage return)180
415.2 Q F2(\\t)144 427.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 427.2 Q F2(\\v)144
439.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 439.2 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 451.2 Q F1
(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 451.2 Q
(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0
(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 463.2 Q F1(HH)A F0
(the eight-bit character whose v)180 463.2 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E
(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142(When entering the te)108
480 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indi\
cate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089(Unquoted te)108 492 R .089
(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .09(In the macro body)5.089
F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G(are e)108 504 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E
2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E
(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 520.8 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43
(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429
(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F2(bind)2.929 E F0
-.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045
(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 532.8 R .345 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F2<ad6f>2.546 E F0 .046
(option to the)2.546 F F2(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046
(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 544.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2
(Readline V)87 561.6 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 573.6
R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
(riable may be set in the).25 F F1(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 585.6 Q(c)-.37 E
F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 602.4 Q F1
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108
619.2 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F
(alues)-.25 E F2(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F2(Off)3.29 E F0 .79
(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)
5.79 E .449(nized v)108 631.2 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F
.448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448
(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)
-.25 F(ti)108 643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467(\), and "1" are equi).15 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F2(On)2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468
(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468
(lent to).25 F F2(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468(he v)-5.468 F .468
(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 655.2 S(lues are:)
.25 E F2(bell\255style \(audible\))108 672 Q F0 .011
(Controls what happens when readline w)144 684 R .011
(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F2(none)2.51
E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94
(rings the bell.)144 696 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F2(visible)3.44 E F0
3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va)
-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F2(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A
(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 708 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 84 Q F0 .056(If set to)144
96 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempts to bind the cont\
rol characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F(ernel')-.1 E 2.555
(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G
2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1
(blink\255matching\255par)108 120 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .21(If set to)
144 132 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21
(eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21
(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F
(parenthesis is inserted.)144 144 Q F1(color)108 156 Q
(ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to)
144 168 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, rea\
dline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.935
(completions using a dif)144 180 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T)
-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936
(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 192 Q F0
(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 204 Q
(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 216 R F1(On)4.08 E F0
4.08(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F
1.579(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144
228 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)
-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E
F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 240 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884
(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 252 R F1
(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 264 Q F1
(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\))
108 276 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\
e matches when performing completion.)144 288 R .193(The v)144 300 R
.193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \
screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F
(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 312 Q(The def)5 E
(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 324 Q
(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 336 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C
(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\
siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1
(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 360 R
F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E
(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093
(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF<ad>A F0 2.593(\)a)C .093
(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 372 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E
.3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1
(completion\255pr)108 384 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0
.829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\
ble completions that is displayed)144 396 R 1.275
(without modi\214cation.)144 408 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274
(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274
(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 420 S(lue are replaced with an \
ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1
(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 432 Q F0 .529
(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 444 R .53
(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
144 456 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061
F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v)
-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 468 R
.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 480 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 492 Q F1(con)108 504
Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 516 R F1(On)
3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
144 528 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F
(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 540 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E(ault is)-.1 E F2
(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E F2(Of)2.5 E(f)
-.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 E F1
(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 552 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 564 R F1
(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
144 576 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 588 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211
(When set to)144 600 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G
1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21
(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 612 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 624 Q F0 .141
(Controls whether readline be)144 636 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0
(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0
(can be set to either)144 648 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 660 Q F0 .518(If the)144 672
R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G
.517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the)
.25 F .622
(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 684
R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622(alue is e)-.25 F
.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 696 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G
.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F
.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 708 S 2.798
(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298
(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F
(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(enable\255brack)108 84 Q(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E F0 1.222
(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221
(eadline will con\214gure the terminal in a w)-3.721 F 1.221
(ay that will enable it to insert each)-.1 F .353
(paste into the editing b)144 108 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\
g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .544
(it had been read from the k)144 120 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This)
.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .543
(nt pasted characters from being interpreted as).15 F(editing commands.)
144 132 Q F1(enable\255k)108 144 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892
(When set to)144 156 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F
(tems need this to enable the arro)144 168 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 180 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64
(When set to)144 192 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64
(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64
(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 204 Q
(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H
2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1
(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 216 Q F0(If set to)144 228 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0
2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)
-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 240 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.338(If set to)144 252 R F1(On)
3.838 E F0 3.838(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \
the same location on each history line)-3.838 F(retrie)144 264 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G
(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(history\255size \(unset\))108 276 Q F0 .949
(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 288 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .948
(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 E .482
(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 300 R 2.982(we)-.25 G .483
(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483(set to a v)
2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278
(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 312 R .277(By def)5.278 F
.277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277
(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 324 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F
3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v)
3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E
(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 336 Q F1
(horizontal\255scr)108 348 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449
(When set to)144 360 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
 when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
 ne)144 372 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 384 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 396
Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 408 R F1(On)3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadlin\
e will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the eighth b\
it from the)-3.562 F .335(characters it reads\), re)144 420 R -.05(ga)
-.15 G .335(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.336(The name)5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as)
144 432 S(ynon)-2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)
-.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864
(,b)C .364(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364
(if the locale contains)2.864 F(eight-bit characters.)144 444 Q F1
(isear)108 456 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))
-.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\
ental search without subsequently e)144 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E
.935(ing the character as a command.)144 480 R .935(If this v)5.935 F
.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934
(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 492 Q F2
(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)
108 504 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 516
R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021
(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021
(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .069
(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 528 R F0 2.568(,a)C
(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068
(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 540 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 552 Q(fects the def)-.25
E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 564 S
(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 576 R
F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367
(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 588 R
1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)
-.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.356(an tak)-3.856 F 3.856(ea)
-.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 600 R .62
-.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re)
2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 612 R .907
(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25
(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907
(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 624 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline)
.37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1
F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051
(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 636 R(alue,)-.25
E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051
(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed)
-2.552 E(to decide which k)144 648 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 660 Q(ectories \(On\))
-.18 E F0(If set to)144 672 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 684 Q F0(If set to)144
696 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1
(*)A F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(42)190.395
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(mark\255symlink)108 84 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0
.175(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 108
Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1
(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 120 Q F0 .192(This v)144 132 R
.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457
(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 144 R .456
(If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.)
-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F
(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 156 Q F1
(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 168 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0
1.585(If set to)144 180 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions)
-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 192 Q
(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 204 Q F0
.507(If set to)144 216 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \
display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\
ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 228 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884
(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Of)3.384 E
(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C .884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On)
3.384 E F0 .885(if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144
240 Q F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 252 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 264
R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2
(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808
(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F
(tions at a time.)144 276 Q F1
(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 288 Q F0 1.318
(If set to)144 300 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\
play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818
F(order)144 312 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25
E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 324 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E
F0 .699(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699
(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when)
-3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 348 S
2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186
(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186
(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 360 S(adline)
.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 372 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E
F0 .304(This alters the def)144 384 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304
(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On)
2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H
(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 396 R(bell.)144 408 Q F1
(sho)108 420 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346
(This alters the def)144 432 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to)
-.1 F F1(sho)144 444 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C
4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691
(ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691
(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 456 R 3.54
(yp)-.15 G 1.039
(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\
es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 468 Q F1
(sho)108 480 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.021
(If set to)144 492 R F1(On)3.521 E F0 3.521(,a)C 1.022
(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022
(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F
(command, or vi insertion.)144 504 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E
(-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F2(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1
(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 516 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 528 R
F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095
(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094
(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 540 Q
2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046
(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1
F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \
the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 552 R
1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 564 Q
(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1
(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 576 Q F0 .517(If the)144
588 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G
.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the)
.25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)
144 600 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475
(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E 1.235(is e)144 612 R 1.235(xpanded lik)-.15 F
3.735(eak)-.1 G 1.535 -.15(ey b)-3.835 H 1.236
(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F 1.236
(es and backslash)-.15 F .315(escape sequences is a)144 624 R -.25(va)
-.2 G 2.815(ilable. Use).25 F .314(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.815 F
.314(gin and end sequences of non-print-)-.15 F(ing characters, which c\
an be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)
144 636 Q F1(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 648 Q F0 .517
(If the)144 660 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
-.25(va)3.017 G .518
(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25
F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144
672 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v)
5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 684 S 1.929(panded lik).15 F
4.429(eak)-.1 G 2.229 -.15(ey b)-4.529 H 1.929
(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F 1.93
(es and backslash)-.15 F .315(escape sequences is a)144 696 R -.25(va)
-.2 G 2.815(ilable. Use).25 F .314(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.815 F
.314(gin and end sequences of non-print-)-.15 F(ing characters, which c\
an be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)
3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
(when listing possible completions.)144 108 Q F1
(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 124.8 Q F0 .05
(Readline implements a f)108 136.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096
(which allo)108 148.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097
(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 160.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 177.6 Q F0(The)144 177.6 Q F1($if)2.963
E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\
he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F
(or the application using readline.)144 189.6 Q(The te)5 E
(xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(omparison operator)-2.5 E
(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 201.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\
erwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.).15 E F1(mode)
144 218.4 Q F0(The)180 218.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)
3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711
(su).15 G 1.211(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F
3.065(mode. This)180 230.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)
3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565
(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 242.4 R
F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)
3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F
(out in emacs mode.)180 254.4 Q F1(term)144 271.2 Q F0(The)180 271.2 Q
F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696
(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15
(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 283.2 R
.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154
(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 295.2 Q F1(=)3.232
E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\
minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180
307.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0
2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 324 S(rsion).1 E F0(The)
180 336 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.108 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608
(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.108 F .609
(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 348 Q F1 -.1
(ve)3.929 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)3.929 G 1.428
(pands to the current readline v).15 F 3.928(ersion. The)-.15 F 1.428
(set of comparison operators)3.928 F(includes)180 360 Q F1(=)2.605 E F0
2.605(,\()C(and)-2.605 E F1(==)2.606 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)2.606 E F0(,)A F1
(<=)2.606 E F0(,)A F1(>=)2.606 E F0(,)A F1(<)2.606 E F0 2.606(,a)C(nd)
-2.606 E F1(>)2.606 E F0 5.106(.T)C .106(he v)-5.106 F .106
(ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F 1.472
(of the operator consists of a major v)180 372 R 1.471(ersion number)
-.15 F 3.971(,a)-.4 G 3.971(no)-3.971 G 1.471
(ptional decimal point, and an)-3.971 F .766(optional minor v)180 384 R
.766(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)3.266 E F0 .766(\). If the minor v)B
.766(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)3.267 E F0(.)A
1.756(The operator may be separated from the string)180 396 R F1 -.1(ve)
4.255 G(rsion).1 E F0 1.755(and from the v)4.255 F 1.755(ersion number)
-.15 F(ar)180 408 Q(gument by whitespace.)-.18 E F1(application)144
424.8 Q F0(The)180 436.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503
(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F
.503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180
448.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180
460.8 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397
(ci\214c program.)180 472.8 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 484.8
Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 508.8 Q F0
(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 520.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)
-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 532.8 Q F1($endif)180
544.8 Q F2(variable)144 561.6 Q F0(The)180 573.6 Q F2(variable)3.776 E
F0 1.276(construct pro)3.776 F 1.276
(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.277(ariables and v)
-.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .08(The permitted comparison operators are)180
585.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2
(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .079
(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\
or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 597.6 R .13
(the v)180 609.6 R .13(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F
.129(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .129(ariables may be)-.25 F
(tested. Boolean v)180 621.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E
(ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F2(on)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(of)2.5 E(f)
-.18 E F0(.)A F1($endif)108 638.4 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)
144 638.4 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0
(command.)2.5 E F1($else)108 655.2 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)
144 655.2 Q F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 672
Q F0 .356(This directi)144 684 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356
(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357
(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
144 696 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1
($include)144 720 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(Sear)87 84 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 96 R .835
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E
.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 108 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(incr)2.51 E(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F3(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)
-.37 E F0(.).51 E .697(Incremental searches be)108 124.8 R .697
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113
(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 136.8 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542
(incremental search requires only as man)108 148.8 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G
.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F
5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224
(acters present in the v)108 160.8 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)
2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
(If that v)108 172.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
F .097(mental search.)108 184.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096
(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\
e search string becomes the current line.)108 196.8 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)
108 213.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\
ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675
(search backw)108 225.6 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675
(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674
(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674
(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 237.6 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E
.541(instance, a)108 249.6 R F3(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 261.6
Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 278.4
R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)
-3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E
(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 290.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 307.2 R(The searc\
h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\
rent line.)108 319.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 336 Q F0 1.391
(The follo)108 348 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 360 R .122
(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121
(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 372 Q F3(point)3.41 E
F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F3(mark)3.411 E
F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db)
.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 384 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)
2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 400.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1
E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 412.8 Q F0(Mo)144 424.8 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1
(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108
460.8 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q .3 -.15(ve f)
-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1
(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 484.8 Q F0(Mo)144 496.8 Q .3 -.15(ve b)
-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 508.8 S(rward\255w)
.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 520.8 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
.15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)
-.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
(ters and digits\).)144 532.8 Q F1(backward\255w)108 544.8 Q
(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 556.8 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 568.8 Q F1(shell\255f)108 580.8
Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 592.8 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984
(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)
-.8 F(ters.)144 604.8 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E
F0(Mo)144 628.8 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109
(ord. W)-.1 F .609(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F
(metacharacters.)144 640.8 Q F1(pr)108 652.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G
(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .891(Attempt to mo)144 664.8 R
1.191 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .891(oint to the same ph).15 F .891
(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F .89(vious ph)-.25 F .89
(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .87(This will not ha)144 676.8 R 1.17 -.15
(ve t)-.2 H .87(he desired ef).15 F .87
(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.37(eu)-.1 G
3.37(pm)-3.37 G .87(ore than one)-3.37 F(ph)144 688.8 Q(ysical line or \
if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen w\
idth.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 700.8 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .638
(Attempt to mo)144 712.8 R .938 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .638
(oint to the same ph).15 F .637(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F
.637(xt ph)-.15 F .637(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .008(will not ha)
144 724.8 R .309 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .009(he desired ef).15 F .009
(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.509(eu)-.1 G
2.509(pm)-2.509 G .009(ore than one ph)-2.509 F(ysical)-.05 E
(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(45)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .772(line or if t\
he length of the current Readline line is not greater than the length o\
f the prompt plus)144 84 R(the screen width.)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(clear\255scr)108 108 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993
(Clear the screen lea)144 120 R .993
(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G
.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F
(current line without clearing the screen.)144 132 Q F1 -.18(re)108 144
S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144
156 Q F1(Commands f)87 172.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E
(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 184.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159
(Accept the line re)144 196.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159
(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty)
5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699
(according to the state of the)144 208.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F
.699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F
(restore the history line to its original state.)144 220.8 Q F1(pr)108
232.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0
(Fetch the pre)144 244.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25
E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 256.8
Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 268.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15
E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1
(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 280.8 Q F0(Mo)144 292.8 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)
-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 304.8 Q F0(Mo)144 316.8 Q
.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18
(re v)108 328.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0
1.471(Search backw)144 340.8 R 1.471
(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47
(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E
(This is an incremental search.)144 352.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 364.8 S
(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131
(Search forw)144 376.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)
-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)
-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 388.8 Q F1
(non\255incr)108 400.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H
(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)
144 412.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\
sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 424.8 S
(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 436.8 Q
(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18
E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 448.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \
a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144
460.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 472.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)
-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 484.8 R .249(ard through the history for\
 the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F
(and the point.)144 496.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1
(history\255sear)108 508.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)
144 520.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\
etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 532.8 Q
(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear)
108 544.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw)144 556.8 R .951
(ard through the history for the string of characters between the start\
 of the current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the)
144 568.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B
.007(search string may match an)2.507 F .007(ywhere in a history)-.15 F
2.5(line. This)144 580.8 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1
(history\255substring\255sear)108 592.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E
F0 .249(Search forw)144 604.8 R .249(ard through the history for the st\
ring of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318
(and the point.)144 616.8 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F
.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .319(This is a non-incremental)
5.319 F(search.)144 628.8 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 640.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1
G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 652.8 R .622
(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25
F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144
664.8 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)3.294 E F0
3.294(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794
(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795
(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 676.8 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292
(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)
-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291
(ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291
(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 688.8 R .281(vious command.)
-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281
(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282
(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 700.8 Q
(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(yank\255last\255ar)108 84 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F
-1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308(Insert the last ar)144 96 R 1.308
(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307
(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 108
S .203(th a numeric ar).4 F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2
H .204(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0
5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204 E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1
(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 120 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15
H .507(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507
(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E
1.396(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 132 R(An)6.396 E
3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.397
(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.697 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls)
.15 E .492(determines the direction to mo)144 144 R .792 -.15(ve t)-.15
H .492(hrough the history).15 F 5.491(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
(ti).05 E .791 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .491
(ument switches the direction).18 F .494
(through the history \(back or forw)144 156 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494
(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144
168 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)
-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 180 Q F0 .623
(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 192 R .622
(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622
(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 204 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5
(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 216 Q F0 .938
(Perform history e)144 228 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-)
-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 240 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
108 252 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 264 R 1.627
(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F2
(HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
(belo)144 276 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E
(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 288 Q F0 .394
(Perform alias e)144 300 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.395 E F2(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 312 Q F1
(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 324 Q F0
(Perform history and alias e)144 336 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 348 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 360 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1
(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 372 Q F0 .948
(Accept the current line for e)144 384 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F .729
(history for editing.)144 396 R 3.229(An)5.729 G .729(umeric ar)-3.229 F
.729
(gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of)
-.18 F(the current line.)144 408 Q F1
(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 420 Q F0(In)144
432 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026
(ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026
(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0
(attempts to in)144 444 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL)
-.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3(,)A F0
(and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E
2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87
460.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 472.8
Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .798
(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 484.8 R .799
(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.299
(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .592
(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 496.8 R
.592(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F
(as the end of input and returns)144 508.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1
(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 520.8 Q F0 .441
(Delete the character at point.)144 532.8 R .442
(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1
(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 544.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))
108 556.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 568.8 R
5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552
(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 580.8 Q F1
-.25(fo)108 592.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
(Delete the character under the cursor)144 604.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 616.8 Q F1
(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 628.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
640.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278
(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 652.8 S(ample.).15 E F1
(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 664.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
(Insert a tab character)144 676.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1
(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 688.8 Q F0
(Insert the character typed.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 84 Q F0 .321
(Drag the character before point forw)144 96 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322
(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 108
R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 120 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3
-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
(transpose\255w)108 132 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
144 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)
-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F
(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 156 Q 2.5
(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 168 Q
(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 180
R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698
(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 192 S(rd, b).1 E
(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 204 Q
(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 216 Q 1.647
(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 228 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 240 Q
(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 252
R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 264 S(rd, b).1
E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 276
S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 288 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
(Wi)144 300 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
(fects)-.25 E(only)144 312 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895
(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 324 R -.15(ove)3.969 G
1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E
F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F
.957(pushing the te)144 336 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0
.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 348 Q
(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
364.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 376.8 Q F0
(Kill the te)144 388.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 400.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
144 412.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 424.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 436.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 448.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
460.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 472.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 484.8 R .728
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 496.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 508.8 Q
(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 520.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 532.8 Q
(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 544.8
R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F
.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 556.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
108 568.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 580.8 R 3.025
(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
5.525 E(ward\255w)144 592.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 604.8 Q
(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 616.8 R .364
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
628.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 640.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)
144 652.8 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 664.8 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 676.8 Q F0
(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 688.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
700.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 712.8 Q(xt in the current re)
-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(48)
190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(copy\255r)108 84 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)144 96 Q 2.5(yt)
-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2
E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1(copy\255backward\255w)108 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0
(Cop)144 120 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3
(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55
G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1
(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 132 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 144
Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 156 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008
(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25
F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G
(ward\255w)144 168 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 180 Q F0 -1
(Ya)144 192 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 204 Q F0
(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 216 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 232.8 Q
(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 244.8 Q
(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
(Add this digit to the ar)144 256.8 R .367
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 268.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 280.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
E F0 .779(This is another w)144 292.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
304.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
316.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 328.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 340.8 R 1.23
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 352.8 R .822
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F
(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 364.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
87 381.6 Q(complete \(T)108 393.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 405.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 417.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
144 429.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 441.6 Q F1
(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 453.6 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 465.6 Q(xt before point.)
-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 477.6 Q F0 .783
(Insert all completions of the te)144 489.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
501.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 513.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
525.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
1.193(possible completions.)144 537.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829
(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 549.6 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
(\(subject to the setting of)144 561.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73
(positions forw)144 573.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
E(through the list.)144 585.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 597.6 Q F0 .82
(Identical to)144 609.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
(menu\255complete)144 621.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 633.6 Q F0 .234
(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 645.6 R
.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 657.6 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 669.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 681.6 Q F0
(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 693.6 Q(xt before point.)
-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 705.6 Q
F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 717.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(complete\255user)108 84 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
108 108 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 120 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
132 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 144 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(possible\255v)108 156 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 180 Q F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 204 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 228 Q F0 .581
(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 252 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
(\214nally e)144 264 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 276 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 288 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 300 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
(Attempt completion on the te)144 312 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
(for possible completion matches.)144 324 Q F1(dab)108 336 Q(br)-.1 E
-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61
(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 348 R .611
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 360 Q F1
(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 372 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
in braces so)144 384 R(the list is a)144 396 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 412.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 424.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
.833 E F0(Be)144 436.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 448.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 460.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 472.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
E F0(Re-e)144 484.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
 appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 496.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 508.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E
F0(Print the last k)144 520.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1
(Miscellaneous)87 537.6 Q -.18(re)108 549.6 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777
(Read in the contents of the)144 561.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0
1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776
(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
573.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 585.6 Q F0 3.248
(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 597.6 R
5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1
(bell\255style)144 609.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 621.6 Q(wer)-.1 E
(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 633.6 R F2(x)
4.239 E F0 1.739
(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239
F(meta\214ed lo)144 645.6 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G
(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)
2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 657.6 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0
(Metafy the ne)144 669.6 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 681.6 Q F0
(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 693.6 Q F1
-2.29 -.18(re v)108 705.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 717.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E
F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F
(return the line to its initial state.)144 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
(2018 October 22)141.235 E(50)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 84 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 96 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 108 Q F0
(Set the mark to the point.)144 120 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 132 Q F0(Sw)144
144 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
(character\255sear)108 168 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 180 S
.535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt)
.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
144 192 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 204 Q
(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 216 S 1.044
(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 228 Q F1
(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 240 Q F0 1.826
(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 252 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 264 R .791
(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791
(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 276 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n)
-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)
-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\
y characters into the editing b)144 288 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)
-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 300 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108
312 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 324 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)
-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0
-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 336 Q .245
(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244
(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321
(the characters at the be)144 348 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is)
-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 360 R F1
(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468
(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 372 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F
1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 384 Q F0 .84
(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F
(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 396 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 408 Q
(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 420 R .791
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792
(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 432
R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\
le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 444 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))
-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 456 R .176
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 468 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
144 480 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
108 492 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 504 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
.872(the line is redra)144 516 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
(ex)144 528 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 540 Q F0 .627
(Print all of the functions and their k)144 552 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 564 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 576 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 588 R 1.799
(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.)
-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 600 R .304
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 612 Q(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 624 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
(Print all of the readline k)144 636 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G
3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 648 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)144 660 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 672 Q
(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 684 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 700.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
712.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
F2(compspec)108 724.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the)
-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(51)190.395 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(programmable completion f)108 84 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108
100.8 R .497(If the command w)5.497 F .498
(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108
112.8 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad45>2.733 E
F0 .233(option to)2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F
.233(If a comp-)5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, \
the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions)108
124.8 R .823(for the w)108 136.8 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823
(the command w)3.323 F .822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the \
full pathname is searched for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 148.8 R .367(\
no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214n\
d a compspec for the portion)2.866 F(follo)108 160.8 Q .299
(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15
G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0 .056
(option to)108 172.8 R F1(complete)2.556 E F0 .056(is used as the def)
2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056
(ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F
.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 184.8 R .332(ord as a \
\214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1
F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.832(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.832 E(cessful e)108
196.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\
d to generate the list of matching w)108 213.6 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F
3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 225.6 Q
(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 242.4 R
.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F
.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 254.4 R .595
(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
(shell v)108 266.4 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E
F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 283.2 Q 4.084(yc)-.15
G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 295.2 S
.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555
(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555
(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E
(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 307.2 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2
(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 324 Q .321
(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F
F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
336 R F2(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092
(using brace e)108 348 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091
(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 360
R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
.15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396
(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 372 Q
.51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21(rd Splitting).75 F
F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209
(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 384 Q
(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237
(After these matches ha)108 400.8 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
(een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238
(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F1<ad46>3.738 E
F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 412.8 R -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375
(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375
(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F3(,)A F2
(COMP_KEY)108 424.8 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158
(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108
436.8 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346
(the function or command is in)108 448.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C
2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments)
-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 460.8 R .264
(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w)
-2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 472.8
R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629
(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629
(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 484.8 R
.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\
tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.)
108 496.8 Q(An)108 513.6 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437
(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437
(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437
(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 525.6 Q F1
(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756
-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108
537.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25
E(Ne)108 554.4 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08
(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081
(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na)
-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 566.4
R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\
d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108
578.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376
(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 595.2 R
2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.877
E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 607.2 R
.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681
(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681
(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522
(the w)108 619.2 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
(iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 631.2 R
(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849
(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading)
-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 643.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 655.2 Q F0
(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108
672 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 F
.587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1
<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087
F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion c\
ode as the list of possible completions.)108 684 Q .246(If the pre)108
700.8 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)
-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)
-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)
108 712.8 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E
(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E 2.03
(If the)108 729.6 R F1 2.03(\255o plusdirs)4.53 F F0 2.03(option w)4.53
F 2.029(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)4.529 E F0 2.029
(when the compspec w)4.529 F 2.029(as de\214ned, directory name)-.1 F
(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(52)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(completion is attempted and an)108 84 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559
(By def)108 100.8 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
.632(of possible completions.)108 112.8 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631
(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 124.8 R
.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 136.8 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 148.8 Q F0 1.207
(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F
(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
160.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
desired, the programmable completion func-)108 177.6 R .632(tions force\
 readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\
 to directories, subject)108 189.6 R 2.762(to the v)108 201.6 R 2.762
(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761
(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 213.6
Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E
.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108
230.4 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172
(tion with a def)108 242.4 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1
F F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)
-.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172
(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\
uld be retried by returning an e)108 254.4 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15
F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compsp\
ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 266.4 R .665
(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 278.4 R .666
(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666
(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108
290.4 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)
-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F
.083(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 302.4 Q(uilt dynamicall\
y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2
E -.15(Fo)108 319.2 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137
(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F
.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F
(the command, the follo)108 331.2 Q(wing def)-.25 E
(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1
E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 348 Q({)108 360 Q 6(.")
144 372 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6
E(})108 384 Q
(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 396 Q
/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 424.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .372
(When the)108 436.8 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372
(option to the)2.872 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4
10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304
(the list of commands pre)108 448.8 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304
(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE)
2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25
F .43(mands to sa)108 460.8 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43
(istory list.)-2.93 F .43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5
(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa)
-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287
(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
472.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E
(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 484.8
S 4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565
(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0
(and)3.815 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 496.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
A F0 .082
(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
108 513.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1
E F4(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108
525.6 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315
(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G
.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .658
(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 537.6 R .658(alue of)-.25 F F5
(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0
.659(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 549.6 S
.142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142
(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 561.6 Q 1.604
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604
(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .151
(stamps for the follo)108 573.6 R .151(wing history line.)-.25 F .151
(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F
.15(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 585.6 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E F0
-.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059
(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5
($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.059(lines are)3.309 F .159
(copied from the history list to)108 597.6 R F5($HISTFILE)2.659 E F6(.)A
F0 .159(If the)4.659 F F1(histappend)2.658 E F0 .158
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.658 F F1(shopt)108
609.6 Q F0(under)2.581 E F5 .081(SHELL B)2.581 F(UIL)-.09 E .081
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082
(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F
.197(history \214le is o)108 621.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(rwritten. If)
.15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.697 E F0 .196(is unset, or if the history \214le is\
 unwritable, the history is not sa)2.447 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .583
(If the)108 633.6 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834
G .584
(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25
F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 645.6 R
3.648(,s)-.4 G 3.648(ot)-3.648 G(he)-3.648 E 3.648(ym)-.15 G 1.147
(ay be preserv)-3.648 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.147
(This uses the history comment)6.147 F 1.376
(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 657.6
R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.877(,t)-.65 G
1.377(he history \214le is)-3.877 F .757
(truncated to contain no more than)108 669.6 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E
F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757
(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 681.6 Q
(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E
(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298
(The b)108 698.4 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F1(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see)
2.798 E F5 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0
(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 710.4 R
(The)5.472 E F1(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471
(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F 1.603
(manipulate the history \214le.)108 722.4 R 1.604
(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)6.604 F -.25(va)
-.2 G 1.604(ilable in each).25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)
141.235 E(53)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
(editing mode that pro)108 84 Q(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E
1.486(The shell allo)108 100.8 R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986
(do).15 G 3.986(nt)-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E
/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.985 E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F1
(HISTIGNORE)108 112.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G .457
(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o)-.2 H
.458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(cmdhist)108 124.8 Q F0 .75
(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05
-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077
(the same history entry)108 136.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077
(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G
1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F2(lithist)3.577 E F0
.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 148.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2
H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373
(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318
(description of the)108 160.8 R F2(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318
(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F
(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319
(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108
172.8 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 189.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)
-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611
(The shell supports a history e)108 201.6 R .611
(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61
(xpansion in)-.15 F F2(csh)3.11 E F0 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F
.87(describes what syntax features are a)108 213.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371
(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871
(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F
2.014(can be disabled using the)108 225.6 R F2(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014
(option to the)4.514 F F2(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014
(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 2.013(SHELL B)4.513 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.013
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 237.6 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E
(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.305(History e)108 254.4 R 1.305
(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\
 input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .21
(commands, insert the ar)108 266.4 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F .209
(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25
F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 278.4 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108
295.2 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\
s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 307.2 S .252
(rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251
(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .251
(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.251 E(tak)108 319.2 Q .145
(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.645(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.645 F .146(\214\
rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\
titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\
r inclusion into the current one.)108 331.2 R .766
(The line selected from the)5.766 F .253(history is the)108 343.2 R/F4
10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)2.753 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253
(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F4(wor)
2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F4(modi\214er)2.754 E(s)
-.1 E F0 .254(are a)2.754 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .539
(able to manipulate the selected w)108 355.2 R 3.039(ords. The)-.1 F
.538(line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .538(ords in the same f)
-.1 F .538(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .572(input, so that se)108 367.2
R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)3.072 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0
.572(-separated w)B .572(ords surrounded by quotes are considered one w)
-.1 F 3.073(ord. His-)-.1 F .356(tory e)108 379.2 R .355
(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .355
(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .355(hich is)-2.855 F F2(!)
3.688 E F0 .355(by def)3.688 F(ault.)-.1 E .79(Only backslash \()108
391.2 R F2(\\).833 E F0 3.29(\)a).833 G .79
(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79
(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.291(,b)-.4 G .791(ut the history e)-3.491 F
(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\
tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 403.2 R
(string.)108 415.2 Q(Se)108 432 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03
(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03
(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25
F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 444 T 3.163
(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662
(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and)-.25
F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2(extglob)
3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.162 E F0
(will also inhibit e)108 456 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609 E
F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11
(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 484.8 R F2
(histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143
(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F2(shopt)
3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F2
-.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\
stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 496.8 R
5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line)-.15 F
1.516(is reloaded into the)108 508.8 R F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E
F0 1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516
(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.015 G
(adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F2(histr)108 520.8
Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202
(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)
3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 532.8 S -.25(ff).2 G
1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F2<ad70>3.661 E F0 1.161
(option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16
(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 544.8
S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F2<ad73>2.555
E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G
.056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F
(end of the history list without actually e)108 556.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 573.6 R 2.2
(ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e)
-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108
585.6 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
.15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147
(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F
(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 597.6 Q F2
(Ev)87 614.4 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 626.4 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\
 history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)
108 638.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5
(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 655.2
Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 655.2 R 1.607
(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107
(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F
(\(when the)144 667.2 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0
(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 679.2 Q F4(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144
679.2 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 691.2 Q F4(n)A F0
(Refer to the current command minus)144 691.2 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2
(!!)108 703.2 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 703.2 Q(vious command.)-.25 E
(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 715.2 Q F4(string)
A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positi\
on in the history list starting with)144 715.2 R F4(string)144 727.2 Q
F0(.).22 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(54)190.395 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(!?)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A F1([?])A F0 1.503(Refer\
 to the most recent command preceding the current position in the histo\
ry list containing)144 96 R F2(string)144 108 Q F0 5(.T).22 G
(he trailing)-5 E F1(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F2(string)2.84 E
F0(is follo)2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12
/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 125 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3
(^)5 I F0 .784(Quick substitution.)144 132 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F
.784(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E
F2(string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783
(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 144 S(!!:s/).74 E F2(string1)A F0(/)A F2
(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0
(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 156 Q F0
(The entire command line typed so f)144 156 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.75
(Wo)87 172.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 184.8 S 1.313
(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e)
-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.314
(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F
.53(from the w)108 196.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F1<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3
(are numbered from the be)108 208.8 R 1.3
(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301
(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8
F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 220.8 Q
F1 2.5(0\()108 237.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 249.6 Q
2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E
F2(n)108.36 261.6 Q F0(The)144 261.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E
F1(^)108 273.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 273.6 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F
(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 285.6 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 285.6
R 2.564(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064
(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F
.063(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 297.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E
F1(%)108 309.6 Q F0(The w)144 309.6 Q(ord matched by the most recent `?)
-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 321.6 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0
2.5(Ar)144 321.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C
(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 333.6 Q F0
.315(All of the w)144 333.6 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2
F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815
('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316
(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 345.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108
357.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 357.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<78ad>108 369.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 369.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0
(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E
(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 386.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)
-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E
(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1
(Modi\214ers)87 403.2 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 415.2 R .184
(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183
(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183
(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 427.2 Q F1(h)108
444 Q F0(Remo)144 444 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
108 456 Q F0(Remo)144 456 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
108 468 Q F0(Remo)144 468 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 480 Q F0(Remo)144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve a)
-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 492 Q
F0(Print the ne)144 492 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2
E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 504 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)144 504 Q
(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 516 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)144 516 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5
(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5
E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 528 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A
F0(Substitute)144 540 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221
(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e)
3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G
.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 552 R .617
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616
F .666(be quoted in)144 564 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)3.526
E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 576 R(If)
5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2
(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774(fn)
-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E
(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 588 Q F2(string)2.84
E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1(&)
108 600 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 600 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)
108 612 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 612 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898
('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 624 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219
(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218
(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089
(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 636 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09
(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 648 Q F0(.)A
F1(G)108 660 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 660 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(nt line.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 676.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 688.8
R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 700.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F1<adad>3.077 E F0
.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E
F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E
F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577
(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 712.8 R F1
<adad>2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit)
2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n)
-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A
F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu)
2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 724.8 R .26
(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.76 E F0 .261
(without requiring)2.76 F F1<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)
-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261
(ut are not)-.2 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(55)
190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 84 R 1.154
(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>
3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154
(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 96
Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 114 Q F0([)2.5 E
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 126 R
.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F
(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)
3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144
138 R(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 154.8 Q F2(\214lename)
6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 166.8 Q(ce)
-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02
(Read and e)144 178.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2
(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02
(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458
(status of the last command e)144 190.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458
(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F2
(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F
.608(names in)144 202.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189
E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2
(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)
-5.608 F F3 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 214.8
R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832
(is not in)3.332 F F2 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833
(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982
(\214le is found in)144 226.8 R F3 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18
E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144
238.8 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F
(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F
2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2
(\214lename)144 250.8 Q F0 1.697(is e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197
(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F F1<ad54>4.197 E F0 1.696(option is)4.197 F
(enabled,)144 262.8 Q F1(sour)3.617 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.117(inherits an)
3.617 F 3.617(yt)-.15 G 1.117(rap on)-3.617 F F1(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0
3.618(;i)C 3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118
(ot, an)-3.618 F(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.118
(trap string is sa)3.618 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.618(da).15 G(nd)-3.618 E .36
(restored around the call to)144 274.8 R F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0
2.86(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F
F1(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86
(cutes. If).15 F F1<ad54>2.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435
(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 286.8 R F1(DEB)3.935 E
(UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435
(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F1(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.763
(completes. The)144 298.8 R 1.262
(return status is the status of the last command e)3.763 F 1.262
(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 310.8 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E
F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 327.6 Q F0([)2.5
E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 339.6 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E
F2(name)144 351.6 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name)
3.08 E F0(whose)144 363.6 Q F2(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value)
2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009
(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579
(tution when the alias is e)144 375.6 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579
(or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579
(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078
F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 387.6 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 399.6 Q F1(bg)108 416.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144
428.4 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745
(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E
F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 440.4 Q F0 .671
(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
-3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1
(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419
(when job control is disabled or)144 452.4 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G
(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G
(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 464.4 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
E F1(bind)108 481.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 493.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2
(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 505.2 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad66>2.5 E F2
(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 517.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5
G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad78>2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 529.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 541.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C
(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 553.2 R F1 -.18(re)
2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239
(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239
(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or)
2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 565.2 R F1 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E
F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2
(.inputr)144 577.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484
(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F
.484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5
(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 589.2 R(if supplied, ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6d>144
601.2 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 613.2 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G
(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af)
.15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E
F2 -.1(ke)180 625.2 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192
(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193
(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E
(vi\255command)180 637.2 Q F0 4.114(,a)C(nd)-4.114 E F2(vi\255insert)
4.114 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.614 E F0 1.613(is equi)4.114 F -.25(va)-.25 G
1.613(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.113 E F0(\()4.113 E F2(vi\255mo)A
(ve)-.1 E F0 1.613(is also a syn-)4.113 F(on)180 649.2 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2
(emacs)2.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 661.2 Q F0
(List the names of all)180 661.2 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 673.2 Q F0(Display)180 673.2 Q F1 -.18(re)
2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E
(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad50>144 685.2
Q F0(List current)180 685.2 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1<ad73>144 697.2 Q F0(Display)180
697.2 Q F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05
G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)
-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 709.2 S 2.5(yt).1 G
(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768
Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(56)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad53>144 84 Q F0(Display)180 84 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
-.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)
-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad76>144 96 Q F0(Display)180 96 Q
F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad56>144 108 Q F0(List current)180 108 Q F1
-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E
(alues.)-.25 E F1<ad66>144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)2.5
E F0(Read k)180 132 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2
(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 144 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0
(Query about which k)180 156 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)
-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>
144 168 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 180 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5
(sb).15 G(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad72>144
192 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 204 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
.3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E
F0(.)A F1<ad78>144 216 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2
(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 228 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0
1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F
(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 240 Q F0 1.764(is e)
4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765
(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 252 S(adline).18 E
F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3
(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353
(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011(insertion point.)180
264 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011
(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3
(READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 276 Q/F4 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G
(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1<ad58>144 288
Q F0 .83(List all k)180 288 R 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829
(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for)
.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 300 Q(The return v)
144 316.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5
E F1(br)108 333.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054
(Exit from within a)144 345.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1
(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1
(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055
(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555
E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 357.6 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\
 number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714
(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144
369.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2
(bu)108 386.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E
F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 398.4 Q .792
(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2
(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293
F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616
(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144
410.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144
422.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0
-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E
5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 434.4 Q(alse if)-.1
E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E
(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 451.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr)
.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 463.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F
2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254
(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 475.2 Q
(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2
(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.824 E F0 .324
(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F
.254(subroutine call.)144 487.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15
G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15
F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253
(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\
tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\
ent e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001
(This e)144 511.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001
(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E
3.019(0. The)144 523.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519
(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52
(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52
(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 535.2 Q
(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 552 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F1<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F2
(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 564 R F2(dir)
2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F2(dir)2.822 E F0 .321
(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.821 E
F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is)-.25 F 1.035(the def)144 576 R
3.535(ault. An)-.1 F 3.535(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.535 F 1.035
(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F2(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.)
3.535 F 1.036(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.536 E -.855(AT)-.666
G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.286 E .85
(the search path for the directory containing)144 588 R F2(dir)3.35 E F0
3.35(:e).73 G .849(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.349 E -.855
(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .849(is searched for)3.099 F F2(dir)144 600 Q F0
5.664(.A)C(lternati)-5.664 E .964 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665
(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .665
(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 612 Q F3(CDP)4.163 E -.855(AT)-.666
G(H).855 E F0 1.663(is the same as the current directory)3.913 F 4.162
(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662(.I)
.74 G(f)-6.662 E F2(dir)4.512 E F0(be)4.892 E 1.662
(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 624 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F0 .19(is not used.)2.44 F(The)5.191 E F1<ad50>2.691 E F0 .191
(option causes)2.691 F F1(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph)2.691 F .191
(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12
(symbolic links while tra)144 636 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir)
3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F2(..)3.62 E F0
(in)3.62 E F2(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F1<ad50>3.62 E F0
.395(option to the)144 648 R F1(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395
(iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>2.895 E F0 .395
(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-)
-.25 F .444(ing the link after processing instances of)144 660 R F2(..)
2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F2(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F2(..)
2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F2(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943
(ti)-2.943 G 2.943(sp)-2.943 G .443(rocessed by remo)-2.943 F(ving)-.15
E .744(the immediately pre)144 672 R .744(vious pathname component from)
-.25 F F2(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244
F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)3.244 E F0(.)A 1.466(If the)144 684 R F1
<ad65>3.966 E F0 1.466(option is supplied with)3.966 F F1<ad50>3.965 E
F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.465
(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .467
(determined after a successful directory change,)144 696 R F1(cd)2.968 E
F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .468(On systems)
5.468 F .337(that support it, the)144 708 R F1<ad40>2.837 E F0 .336
(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .336
(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar)
144 720 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71
(before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F
(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(57)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .107
(empty directory name from)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CDP)2.607 E
-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.357 F/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>2.607 E F0 .106(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .106
(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F .038
(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 96 R 2.538(ww)-.25 G
.038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F
(The return v)144 108 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E
(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108
124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)
2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 136.8 Q F3
(command)2.765 E F0(with)3.335 E F3(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065
(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064
F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 148.8 R
F1 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F2<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)
3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F3(command)3.202 E
F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 160.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4
(alue for)-.25 F F1 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If)
5.399 E .174(either the)144 172.8 R F2<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2
<ad76>2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F3
(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F2<ad76>2.675 E
F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 184.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F
.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087
F F2<ad56>144 196.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249
(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F2<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
2.749 E F2<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25
(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 208.8 R F3(command)3.705 E F0 -.1
(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004
(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F3
(command)144.2 220.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599
(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599
(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 232.8 S
(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F3(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2
(compgen)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(wor)-2.5 E(d)
-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 261.6 R
F3(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F3(option)2.513
E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981
(accepted by the)144 273.6 R F2(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F2<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
3.481 E F2<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the)
-3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 285.6 R .131(When using the)5.131 F
F2<ad46>2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F2<ad43>2.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)
2.631 F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25
F(mable completion f)144 297.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25
E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 321.6 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
333.6 R(If)5.02 E F3(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
2.52 F(those completions matching)144 345.6 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 369.6 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2
(complete)108 386.4 Q F0([)3.404 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.404(][)C
F2<ad6f>-3.404 E F3(comp-option)3.404 E F0 3.404(][)C F2(\255DEI)-3.404
E F0 3.404(][)C F2<ad41>-3.404 E F3(action)3.404 E F0 3.404(][)C F2
<ad47>-3.404 E F3(globpat)3.404 E F0 3.404(][)C F2<ad57>-3.404 E F3(wor)
3.404 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.405(][)C F2<ad46>-3.405 E F3(func-)3.405 E
(tion)108 398.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F3(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)
144 410.4 Q F2<ad58>A F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad50>-2.5 E F3
(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F3(suf)2.5 E<8c78>
-.18 E F0(])A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(name ...)A F0(])A F2
(complete \255pr)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255DEI)A F0 2.5(][)C F3
(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .634(Specify ho)144 434.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G
-.18(rg)-3.134 G .634(uments to each).18 F F3(name)3.134 E F0 .634
(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F F2<ad70>3.133 E F0
.633(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)
144 446.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)
-.15 F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31
(reused as input.)144 458.4 R(The)5.31 E F2<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31
(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31
(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F3(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C
1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F3(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.207
(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 470.4 R(The)6.207 E
F2<ad44>3.707 E F0 1.208(option indicates that other supplied options)
3.708 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 482.4 R(`def)-.74 E
(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144
494.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F2<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
(option indicates that)3.455 F .876
(other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 506.4 R
(`empty')-.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-)
-3.376 F .447(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 518.4 R(The)5.447 E
F2<ad49>2.947 E F0 .448
(option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F 1.335
(should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment w)144 530.4 R
1.334(ord on the line, or after a command)-.1 F .43(delimiter such as)
144 542.4 R F2(;)2.93 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(|)2.93 E F0 2.93(,w)C .431
(hich is usually command name completion.)-2.93 F .431
(If multiple options are sup-)5.431 F .708(plied, the)144 554.4 R F2
<ad44>3.208 E F0 .708(option tak)3.208 F .708(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2<ad45>3.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208
F 3.208(ep)-.1 G .707(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2
<ad49>3.207 E F0 5.707(.I)C 3.207(fa)-5.707 G 1.007 -.15(ny o)-3.207 H
(f).15 E F2<ad44>3.207 E F0(,)A F2<ad45>144 566.4 Q F0 2.603(,o)C(r)
-2.603 E F2<ad49>2.603 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15
G(ther)-2.603 E F3(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103
(guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F
(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 578.4 Q 1.438
(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
602.4 R 1.437(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144
614.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .555
(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 638.4 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
(guments to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.056 E F0(,)A F2<ad57>3.056 E F0 3.056
(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F2<ad58>3.056 E F0 .723(options \(and, if necessary)
144 650.4 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F2<ad50>3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E
F2<ad53>3.223 E F0 .722
(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion before the)144 662.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2<ad6f>144 674.4 Q
F3(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 686.4 Q F3(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291
(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 698.4 Q F3
(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(bashdefault)184 84 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 96 R
(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 .281
(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 108 Q F1
(default)184 120 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 120 R 5.375(sd)-.55 G(ef)
-5.375 E 2.876(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)
-.1 F(matches.)224 132 Q F1(dir)184 144 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\
tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 156 Q F1
(\214lenames)184 168 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 180 S .137(ll readline that the co\
mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15
G(le-)-2.636 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 192 R 2.634
(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F
.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 204 R .45
(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 216 Q F1(noquote)
184 228 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 228 S .814
(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F
3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F
(\214lenames is the def)224 240 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 252 Q F0
-.7(Te)224 252 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\
ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 264 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 264 S
.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1
F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 276 Q F1
(plusdirs)184 288 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 288 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985
(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F
.584(completion is attempted and an)224 300 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584
(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 312
Q F1<ad41>144 324 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 336
Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184
348 Q F0(Alias names.)224 348 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 360 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 372 Q
(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 384 Q(Readline)224 384 Q F0 -.1
(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 396 S(iltin)
.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 396 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 408
Q F0(Command names.)224 420 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 432 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 444 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 456
Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 468 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184
480 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 480 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184
492 Q F0(Names of e)224 492 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)
-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184
504 Q F0(File names.)224 504 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 516 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 528
Q F1(gr)184 540 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 540 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184
552 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 564 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 576 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 588
Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 600 Q F0
(Job names, if job control is acti)224 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G
(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 612 S
(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 624 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May)
-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184
636 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 636 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 648 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 648
Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 660
Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 660 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5
E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1
(shopt)184 672 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 672 Q F1
(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 684 Q F0
(Signal names.)224 684 Q F1(stopped)184 696 Q F0
(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 696 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(.).15 E F1(user)184 708 Q F0(User names.)224 708 Q
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768
Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(59)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF -.1(va)184 84 S(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 84 Q 2.5
(ariables. May)-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A
F1<ad43>144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 108 Q
F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F
1.056(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F
(completions.)184 120 Q F1<ad46>144 132 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .114
(The shell function)184 144 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614
(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 156 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1
($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817
(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407
(are being completed, the second ar)184 168 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1
($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407
(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 180 R .103
(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w)
-2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104
(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 192 R
.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the)
-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 204 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25
E(ariable.)-.25 E F1<ad47>144 216 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007
(The pathname e)184 228 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507
E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)
-.15 F(tions.)184 240 Q F1<ad50>144 252 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
184 264 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 276 Q F1<ad53>144 288 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 288 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 300 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 312 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14
(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .981
(each resultant w)184 324 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)
-.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F2(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37
E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 336 Q .765
(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766
(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25
(va)184 348 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)
A F0 1.964
(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which)
6.465 F(match the w)184 360 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1<ad58>144 372
Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 384 Q F0 .455
(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
.456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 396 R 1.596
(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 408 Q F2(\214lterpat)
3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704
(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705
(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 420 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 436.8 R .467
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0
(or)2.966 E F1<ad72>2.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361
(plied without a)144 448.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361
(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 460.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
F1(compopt)108 477.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 489.6
R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725
(completion if no)144 501.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725
(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726
(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 513.6 Q F2(name)
3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 525.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
2.677 G .177(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he)
-5.178 E F1<ad44>2.678 E F0 .178
(option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F
1.228(the `)144 537.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \
no)-3.728 F 2.038(completion has pre)144 549.6 R 2.038
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F1<ad45>4.538 E F0 2.039
(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.539
(should apply to `)144 561.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)
-4.039 F(The)144 573.6 Q F1<ad49>3.205 E F0 .705(option indicates that \
other supplied options should apply to completion on the inital non-)
3.205 F .868(assignment w)144 585.6 R .868
(ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368
E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.367(,w)C .867(hich is usually com-)
-3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 597.6 Q 1.387(The return v)144 621.6
R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.388
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F
(options for a)144 633.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 650.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 662.4 R 1.754
(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1
(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753
(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 674.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0
1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F5 10
/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514
(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 686.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513
(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is)
3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 698.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768
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SF(declar)108 84 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A
F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5
E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 108 R
1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib)
.15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C
1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265
(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 120 S
3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983
(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982
(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1
<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 132 Q F2(name)2.774 E F0
(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1<ad66>
2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.)
-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F
(without)144 144 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314
(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313
(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F
(attrib)144 156 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2
F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F1<ad70>3.682 E F0
(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 168 R
.62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12(ariables. The)
-.25 F F1<ad66>3.12 E F0 .62(option will restrict the display)3.12 F
1.29(to shell functions.)144 180 R(The)6.29 E F1<ad46>3.79 E F0 1.291(o\
ption inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only the function)
3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 192 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948
(If the)5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948
(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C
.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144
204 R F2(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F
(The)6.69 E F1<ad46>4.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 216 Q F1<ad66>
3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F1<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391
(option forces v)3.892 F 1.391
(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 228 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882
(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F
1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F
(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 240 R
.794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F
1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 252 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1
<ad61>144 264 Q F0(Each)180 264 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5
E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 276 Q F0(Each)180
276 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v)
.15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 288 Q F0(Use function names only)180 288 Q(.)-.65
E F1<ad69>144 300 Q F0 .557(The v)180 300 R .558
(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558
(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 312 Q F0(abo)2.25
E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E
(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 324 Q F0 .91
(When the v)180 324 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4
G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 336 R
(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 348 Q
F0(Gi)180 348 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the)
3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319
(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E
1.519(That other v)180 360 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F
1.518(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518
(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 372 Q .226
(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226
(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F1<ad6e>2.726 E F0(attrib)
2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 384 R
.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D
3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2
F(applied to array v)180 396 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad72>144 408 Q F0
(Mak)180 408 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E
7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F
2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 420
Q F1<ad74>144 432 Q F0(Gi)180 432 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2
(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E
2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929
E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0
(traps from the calling shell.)180 444 Q(The trace attrib)5 E
(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 456
Q F0 .909(When the v)180 456 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 468 R(lo)2.5
E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 480 Q
F0(Mark)180 480 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E
(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .121
(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 496.8 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121
(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .12
(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644
(to destro)144 508.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v)
-3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo)
3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145
(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 520.8 Q F1
(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835
E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335
(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335
(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282
(is supplied.)144 532.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283
(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783
(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283
(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144
544.8 R F1<ad61>3.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F1<ad41>3.427 E F0 .926
(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926
(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 556.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2
F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592
(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429
(option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)
144 568.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C
2.928(na)-2.928 G .428(ttempt is)-2.928 F .062(made to assign a v)144
580.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063
(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063
(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102
(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 592.8 R F1
(Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F
F2(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 604.8 S .171
(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25
F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172
(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 616.8 R 3.46(fa)
-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96
(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 628.8 Q
(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 645.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1
(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 657.6 S .328
(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 669.6 R 1.238
(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 681.6 Q
F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo)
4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503
F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 693.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G
(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1<ad63>144 705.6 Q F0
(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 705.6 Q
F1<ad6c>144 717.6 Q F0 .882
(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 717.6 R .881
(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180
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(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad70>144 84 Q F0(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)
180 84 Q F1<ad76>144 96 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one en\
try per line, pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 96 R 2.773(xi)
-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 108 Q F1(+)144 120 Q/F2
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 1.565(Displays the)180 120 R F2(n)4.065 E F0
1.565(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1
E(without options, starting with zero.)180 132 Q F1<ad>144 144 Q F2(n)A
F0 1.194(Displays the)180 144 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194
(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F
F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E
(without options, starting with zero.)180 156 Q .258(The return v)144
172.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258
(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-)
.15 F(tory stack.)144 184.8 Q F1(diso)108 201.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0
(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 213.6 S .121
(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec)
4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H
2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932
F .096(neither the)144 225.6 R F1<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F
F1<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E
.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1
<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each)
.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 237.6 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 3.085(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F
.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586
(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 249.6 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962
(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1
<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15
H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 261.6 R F1
<ad72>3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0
(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F
1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 273.6 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2
(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E
F1(echo)108 290.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)
-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 302.4 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E
F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924
(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307
(error occurs.)144 314.4 R(If)5.307 E F1<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307
(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25
F .308(If the)5.308 F F1<ad65>2.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144
326.4 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)
6.348 E F1<ad45>3.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054
(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 338.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555
(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144
350.4 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959
(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459
F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715
(these escape characters by def)144 362.4 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E
F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F1<adad>3.216 E F0 .716
(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0
(interprets the follo)144 374.4 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a)
144 386.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 386.4 Q F1(\\b)144 398.4 Q F0
(backspace)180 398.4 Q F1(\\c)144 410.4 Q F0(suppress further output)180
410.4 Q F1(\\e)144 422.4 Q(\\E)144 434.4 Q F0(an escape character)180
434.4 Q F1(\\f)144 446.4 Q F0(form feed)180 446.4 Q F1(\\n)144 458.4 Q
F0(ne)180 458.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 470.4 Q F0
(carriage return)180 470.4 Q F1(\\t)144 482.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180
482.4 Q F1(\\v)144 494.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 494.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F1
(\\\\)144 506.4 Q F0(backslash)180 506.4 Q F1(\\0)144 518.4 Q F2(nnn)A
F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 518.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25
E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1
(\\x)144 530.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 530.4 Q
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0
(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1
(\\u)144 542.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 554.4 R 1.506
(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH)
4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 566.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1
(\\U)144 578.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547
(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 590.4 R .547
(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-)
3.048 E(HHH)180 602.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G
(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 619.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 631.2 R
.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278
(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833
(the same name as a shell b)144 643.2 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99
(the shell normally searches for b)144 655.2 R .989
(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989
(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581
(abled; otherwise,)144 667.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.)
4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F
F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082
G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 679.2 R .081(uiltin v)
-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test)
2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08
(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 691.2 S 1.524
(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F
F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524
(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 703.2 Q F1<ad64>
2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F
.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn)
-5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi)
-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 715.2 R F1<ad70>
2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399
(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4
F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144
727.2 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F
(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)
141.235 E(62)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.916
(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 84 R 1.916
(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879
(enabled. If)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379
(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(special)2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The)
.2 F .378(return v)2.878 F(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 108 R F2
(name)3.854 E F0 .994(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994
(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995
(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 120 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108
136.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 148.8
Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671
(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67
(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495
(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15
(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 172.8 Q
(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
(exec)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)
-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 201.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306
(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E
(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 213.6 R .176
(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 225.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18
F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999
E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0
.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 237.6 Q F0 .638
(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the)
3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 249.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0
1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a)
.15 F(non-interacti)144 261.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F
.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577
(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577
F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 273.6 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s)
-.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1
F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82
(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 285.6 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0
-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287
(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak)
-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,)
.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 297.6 Q
(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G
(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 314.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 314.4 R .096(xit with a status of)
-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095
(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)
-.15 F -.15(exe)144 326.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 343.2 Q F0([)2.5
E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 355.2 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 367.2 R
F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F
.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 379.2 R(the)2.627 E F1
<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the)
.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)
5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126
(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 391.2 Q F0 .048
(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v)
-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1<ad6e>2.548 E F0
.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 403.2 S 1.447
(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447
(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G
1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 415.2 S .741(lue of the v)
.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742
(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is)
.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 427.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032
(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25
F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0
(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 439.2 Q F1(fc)108 456 Q F0([)2.5 E
F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108
468 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431
(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 480 R F2<8c72>
4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432
(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144
492 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs)
.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141
(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be)
144 504 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F
2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .19(is used as an of)
144 516 R .19(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.19 E
F2(last)2.779 E F0 .189(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the cur)3.369 F
(-)-.2 E .948(rent command for listing \(so that)144 528 R/F4 10
/Courier@0 SF .948(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948
(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E
F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If)144 540 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E
F0(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)3.18 E
(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 564 Q
F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 576 R .438(If the)5.438
F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
.335(the editor gi)144 588 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2
(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do)
.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F
(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 600 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0
-.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F
F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631
(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 612 R .951
(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95
(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F
-.15(exe)144 624 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 648 R F2
(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788
(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789
E(mand)144 660 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72>
2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171
(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0
2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 672 Q F4 7.165(rc)
3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166
(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r)
3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F
(mand.)144 684 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 708
R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 720 R
.454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455
(alue of the)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(63)
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .788
(last command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788(cuted or f).15 F .787
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135
(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 108 Q
(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)2.5 E
F0(returns f)2.5 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 136.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413
(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913
(tt)-3.913 G 1.413(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1
(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 148.8 Q
3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)
-.37 F F0 .617(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617
(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 160.8 Q
.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363
(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362
(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 172.8 Q
F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0
(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E
F2(getopts)108 189.6 Q F1(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs)
-.37 E F0(])A F2(getopts)144 201.6 Q F0 .793
(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F1
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15
(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 213.6 R .149
(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449
-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 225.6 Q .578
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 237.6 R 1.665
(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts)
4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796
(option in the shell v)144 249.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.296 E F0
3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797
(if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G
3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 261.6 Q .085
(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)
4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845
(or a shell script is in)144 273.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345
(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F2
(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804
(into the v)144 285.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A
F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803
(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293
(reset between multiple calls to)144 297.6 R F2(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293
(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F
2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 309.6
Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 333.6 R F2(getopts)
4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043
(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 345.6 Q F0
(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0
(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 369.6 Q F0 2.392
(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392
(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893
(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F1(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F2(getopts)144
381.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 405.6 Q F0 1.166
(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F
1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165
(is a colon,)3.885 F F1(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07
(reporting is used.)144 417.6 R 1.071
(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144
429.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F
(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394
(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 441.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E
F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 465.6 R
-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F2(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667
(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .667
(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144
477.6 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899 E
F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3
(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F
(diagnostic message is printed.)144 489.6 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144
513.6 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F2(getopts)3.741 E F0
1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F2(?).833 E F0 3.742
(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F F1(name)144 525.6
Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234
(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F2
(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F2(:).833 E
F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 537.6 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3
(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F2
(getopts)144 561.6 Q F0 .902
(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F
(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 573.6 Q F2(hash)108
590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F1(\214lename)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(])A
.858(Each time)144 602.4 R F2(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F1(name)
3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956
(the directories in)144 614.4 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956
(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 626.4
R F2<ad70>2.743 E F0 .243
(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F1
(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711
(of the command.)144 638.4 R(The)6.711 E F2<ad72>4.211 E F0 1.711
(option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712
(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F2<ad64>4.212 E F0
.833(option causes the shell to for)144 650.4 R .833
(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F1(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I)
C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F2<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-)
3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 662.4 R F1(name)
3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F
F1(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144
674.4 R F2<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F1(name)3.295 E F0
.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F2
<ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934
(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144
686.4 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 698.4 Q F2<ad6c>2.822 E F0 .322
(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F
.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 710.4 Q F1(name)2.86
E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.)
.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(64)190.395 E 0 Cg
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(help)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866
(Display helpful information about b)144 96 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2
F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)
3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E
.307(help on all commands matching)144 108 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807
(;o).24 G .307(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306
(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 120 Q F1
<ad64>144 132 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 132 Q F2
(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 144 Q F0(Display the description of each)180
144 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5
E F1<ad73>144 156 Q F0(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180
156 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0
(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 172.8 Q F2
(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 189.6 Q F2(n)A F1(])A
(history \255c)108 201.6 Q(history \255d)108 213.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)
-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 225.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F1
(history \255anrw)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1
(history \255p)108 249.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5
(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 261.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)
-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144
273.6 S .752
(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2
G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 285.6 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18
F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88
(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 297.6 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264
(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2
(strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02
(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 309.6 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G
3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019
(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176
(time stamp and the history line.)144 321.6 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename)
2.676 E F0 .176
(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F
(not, the v)144 333.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)
2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 345.6 Q F0
(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 345.6 Q F1
<ad64>144 357.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39
(Delete the history entry at position)180 369.6 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)
-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)
2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti)
-2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180
381.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599
(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 393.6 Q 2.5(,a)
-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G
(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1
<ad64>144 405.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F0 .758
(Delete the history entries between positions)180 417.6 R F2(start)3.258
E F0(and)3.257 E F2(end)3.257 E F0 3.257(,i)C(nclusi)-3.257 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G 5.757(.P).15 G(ositi)-5.757 E 1.057 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .757(nd ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)180 429.6 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H
(alues for)-.1 E F2(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0
(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1<ad61>
144 441.6 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 441.6 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064
('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565
(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 453.6 Q
(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E
(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 465.6
Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\
le into the current history list.)180 465.6 R .772
(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 477.6 R
.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E
(sion.)180 489.6 Q F1<ad72>144 501.6 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\
ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 501.6 Q F1
<ad77>144 513.6 Q F0
(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 513.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G
(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 525.6 Q F0 .626
(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 525.6 R(wing)-.25 E F2
(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)
3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 537.6 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
(normal history e)180 549.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 561.6 Q F0
.363(Store the)180 561.6 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362
(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 573.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 590.4 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 602.4 R .669
(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 614.4 R .956
(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.796
(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 626.4 R 1.795
(wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F
1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 638.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \
option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the his\
tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 650.4 Q(fset)
-.18 E F0 1.032(is supplied as an ar)3.532 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1
<ad64>3.531 E F0 3.531(,o)C 3.531(rt)-3.531 G 1.031(he history e)-3.531
F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1
<ad70>3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 662.4 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 679.2 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1
(jobs \255x)108 691.2 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37
E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 703.2 Q .3 -.15
(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 715.2 Q F0
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 715.2 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad6e>144 84 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)180
84 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F .194
(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 96 Q F1<ad70>144 108 Q
F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 108 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G
(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 120 Q F0
(Display only running jobs.)180 120 Q F1<ad73>144 132 Q F0
(Display only stopped jobs.)180 132 Q(If)144 148.8 Q/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.314(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313
(.T)-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 160.8 Q
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid).25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144
177.6 R F1<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)
2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394
(found in)3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37
E F0 .395(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144
189.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E
F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)
-.15 E F1(kill)108 206.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)
2.5 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A
F0 2.5(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)
-2.5 E F1(kill \255l)108 218.4 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)
A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12
(Send the signal named by)144 230.4 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2
(signum)2.96 E F0 .119(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E
F0(or)3.389 E F2(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)
2.929 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 242.4 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.318(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0
.319(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 254.4 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0
1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 266.4 Q .522(gument of)-.18
F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)
5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when)
.18 F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523
(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 278.4
R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E
F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 290.4 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F
F1<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378
(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 302.4
R(The)5.962 E F1<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)
-.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F1<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962
(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E
(successfully sent, or f)144 314.4 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)
-.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 331.2 Q
F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144
343.2 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197
(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197
(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)
2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 355.2 Q F2(ar)
2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0
(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 372 Q F0([)2.5 E
F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 384 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F
.06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0
.06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)
-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 396 Q 3.152(yo)-.15
G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152
E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
408 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422
(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F(If)
5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F 1.461
(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 420 R F1
(local)3.961 E F0 1.462(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.462
(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 432 R F1(set)4.063 E
F0 -.2(bu)4.063 G 1.563
(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.562
(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 444 R 1.243
(ith no operands,)-.4 F F1(local)3.743 E F0 1.243
(writes a list of local v)3.743 F 1.244
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F .42
(error to use)144 456 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42
(when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless)
5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in)
144 468 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68
E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108
484.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 484.8 Q F1(map\214le)108 501.6 Q F0
([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)
2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>
-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>
-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E
(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 513.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2
(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2
(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)
C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(])A .179(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 525.6 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.679(da).15 G .179(rray v)-2.679 F(ariable)-.25 E F2
(arr)2.68 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.68(,o).32 G 2.68(rf)-2.68 G .18
(rom \214le descriptor)-2.68 F F2(fd)4.65 E F0 1.249(if the)144 537.6 R
F1<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F
(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1
E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,)
-6.248 F(ha)144 549.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 561.6 Q F0 .91
(The \214rst character of)180 561.6 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911
(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411
(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 573.6 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)
2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 585.6 Q F0(Cop)180 585.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5
(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)
2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 597.6 Q F0(Be)180
597.6 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82
E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5
(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 609.6 Q F0
(Discard the \214rst)180 609.6 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1
<ad74>144 621.6 Q F0(Remo)180 621.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15
E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E
(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 633.6 Q F0
(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 633.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 645.6 Q F0(Ev)180
645.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2
(quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0
(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 657.6
Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 657.6 Q
F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 674.4 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0
.467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2
(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467
(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 686.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15
G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\
igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275
(as additional ar)144 698.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E
F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274
(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274
(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 710.4 Q
(If not supplied with an e)144 727.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
(before assigning to it.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)
141.235 E(66)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(map\214le)144 84 Q F0 1.905(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.905(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906
(gument is supplied,)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(arr)4.406 E(ay)-.15
E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 96 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid or unassignable, or if).25
E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da)
.15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E F1(popd)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0
2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144
124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)
-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478
(stack, and performs a)144 136.8 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)
3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18
(rg)-6.479 G 1.479(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
1.479(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 148.8 Q F1<ad6e>144 160.8
Q F0 .551(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 160.8
R .551(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 172.8 Q F1(+)144 184.8 Q F2(n)A
F0(Remo)180 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E
F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180
196.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)
-.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 208.8 Q F2(n)A F0
(Remo)180 208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0
1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)
-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5
(zero. F)180 220.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65
E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144
237.6 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1
(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)
3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 249.6 R .416
(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415
(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915
(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F
(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 261.6 Q
(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0
(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436
(Write the formatted)144 290.4 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437
(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937
E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F1<ad76>3.937 E F0 .126
(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 302.4 R(ariable)
-.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard)
2.626 F(output.)144 314.4 Q(The)144 338.4 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\
s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\
cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\
er escape sequences, which are con)144 350.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703
(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\
\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 362.4 R .037
(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 374.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0
5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2
(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031
E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 386.4 Q
(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 398.4 Q F0(causes)180 398.4 Q F1(printf)
2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096
(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar)
2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 410.4 Q(ay as)
-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 422.4 Q F0(causes)180 422.4 Q
F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E
(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F
(input.)180 434.4 Q F1(%\()144 446.4 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)
180 458.4 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904
(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt)
4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 470.4 R F2
(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar)
2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381
(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180
482.4 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F
.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694
(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 494.4 R
.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar)
3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 506.4 R -.15
(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71
G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F
F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 518.4 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 535.2 Q
.464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constan\
ts, e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258
(minus sign is allo)144 547.2 R 1.259
(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v)
-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 559.2 Q(alue of the follo)
-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 576 Q F2(format)3.424 E F0
.923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 E
(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format)
3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 588 Q(guments)-.37 E F0
.033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,)
-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 600 Q(The return v)5 E
(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
108 616.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C
<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 628.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0
2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\
rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 640.8 R 3.139(wt)
-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 652.8 R .416
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F
(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416
(changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.917 E 1.625
(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 664.8 R 6.625
(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925
-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 676.8 Q
F1<ad6e>144 688.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \
when rotating or adding directories to the)180 688.8 R
(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 700.8 Q F1(+)144
712.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 712.8 R F2(n)
3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B
1.267(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 724.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
(2018 October 22)141.235 E(67)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 .92
(Rotates the stack so that the)180 84 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
F F1(dirs)180 96 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E
F2(dir)144.35 108 Q F0(Adds)180 108 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288
(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc)
-.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F
(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 120 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd)
2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 136.8 R F1(pushd)2.988
E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488
(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F
F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 148.8 R F2(dir)
3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4
F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846
(stack is empty)144 160.8 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\
 directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)
-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 172.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5
E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 201.6 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144
213.6 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264
(enabled. If)144 225.6 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
 reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 237.6 R -.25(va)
-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 249.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 266.4 S
(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817 E F2
(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad64>-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817
(][)C F1<ad69>-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad6e>
-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E
F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad70>-3.816 E F2(pr)
3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad74>-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0
3.816(][)C F1<ad75>-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 278.4 Q F2(name)A
F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\
e \214le descriptor)144 290.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)
3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 302.4 Q F1<ad75>3.848 E F0 1.348
(option, split into w)3.848 F 1.348(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.647
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F
F0 3.847(,a)C 1.347(nd the \214rst w)-3.847 F 1.347(ord is)-.1 F 1.465
(assigned to the \214rst)144 314.4 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G
1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E
F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465
F -.1(wo)144 326.4 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112
(ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112
(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 338.4 Q F0
5.722(.I).18 G 3.222(ft)-5.722 G .722(here are fe)-3.222 F .722(wer w)
-.25 F .723
(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1
F .532(assigned empty v)144 350.4 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532
(characters in)3.032 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.032 E F0 .531
(are used to split the line into w)2.782 F .531(ords using the same)-.1
F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 362.4 R .197
(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1
-.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .197
(backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 374.4 R F1(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m)
C .157(ay be used to remo)-2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s)
.15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .156
(xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144
386.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 398.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049
(The w)180 410.4 R 1.049
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
-.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2
(aname)180.33 422.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25
(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5
E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 434.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
1.318(The \214rst character of)180 446.4 R F2(delim)3.818 E F0 1.317
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)3.818 F 3.817
(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 458.4 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1
-.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0
(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
<ad65>144 470.4 Q F0 .372
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 470.4 R F1 -.18
(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)
2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E
.218(to obtain the line.)180 482.4 R .218
(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218
(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E
(acti)180 494.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E
(ut uses Readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E
(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1<ad69>144 506.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)
-.2 E F0(If)180 506.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-)
-.25 F(ing be)180 518.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 530.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E
(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 542.4 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395
(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of)
-.1 F(input, b)180 554.4 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)
-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144
566.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 578.4 S(ad).18 E
F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E
(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27
(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 590.4 R F1 -.18(re)
2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274
(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002
(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 602.4
R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)
3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 614.4 R .608
(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0
3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 626.4 S .669
(riable is assigned e).25 F .669
(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67
(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 638.4 Q F0
(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 650.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45
E F0(Display)180 662.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161
(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)
-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 674.4 Q
2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
<ad72>144 686.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
180 686.4 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544
(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .493(the line.)180
698.4 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E
.493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)
180 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(68)190.395 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad73>144 84 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 84 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
<ad74>144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 108 Q
F1 -.18(re)2.928 G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F
.428(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F
.561(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 120 R F2(timeout)3.061 E
F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number)
3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 132 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
144 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 156 R .589
(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 168 S(riable)
.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G
(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 180 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)
.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
192 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 204 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 204 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .477
(If no)144 220.8 R F2(names)3.337 E F0 .477
(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.247 F(ariable)-.25 E
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.976 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F0 .476(The e)4.976 F .476(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .772
(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 232.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.272 G(ad)
.18 E F0 .773
(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.272 F
-.25(va)144 244.8 S 2.004
(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.004
(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.004(lid \214le).25 F
(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 256.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 273.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)
-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77
(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 297.6 R
1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097
(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2
(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 309.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
-.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 321.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name)
3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 333.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 345.6 R(The)5.295 E F1
<ad70>2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
144 357.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
369.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
144 381.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 393.6 Q F0
(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 410.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 422.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02
(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596
(the return status is that of the last command e)144 434.4 R -.15(xe)
-.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E
F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15
G(cuted).15 E 1.239(by a trap handler)144 446.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238
(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.032(before the trap handler)144
458.4 R 6.032(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.032 E F1 -.18(re)3.532 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E
F0 1.032(is e)3.532 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.032(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)
3.533 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.033(trap, the last command used to)3.533 F .39
(determine the status is the last command e)144 470.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.889 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.889 G 2.889(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.889 H -.1(ke)
.4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 482.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.583 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0
.084(is used outside a function, b)2.583 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084
E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.584(\)c)C .084(ommand, it)-2.584 F .589
(causes the shell to stop e)144 494.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589
(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588
(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e)
144 506.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326
(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445
(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 518.4 R .444
(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E
(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 530.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15
E .75(mand associated with the)144 542.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 554.4 Q F1
(set)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E
F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0
2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E
(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 595.2 S .835
(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 607.2
R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783
(riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 619.2 R F2 .447(posix mode)
2.946 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447
(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.531
(locale. When)144 631.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An)
-.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F 1.623
(after option processing are treated as v)144 643.2 R 1.624
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order)
144 655.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 667.2 Q
F0 1.378(Each v)184 667.2 R 1.377
(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F
1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 679.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15
E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 691.2 Q F0 .131
(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 691.2 R
2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
(primary prompt.)184 703.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 715.2 Q F0
.088(Exit immediately if a)184 715.2 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087
(\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F2 .087(simple command)2.587 F
F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 727.2 Q
F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)
4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521
(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .08
(The shell does not e)184 84 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F
.079(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 96 Q
1.654(wing a)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1
(until)4.154 E F0 -.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655
(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.155 E
F0(or)4.155 E F1(elif)4.155 E F0(reserv)4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 108
S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081
E F0 .581(list e)3.081 F .581(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E
.917(the \214nal)184 120 R F1(&&)3.417 E F0(or)3.417 E F1(||)3.417 E F0
3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c)-3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F
.918(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418
E -.25(va)184 132 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661
(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.161 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66
(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112
(non-zero status because a command f)184 144 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F
F1<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113
(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 156 R 2.678
(xit. A)-.15 F .178(trap on)2.678 F F1(ERR)2.678 E F0 2.678(,i)C 2.678
(fs)-2.678 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178
(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.677(xits. This)-.15 F .177
(option applies to)2.677 F .617(the shell en)184 168 R .617
(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see)
-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .618(COMMAND EXE-)3.118 F .643(CUTION ENVIR)
184 180 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643
(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .642(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 192 Q
2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 210 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F1<ad65>4.542 E F0
2.043(is being)4.543 F 1.436(ignored, none of the commands e)184 222 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.435(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F
.193(body will be af)184 234 R .193(fected by the)-.25 F F1<ad65>2.693 E
F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1
<ad65>2.693 E F0 .194(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure)
-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 246 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89
(ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F1<ad65>3.39 E F0 .89
(while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E
(where)184 258 Q F1<ad65>3.153 E F0 .653
(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954
-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F
(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 270 Q F1
<ad66>144 282 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 282 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
<ad68>144 294 Q F0 2.239(Remember the location of commands as the)184
294 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.238(re look)-4.738 F 2.238(ed up for e)-.1 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.738(cution. This).15 F(is)4.738 E(enabled by def)184
306 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 318 Q F0 .513(All ar)184 318 R .514
(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18
F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F
(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 330 Q F1
<ad6d>144 342 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)184 342 R .149
(Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F
.148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65
(on systems that support it \(see)184 354 R F2 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F
(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .651
(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679(process group.)184 366 R .678
(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\
s)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 378 S(it status.).15 E F1<ad6e>144 390 Q F0 .652
(Read commands b)184 390 R .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .652
(cute them.).15 F .653(This may be used to check a shell script for)
5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 402 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3
-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1<ad6f>144 414 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 426 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0
(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 438 Q F0
(Same as)224 450 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 462 Q F0
(Same as)224 474 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 486 Q F0 .089
(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 486 R 2.589
(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95
(when the shell is interacti)224 498 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95
(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E
F0 2.5(option. This)224 510 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf)
-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err)
184 522 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 522 Q F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(errtrace)184 534 Q F0(Same as)224 534 Q F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(functrace)184 546 Q F0(Same as)224 558 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(hashall)184 570 Q F0(Same as)224 570 Q F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(histexpand)184 582 Q F0(Same as)224 594 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
(history)184 606 Q F0 .587(Enable command history)224 606 R 3.087(,a)
-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 618 Q
(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184
630 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)224 642 R 1.656
(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10)
4.157 E F0 1.657(had been e)4.157 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224
654 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).)
.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 666 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 678 Q F1
<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 690 Q F0(Same as)224 690 Q F1<ad6d>2.5
E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 702 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 714 Q F1<ad43>2.5
E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(70)190.395 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(noexec)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 84 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noglob)
184 96 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 108 Q F0
(Currently ignored.)224 108 Q F1(notify)184 120 Q F0(Same as)224 120 Q
F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 132 Q F0(Same as)224 132 Q F1<ad75>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 144 Q F0(Same as)224 144 Q F1<ad74>2.5 E F0
(.)A F1(ph)184 156 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 156 Q F1<ad50>2.5 E F0
(.)A F1(pipefail)184 168 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v)224 168 R 1.029
(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029
(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 180 R
1.136
(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
-.15 F -.15(ex)224 192 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 204 Q F0
2.091(Change the beha)224 204 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0
2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091
(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224
216 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.463 E(w)-.25 E 2.307
(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 228 R 4.806(wp)-.25 G
2.306(osix mode af)-4.806 F 2.306(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224
240 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 252 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224
264 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 276 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224
276 Q F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 288 Q F0 1.465
(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 288 R 3.966(ace. This)
-.1 F 1.466(also af)3.966 F 1.466(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224
300 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1
(xtrace)184 312 Q F0(Same as)224 312 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 330 Q
F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F2(option\255name)
3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552
(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184
342 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F2(option\255name)3.571 E F0
3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072
(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F
(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 354 Q F1<ad70>
144 366 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 366 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.822 E -.1
(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071
(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5
(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 378 R 1.501
(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A
F3 -.27(BA)184 390 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.775 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G
.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F
(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 402 R .379
(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15
(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462
(user \(group\) id, and the)184 414 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461
(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 426 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 438 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G
.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886
F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F
(set to the real user and group ids.)184 450 Q F1<ad74>144 462 Q F0
(Exit after reading and e)184 462 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.)
.15 E F1<ad75>144 474 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 474 S .043(eat unset v).35 F .044
(ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \
as an)-.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 486 R 2.683
(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746
(able or parameter)184 498 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
510 Q F1<ad76>144 522 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 522 Q 2.5
(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 534 Q F0 .315(After e)184 534 R
.315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25
(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)
2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184
546 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F
1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0
(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 558 Q
(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1
<ad42>144 570 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)184 570 R 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 582 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 594 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 594 R F1(bash)2.713 E
F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
3.054(tors. This)184 606 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 618 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
<ad45>144 630 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 630 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103
(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
F .839(mands e)184 642 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 654 Q F1
<ad48>144 666 Q F0(Enable)184 666 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 678 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 690 Q F0 .96
(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 690 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 2.821
(that change the current w)184 702 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822
(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 714 R(def)2.686
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
(mands which change the current directory)184 726 Q(.)-.65 E
(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(71)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad54>144 84 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 84 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)
-3.39 F F1(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
(substitutions, and commands e)184 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 108 Q F0
(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 120 Q
F0 .4(If no ar)184 120 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 132 Q
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>
2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 144 Q F0 1.945
(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 144 R F2(ar)4.444 E
(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G 1.944
(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 156 R F1
<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945
(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)
3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
(parameters remain unchanged.)184 168 Q .425(The options are of)144
184.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
(to be turned of)144 196.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
(current set of options may be found in)144 208.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
(is encountered.)144 220.8 Q F1(shift)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 249.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 261.6 Q F1($#)2.583
E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 273.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 285.6 R
.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 297.6 Q F1(shopt)108 314.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 326.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639
(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375
(listed belo)144 338.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H
2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375
(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 3.325(mand. W)144 350.4 R .825
(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.325 E F0 .826
(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.325 F
.552(indication of whether or not each is set; if)144 362.4 R F2
(optnames)3.052 E F0 .551
(are supplied, the output is restricted to those)3.052 F 2.549
(options. The)144 374.4 R F1<ad70>2.549 E F0 .049(option causes output \
to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)2.549 F(Other)
5.05 E(options ha)144 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 398.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180
398.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 410.4 Q F0
(Disable \(unset\) each)180 410.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
422.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
tus indicates whether the)180 422.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E
.255(set or unset.)180 434.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755
E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256
(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 446.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 458.4 Q F0
(Restricts the v)180 458.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 475.2 R F1
<ad73>3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124
E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233
(set or unset, respecti)144 487.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)
-.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0
2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 499.2 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
516 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
4.044 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
144 528 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell)
-.25 F(option.)144 540 Q(The list of)144 556.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 574.8 Q F0 1.945
(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 586.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G
1.944(luation of associati).25 F 2.244 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.944
(rray subscripts during).15 F .857(arithmetic e)184 598.8 R .857
(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .857(luation and while e).25 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G .857(cuting b).15 F .857(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F
(ariable)-.25 E(assignments.)184 610.8 Q F1(autocd)144 622.8 Q F0 .2
(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 622.8 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment to the)184 634.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
F1(cdable_v)144 646.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 658.8 R .155
(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
(name of a v)184 670.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 682.8 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184
682.8 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
(corrected. The)184 694.8 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487
(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
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(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F
(the command proceeds.)184 718.8 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
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(This option is enabled by)6.693 F(def)184 216 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(cmdhist)
144 228 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 228 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184
240 Q 6.133(.T)-.65 G 1.133(his allo)-6.133 F 1.133
(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F 1.132
(This option is enabled by)6.132 F(def)184 252 Q .613(ault, b)-.1 F .613
(ut only has an ef)-.2 F .614
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(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)184 264 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F1
(compat31)144 276 Q F0 .42(If set,)184 288 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42
(changes its beha)2.92 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419
(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the)
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(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .48(Bash v)5.481 F .48
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(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 480 Q F0 1.523(If set,)
184 492 R F1(bash)4.023 E F0 4.023(,w)C 1.523(hen in)-4.023 F F4 1.523
(posix mode)4.023 F F0 4.024(,t)C 1.524
(reats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)-4.024 F -.15(ex)184
504 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G .958
(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458(nn).15
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(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 516
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(posix mode through v)184 528 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def)
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(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 540 Q F1(compat42)144 552 Q
F0 1.796(If set,)184 564 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796
(does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w)
4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 576 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25
(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 588 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 600 R F1
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(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E
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(If set,)184 204 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486
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216 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F
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240 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858
(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859
(ord completion if)-.1 F
(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 252 Q(xist.)-.15 E
F1(dotglob)144 264 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 264 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165
(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i)
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G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0
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(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 288 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti)
184 288 R 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386
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(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 300 Q(gument to the)-.18
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-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0
-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 312 Q F0 .717
(If set, aliases are e)184 324 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F
1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E
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(by def)184 336 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
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(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 420 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220
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(If the command run by the)220 444 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
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(exe)220 456 S .488
(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F
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(extglob)144 552 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 552 R .4
(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u)
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F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 576 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 588 R
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(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 600 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 612 Q F0
1.425(If set, patterns which f)184 612 R 1.425
(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424
(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 624 S(pansion error).15 E(.)
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(pletions. See)184 672 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
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(If set, range e)184 708 R 2.519
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(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E
(Matching)184 720 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha)
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(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)
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(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0
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144 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 156 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\
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(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1
(histr)144 216 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 228 R F1 -.18(re)
3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F
.576(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 240 Q F1(histv)144 252 Q
(erify)-.1 E F0 .403(If set, and)184 264 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18
E F0 .403
(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately)
2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 276 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662
(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162
G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 288 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1
(hostcomplete)144 300 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 312 R F1 -.18(re)3.682
G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181
(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184
324 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E
F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 336 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F
(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 348 Q F0(If set,)
184 360 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0
(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e)
.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 372 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .22
(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 384 R .219(alue of the)
-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219(option, instead of unsetting)
2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 396 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F
(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E
F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 408 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E
F0 .33(If set, allo)184 420 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33
(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33
(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967
(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 432 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25
H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15
G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 444 Q
(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 456 Q F0 .066
(If set, and job control is not acti)184 456 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t)
.15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en)
184 468 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 480 Q F0 .655(If set, and the)
184 480 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654
(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F
(with embedded ne)184 492 Q
(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1
(localv)144 504 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 516 R
.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422
(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184
528 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673
(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .173
(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 540 Q
F1(localv)144 552 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .328(If set, calling)184 564 R F1
(unset)2.828 E F0 .328(on local v)2.828 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F
.329(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .543(quent looku\
ps \214nd them unset until that function returns. This is identical to \
the beha)184 576 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 588 Q
(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 600 Q
F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
612 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 624 S(lue may not be changed.).25
E F1(mailwar)144 636 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184
648 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814
(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F
-.1(wa)184 660 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)
-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 672
Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 684 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324
(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324
(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E
F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F
(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 696 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(nocaseglob)144 84 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436
(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25
H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 108 S
(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 120 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184
132 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)
3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05
F .551(while e)184 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0
(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551
(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1
(wo)184 156 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\
le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 168 Q F1
(nullglob)144 180 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 192 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo)
3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)
3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354
(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 204 S
(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144
216 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184
228 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677
(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E
(are enabled.)184 240 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1
(pr)144 252 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124
(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 264 R F1(bash)4.624
E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 276 Q 3.288(th)
-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.288 H(an)3.488 E 3.288(yc)-.15 G .789
(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.288 F .789
(xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 288 R F1(bash)3.973 E F0
1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F 1.473
(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 300 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E F1(pr)
144 312 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)
184 324 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 336 S
.171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17
(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 348 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)
144 360 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
184 372 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 384 Q 2.86
(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36
(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 396 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E
F1(shift_v)144 408 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 420 R F1
(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501
(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502
(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 432 Q F1(sour)
144 444 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 456 R F1(sour)3.271 E
(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v)
-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77
(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar)
184 468 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)
-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 480 Q F0(If set, the)184 492 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0
-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15
E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 508.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001
(Suspend the e)144 520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001
(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G
F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be)
3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 532.8 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023
(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022
(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is)
5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 544.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E
F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5
E F1(test)108 561.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)
108 573.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877
(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 573.6 R .878
(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878
(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 585.6
S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53
(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03
(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.079
(primaries described abo)144 597.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E
F2(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E
(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 609.6 Q(gument of)-.18
E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786
(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 627.6 R .785
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411
(dence. The)144 639.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911
(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F
4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F
(used when there are \214v)144 651.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G
(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 663.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E
F0 -.35(Tr)180 663.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23
E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 675.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0
.26(Returns the v)180 675.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2
E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26
(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 687.6 Q F3 -.2
(ex)144 699.6 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0
-.35(Tr)180 711.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5
E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S
(ue if either).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G
(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 112.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E
F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E
(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E
(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 130.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)
180 142.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 154.8 S -.18
(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 166.8 Q
(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18
E 2.5(2a)144 178.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)
180 190.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87
F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37
(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 202.8 R .38
(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180
214.8 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552
(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F
.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 226.8 Q
(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 238.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 250.8 R .236
(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236
(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855
(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 262.8 R 1.155 -.15
(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F
F4(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 274.8 R .578(xpression i\
s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F
(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 286.8 R(The)6.332 E F2<ad61>3.832
E F0(and)3.832 E F2<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.333
(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558
(three ar)180 298.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058
F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F
.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F
(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180
310.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521
(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)
3.021 F(ar)180 322.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985
E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485
(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E
(wise, the e)180 334.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144
346.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 358.8 R
.384(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385
(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385(tion of the three-ar)
.05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648
(posed of the remaining ar)180 370.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F
1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180
382.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 394.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)
-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 406.8 R 1.635
(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635
(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180
418.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 436.8 Q F2(test)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2
(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E
(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 453.6 Q F0
1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\
 processes run from the shell.)144 453.6 R(The return status is 0.)144
465.6 Q F2(trap)108 482.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E
F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)
144 494.4 R F1(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702(is to be read and e)3.422 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .702(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.203(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F1(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G
(f)-5.703 E F1(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609
(absent \(and there is a single)144 506.4 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108
(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F2<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608
(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F
.658(\(the v)144 518.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
-.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659
(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec)
144.34 530.4 Q F0 .581
(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58
(is not present and)3.3 F F2<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214
(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 542.4 R
F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215
F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 554.4 R F2<ad70>3.36
E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(trap)3.36 E F0 .86
(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83
(signal. The)144 566.4 R F2<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F
4.311(bers. Each)144 578.4 R F1(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811
(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.81
(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E
(names are case insensiti)144 590.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E
F3(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 608.4 R F1
(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648
(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F1(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F
1.649(If a)6.649 F F1(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 620.4 Q
(UG)-.09 E F4(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F1(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0
1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.667 E F0
(command,)3.667 E F1(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 632.4 Q F1
(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146
(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)2.646 E F0 .147
(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147
(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 644.4 R F3 .146
(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15
F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F2(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0
.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 656.4 Q F2(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7
(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)3.2 E(UG)
-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3
(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 668.4 Q F1(ar)
3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643
(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.643(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F2(sour)3.143 E(ce)
-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 680.4 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 698.4 R F1(sigspec)3.8 E F0(is)3.77 E
F3(ERR)3.46 E F4(,)A F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F1(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0
.961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.461(rap).15 G .961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(sin\
gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\
ro e)144 710.4 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F 1.92(the follo)144
722.4 R 1.92(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.92 E F3(ERR)4.42 E F0 1.92
(trap is not e)4.17 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.92(cuted if the f).15 F 1.92
(ailed command is part of the)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
(2018 October 22)141.235 E(77)190.395 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .464
(command list immediately follo)144 84 R .464(wing a)-.25 F/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)2.964 E F0(or)2.964 E F1(until)2.964 E F0 -.1(ke)
2.964 G(yw)-.05 E .464(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(if)2.973 E F0(statement,)4.923 E .711
(part of a command e)144 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .711(cuted in a).15 F F1
(&&)3.211 E F0(or)3.211 E F1(||)3.212 E F0 .712(list e)3.212 F .712
(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .712(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.212
E F0(or)3.212 E F1(||)3.212 E F0(,)A(an)144 108 Q 2.777(yc)-.15 G .276
(ommand in a pipeline b)-2.777 F .276(ut the last, or if the command')
-.2 F 2.776(sr)-.55 G .276(eturn v)-2.776 F .276(alue is being in)-.25 F
-.15(ve)-.4 G .276(rted using).15 F F1(!)2.776 E F0(.)A
(These are the same conditions obe)144 120 Q(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)
2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0 2.5(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095
(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144
138 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662
(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 150 R .662
(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is)
-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 162 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1
E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108
178.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2
(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 190.8 S .173
(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name)
3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
F1<ad74>144 202.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0
(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2
(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 214.8 Q F0 .086
(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2
(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119
(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 226.8 R .118
(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
F1<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855
(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 238.8 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0
.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if)
144 250.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141
G .641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E
F1<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666
(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 262.8 R F2(name)2.612
E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113
(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2
(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113
(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E F0(and)144 274.8 Q F1<ad50>
3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73
(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25
F F4 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73(If the)
5.23 F F1<ad61>144 286.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F1(type)
4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F2(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T).18 G
(his)-6.749 E .744(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)
144 298.8 R F1<ad70>3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F
.743(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223
(commands is not consulted when using)144 310.8 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0
6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0 1.223
(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)144
322.8 R F1(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.326 E
F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325(guments are found, f)
-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325(re not)-2.825 F
(found.)144 334.8 Q F1(ulimit)108 351.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144
363.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243
(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
.944(that allo)144 375.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
(The)5.944 E F1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
144 387.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 399.6 R .426
(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F1<ad48>2.925 E
F0(nor)2.925 E F1<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
411.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
.742(of the special v)144 423.6 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 435.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 447.6 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0
.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 459.6 Q 2.5
(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1
<ad61>144 471.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 471.6 Q F1
<ad62>144 483.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 483.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 495.6 Q F0
(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 495.6 Q F1<ad64>144 507.6
Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 507.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 519.6 Q F0
(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 519.6 Q F1<ad66>144
531.6 Q F0
(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
531.6 Q F1<ad69>144 543.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
543.6 Q F1<ad6b>144 555.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 555.6 Q F1
<ad6c>144 567.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 567.6 Q
(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 579.6 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 579.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 591.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
180 591.6 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
(be set\))180 603.6 Q F1<ad70>144 615.6 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 615.6 Q F1
<ad71>144 627.6 Q F0
(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 627.6 Q F1
<ad72>144 639.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 639.6
Q F1<ad73>144 651.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 651.6 Q F1<ad74>144
663.6 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 663.6 Q F1
<ad75>144 675.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 675.6 Q -.25
(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 687.6 Q F0 .47
(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 687.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
699.6 Q F1<ad78>144 711.6 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180
711.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 October 22)141.235 E(78)190.395 E 0
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF<ad50>144 84 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 84 Q F1
<ad54>144 96 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 96 Q(If)144 112.8 Q
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468
(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F
2.968(wv)-.25 G .468(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468
E .045(no option is gi)144 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1
<ad66>2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1
<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F 1.588(in seconds;)144
136.8 R F1<ad70>4.088 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589
(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F1<ad50>4.089 E F0(,)A F1
<ad54>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad6b>4.089 E F0(,)A F1
<ad6e>4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F1<ad75>4.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C
1.589(hich are)-4.089 F 1.476(unscaled v)144 148.8 R 1.476
(alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.976 E F0(and)3.976 E
F1<ad66>3.976 E F0 3.976(,w)C 1.476(hich are in 512-byte increments.)
-3.976 F(The)6.476 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 160.8 R
-.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144
172.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E
F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A
.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 201.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
pted by)144 213.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
225.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 237.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
(mode)144.38 249.6 Q F0 .552
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 261.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
(unalias)108 278.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 290.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
F(remo)144 302.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 319.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 331.2 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0
3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327
(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 343.2 Q F0 1.55
(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551
(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 355.2 R F1
<ad66>4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0
2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821
F(remo)144 367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037
(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E
F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492
(be unset rather than the v)144 379.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1
<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .492(If no)5.492 F .22
(options are supplied, each)144 391.2 R F2(name)2.72 E F0 .22
(refers to a v)2.72 F .221(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .221
(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.721(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.721 E 1.189
(tion with that name is unset.)144 403.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.688(df).15 G
1.188(rom the en)-3.688 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.205
(passed to subsequent commands.)144 415.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09
E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.456 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.456 E
F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 427.2 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
4.348 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.348 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E
F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348
F 4.597(yl)-.15 G 2.097(ose their special)-4.597 F(properties, e)144
439.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15
G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a)
-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 456 Q
F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144
468 S .659(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its termina\
tion status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id)3.169 E F0 .659(may be a process)
3.929 F .009(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 480 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .008(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.508(sp)-.55 G
.008(ipeline are w)-2.508 F .008(aited for)-.1 F 5.008(.I)-.55 G(f)
-5.008 E F2(id)144.01 492 Q F0 .521(is not gi)3.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.521(n, all currently acti).15 F .821 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .521
(hild processes are w).15 F .521(aited for)-.1 F 3.021(,a)-.4 G .521
(nd the return status is zero.)-3.021 F(If)5.522 E(the)144 504 Q F1
<ad6e>3.057 E F0 .557(option is supplied,)3.057 F F1(wait)3.057 E F0 -.1
(wa)3.057 G .557(its for an).1 F 3.057(yj)-.15 G .557
(ob to terminate and returns its e)-3.057 F .557(xit status.)-.15 F .556
(If the)5.556 F F1<ad66>3.056 E F0 .586
(option is supplied, and job control is enabled,)144 516 R F1(wait)3.086
E F0(forces)3.086 E F2(id)3.086 E F0 .587
(to terminate before returning its sta-)3.086 F .756
(tus, instead of returning when it changes status.)144 528 R(If)5.756 E
F2(id)3.266 E F0 .755(speci\214es a non-e)4.026 F .755
(xistent process or job, the)-.15 F .365(return status is 127.)144 540 R
.365(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.365 F .365
(xit status of the last process or job w)-.15 F(aited)-.1 E(for)144 552
Q(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 568.8 Q F0(If)
108 580.8 Q F1(bash)4.397 E F0 1.897(is started with the name)4.397 F F1
(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1<ad72>4.397
E F0 1.896(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896
(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. A)108 592.8 R .945
(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.445 F .946
(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.946 E
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