bash-20140625 remove leftover and stray files

36 files changed, 0 insertions, 54330 deletions

diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~
deleted file mode 100644
index d7c6b8a5..00000000
--- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6488 +0,0 @@
-				 2/14/2011
-				 ---------
-[bash-4.2 released]
-
-				   2/15
-				   ----
-lib/glob/gmisc.c
-	- fix wmatchlen and umatchlen to avoid going past the end of the
-	  string on an incomplete bracket expression that ends with a
-	  NUL.  Partial fix for bug reported by Clark Wang <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/16
-				   ----
-subst.h
-	- new string extract flag value: SX_WORD.  Used when calling
-	  extract_dollar_brace_string to skip over the word in
-	  ${param op word} from parameter_brace_expand
-
-subst.c
-	- change parameter_brace_expand to add SX_WORD to flags passed to
-	  extract_dollar_brace_string
-	- change parameter_brace_expand to use SX_POSIXEXP for all non-posix
-	  word expansion operators that treat single quotes as special, not
-	  just % and #
-	- change extract_dollar_brace_string to initialize dolbrace_state to
-	  DOLBRACE_WORD if SX_WORD flag supplied and we shouldn't use
-	  DOLBRACE_QUOTE.  Fixes bug reported by Juergen Daubert <jue@jue.li>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document the exact expansions here strings undergo
-
-				   2/17
-				   ----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
-	- make sure that `dd', `cc', and `yy' call vidomove_dispatch from
-	  rl_domove_read_callback.  Fixes bug reported by Clark Wang
-	  <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
-	- make sure _rl_internal_char_cleanup is called after the
-	  vi-motion callbacks (rl_vi_domove_callback) in rl_callback_read_char.
-	  Companion to above fix
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- make sure that the text describing the rhs of the == and =~
-	  operators to [[ states that only the quoted portion of the pattern
-	  is matched as a string
-
-				   2/18
-				   ----
-lib/glob/gmisc.c
-	- better fix for umatchlen/wmatchlen: keep track of the number of
-	  characters in a bracket expression as the value to increase
-	  matchlen by if the bracket expression is not well-formed.  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Clark Wang <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- change expand_string_for_rhs so that it sets the W_NOSPLIT2 flag
-	  in the word flags.  We will not perform word splitting or quote
-	  removal on the result, so we do not want to add quoted nulls if
-	  we see "" or ''.  Fixes bug reported by Mike Frysinger
-	  <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-				   2/19
-				   ----
-variables.c
-	- new function, int chkexport(name), checks whether variable NAME is
-	  exported and remakes the export environment if necessary.  Returns
-	  1 if NAME is exported and 0 if not
-	- call chkexport(name) to get tzset to look at the right variable in
-	  the environment when modifying TZ in sv_tz.  Don't call tzset if
-	  chkexport doesn't indicate that the variable is exported
-
-variables.h
-	- new extern declaration for chkexport
-
-
-{parse.y,builtins/printf.def}
-	- call sv_tz before calling localtime() when formatting time strings
-	  in prompt strings or using printf.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Dennis Williamson <dennistwilliamson@gmail.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- modify fix of 2/9 to add casts when those variables are passed to
-	  functions; some compilers throw errors instead of warnings.  Report
-	  and fix from Joachim Schmitz <jojo@schmitz-digital.de>
-
-support/shobj-conf
-	- add a stanza for nsk on the Tandem from Joachim Schmitz
-	  <jojo@schmitz-digital.de>
-
-{shell,lib/readline/shell}.c
-	- Tandem systems should use getpwnam (getlogin()); for some reason
-	  they don't do well with using getuid().  Fix from Joachim Schmitz
-	  <jojo@schmitz-digital.de>
-
-				    3/1
-				    ---
-variables.c
-	- make sure that the return value from find_variable is non-null
-	  before trying to use it in chkexport.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Evangelos Foutras <foutrelis@gmail.com>
-
-				    3/3
-				    ---
-parse.y
-	- when adding $$ to the current token buffer in read_token_word(),
-	  don't xmalloc a buffer for two characters and then strcpy it, just
-	  copy the characters directly into the token buffer.  Fix from
-	  Michael Whitten <mfwitten@gmail.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- fix expand_word_unsplit to add the W_NOSPLIT2 flag to the word to
-	  be expanded, so "" doesn't add CTLNUL.  Similar to fix of 2/18 to
-	  expand_string_for_rhs.  Fixes bug reported by Nathanael D. Noblet
-	  <nathanael@gnat.ca> and Matthias Klose <doko@debian.org>
-
-parse.y
-	- fix extended_glob case of read_token_word to allocate an extra
-	  space in the buffer for the next character read after the extended
-	  glob specification if it's a CTLESC or CTLNUL.  Report and fix from
-	  Michael Witten <mfwitten@gmail.com>
-	- fix shell expansions case of read_token_word to allocate an extra
-	  space in the buffer for the next character read after the shell
-	  expansion if it's a CTLESC or CTLNUL.  Report and fix from
-	  Michael Witten <mfwitten@gmail.com>
-	- TENTATIVE: fix read_token_word to reduce the amount of buffer space
-	  required to hold the translated and double-quoted value of $"..."
-	  strings.  Report and fix from Michael Witten <mfwitten@gmail.com>
-	- change code around got_character and got_escaped_character labels to
-	  make sure that we call RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER before adding the
-	  CTLESC before a CTLESC or CTLNUL, and before adding the character if
-	  we're not adding a CTLESC.  Report and fix from
-	  Michael Witten <mfwitten@gmail.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- new param flags value, PF_ASSIGNRHS, mirrors W_ASSIGNRHS, noting that
-	  parameter expansion is on rhs of assignment statement.  That inhibits
-	  word splitting
-	- change param_expand to call string_list_dollar_at with quoted == 1
-	  if PF_ASSIGNRHS is set, so it will quote IFS characters in the
-	  positional parameter before separating them with the first char of
-	  $IFS.  This keeps the rhs from being split inappropriately.  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Andres Perera <andres.p@zoho.com>
-
-				    3/4
-				    ---
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- add a missing free of `names' in rl_function_dumper.  Bug report
-	  and fix from Michael Snyder <msnyder@vmware.com>
-
-				    3/5
-				    ---
-lib/readline/rltty.c
-	- change rl_deprep_terminal so it uses fileno (stdin) for the tty fd
-	  if rl_instream is not set, like rl_prep_terminal
-
-				    3/6
-				    ---
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- fix rl_message to use a dynamically-allocated buffer instead of a
-	  fixed-size buffer of 128 chars for the `local message prompt'.  Bug
-	  report and fix from Micah Cowan <micah@cowan.name>
-
-				    3/7
-				    ---
-jobs.c
-	- add sentinel to wait_sigint_handler so it only sets wait_sigint_received
-	  if waiting_for_child is non-zero; otherwise, it restores the old
-	  SIGINT handler and sends itself the SIGINT
-	- set waiting_for_child around the calls to waitchld that use it to
-	  synchronously wait for a process
-	- change logic that decides whether or not the child process blocked
-	  or handled SIGINT based on whether or not waitpid returns -1/EINTR
-	  and the shell receives a SIGINT and the child does not exit.  If
-	  the child later exits due to SIGINT, cancel the assumoption that it
-	  was handled
-	- instead of testing whether or not the child exited due to SIGINT
-	  when deciding whether the shell should act on a SIGINT it received
-	  while waiting, test whether or not we think the child caught
-	  SIGINT.  If it did, we let it go (unless the shell has it trapped);
-	  if it did not catch it, the shell acts on the SIGINT.  Fix from
-	  Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>, bug report originally
-	  from Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
-
-				    3/8
-				    ---
-shell.c
-	- initialize no_line_editing to 1 if READLINE is not defined -- we
-	  can't have line editing without readline
-
-				   3/12
-				   ----
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- add SIGHUP to the set of signals readline handles
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
-	- document that SIGHUP is now part of the set of signals readline
-	  handles
-
-lib/readline/input.c
-	- if _rl_caught_signal indicates that read() was interrupted by a
-	  SIGHUP or SIGTERM, return READERR or EOF as appropriate
-	- call rl_event_hook, if it's set, if call to read in rl_getc
-	  returns -1/EINTR.  If rl_event_hook doesn't do anything, this
-	  continues the loop as before.  This handles the other fatal
-	  signals
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- add a couple of QUIT; calls to execute_disk_command and
-	  execute_simple_command to improve responsiveness to interrupts
-	  and fatal signals
-
-input.c
-	- rearrange getc_with_restart so that the return values from read()
-	  are handled right
-
-parse.y
-	- don't need to set terminate_immediately in yy_stream_get, since
-	  getc_with_restart checks for terminating signals itself
-	- since readline returns READERR on SIGHUP or SIGTERM, don't need
-	  to set terminate_immediately.  Still doesn't handle other
-	  signals well -- will have to check that some more
-
-bashline.c
-	- new function, bash_event_hook, for rl_event_hook.  Just checks for
-	  terminating signals and acts on them using CHECK_TERMSIG.
-	- set rl_event_hook to bash_event_hook
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- take out setting terminate_immediately; add calls to CHECK_TERMSIG
-	  after read calls
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- move the text describing the effect of negative subscripts used to
-	  reference indexed array elements to the paragraphs describing
-	  ${parameter[subscript]}, since that's where they are implemented.
-	  Pointed out by Christopher F. A. Johnson <cfajohnson@gmail.com>
-
-arrayfunc.[ch],subst.c
-	- array_expand_index now takes a new first argument: a SHELL_VAR *
-	  of the array variable being subscripted.  Can be used later to fully
-	  implement negative subscripts
-
-				   3/14
-				   ----
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- fix mbskipname to not turn the directory entry name into a wide char
-	  string if the conversion of the pattern to a wide char string fails
-	- fix mbskipname to call skipname if either the pattern or the filename
-	  can't be converted into a wide-char string
-
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
-	- fix xdupmbstowcs2 to handle return value of 0 from mbsnrtowcs and
-	  short-circuit with failure in that case.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Roman Rakus <rrakus@redhat.com>
-
-				   3/15
-				   ----
-bashline.c
-	- new variable, bash_filename_quote_characters to store the value
-	  assigned to rl_filename_quote_characters so it can be restored
-	  if changed.
-	- change bashline_reset and attempt_shell_completion to restore
-	  rl_filename_quote_characters if not set to default
-
-				   3/22
-				   ----
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- wdequote_pathname falls back to udequote_pathname if xdupmbstowcs
-	  fails to convert the pathname to a wide-character string
-
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
-	- xdupmbstowcs2: change to fix problem with leading '\\' (results in
-	  nms == 0, which causes it to short-circuit with failure right
-	  away).  Fixes bug pointed out by Werner Fink <werner@suse.de>
-	- xdupmbstowcs2: compensate for mbsnrtowcs returning 0 by taking the
-	  next single-byte character and going on
-	- xdupmbstowcs2: change memory allocation to increase by WSBUF_INC
-	  bytes; try to avoid calls to realloc (even if they don't actually
-	  result in more memory being allocated)
-
-				   3/24
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- slightly modify BASH_SUBSHELL description based on complaint from
-	  Sam Liddicott <sam@liddicott.com>
-
-				   3/25
-				   ----
-trap.c
-	- change free_trap_strings to not call free_trap_string for signals
-	  that are being ignored, like reset_or_restore_signal_handlers.
-	  Fixes bug reported by Satoshi Takahashi <blue3waters@gmail.com>
-
-				   3/26
-				   ----
-lib/readline/rltypedefs.h
-	- remove old Function/VFunction/CPFunction/CPPFunction typedefs as
-	  suggested by Tom Tromey <tromey@redhat.com>
-
-lib/readline/rlstdc.h
-	- move defines for USE_VARARGS/PREFER_STDARG/PREFER_VARARGS from
-	  config.h.in to here because declaration of rl_message in
-	  readline.h uses the defines.  This makes it hard for another packages
-	  to use after the header files are installed, since config.h is not
-	  one of the installed files.  Suggested by Tom Tromey
-	  <tromey@redhat.com>
-
-				   3/27
-				   ----
-print_cmd.c
-	- change indirection_string from a static buffer to a dynamic one
-	  managed by indirection_level_string(), so we don't end up truncating
-	  PS4.  Suggested by Dennis Williamson <dennistwilliamson@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/shell.c
-	- change sh_set_lines_and_columns to use static buffers instead of
-	  allocating the buffers to pass to setenv/putenv
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
-	- change _rl_get_screen_size to not call sh_set_lines_and_columns if
-	  ignore_env == 0
-	- _rl_sigwinch_resize_terminal: new function to just retrieve terminal
-	  size, ignoring environment
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- new external declaration for _rl_sigwinch_resize_terminal() (currently
-	  unused)
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- rl_sigwinch_handler: set _rl_caught_signal to SIGWINCH
-	- rl_sigwinch_handler: don't immediately call rl_resize_terminal; just
-	  leave _rl_caught_signal set for RL_CHECK_SIGNALS to handle
-	- _rl_signal_handler: call rl_resize_terminal if sig == SIGWINCH.
-	  Should fix hang when sending multiple repeated SIGWINCH reported by
-	  Henning Bekel <h.bekel@googlemail.com>
-
-				   3/29
-				   ----
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
-	- include math.h for any defines for isinf/isnan
-	- use code from gnulib documentation to implement isinf/isnan if they
-	  are not defined
-
-configure.in
-	- don't check for isinf or isnan; c99 says they're macros anyway
-
-config.h.in
-	- remove defines for ISINF_IN_LIBC and ISNAN_IN_LIBC, no longer used
-	  by snprintf.c
-
-				    4/2
-				    ---
-braces.c
-	- brace_gobbler: fix to understand double-quoted command substitution,
-	  since the shell understands unquoted comsubs.  Fixes bug reported
-	  by Michael Whitten <mfwitten@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- include <pc.h> on MDOS
-	- get and set screen size using DJGPP-specific calls on MSDOS
-	- move cursor up clear screen using DJGPP-specific calls
-	- don't call tputs on DJGPP; there is no good terminfo support
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
-	- include <pc.h> on MDOS
-	- get and set screen size using DJGPP-specific calls on MSDOS
-	- use DJGPP-specific initialization on MSDOS, zeroing all the
-	  _rl_term_* variables
-	- don't call tputs on DJGPP; there is no good terminfo support
-	  DJGPP support from Eli Zaretskii  <eliz@gnu.org>
-
-				    4/6
-				    ---
-
-config-top.h
-	- change DEFAULT_PATH_VALUE to something more useful and modern
-
-				    4/8
-				    ---
-tests/printf2.sub
-	- make sure LC_ALL and LC_CTYPE are set so LANG assignment takes effect.
-	  Reported by Cedric Arbogast <arbogast.cedric@gmail.com>
-
-				   4/11
-				   ----
-include/chartypes.h
-	- fix a couple of dicey defines (though ones that don't cause any
-	  compiler warnings) in IN_CTYPE_DOMAIN
-
-doc/{bashref.texi,bash.1}
-	- add note referring to duplicating file descriptors in sections
-	  describing redirecting stdout and stderr and appending to stdout
-	  and stderr.  Suggested by Matthew Dinger <mdinger.bugzilla@gmail.com>
-
-pcomplete.c
-	- it_init_helptopics: new function to support completing on help topics,
-	  not just builtins
-	- it_helptopics: new programmable completion list of help topics
-	- build list of helptopic completions in gen_action_completions on
-	  demand
-
-pcomplete.h
-	- new extern declaration for it_helptopics
-
-builtins/complete.def
-	- the `helptopic' action now maps to CA_HELPTOPIC intead of CA_BUILTIN,
-	  since there are more help topics than just builtins.  Suggested by
-	  Clark Wang <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-				   4/12
-				   ----
-print_cmd.c
-	- fix print_arith_for_command to add a call to PRINT_DEFERRED_HEREDOCS
-	  before ending the body of the command, so heredocs get attached to
-	  the right command instead of to the loop.  From gentoo bug 363371
-	  http://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=363371
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- change coproc_pidchk to unset the appropriate shell variables when
-	  the (currently single) known coproc pid terminates
-	- cleanup and new functions to fully support multiple coprocesses when
-	  and if I decide to go there
-
-				   4/13
-				   ----
-print_cmd.c
-	- fix print_group_command to add a call to PRINT_DEFERRED_HEREDOCS
-	  after call to make_command_string_internal before printing closing
-	  `}'
-	- fix make_command_string_internal to add a call to
-	  PRINT_DEFERRED_HEREDOCS after recursive call to
-	  make_command_string_internal in case cm_subshell before printing
-	  closing `)'
-
-				   4/14
-				   ----
-print_cmd.c
-	- change overlapping strcpy in named_function_string to memmove
-
-sig.h
-	- UNBLOCK_SIGNAL: convenience define, same as UNBLOCK_CHILD, just
-	  restores an old signal mask
-
-trap.c
-	- set_signal: instead of setting the signal handler to SIG_IGN while
-	  installing the new trap handler, block the signal and unblock it
-	  after the new handler is installed.  Fixes bug reported by Roman
-	  Rakus <rrakus@redhat.com>
-
-				   4/15
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- make it clear that enabling monitor mode means that all jobs run in
-	  separate process groups
-
-				   4/18
-				   ----
-builtins/fc.def
-	- update fix of 4/15/2010 to not take saved_command_line_count into
-	  account when stepping down the history list to make sure that
-	  last_hist indexes something that is valid.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  <piuma@piumalab.org>
-
-				   4/19
-				   ----
-builtins/fc.def
-	- fc_gethnum: make sure the calculation to decide the last history
-	  entry is exactly the same as fc_builtin.  Fixes bug uncovered by
-	  fix of 4/18 to stop seg fault
-
-				   4/22
-				   ----
-lib/readline/terminal.c
-	- change _rl_enable_meta_key to set a flag indicating that it sent the
-	  enable-meta sequence
-	- _rl_disable_meta_key: new function to turn off meta mode after we
-	  turned it on with _rl_enable_meta_key
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- extern declaration for _rl_disable_meta_key
-
-configure.in
-	- if not cross-compiling, set CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD from any CFLAGS inherited
-	  from the environment.  Fixes HP/UX build problem reported by
-	  "Daniel Richard G." <skunk@iSKUNK.ORG>
-
-				   4/26
-				   ----
-config-top.h
-	- define MULTIPLE_COPROCS to 0 so the code is still disabled but easy
-	  to enable via configure option or editing this file
-
-				   4/29
-				   ----
-lib/sh/eaccess.c
-	- freebsd provides faccessat, with the same misfeature as their eaccess
-	  and access implementations (X_OK returns true for uid==0 regardless
-	  of the actual file permissions), so reorganize code to check the
-	  file permissions as with eaccess.  Report and fix from Johan Hattne
-	  <johan.hattne@utsouthwestern.edu>
-
-				    5/2
-				    ---
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- add forward reference to `Pattern Matching' from `Pathname
-	  Expansion', suggested by Greg Wooledge <wooledg@eeg.ccf.org>
-
-				    5/5
-				    ---
-pcomplib.c
-	- the bash_completion project now distributes over 200 completions
-	  for various programs, with no end in sight, so increase the value
-	  of COMPLETE_HASH_BUCKETS from 32 to 128
-
-pathexp.c
-	- quote_string_for_globbing: make sure CTLESC quoting CTLESC is
-	  translated into \<CTLESC> even if the flags include QGLOB_REGEXP.
-	  We don't want to process the second CTLESC as a quote character.
-	  Fixes bug reported by Shawn Bohrer <sbohrer@rgmadvisors.com>
-
-				    5/6
-				    ---
-builtins/printf.def
-	- change PRETURN to not call fflush if ferror(stdout) is true
-	- if a call to one of the stdio functions or printstr leaves
-	  ferror(stdout) true, and PRETURN is going to be called, let PRETURN
-	  print the error message rather than doubling up the messages.  Fixes
-	  problem reported by Roman Rakus <rrakus@redhat.com>
-
-				    5/9
-				    ---
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- add note to the effect that lists inside compound command can be
-	  terminated by newlines as well as semicolons.  Suggested by
-	  Roman Byshko <rbyshko@gmail.com>
-
-				   5/10
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- remove_quoted_nulls: fix problem that caused it to skip over the
-	  character after a CTLNUL, which had the effect of skipping every
-	  other of a series of CTLNULs.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Marten Wikstrom <marten.wikstrom@keystream.se>
-
-				   5/11
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- extract_process_subst: add SX_COMMAND flag to call to
-	  extract_delimited_string, since we're expanding the same sort of
-	  command as command substitution.  Fixes bug reported in Ubuntu
-	  bug 779848
-
-				   5/12
-				   ----
-configure.in
-	- set the prefer_shared and prefer_static variables appropriately
-	  depending on the value of $opt_static_link
-
-aclocal.m4
-	- AC_LIB_LINKFLAGS_BODY: change to not prefer shared versions of the
-	  libraries it's searching for if the prefer_shared variable is "no".
-	  Fixes problem reported by Cedric Arbogast <arbogast.cedric@gmail.com>
-
-				   5/13
-				   ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_internal_teardown: add call to _rl_disable_meta_key to make the
-	  meta key active only for the duration of the call to readline()
-	- _rl_internal_setup: move call to _rl_enable_meta_key here from
-	  readline_initialize_everything so the meta key is active only for
-	  the duration of the call to readline().  Suggestion from Miroslav
-	  Lichvar <mlichvar@redhat.com>
-
-builtins/help.def
-	- help_builtin: change strncmp to strcmp so that `help read' no longer
-	  matches `readonly'.  Suggested by Clark Wang <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-config.h.in
-	- add define for GLIBC21, checked using jm_GLIBC21 as part of the tests
-	  for libintl
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
-	- internal_free: don't use the cached value of memtop when deciding
-	  whether or not to adjust the break and give memory back to the kernel
-	  when using the GNU C library, since glibc uses sbrk for its own
-	  internal purposes.  From Debian bug 614815, reported by Samuel
-	  Thibault <samuel.thibault@gnu.org>
-
-aclocal.m4
-	- BASH_STRUCT_WEXITSTATUS_OFFSET: change AC_RUN_IFELSE to AC_TRY_RUN
-	  to avoid warning about not using AC_LANG_SOURCE
-
-				   5/14
-				   ----
-bashline.[ch]
-	- two new functions, bashline_set_event_hook and bashline_reset_event_hook,
-	  to set rl_event_hook to bash_event_hook and back to NULL, respectively
-	- don't set rl_event_hook unconditionally
-
-sig.c
-	- termsig_sighandler: if the shell is currently interactive and
-	  readline is active, call bashline_set_event_hook to cause
-	  termsig_handler to be called via bash_event_hook when the shell
-	  returns from the signal handler
-
-				   5/15
-				   ----
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- _rl_col_width: Mac OS X has a bug in wcwidth: it does not return 0
-	  for UTF-8 combining characters.  Added workaround dependent on
-	  MACOSX.  Fixes problem pointed out by Thomas De Contes
-	  <d.l.tDecontes@free.fr>
-
-				   5/16
-				   ----
-lib/readline/rlmbutil.h
-	- WCWIDTH: wrapper for wcwidth that returns 0 for Unicode combining
-	  characters on systems where wcwidth is broken (e.g., Mac OS X).
-
-lib/readline/{complete,display,mbutil}.c
-	- use WCWIDTH instead of wcwidth
-
-				   5/17
-				   ----
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- update_line: after computing ofd and nfd, see whether the next
-	  character in ofd is a zero-width combining character.  If it is,
-	  back ofd and nfd up one, so the base characters no longer compare
-	  as equivalent.  Fixes problem reported by Keith Winstein
-	  <keithw@mit.edu>
-
-lib/readline/nls.c
-	- _rl_utf8locale: new flag variable, set to non-zero if the current
-	  locale is UTF-8
-	- utf8locale(): new function, returns 1 if the passed lspec (or the
-	  current locale) indicates that the locale is UTF-8.  Called from
-	  _rl_init_eightbit
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- extern declaration for _rl_utf8locale
-
-locale.c
-	- locale_utf8locale: new flag variable, set to non-zero if the current
-	  locale is UTF-8 (currently unused)
-	- locale_isutf8(): new function, returns 1 if the passed lspec (or the
-	  current locale) indicates that the locale is UTF-8.  Should be called
-	  whenever the locale or LC_CTYPE value is modified
-
-aclocal.m4
-	- BASH_WCWIDTH_BROKEN: new test for whether or not wcwidth returns
-	  zero-width characters like unicode combining characters as having
-	  display length 1; define WCWIDTH_BROKEN in this case
-
-config.h.in
-	- WCWIDTH_BROKEN: new define
-
-lib/readline/rlmbutil.h
-	- change WCWIDTH macro to use _rl_utf8locale and the full range of
-	  Unicode combining characters (U+0300-U+036F)
-
-				   5/19
-				   ----
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_search_context: new member, prevc, will hold character read
-	  prior to lastc
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: if the character causes us to index into
-	  another keymap, save that character in cxt->prevc
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: if we index into another keymap, but don't
-	  find a function that's special to i-search, and the character that
-	  caused us to index into that keymap would have terminated the
-	  search, push back cxt->prevc and cxt->lastc to make it appear as
-	  if `prevc' terminated the search, and execute lastc as a command.
-	  We have to push prevc back so we index into the same keymap before
-	  we read lastc.  Fixes bug report from Davor Cubranic
-	  <cubranic@stat.ubc.ca>
-
-				   5/20
-				   ----
-expr.c
-	- expr_bind_variable: pay attention to the return value from
-	  bind_variable and check whether or not we should error out due to
-	  a readonly or noassign variable.  Fixes bug reported by Eric
-	  Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
-
-				   5/26
-				   ----
-
-lib/readline/search.c
-	- include histlib.h for ANCHORED_SEARCH defines
-	- rl_history_search_flags: new variable, holds ANCHORED_SEARCH flag for
-	  the duration of a history search
-	- rl_history_search_reinit: takes a new flags variable, defines whether
-	  or not the search is anchored; assigned to rl_history_search_flags
-	- rl_history_serarch_reinit: if ANCHORED_SEARCH flag passed, add ^ to
-	  beginning of search string; otherwise search string is unmodified
-	- rl_history_search_internal: set rl_point appropriately based on
-	  whether or not rl_history_search_flags includes ANCHORED_SEARCH
-	- rl_history_substr_search_forward: new function, for non-anchored
-	  substring search forward through history for string of characters
-	  preceding rl_point
-	- rl_history_substr_search_backward: new function, for non-anchored
-	  substring search backward through history for string of characters
-	  preceding rl_point.  Original code from Niraj Kulkarni
-	  <kulkarniniraj14@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
-	- extern declarations for rl_history_substr_search_{for,back}ward
-
-lib/readline/funmap.c
-	- history-substring-search-forward: new bindable command, invokes
-	  rl_history_substr_search_forward
-	- history-substring-search-backward: new bindable command, invokes
-	  rl_history_substr_search_backward
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texi,readline.3}
-	- document history-substring-search-forward and
-	  history-substring-search-backward
-
-				   5/27
-				   ----
-{nojobs,jobs}.c
-	- add support for DONT_REPORT_SIGTERM so that the shell doesn't print
-	  a message when a job exits due to SIGTERM since that's the default
-	  signal sent by the kill builtin.  Suggested by Marc Herbert
-	  <mark.herbert@gmail.com>
-
-config-top.h
-	- DONT_REPORT_SIGTERM: new user-modifiable setting.  Commented out
-	  by default
-
-				   5/28
-				   ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- _rl_skip_to_delim: skip to a closing double quote or other delimiter,
-	  allowing backslash to quote any character, including the delimiter
-	- rl_parse_and_bind: call _rl_skip_to_delim instead of using inline
-	  code
-	- rl_parse_and_bind: allow quoted strings as the values of string
-	  variables.  Variable values without double quotes have trailing
-	  whitespace removed (which still allows embedded whitespace, for
-	  better or worse).  Fixes problem with string variables not matching
-	  in `set' command if values happen to have trailing spaces or tabs
-	  (debian bash bug #602762), but introduces slight incompatibility.
-
-				   5/29
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- clarify unset description to specify that without options, a
-	  variable, then a shell function if there is no variable by that
-	  name, is unset.  Fixes discrepancy reported by Mu Qiao
-	  <qiaomuf@gentoo.org>
-
-				   6/4
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- clarify description of LINES and COLUMNS (and checkwinsize shopt
-	  option) to make it clear that only interactive shells set a
-	  handler for SIGWINCH and update LINES and COLUMNS.  Original
-	  report submitted by Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- expand_compound_array_assignment: defer expansion of words between
-	  parens when performing compound assignmnt to an associative array
-	  variable
-	- assign_compound_array_list: perform the same expansions when doing
-	  a compound array assignment to an associative array variable as
-	  when doing a straight array index assignment.  The idea is that
-	  	foo=( [ind1]=bar [ind2]=quux)
-	  is the same as
-		foo[ind1]=bar ; foo[ind2]=quux
-
-	  This fixes problems with double-expansion and quote removal being
-	  performed on the array indices
-
-				   6/13
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- Add a little text to make it clear that the locale determines how
-	  range expressions in glob patterns are handled.
-
-
-				   6/21
-				   ----
-builtins/read.def
-	- display a message and return error status if -a is used with an
-	  existing associative array.  Fixes bug reported by Curtis Doty
-	  <curtis@greenkey.net>
-
-				   6/24
-				   ----
-{jobs,nojobs}.c
-	- non-interactive shells now react to the setting of checkwinsize
-	  and set LINES and COLUMNS after a foreground job exits.  From a
-	  suggestion by Leslie Rhorer <lrhorer@satx.rr.com>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- checkwinsize: remove language saying that only interactive shells
-	  check the window size after each command
-
-lib/readline/histfile.c
-	- history_backupfile: new file, creates a backup history file name
-	  given a filename (appending `-')
-	- history_do_write: when overwriting the history file, back it up
-	  before writing.  Restore backup file on a write error.  Suggested
-	  by chkno@chkno.net
-
-bashline.c
-	- find_cmd_name: two new arguments, return the start and end of the
-	  actual text string used to find the command name, without taking
-	  whitespace into account
-	- attempt_shell_completion: small changes to make sure that completion
-	  attempted at the beginning of a non-empty line does not find a
-	  programmable completion, even if the command name starts at point
-	- attempt_shell_completion: small change to make sure that completion
-	  does not find a progcomp when in whitespace before the command
-	  name
-	- attempt_shell_completion: small change to make sure that completion
-	  does not find a progcomp when point is at the first character of a
-	  command name, even when there is leading whitespace (similar to
-	  above).  Fixes problems noted by Ville Skytta <ville.skytta@iki.fi>
-
-subst.c
-	- brace_expand_word_list: since the individual strings in the strvec
-	  returned by brace_expand are already allocated, don't copy them to
-	  newly-allocated memory when building the WORD_LIST, just use them
-	  intact
-
-locale.c
-	- locale_mb_cur_max: cache value of MB_CUR_MAX when we set or change
-	  the locale to avoid a function call every time we need to read it
-
-shell.h
-	- new struct to save shell_input_line and associated variables:
-	  shell_input_line_state_t
-	- add members of sh_parser_state_t to save and restore token and the
-	  size of the token buffer
-
-parse.y
-	- {save,restore}_input_line_state: new functions to save and restore
-	  shell_input_line and associated variables
-	- {save,restore}_parser_state: add code to save and restore the token
-	  and token buffer size
-	- xparse_dolparen: call save_ and restore_input_line_state to avoid
-	  problems with overwriting shell_input_line when we recursively
-	  call the parser to parse a command substitution.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Rui Santos <rsantos@grupopie.com>
-
-include/shmbutil.h
-	- use locale_mb_cur_max instead of MB_CUR_MAX in ADVANCE_CHAR and
-	  similar macros
-
-lib/glob/smatch.c
-	- rangecmp,rangecmp_wc: change to take an additional argument, which
-	  forces the use of strcoll/wscoll when non-zero.  If it's 0, a new
-	  variable `glob_asciirange' controls whether or not we use strcoll/
-	  wscoll.  If glob_asciirange is non-zero, we use straight
-	  C-locale-like ordering. Suggested by  Aharon Robbins
-	  <arnold@skeeve.com>
-
-				   6/30
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_pipeline: make sure the lastpipe code is protected by
-	  #ifdef JOB_CONTROL.  Fixes problem reported by Thomas Cort
-	  <tcort@minix3.org>
-
-				    7/2
-				    ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- EXPERIMENTAL: remove setting of _rl_interrupt_immediately around
-	  completion functions that touch the file system.  Idea from Jan
-	  Kratochvil <jan.ktratochvil@redhat.com> and the GDB development
-	  team
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- rl_signal_handler: if we're in callback mode, don't interrupt
-	  immediately on a SIGWINCH
-
-				    7/3
-				    ---
-bashline.c
-	- set_directory_hook: and its siblings are a new set of functions to
-	  set, save, and restore the appropriate directory completion hook
-	- change callers to use {set,save,restore}_directory_hook instead of
-	  manipulating rl_directory_rewrite_hook directly
-	- dircomplete_expand: new variable, defaults to 0, if non-zero causes
-	  directory names to be word-expanded during word and filename
-	  completion
-	- change {set,save,restore}_directory_hook to look at dircomplete_expand
-	  and change rl_directory_completion_hook or rl_directory_rewrite_hook
-	  appropriately
-
-bashline.h
-	- extern declaration for set_directory_hook so shopt code can use it
-
-				    7/6
-				    ---
-builtins/shopt.def
-	- globasciiranges: new settable shopt option, makes glob ranges act
-	  as if in the C locale (so b no longer comes between A and B).
-	  Suggested by Aharon Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
-
-				    7/7
-				    ---
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new `globasciiranges' shopt option
-
-				    7/8
-				    ---
-builtins/shopt.def
-	- direxpand: new settable option, makes filename completion expand
-	  variables in directory names like bash-4.1 did.
-	- shopt_set_complete_direxpand: new function, does the work for the
-	  above by calling set_directory_hook
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new `direxpand' shopt option
-
-				   7/15
-				   ----
-lib/readline/isearch.c
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: when adding character to search string, use
-	  cxt->lastc (which we use in the switch statement) instead of c,
-	  since lastc can be modified earlier in the function
-
-				   7/18
-				   ----
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_search_context: add another member to save previous value of
-	  (multibyte) lastc: pmb is to mb as prevc is to lastc
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c:
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: if a key sequence indexes into a new keymap,
-	  but doesn't find any bound function (k[ind].function == 0) or is
-	  bound to self-insert (k[ind].function == rl_insert), back up and
-	  insert the previous character (the one that caused the index into a
-	  new keymap) and arrange things so the current character is the next
-	  one read, so both of them end up in the search string.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Clark Wang <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: a couple of efficiency improvements when adding
-	  characters to the isearch string
-
-				   7/24
-				   ----
-lib/readline/isearch.c
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: save and restore cxt->mb and cxt->pmb
-	  appropriately when in a multibyte locale
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- correct description of {x}>file (and other redirection operators
-	  that allocate a file descriptor) to note the the fd range is
-	  greater than or equal to 10.  Fixes problem reported by
-	  Christian Ullrich 
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- rl_signal_handler: don't interrupt immediately if in callback mode
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
-	- rl_callback_read_char: install signal handlers only when readline
-	  has control in callback mode, so readline's signal handlers aren't
-	  called when the application is active (e.g., between the calls to
-	  rl_callback_handler_install and rl_callback_read_char).  If the
-	  readline signal handlers only set a flag, which the application
-	  doesn't know about, the signals will effectively be ignored until
-	  the next time the application calls into the readline callback
-	  interface.  Fixes problem of calling unsafe functions from signal
-	  handlers when in callback mode reported by Jan Kratochvil
-	  <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- fix_assignment_words: when in Posix mode, the `command' builtin
-	  doesn't change whether or not the command name it protects is an
-	  assignment builtin.  One or more instances of `command'
-	  preceding `export', for instance, doesn't make `export' treat its
-	  assignment statement arguments differently.  Posix interpretation
-	  #351
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new Posix-mode behavior of `command' when preceding builtins
-	  that take assignment statements as arguments
-
-builtins/printf.def
-	- printstr: if fieldwidth or precision are < 0 or > INT_MAX when
-	  supplied explicitly (since we take care of the `-' separately),
-	  clamp at INT_MAX like when using getint().  Fixes issue reported
-	  by Ralph Coredroy <ralph@inputplus.co.uk>
-
-				   7/25
-				   ----
-lib/readline/chardefs.h
-	- isxdigit: don't define if compiling with c++; declared as a c++
-	  template function.  Fixes bug reported by Miroslav Lichvar
-	  <mlichvar@redhat.com>
-
-builtins/printf.def
-	- getint: if garglist == 0, return whatever getintmax returns (0).
-	  Fixes bug reported  by Ralph Coredroy <ralph@inputplus.co.uk>
-
-				   7/28
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- minor changes to the descriptions of the cd and pushd builtins
-
-lib/sh/zread.c
-	- zsyncfd: change variable holding return value from lseek to
-	  off_t.  Bug report and fix from Gregory Margo <gmargo@pacbell.net>
-
-				    8/1
-				    ---
-expr.c
-	- don't check for division by 0 when in a context where no evaluation
-	  is taking place.  Fixes bug reported by dnade.ext@orange-ftgroup.com
-
-				    8/6
-				    ---
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: the parent branch of the subshell code
-	  (where the child calls execute_in_subshell) should not close all
-	  open FIFOs with unlink_fifo_list if it's part of a shell function
-	  that's still executing.  Fixes bug reported by Maarten Billemont
-	  <lhunath@lyndir.com>
-
-				    8/9
-				    ---
-builtins/common.c
-	- get_exitstat: return EX_BADUSAGE (2) on a non-numeric argument
-
-builtins/return.def
-	- return_builtin: just call get_exitstat to get the return status,
-	  let it handle proper parsing and handling of arguments.  Fixes
-	  issue most recently raised by Linda Walsh <bash@tlinx.org>.
-	  Reverses change from 9/11/2008 (see above)
-
-				   8/16
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- clean up `set -e' language to make it clearer that any failure of
-	  a compound command will cause the shell to exit, not just subshells
-	  and brace commands
-
-				   8/17
-				   ----
-configure.in
-	- make the various XXX_FOR_BUILD variables `precious' to autoconf to
-	  avoid stale data
-	- change how CC_FOR_BUILD is initialized when cross-compiling and not,
-	  but do not change behavior
-	- initialize CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD to -g when cross-compiling
-	- initialize LIBS_FOR_BUILD to $(LIBS) when not cross-compiling, empty
-	  when cross-compiling
-	- create AUTO_CFLAGS variable to hold basic CFLAGS defaults; used when
-	  CFLAGS not inherited from environment (like effect of old
-	  auto_cflags variable)
-	- substitute LIBS_FOR_BUILD into output Makefiles
-	  [changes inspired by bug report from Nathan Phillip Brink
-	  <ohnobinki@ohnopublishing.net> -- gentoo bug 378941]
-
-builtins/Makefile.in	
-	- substitute LIBS_FOR_BUILD from configure, not strictly initialized
-	  to $(LIBS)
-
-				   8/27
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- minor changes to the here string description to clarify the
-	  expansions performed on the word
-
-support/shobj-conf
-	- handle compilation on Lion (Mac OS X 10.7/darwin11) with changes
-	  to darwin stanzas.  Fixes readline bug reported by Vincent
-	  Sheffer <vince.sheffer@apisphere.com>
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
-	- ansic_wshouldquote: check a string with multi-byte characters for
-	  characters that needs to be backslash-octal escaped for $'...'
-	- ansic_shouldquote: if is_basic fails for one character, let
-	  ansic_wshouldquote examine the rest of the string and return what
-	  it returns.  From a patch sent by Roman Rakus <rrakus@redhat.com>
-
-				   8/30
-				   ----
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
-	- ansic_quote: changes to quote (or not) multibyte characters.  New
-	  code converts them to wide characters and uses iswprint to check
-	  valid wide chars.  From a patch sent by Roman Rakus
-	  <rrakus@redhat.com>
-
-				    9/7
-				    ---
-lib/sh/shquote.c
-	- sh_backslash_quote: change to be table-driven so we can use a
-	  different table if we want to
-	- sh_backslash_quote: takes a second char table[256] argument;
-
-externs.h
-	- sh_backslash_quote: add second argument to function prototype
-
-bashline.c,braces.c,parse.y,builtins/printf.def
-	- change callers of sh_backslash_quote to add second argument
-
-bashline.c
-	- filename_bstab: table of characters to pass to sh_backslash_quote;
-	  characters with value 1 will be backslash-quoted
-	- set_filename_bstab: turn on characters in filename backslash-quote
-	  table according to passed string argument
-	- call set_filename_bstab every time rl_filename_quote_characters is
-	  assigned a value
-	- bash_quote_filename: call sh_backslash_quote with filename_bstab
-	  as second argument.  This allows other characters in filenames to
-	  be quoted without quoting, for instance, a dollar sign in a shell
-	  variable reference
-
-				    9/8
-				    ---
-bashline.c
-	- complete_fullquote: new variable, controls table passed to
-	  sh_backslash_quote.  If non-zero (the default), the standard set
-	  of shell metacharacters -- as in bash versions up to and including
-	  bash-4.2 -- gets backslash-quoted by the completion code.  If zero,
-	  sh_backslash_quote gets the table with the characters in the
-	  variable reference removed, which means they are removed from the
-	  set of characters to be quoted in filenames
-
-				   9/10
-				   ----
-bashline.c
-	- bash_filename_stat_hook: new function, designed to expand variable
-	  references in filenames before readline passes them to stat(2)
-	  to determine whether or not they are a directory
-
-				   9/15
-				   ----
-builtins/declare.def
-	- if assign_array_element fails due to a bad (or empty) subscript, mark
-	  it as an assignment error and don't attempt any further processing
-	  of that declaration.  Fixes segfault bug reported by Diego Augusto
-	  Molina <diegoaugustomolina@gmail.com>
-
-				   9/19
-				   ----
-expr.c
-	- exppower: replace the simple exponentiation algorithm with an
-	  implementation of exponentiation by squaring.  Inspired by report
-	  from Nicolas ARGYROU <nargy@yahoo.com>
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_quote_filename: check for rtext being non-null before
-	  dereferencing it
-	- set_saved_history: operate_and_get_next assumes that the previous
-	  line was added to the history, even when the history is stifled and
-	  at the max number of entries.  If it wasn't, make sure the history
-	  number is incremented properly.  Partial fix for bug reported by
-	  gregrwm <backuppc-users@whitleymott.net>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi},lib/readline/doc/{hsuser,rluser}.texi
-	- minor editorial changes inspired by suggestions from
-	  Roger Zauner <rogerx.oss@gmail.com>
-
-				   9/20
-				   ----
-lib/intl/localealias.c
-	- read_alias_file: close resource leak (fp) when returning on error
-
-				   9/22
-				   ----
-execute_command.c
-	- execute_intern_function: implement Posix interpretation 383 by making
-	  it an error to define a function with the same name as a special
-	  builtin when in Posix mode.
-	  http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=383#c692
-
-				   9/25
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- formatting and some content changes from Benno Schulenberg
-	  <bensberg@justemail.net>
-	- document new posix-mode behavior from interp 383 change of 9/22
-
-				   9/30
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- shell_execve: add strerror to error message about executable file
-	  that shell can't execute as a shell script.  From suggestion by
-	  daysleeper <daysleeper@centrum.cz>
-
-				   10/1
-				   ----
-bashhist.c
-	- maybe_add_history: act as if literal_history is set when parser_state
-	  includes PST_HEREDOC, so we save the bodies of here-documents just
-	  as they were entered.  Fixes bug reported by Jonathan Wakely
-	  <bugs@kayari.org>
-	- bash_add_history: make sure that the second and subsequent lines of
-	  a here document don't have extra newlines or other delimiting
-	  chars added, since they have the trailing newline preserved, when
-	  `lithist' is set and history_delimiting_chars isn't called
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: avoid fd exhaustion caused by using
-	  process substitution in loops inside shell functions by using
-	  copy_fifo_list and close_new_fifos ().  Fixes debian bash bug
-	  642504
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- new variable, rl_filename_stat_hook, used by append_to_match.  If
-	  filename completion is desired, and rl_filename_stat_hook points
-	  to a function, call that function to expand the filename in an
-	  application-specific way before calling stat.
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_default_completion: if variable completion returns a single
-	  match, use bash_filename_stat_hook and file_isdir to determine
-	  whether or not the variable name expands to a directory.  If it
-	  does, set the filename_append_character to `/'.  This is not
-	  perfect, so we will see how it works out.  Adds functionality
-	  requested by Peter Toft <pto@linuxbog.dk> and Patrick Pfeifer
-	  <patrick@pfeifer.de>
-	- rl_filename_stat_hook: assigned bash_filename_stat_hook, so things
-	  like $HOME/Downloads (after completion) have a slash appended.
-	  In general, this causes the stat hook to be called whenever
-	  filename completion is appended.  Adds functionality requested by
-	  Patrick Pfeifer <patrick@pfeifer.de>
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
-	- new extern declaration for rl_filename_stat_hook
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
-	- rl_directory_rewrite_hook: now documented
-	- rl_filename_stat_hook: document
-
-pcomplete.c
-	- gen_action_completions: in the CA_DIRECTORY case, turn off
-	  rl_filename_completion_desired if it was off before we called
-	  rl_filename_completion_function and we didn't get any matches.
-	  Having it on causes readline to quote the matches as if they
-	  were filenames.  Adds functionality requested by many,
-	  including Clark Wang <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-assoc.[ch]
-	- assoc_replace: new function, takes the same arguments as
-	  assoc_insert, but returns the old data instead of freeing it
-	- assoc_insert: if the object returned by hash_insert doesn't have
-	  the same value for its key as the key passed as an argument, we
-	  are overwriting an existing value.  In this case, we can free the
-	  key.  Fixes bug reported by David Parks <davidparks21@yahoo.com>
-
-				   10/5
-				   ----
-print_cmd.c
-	- indirection_level_string: small change to only re-enable `x'
-	  option after calling decode_prompt_string if it was on before.  In
-	  normal mode, it will be, but John Reiser <jreiser@bitwagon.com>
-	  has a novel use for that code in conjunction with a pre-loaded
-	  shared library that traces system call usage in shell scripts
-
-				   10/10
-				   -----
-Makefile.in
-	- Fix from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org> to avoid trying to
-	  build y.tab.c and y.tab.h with two separate runs of yacc if
-	  parse.y changes.  Problem with parallel makes
-	- Fix from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org> to avoid subdirectory
-	  builds each trying to make version.h (and all its dependencies)
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in
-	- remove some dependencies on version.h where it doesn't make sense
-
-variables.c
-	- initialize_shell_variables: while reading the environment, a shell
-	  running in posix mode now checks for SHELLOPTS being readonly (it
-	  gets set early on in main()) before trying to assign to it.  It
-	  saves an error message and the variable gets parsed as it should.
-	  Fixes bug reported by Len Giambrone <Len.Giambrone@intersystems.com>
-
-				   10/14
-				   -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- add to the "duplicating file descriptors" description that >&word
-	  doesn't redirect stdout and stderr if word expands to `-'
-	- add to the "appending standard output and standard error"
-	  description a note that >&word, where word is a number or `-',
-	  causes other redirection operators to apply for sh and Posix
-	  compatibility reasons.  Suggested by Greg Wooledge
-	  <wooledg@eeg.ccf.org>
-
-				   10/15
-				   -----
-pcomplete.c
-	- change pcomp_filename_completion_function to only run the filename
-	  dequoting function in the cases (as best as it can figure) where
-	  readline won't do it via rl_filename_completion_function.  Based
-	  on reports from <lolilolicon@gmail.com>
-
-				   10/19
-				   -----
-bashline.c
-	- attempt_shell_completion: add call to set_directory_hook() to make
-	  sure the rewrite functions are correct.  It's cheap and doesn't
-	  hurt
-	- command_word_completion_function: if completing a command name that
-	  starts with `.' or `..', temporarily suppress the effects of the
-	  `direxpand' option and restore the correct value after calling
-	  rl_filename_completion_function.  If it's enabled, the directory
-	  name will be rewritten and no longer match `./' or `../'.  Fixes
-	  problem reported by Michael Kalisz <michael@kalisz.homelinux.net>
-
-				   10/22
-				   -----
-builtins/history.def
-	- push_history: make sure remember_on_history is enabled before we
-	  try to delete the last history entry -- the `history -s' command
-	  might not have been saved.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  lester@vmw-les.eng.vmware.com
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- rl_callback_read_char: add calls to a macro CALLBACK_READ_RETURN
-	  instead of straight return; add same call at end of function.
-	  Placeholder for future work in deinstalling signal handlers when
-	  readline is not active
-
-				   10/25
-				   -----
-expr.c
-	- exp2: catch arithmetic overflow when val1 == INTMAX_MIN and val2 == -1
-	  for DIV and MOD and avoid SIGFPE.  Bug report and pointer to fix
-	  from Jaak Ristioja <jaak.ristioja@cyber.ee>
-	- expassign: same changes for arithmetic overflow for DIV and MOD
-
-				   10/28
-				   -----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand: allow pattern substitution when there is an
-	  expansion of the form ${var/} as a no-op: replacing nothing with
-	  nothing
-	- parameter_brace_patsub: don't need to check for PATSUB being NULL;
-	  it never is
-
-flags.c
-	- if STRICT_POSIX is defined, initialize history_expansion to 0, since
-	  history expansion (and its treatment of ! within double quotes) is
-	  not a conforming posix environment.  From austin-group issue 500
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
-	- history_expand: when processing a string within double quotes
-	  (DQUOTE == 1), make the closing double quote inhibit history
-	  expansion, as if the word were outside double quotes.  In effect,
-	  we assume that the double quote is followed by a character in
-	  history_no_expand_chars.  tcsh and csh seem to do this.  This
-	  answers a persistent complaint about history expansion
-
-				   10/29
-				   -----
-make_cmd.c
-	- make_arith_for_command: use skip_to_delim to find the next `;'
-	  when breaking the string between the double parens into three
-	  separate components instead of a simple character loop.  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   11/2
-				   ----
-Makefile.in
-	- make libbuiltins.a depend on builtext.h to serialize its creation
-	  and avoid conflict between multiple invocations of mkbuiltins.
-	  Fix from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-				   11/5
-				   ----
-findcmd.c
-	- user_command_matches: if stat(".", ...) returns -1, set st_dev
-	  and st_ino fields in dotinfo to 0 to avoid same_file matches
-	- find_user_command_in_path: check stat(2) return the same way
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_vector: don't call strlen(pat) without checking pat == 0
-	- glob_dir_to_array: make sure to free `result' and all allocated
-	  members before returning error due to malloc failure
-	- glob_vector: make sure to free `nextname' and `npat' on errors
-	  (mostly when setting lose = 1)
-	- glob_vector: if flags & GX_MATCHDIRS but not GX_ALLDIRS, make
-	  sure we free `subdir'
-	- glob_filename: when expanding ** (GX_ALLDIRS), make sure we
-	  free temp_results (return value from glob_vector)
-
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
-	- xdupmbstowcs: fix call to realloc to use sizeof (char *) instead
-	  of sizeof (char **) when assigning idxtmp
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- print_index_and_element: return 0 right away if L == 0
-	- is_dirname: fix memory leak by freeing `temp'
-	- time_command: don't try to deref NULL `command' when assigning
-	  to `posix_time'
-	- shell_execve: null-terminate `sample' after READ_SAMPLE_BUF so it's
-	  terminated for functions that expect that
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: don't call bind_read_variable with a potentially-null
-	  string
-
-pcomplete.c
-	- gen_command_matches: don't call dispose_word_desc with a NULL arg
-	- gen_compspec_completions: fix memory leak by freeing `ret' before
-	  calling gen_action_completions (tcs, ...).  happens when
-	  performing directory completion as default and no completions
-	  have been generated
-	- gen_progcomp_completions: make sure to set foundp to 0 whenever
-	  returning NULL
-	- it_init_aliases: fix memory leak by freeing alias_list before
-	  returning
-
-bashline.c
-	- command_word_completion_function: don't call restore_tilde with a
-	  NULL directory_part argument
-	- bash_directory_expansion: bugfix: don't throw away results of
-	  rl_directory_rewrite_hook if it's set and returns non-zero
-	- bind_keyseq_to_unix_command: free `kseq' before returning error
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- assign_array_element_internal: make sure `akey' is freed if non-null
-	  before returning error
-	- assign_compound_array_list: free `akey' before returning error
-	- array_value_internal: free `akey' before returning error
-	- unbind_array_element: free `akey' before returning error
-
-subst.c
-	- array_length_reference: free `akey' before returning error in case
-	  of expand_assignment_string_to_string error
-	- array_length_reference: free `akey' after call to assoc_reference
-	- skip_to_delim: if skipping process and command substitution, free
-	  return value from extract_process_subst
-	- parameter_brace_substring: free `val' (vtype == VT_VARIABLE) before
-	  returning if verify_substring_values fails
-	- parameter_brace_expand: remove two duplicate lines that allocate
-	  ret in parameter_brace_substring case
-	- parameter_brace_expand: convert `free (name); name = xmalloc (...)'
-	  to use `xrealloc (name, ...)'
-	- parameter_brace_expand: free `name' before returning when handling
-	  ${!PREFIX*} expansion
-	- split_at_delims: fix memory leak by freeing `d2' before returning
-
-redir.c
-	- redirection_error: free `filename' if the redirection operator is
-	  REDIR_VARASSIGN by assigning allocname
-
-eval.c
-	- send_pwd_to_eterm: fix memory leak by freeing value returned by
-	  get_working_directory()
-
-builtins/cd.def
-	- change_to_directory: fix memory leak by freeing return value from
-	  resetpwd()
-	- cd_builtin: fix memory leak by freeing value returned by dirspell()
-	- cd_builtin: fix memory leak by freeing `directory' if appropriate
-	  before overwriting with return value from resetpwd()
-
-builtins/type.def
-	- describe_command: free `full_path' before overwriting it with return
-	  value from sh_makepath
-
-builtins/complete.def
-	- compgen_builtin: fix memory leak by calling strlist_dispose (sl)
-	  before overwriting sl with return value from completions_to_stringlist
-
-builtins/hash.def
-	- list_hashed_filename_targets: fix memory leak by freeing `target'
-
-make_cmd.c
-	- make_arith_for_command: free `init', `test', and `step' before
-	  returning error on parse error
-
-jobs.c
-	- initialize_job_control: don't call move_to_high_fd if shell_tty == -1
-
-general.c
-	- check_dev_tty: don't call close with an fd < 0
-	- legal_number: deal with NULL `string' argument, return invalid
-
-lib/sh/fmtulong.c
-	- fmtulong: if the `base' argument is invalid, make sure we index
-	  buf by `len-1' at maximum
-
-print_cmd.c
-	- print_deferred_heredocs: don't try to dereference a NULL `cstring'
-	- cprintf: make sure to call va_end (args)
-
-variables.c
-	- push_dollar_vars: fix call to xrealloc to use sizeof (WORD_LIST *)
-	  instead of sizeof (WORD_LIST **)
-
-lib/sh/zmapfd.c
-	- zmapfd: if read returns error, free result and return -1 immediately
-	  instead of trying to reallocate it
-
-				   11/6
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- cpl_reap: rewrote to avoid using pointer after freeing it; now builds
-	  new coproc list on the fly while traversing the old one and sets the
-	  right values for coproc_list when done
-
-				   11/12
-				   -----
-builtins/set.def
-	- if neither -f nor -v supplied, don't allow a readonly function to
-	  be implicitly unset.  Fixes bug reported by Jens Schmidt
-	  <jens.schmidt35@arcor.de>
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
-	- change CALLBACK_READ_RETURN to clear signal handlers before returning
-	  from rl_callback_read_char so readline's signal handlers aren't
-	  installed when readline doesn't have control.  Idea from Jan
-	  Kratochvil <jan.ktratochvil@redhat.com> and the GDB development
-	  team
-
-pcomplete.h
-	- COPT_NOQUOTE: new complete/compgen option value
-
-builtins/complete.def
-	- noquote: new complete/compgen option; will be used to disable
-	  filename completion quoting
-
-pcomplete.c
-	- pcomp_set_readline_variables: pay attention to COPT_NOQUOTE; turns
-	  of rl_filename_quoting_desired if set; turns it on if unset (value
-	  is inverted, since default is on)
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
-	- document new -o noquote option to complete/compgen/compopt
-
-pathexp.c
-	- quote_string_for_globbing: if QGLOB_REGEXP, make sure characters
-	  between brackets in an ERE bracket expression are not inappropriately
-	  quoted with backslashes.  This is a pretty substantial change,
-	  should be stressed when opening bash up for alpha and beta tests.
-	  Fixes bug pointed out by Stephane Chazleas
-	  <stephane_chazelas@yahoo.fr>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document that regexp matches can be inconsistent when quoting
-	  characters in bracket expressions, since usual quoting characters
-	  lose their meaning within brackets
-	- note that regular expression matching when the pattern is stored
-	  in a shell variable which is quoted for expansion causes string
-	  matching
-
-redir.h
-	- RX_SAVEFD: new flag value; notes that a redirection denotes an
-	  fd used to save another even if it's not >= SHELL_FD_BASE
-
-redir.c
-	- do_redirection_internal: when deciding whether or not to reset the
-	  close-on-exec flag on a restored file descriptor, trust the value
-	  of redirect->flags & RX_SAVCLEXEC even if the fd is < SHELL_FD_BASE
-	  if the RX_SAVEFD flag is set
-	- add_undo_redirect: set the RX_SAVEFD flag if the file descriptor
-	  limit is such that the shell can't duplicate to a file descriptor
-	  >= 10.  Fixes a limitation that tripped a coreutils test reported
-	  by Paul Eggert <eggert@cs.ucla.edu>
-
-				   11/19
-				   -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi},lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi
-	- make it clear that bash runs HISTFILESIZE=$HISTSIZE after reading
-	  the startup files
-	- make it clear that bash runs HISTSIZE=500 after reading the
-	  startup files
-	- make it clear that setting HISTSIZE=0 causes commands to not be
-	  saved in the history list
-	- make it clear that setting HISTFILESIZE=0 causes the history file
-	  to be truncated to zero size
-
-variables.c
-	- sv_histsize: change so setting HISTSIZE to a value less than 0
-	  causes the history to be `unstifled'
-	- sv_histsize: change so setting HISTFILESIZE to a value less than 0
-	  results in no file truncation
-	- make it clear that numeric values less than 0 for HISTFILESIZE or
-	  HISTSIZE inhibit the usual functions
-
-				   11/23
-				   -----
-parse.y
-	- save_input_line_state: add missing `return ls' at the end, since the
-	  function is supposed to return its argument.  Pointed out by
-	  Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- skip over NUL bytes in input, as most modern shells seem to.  Bug
-	  report by Matthew Story <matt@tablethotels.com>
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
-	- rl_vi_replace: set _rl_vi_last_key_before_insert to invoking key
-
-				   11/25
-				   -----
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: if xrealloc returns same pointer as first argument,
-	  don't bother with the remove_unwind_protect/add_unwind_protect pair
-	- read_builtin: set a flag (`reading') around calls to zread/zreadc
-	  and readline()
-	- sigalrm: change to set flag (`sigalrm_seen') and only longjmp if
-	  currently in read(2) (reading != 0)
-	- CHECK_ALRM: new macro, checks sigalrm_seen and longjmps if non-zero,
-	  behavior of old SIGALRM catching function
-	- read_builtin: call CHECK_ALRM in appropriate places while reading
-	  line of input.  Fixes bug reported by Pierre Gaston
-	  <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
-	- rl_vi_replace: initialize characters before printing characters in
-	  vi_replace_keymap to their default values in vi_insertion_keymap,
-	  since we're supposed to be in insert mode replacing characters
-	- rl_vi_replace: call rl_vi_start_inserting to set last command to
-	  `R' for undo
-	- rl_vi_replace: set _rl_vi_last_key_before_insert to `R' for future
-	  use by _rl_vi_done_inserting
-	- vi_save_insert_buffer: new function, broke out code that copies text
-	  into vi_insert_buffer from _rl_vi_save_insert
-	- _rl_vi_save_replace: new function, saves text modified by
-	  rl_vi_replace (using current point and vi_replace_count to figure
-	  it out) to vi_replace_buffer
-	- _rl_vi_save_insert: call vi_save_insert_buffer
-	- _rl_vi_done_inserting: if _rl_vi_last_key_before_insert == 'R', call
-	  _rl_vi_save_replace to save text modified in replace mode (uses
-	  vi_save_insert_buffer)
-	- _rl_vi_replace_insert: new function, replaces the number of chars
-	  in vi_insert_buffer after rl_point with contents ov vi_insert_buffer
-	- rl_vi_redo: call _rl_vi_replace_insert if last command == 'R' and
-	  there's something in vi_insert_buffer.  Fixes bug with `.' not
-	  redoing the most recent `R' command, reported by Geoff Clare
-	  <g.clare@opengroup.org> in readline area on savannah
-
-				   11/26
-				   -----
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- RL_SIG_RECEIVED(): evaluate to non-zero if there is a pending signal
-	  to be handled
-	- RL_SIGINT_RECEIVED(): evaluate to non-zero if there is a pending
-	  SIGINT to be handled
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- remove all mention of _rl_interrupt_immediately
-	- rl_completion_matches: check RL_SIG_RECEIVED after each call to
-	  the entry function, call RL_CHECK_SIGNALS if true to handle the
-	  signal
-	- rl_completion_matches: if RL_SIG_RECEIVED evaluates to true, free
-	  and zero out the match_list this function allocated
-	- rl_completion_matches: if the completion entry function is
-	  rl_filename_completion_function, free the contents of match_list,
-	  because that function does not keep state and will not free the
-	  entries; avoids possible memory leak pointed out by
-	  Garrett Cooper <yanegomi@gmail.com>
-	- gen_completion_matches: if RL_SIG_RECEIVED evalutes to true after
-	  calling rl_attempted_completion_function, free the returned match
-	  list and handle the signal with RL_CHECK_SIGNALS; avoids
-	  possible memory leak pointed out by Garrett Cooper
-	  <yanegomi@gmail.com>
-	- gen_completion_matches: if RL_SIG_RECEIVED evaluates to true after
-	  calling rl_completion_matches, free the returned match list and
-	  handle the signal with RL_CHECK_SIGNALS
-
-lib/readline/util.c
-	- rl_settracefp: new utility function to set the tracing FILE *
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- _rl_sigcleanup: pointer to a function that will be called with the
-	  signal and a void * argument from _rl_handle_signal
-	- _rl_sigcleanarg: void * that the rest of the code can set to have
-	  passed to the signal cleanup function
-	- _rl_handle_signal: if _rl_sigcleanup set, call as
-		(*_rl_sigcleanup) (sig, _rl_sigcleanarg)
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- extern declarations for _rl_sigcleanup and _rl_sigcleanarg
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- _rl_complete_sigcleanup: signal cleanup function for completion code;
-	  calls _rl_free_match_list on _rl_sigcleanarg if signal == SIGINT
-	- rl_complete_internal: before calling display_matches if what_to_do
-	  == `?', set _rl_sigcleanup to _rl_complete_sigcleanup so the match
-	  list gets freed on SIGINT; avoids possible memory leak pointed out
-	  by Garrett Cooper <yanegomi@gmail.com>
-	- rl_complete_internal: in default switch case, call _rl_free_match_list
-	  before returning to avoid memory leak
-
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- start at a set of examples for the =~ regular expression matching
-	  operator, touching on keeping the pattern in a shell variable and
-	  quoting portions of the pattern to remove their special meaning
-
-				   12/1
-				   ----
-lib/glob/gmisc.c
-	- extglob_pattern: new function, returns 1 if pattern passed as an
-	  argument looks like an extended globbing pattern
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- skipname: return 0 immediately if extglob_pattern returns non-zero,
-	  let the extended globbing code do the right thing with skipping
-	  names beginning with a `.'
-	- mbskipname: return 0 immediately if extglob_pattern returns non-zero,
-	  let the extended globbing code do the right thing with skipping
-	  names beginning with a `.'.  Fixes bug reported by Yongzhi Pan
-	  <panyongzhi@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/2
-				   ----
-lib/glob/smatch.c
-	- patscan, patscan_wc: no longer static so other parts of the glob
-	  library can use them, renamed to glob_patscan, glob_patscan_wc
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- extern declarations for glob_patscan, glob_patscan_wc
-	- wchkname: new function, does skipname on wchar_t pattern and dname,
-	  old body of mbskipname after converting to wide chars
-	- extglob_skipname: new function, checks all subpatterns in an extglob
-	  pattern to determine whether or not a filename should be skipped.
-	  Calls skipname for each subpattern.  Dname is only skipped if all
-	  subpatterns indicate it should be.  Better fix for bug reported by
-	  Yongzhi Pan <panyongzhi@gmail.com>
-	- wextglob_skipname: wide-char version of extglob_skipname, calls
-	  wchkname instead of calling back into mbskipname for each
-	  subpattern to avoid problems with char/wchar_t mismatch
-	- skipname: call extglob_skipname if extglob_pattern returns non-zero
-	- mbskipname: call wextglob_skipname if extglob_pattern returns non-zero
-	- mbskipname: short-circuit immediately if no multibyte chars in
-	  pattern or filename
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_cond_node: added parens to patmatch assignment statement to
-	  make intent clearer
-
-				   12/3
-				   ----
-configure.in,config.h.in
-	- check for imaxdiv, define HAVE_IMAXDIV if present
-
-expr.c
-	- expassign, exp2: use imaxdiv if available.  Doesn't help with checks
-	  for overflow from 10/25
-
-				   12/6
-				   ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- compute_lcd_of_matches: if we're ignoring case in the matches, only
-	  use what the user typed as the lcd if it matches the first match
-	  (after sorting) up to the length of what was typed (if what the
-	  user typed is longer than the shortest of the possible matches, use
-	  the shortest common length of the matches instead).  If it doesn't
-	  match, use the first of the list of matches, as if case were not
-	  being ignored.  Fixes bug reported by Clark Wang
-	  <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/7
-				   ----
-builtins/cd.def
-	- cd_builtin: add code to return error in case cd has more than one
-	  non-option argument, conditional on CD_COMPLAINS define (which is
-	  not defined anywhere)
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- note that additional arguments to cd following the directory name
-	  are ignored.  Suggested by Vaclav Hanzl <hanzl@noel.feld.cvut.cz>
-
-				   12/10
-				   -----
-lib/readline/input.c
-	- rl_read_key: don't need to increment key sequence length here; doing
-	  it leads to an off-by-one error
-
-lib/readline/macro.c
-	- rl_end_kbd_macro: after off-by-one error with rl_key_sequence_length
-	  fixed, can decrement current_macro_index by rl_key_sequence_length
-	  (length of key sequence that closes keyboard macro)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: fix extra increment of rl_key_sequence_length
-	  when ESC maps to a new keymap and we're converting meta characters
-	  to ESC+key
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: better increment of rl_key_sequence_length
-	  before we dispatch to a function in the ISFUNC case (where the
-	  second increment above should have happened)
-	- rl_executing_keyseq: the full key sequence that ended up executing
-	  a readline command.  Available to the calling application, maintained
-	  by _rl_dispatch_subseq, indexed by rl_key_sequence_length
-	- rl_executing_key: the key that was bound to the currently-executing
-	  readline command.  Same as the `key' argument to the function
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
-	- rl_executing_keyseq: extern declaration
-	- rl_executing_key: extern declaration
-	- rl_key_sequence_length: declaration moved here from rlprivate.h,
-	  now part of public interface
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- new extern declaration for _rl_executing_keyseq_size, buffer size
-	  for rl_executing_keyseq
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
-	- documented new variables: rl_executing_key, rl_executing_keyseq,
-	  rl_key_sequence_length
-
-				   12/13
-				   -----
-bashline.c
-	- bash_execute_unix_command: replace ad-hoc code that searches
-	  cmd_xmap for correct command with call to rl_function_of_keyseq
-	  using rl_executing_keyseq; now supports key sequences longer
-	  than two characters.  Fixes bug reported by Michael Kazior
-	  <kazikcz@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/15
-				   -----
-make_cmd.c
-	- make_function_def: don't null out source_file before calling
-	  make_command so it can be used later on when the function definition
-	  is executed
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_intern_function: second argument is now FUNCTION_DEF *
-	  instead of COMMAND *
-	- execute_command_internal: call execute_intern_function with the
-	  new second argument (the entire FUNCTION_DEF instead of just the
-	  command member)
-	- execute_intern_function: if DEBUGGER is defined, call
-	  bind_function_def before calling bind_function, just like
-	  make_function_def does (might be able to take out the call in
-	  make_function_def depending on what the debugger does with it).
-	  Fixes bug reported by <dethrophes@motd005>
-
-expr.c
-	- more minor changes to cases of INTMAX_MIN % -1 and INTMAX_MIN / 1;
-	  fix typos and logic errors
-
-				   12/16
-				   -----
-bashline.c
-	- find_cmd_start: change flags to remove SD_NOSKIPCMD so it skips over
-	  command substitutions and doesn't treat them as command separators
-	- attempt_shell_completion: instead of taking first return from
-	  find_cmd_name as command name to use for programmable completion,
-	  use loop to skip over assignment statements.  Fixes problem reported
-	  by Raphael Droz <raphael.droz+floss@gmail.com>
-	- attempt_shell_completion: if we don't find a command name but the
-	  command line is non-empty, assume the other words are all assignment
-	  statements and flag that point is in a command position so we can
-	  do command name completion
-	- attempt_shell_completion: if the word being completed is the first
-	  word following a series of assignment statements, and the
-	  command line is non-empty, flag that point is in a command position
-	  so we can do command name completion
-
-lib/readline/history.c
-	- history_get_time: atol -> strtol
-
-				   12/18
-				   -----
-parse.y
-	- parser_in_command_position: external interface to the
-	  command_token_position macro for use by other parts of the shell,
-	  like the completion mechanism
-
-externs.h
-	- extern declaration for parser_in_command_position
-
-				   12/19
-				   -----
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: make sure all calls to bind_read_variable are passed
-	  a non-null string.  Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-bashline.c
-	- attempt_shell_completion: mark that we're in a command position if
-	  we're at the start of the line and the parser is ready to accept
-	  a reserved word or command name.  Feature most recently suggested
-	  by Peng Yu <pengyu.ut@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/21
-				   -----
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- _rl_escchar: return the character that would be backslash-escaped
-	  to denote the control character passed as an argument ('\n' -> 'n')
-	- _rl_isescape: return 1 if character passed is one that has a
-	  backslash escape
-	- _rl_untranslate_macro_value: new second argument: use_escapes, if
-	  non-zero translate to backslash escapes where possible instead of
-	  using straight \C-x for control character `x'.  Change callers
-	- _rl_untranslate_macro_value: now global
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_untranslate_macro_value: extern declaration
-
-lib/readline/{macro.c,readline.h}
-	- rl_print_last_kbd_macro: new bindable function, inspired by patch
-	  from Mitchel Humpherys
-
-lib/readline/funmap.c
-	- print-last-kbd-macro: new bindable command, bound to
-	  rl_print_last_kbd_macro
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texi,readline.3},doc/bash.1
-	- print-last-kbd-macro: document.
-
-lib/readline/text.c
-	- _rl_insert_next: if we're defining a macro, make sure the key gets
-	  added to the macro text (should really audit calls to rl_read_key()
-	  and make sure the right thing is happening for all of them)
-
-bashline.[ch]
-	- print_unix_command_map: new function, prints all bound commands in
-	  cmd_xmap using rl_macro_dumper in a reusable format
-
-builtins/bind.def
-	- new -X option: print all keysequences bound to Unix commands using
-	  print_unix_command_map.  Feature suggested by Dennis Williamson
-	  (2/2011)
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new `bind -X' option
-
-				   12/24
-				   -----
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- add a couple of sentences to the description of the case modification
-	  operators making it clearer that each character of parameter is
-	  tested against the pattern, and that the pattern should only attempt
-	  to match a single character.  Suggested by Bill Gradwohl
-	  <bill@ycc.com>
-
-				   12/28
-				   -----
-shell.c
-	- init_noninteractive: instead of calling set_job_control(0) to
-	  unconditionally turn off job control, turn on job control if
-	  forced_interactive or jobs_m_flag is set
-	- shell_initialize: call initialize_job_control with jobs_m_flag as
-	  argument so `bash -m script' enables job control while running the
-	  script
-
-jobs.c
-	- initialize_job_control: if the `force' argument is non-zero, turn on
-	  job control even if the shell is not currently interactive
-	  (interactive == 0)
-
-				   12/29
-				   -----
-
-flags.h
-	- new extern declaration for jobs_m_flag
-
-builtins/{cd,set}.def,doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- added text clarifying the descriptions of cd -L and -P, suggested by
-	  Padraig Brady <p@draigbrady.com>
-	- slight change to the description of `set -P' about resolving symbolic
-	  links
-
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
-	- Added an example to the programmable completion section: _comp_cd,
-	  a completion function for cd, with additional verbiage.  Text
-	  includes a reference to the bash_completion project
-
-				 1/1/2012
-				 --------
-jobs.c
-	- set_job_status_and_cleanup: note that a job is stopped due to
-	  SIGTSTP (any_tstped) if job_control is set; there's no need to
-	  test interactive
-
-				    1/5
-				    ---
-quit.h
-	- LASTSIG(): new macro, expands to signal number of last terminating
-	  signal received (terminating_signal or SIGINT)
-
-trap.c
-	- first_pending_trap: returns lowest signal number with a trap pending
-	- trapped_signal_received: set to the last trapped signal the shell
-	  received in trap_handler(); reset to 0 in run_pending_traps
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: changes to posix-mode (posixly_correct != 0) to make
-	  `read' interruptible by a trapped signal.  After the trap runs,
-	  read returns 128+sig and does not assign the partially-read line
-	  to the named variable(s).  From an austin-group discussion started
-	  by David Korn
-
-				   1/11
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- slight changes to the descriptions of the compat32 and compat40 shell
-	  options to clarify their meaning
-
-				   1/12
-				   ----
-lib/readline/{colors.[ch],parse-colors.[ch]}
-	- new files, part of color infrastructure support
-
-Makefile.in,lib/readline/Makefile.in
-	- arrange to have colors.o and parse-colors.o added to readline
-	  library
-
-{configure,config.h}.in
-	- check for stdbool.h, define HAVE_STDBOOL_H if found
-
-				   1/14
-				   ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- colored_stats: new bindable variable, enables using colors to
-	  indicate file type when listing completions
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- _rl_colored_stats: new variable, controlled by colored-stats bindable
-	  variable
-	- colored_stat_start, colored_stat_end: new functions to set and reset
-	  the terminal color appropriately depending on the type of the
-	  filename to be printed
-	- print_filename: changes to print colors if `colored-stats' variable
-	  set.  Changes contributed by Raphael Droz
-	  <raphael.droz+floss@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- rl_initialize_everything: add call to _rl_parse_colors to parse
-	  color values out of $LS_COLORS.  May have to add to rl_initialize
-	  to make more dynamic if LS_COLORS changes (which doesn't happen
-	  very often, if at all)
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_colored_stats: new extern declaration
-
-lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi},doc/bash.1
-	- colored-stats: document new bindable readline variable
-
-lib/readline/colors.c
-	- _rl_print_color_indicator: call rl_filename_stat_hook before calling
-	  lstat/stat so we can get color indicators for stuff like
-	  $HOME/Applications
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- stat_char: call rl_filename_stat_hook before calling lstat/stat
-
-findcmd.[ch],execute_cmd.c
-	- search_for_command: now takes a second `flags' argument; changed
-	  header function prototype and callers
-	- search_for_command: if (flags & 1), put the command found in $PATH
-	  into the command hash table (previous default behavior)
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- is_dirname: call search_for_command with flags argument of 0 so it
-	  doesn't try to put something in the command hash table
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_command_name_stat_hook: a hook function for readline's
-	  filename_stat_hook that does $PATH searching the same way that
-	  execute_cmd.c:execute_disk_command() does it, and rewrites the
-	  passed filename if found.  Does not put names into command hash
-	  table.  This allows command name completion to take advantage
-	  of `visible-stats' and `colored-stats' settings.
-	- executable_completion: new function, calls the directory completion
-	  hook to expand the filename before calling executable_file or
-	  executable_or_directory; change command_word_completion_function to
-	  call executable_completion.  This allows $HOME/bin/[TAB] to do
-	  command completion and display alternatives
-
-				   1/17
-				   ----
-pcomplete.c
-	- gen_command_matches: now takes a new second argument: the command
-	  name as deciphered by the programmable completion code and used
-	  to look up the compspec; changed callers (gen_compspec_completions)
-	- gen_shell_function_matches: now takes a new second argument: the
-	  command that originally caused the completion function to be
-	  invoked; changed callers (gen_compspec_completions))
-	- build_arg_list: now takes a new second argument: the command name
-	  corresponding to the current compspec; changed callers
-	  (gen_command_matches, gen_shell_function_matches)
-	- build_arg_list: now uses `cmd' argument to create $1 passed to
-	  invoked command or shell function
-	- gen_compspec_completions: if we skipped a null command at the
-	  beginning of the line (e.g., for completing `>'), add a new word for
-	  it at the beginning of the word list and increment nw and cw
-	  appropriately.  This is all a partial fix for the shortcoming
-	  pointed out by Sung Pae <sungpae@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/18
-				   ----
-
-{configure,config.h}.in
-	- new check: check for AUDIT_USER_TTY defined in <linux/audit.h>,
-	  define HAVE_DECL_AUDIT_USER_TTY if both are found
-
-lib/readline/rlconf.h
-	- ENABLE_TTY_AUDIT_SUPPORT: new define, allows use of the Linux kernel
-	  tty auditing system if it's available and enabled
-
-lib/readline/util.c
-	- _rl_audit_tty: new function, send a string to the kernel tty audit
-	  system
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_audit_tty: new extern declaration
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- readline: call _rl_audit_tty with line to be returned before returning
-	  it if the Linux tty audit system is available and it's been enabled
-	  in rlconf.h  Original patch from Miroslav Trmac; recent request
-	  from Miroslav Lichvar <mlichvar@redhat.com>
-
-				   1/21
-				   ----
-
-lib/readline/readline.c:
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: add an inter-character timeout for multi-char
-	  key sequences.  Suggested by <rogerx.oss@gmail.com>.  Still needs
-	  work to make a user-settable variable
-
-parse.y
-	- shell_getc: make code that uses the pop_alias dependent on ALIAS
-	  define
-
-variables.h
-	- sv_tz: extern define should only depend on HAVE_TZSET
-
-expr.c
-	- expr_streval: if ARRAY_VARS is not defined, set lvalue->ind to -1;
-	  move assignment to `ind' inside define
-	- expr_bind_array_element: declaration and uses need to be #ifdef
-	  ARRAY_VARS
-
-arrayfunc.h
-	- AV_ALLOWALL, AV_QUOTED, AV_USEIND: define to 0 if ARRAY_VARS not
-	  defined; used in subst.c unconditionally
-
-sig.h
-	- make the signal blocking functions not dependent on JOB_CONTROL
-
-sig.c
-	- sigprocmask: make the replacement definition not dependent on
-	  JOB_CONTROL
-
-trap.c
-	- use BLOCK_SIGNAL/UNBLOCK_SIGNAL instead of code dependent on
-	  HAVE_POSIX_SIGNALS and BSD signals
-
-				   1/24
-				   ----
-
-print_cmd.c
-	- print_redirection_list: change the conditions under which
-	  r_duplicating_output_word is mapped to r_err_and_out to more or
-	  less match those used in redir.c.  Fixes bug pointed out by
-	  Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-
-				   1/29
-				   ----
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- _rl_block_sigwinch,_rl_release_sigwinch: don't compile in bodies
-	  unless SIGWINCH is defined.  Fixes bug reported by Pierre Muller
-	  <pierre.muller@ics-cnrs.unistra.fr>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- small modifications to the introduction to the REDIRECTION section
-	  to describe how redirections can modify file handles
-	- small modification to the section describing base#n to make it
-	  clearer that n can be denoted using non-numerics.  From a posting
-	  by Linda Walsh <bash@tlinx.org>
-
-				    2/2
-				    ---
-builtins/printf.def
-	- printf_builtin: make sure vbuf is intialized and non-null when -v
-	  is supplied, since other parts of the code assume that it's not
-	  null (e.g., bind_printf_variable()).  Fixes bug reported by Jim
-	  Avera <james_avera@yahoo.com>
-
-				    2/4
-				    ---
-lib/readline/undo.c
-	- _rl_free_undo_list: new function, old body of rl_free_undo_list,
-	  frees undo entries in UNDO_LIST * passed as argument
-	- rl_free_undo_list: call _rl_free_undo_list
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_free_undo_list: new extern declaration
-	- _rl_keyseq_timeout: new extern declaration (see below)
-
-lib/readline/misc.c
-	- rl_clear_history: new function.  Clears the history list and frees
-	  all associated data similar to history.c:clear_history(), but
-	  takes rl_undo_list into account and frees and UNDO_LISTs saved as
-	  `data' members of a history list entry
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
-	- rl_clear_history: documented
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_keyseq_timeout: new variable to hold intra-key timeout value
-	  from 1/21 fix; specified in milliseconds.  Default value is 500
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: change to use _rl_keyseq_timeout as intra-key
-	  timeout if it's greater than 0; no timeout if <= 0
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: don't check for queued keyboard input if we have
-	  pushed or pending input, or if we're reading input from a macro
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- keyseq-timeout: new bindable variable, shadows _rl_keyseq_timeout
-	- string_varlist: add keyseq-timeout
-	- sv_seqtimeout: new function to modify value of _rl_keyseq_timeout;
-	  clamps negative values at 0 for now
-	- _rl_get_string_variable_value: return value for keyseq-timeout
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texi,readline.3}
-	- keyseq-timeout: documented
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: modification to fix from 7/18 to not use
-	  cxt->keymap and cxt->okeymap, since by the time this code is
-	  executed, they are equal.  Use `f' to check for rl_insert or
-	  unbound func
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: if we're switching keymaps, not in
-	  callback mode, and don't have pending or pushed input, use
-	  _rl_input_queued to resolve a potentially ambiguous key sequence.
-	  Suggested by Roger Zauner <rogerx.oss@gmail.com>
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: if we have changed keymaps and resolved to
-	  an editing function (not self-insert), make sure we stuff the
-	  right characters back onto the input after changing the keymap
-	  back so the right editing function is executed after the search
-	  is terminated.  Rest of fix for bug reported by Roger Zauner
-	  <rogerx.oss@gmail.com>
-
-				    2/5
-				    ---
-builtins/gen-helpfiles.c
-	- new file: reads struct builtin and writes the long docs to files
-	  in the `helpdirs' subdirectory.  The filename is given in the
-	  previously-unused `handle' member of the struct builtin.  Links
-	  with `tmpbuiltins.o', which is created by Makefile to have the
-	  right long documentation.  When not cross-compiling, gets the
-	  right #defines based on configuration options from config.h instead
-	  of trying to parse conditional parts of def files.  Fixes
-	  shortcoming pointed out by Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-builtins/Makefile.in
-	- tmpbuiltins.c: new generated file, created to enable creation of
-	  separate helpfiles based on correct #defines instead of trying to
-	  parse conditional parts of def files
-	- gen-helpfiles: new program to generate helpfiles, links with
-	  tmpbuiltins.o
-	- HELPFILES_TARGET: new target, substituted by configure to `helpdoc'
-	  if separate helpfiles requested
-	- targets: new target, libbuiltins.a and $(HELPFILES_TARGET)
-	- CREATED_OBJECTS: new variable, holds created object files for
-	  make clean; changed make clean to remove created objects
-	- helpdoc: changed to call gen-helpfiles instead of mkbuiltins
-
-Makefile.in
-	- when building libbuiltins.a, recursively call make with `targets'
-	  argument to make sure separate helpfiles get built
-
-configure.in
-	- substitute `helpdoc' as value of HELPFILES_TARGET if
-	  --enable-separate-helpfiles supplied as configure argument
-
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
-	- `-nofunctions': new argument, causes mkbuiltins to not write value
-	  for function implementing a particular builtin to struct builtin
-	  and to write document file name to `handle' member of struct builtin
-	- no longer writes separate helpfiles; that is left to gen-helpfiles
-
-				    2/8
-				    ---
-subst.c
-	- make sure last_command_exit_value is set to a non-zero value before
-	  any calls to report_error, since `-e' set will short-circuit
-	  report_error.  Fixes bug reported by Ewan Mellor
-	  <Ewan.Mellor@eu.citrix.com>
-
-variables.c
-	- make_local_array_variable: added second argument; if non-zero,
-	  function will return an existing local associative array variable
-	  instead of insisting on an indexed array
-
-variable.h,subst.c
-	- make_local_array_variable: changed prototype and caller
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: add second arg to call to make_local_array_variable;
-	  making_array_special, which indicates we're processing an
-	  assignment like declare a[b]=c.  Fixes seg fault resulting from
-	  a being an already-declared local associative array variable in a
-	  function.  Ubuntu bash bug 928900.
-
-				   2/14
-				   ----
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: if redirections into or out of a loop fail,
-	  don't try to free ofifo_list unless saved_fifo is non-zero.  It's
-	  only valid if saved_fifo is set
-
-				   2/15
-				   ----
-{arrayfunc,braces,variables}.c
-	- last_command_exit_value: make sure it's set before any calls to
-	  report_error, since -e will cause that to exit the shell
-
-builtins/common.c
-	- get_job_by_name: call internal_error instead of report_error so this
-	  doesn't exit the shell
-
-				   2/18
-				   ----
-builtins/evalstring.c
-	- parse_and_execute: make sure the file descriptor to be redirected to
-	  is 1 before calling cat_file.  One fix for bug reported by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-parse.y
-	- read_token_word: don't return NUMBER if a string of all digits
-	  resolves to a number that overflows the bounds of an intmax_t.
-	  Other fix for bug reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/19
-				   ----
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
-	- ansicstr: use 0x7f as the boundary for characters that translate
-	  directly from ASCII to unicode (\u and \U escapes) instead of
-	  UCHAR_MAX, since everything >= 0x80 requires more than one byte.
-	  Bug and fix from John Kearney <dethrophes@web.de>
-
-builtins/printf.def
-	- tescape: ditto for printf \u and \U escape sequences
-
-				   2/20
-				   ----
-lib/sh/unicode.c
-	- u32toutf8: fix to handle encodings up to six bytes long correctly
-	  (though technically UTF-8 only has characters up to 4 bytes long).
-	  Report and fix from John Kearney <dethrophes@web.de>
-	- u32toutf8: first argument is now an unsigned 32-bit quantity,
-	  changed callers (u32cconv) to pass c instead of wc
-	- u32reset: new function, resets local static state to uninitialized
-	  (locale information, currently)
-
-locale.c
-	- call u32reset whenever LC_CTYPE/LC_ALL/LANG is changed to reset the
-	  cached locale information used by u32cconv.  From a report from
-	  John Kearney <dethrophes@web.de>
-
-				   2/21
-				   ----
-doc/{bash,builtins}.1
-	- minor changes from Bjarni Ingi Gislason <bjarniig@rhi.hi.is>
-
-lib/sh/unicode.c
-	- u32cconv: only assume you can directly call wctomb on the passed
-	  value if __STDC_ISO_10646__ is defined and the value is <=
-	  0x7fffffff
-	- stub_charset: return locale as default instead of "ASCII", let
-	  rest of code decide what to do with it
-
-lib/readline/parens.c
-	- _rl_enable_paren_matching: make paren matching work in vi insert
-	  mode.  Bug report from <derflob@derflob.de>
-
-				   2/22
-				   ----
-lib/sh/shquote.c
-	- sh_backslash_quote: quote tilde in places where it would be
-	  expanded.  From a report from John Kearney <dethrophes@web.de>
-
-				   2/23
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_pipeline: wrap the discard_unwind_frame call in #ifdef
-	  JOB_CONTROL, since the frame is only created if JOB_CONTROL is
-	  defined.  Bug and fix from Doug Kehn <rdkehn@yahoo.com>
-
-				   2/25
-				   ----
-error.c
-	- report_error: make sure last_command_exit_value is non-zero before
-	  we call exit_shell, since the exit trap may reference it.  Call
-	  exit_shell with last_command_exit_value to allow exit statuses
-	  other than 1
-
-unicode.c
-	- stub_charset: use local static buffer to hold charset, don't change
-	  value returned by get_locale_var.  Based on idea and code from
-	  John Kearney <dethrophes@web.de>
-	- u32toutf16: function to convert unsigned 32-bit value (unicode) to
-	  UTF-16.  From John Kearney <dethrophes@web.de>
-	- u32cconv: call u32toutf16 if __STDC_ISO_10646__ defined and wchar_t
-	  is two bytes, send result to wcstombs, return if not encoding error.
-	  From John Kearney <dethrophes@web.de>
-	- u32cconv: return UTF-8 conversion if iconv conversion to local
-	  charset is unsupported
-
-				    3/2
-				    ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- print_filename: if there is no directory hook, but there is a stat
-	  hook, and we want to append a slash to directories, call the stat
-	  hook before calling path_isdir on the expanded directory name.
-	  Report and pointer to fix from Steve Rago <sar@nec-labs.com>
-
-				    3/3
-				    ---
-builtins/evalstring.c
-	- parse_and_execute: fix to change of 2/18: make sure the file
-	  descriptor being redirected to is 0 before calling cat_file when
-	  we see something like $(< file).  Real fix for bug reported by
-	  Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_patsub: run the replacement string through quote
-	  removal even if the expansion is within double quotes, because
-	  the parser and string extract functions treat the quotes and
-	  backslashes as special.  If they're treated as special, quote
-	  removal should remove them (this is the Posix position and
-	  compatible with ksh93).  THIS IS NOT BACKWARDS COMPATIBLE.
-
-				    3/4
-				    ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- rl_menu_complete: fix to make show-all-if-ambiguous and
-	  menu-complete-display-prefix work together if both are set.  Fix
-	  from Sami Pietila <sami.pietila@gmail.com>
-
-				    3/5
-				    ---
-bashline.c
-	- dircomplete_expand_relpath: new variable, if non-zero, means that
-	  `shopt -s direxpand' should expand relative pathnames.  Zero by
-	  default, not user-settable yet
-	- bash_directory_completion_hook: if we have a relative pathname that
-	  isn't changed by canonicalization or spell checking after being
-	  appended to $PWD, then don't change what the user typed.  Controlled
-	  by dircomplete_expand_relpath
-
-				    3/7
-				    ---
-m4/timespec.m4
-	- new macros, cribbed from gnulib and coreutils: find out whether we
-	  have `struct timespec' and what file includes it
-
-m4/stat-time.m4
-	- new macros, cribbed from gnulib and coreutils: find out whether the
-	  mtime/atime/ctime/etctime fields of struct stat are of type
-	  struct timespec, and what the name is
-
-include/stat-time.h
-	- new file, cribbed from gnulib, with additions from coreutils: include
-	  the right file to get the struct timespec define, or provide our own
-	  replacement.  Provides a bunch of inline functions to turn the
-	  appropriate members of struct stat into `struct timespec' values,
-	  zeroing out the tv_nsec field if necessary
-
-test.c
-	- include "stat-time.h" for the nanosecond timestamp resolution stuff
-	- stat_mtime: new function, returns struct stat and the mod time
-	  normalized into a `struct timespec' for the filename passed as the
-	  first argument
-	- filecomp: call stat_mtime instead of sh_stat for each filename
-	  argument to get the mtime as a struct timespec
-	- filecomp: call timespec_cmp instead of using a straight arithmetic
-	  comparison for the -nt and -ot operators, using timespec returned by
-	  stat_mtime.  Added functionality requested by by Werner Fink
-	  <werner@suse.de> for systems that can support it
-
-				   3/10
-				   ----
-include/posixdir.h
-	- REAL_DIR_ENTRY: remove dependency on _POSIX_SOURCE, only use feature
-	  test macros to decide whether dirent.d_ino is present and usable;
-	  define D_INO_AVAILABLE.  Report and fix from Fabrizion Gennari
-	  <fabrizio.ge@tiscali.it>
-	- D_FILENO_AVAILABLE: define if we can use dirent.d_fileno
-
-lib/sh/getcwd.c
-	- use D_FILENO_AVAILABLE to decide whether or not to compile in
-	  _path_checkino and whether or not to call it.  Report and initial
-	  fix from Fabrizion Gennari <fabrizio.ge@tiscali.it>
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- make sure all occurrences of SIGWINCH are protected by #ifdef
-
-sig.c
-	- make sure all occurrences of SIGCHLD are protected by #ifdef
-
-nojobs.c
-	- make sure SA_RESTART is defined to 0 if the OS doesn't define it
-
-version.c
-	- show_shell_version: don't use string literals in printf, use %s.
-	  Has added benefit of removing newline from string to be translated
-
-trap.c
-	- queue_sigchld_trap: new function, increments the number of pending
-	  SIGCHLD signals by the argument, which is by convention the number
-	  of children reaped in a call to waitchld()
-
-trap.h
-	- queue_sigchld_trap: new extern declaration
-
-jobs.c
-	- waitchld: if called from the SIGCHLD signal handler (sigchld > 0),
-	  then call queue_sigchld_trap to avoid running the trap in a signal
-	  handler context.  Report and original fix from Siddhesh Poyarekar
-	  <siddhesh@redhat.com>
-
-lib/sh/unicode.c
-	- u32tocesc: take an unsigned 32-bit quantity and encode it using
-	  ISO C99 string notation (\u/\U)
-	- u32cconv: call u32tocesc as a fallback instead of u32cchar
-	- u32cconv: call u32tocesc if iconv cannot convert the character.
-	  Maybe do the same thing if iconv_open fails
-	- u32reset: call iconv_close on localconv if u32init == 1
-
-				   3/11
-				   ----
-config-top.h
-	- CHECKWINSIZE_DEFAULT: new define, set to initial value of
-	  check_window_size (shopt checkwinsize): 0 for off, 1 for on.
-	  Default is 0
-
-{jobs,nojobs}.c
-	- check_window_size: default initial value to CHECKWINSIZE_DEFAULT
-
-				   3/13
-				   ----
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- change text referring to the copying restrictions to that
-	  recommended by the FSF (no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover
-	  Texts)
-
-lib/readline/doc/{history,rlman,rluserman}.texi
-	- change text referring to the copying restrictions to that
-	  recommended by the FSF (no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover
-	  Texts)
-
-				   3/15
-				   ----
-array.c
-	- LASTREF_START: new macro to set the starting position for an array
-	  traversal to `lastref' if that's valid, and to the start of the array
-	  if not.  Used in array_reference, array_insert, array_remove
-	- array_remove: try to be a little smarter with lastref instead of
-	  unconditionally invalidating it
-
-				   3/16
-				   ----
-array.c
-	- array_insert: fix memory leak by deleting element to be added in the
-	  case of an error
-
-				   3/18
-				   ----
-lib/sh/mbschr.c
-	- mbschr: don't call mbrlen unless is_basic is false; devolves to a
-	  straight character-by-character run through the string
-
-				   3/19
-				   ----
-stringlib.c
-	- substring: use memcpy instead of strncpy, since we know the length
-	  and are going to add our own NUL terminator
-
-				   3/20
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand_rhs: if expand_string_for_rhs returns a quoted
-	  null string (a list with one element for which
-	  QUOTED_NULL(list->word->word) returns true), return the quoted null
-	  and set the flags in the returned word to indicate it.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Mark Edgar <medgar123@gmail.com>
-
-lib/sh/tmpfile.c
-	- use random(3) instead of get_random_number to avoid perturbing the
-	  random sequence you get using $RANDOM.  Bug report and fix from
-	  Jurij Mihelic <jurij.mihelic@fri.uni-lj.si>
-
-				   3/21
-				   ----
-config-top.h
-	- OPTIMIZE_SEQUENTIAL_ARRAY_ASSIGNMENT: define to 1 to optimize
-	  sequential indexed array assignment patterns.  Defined to 1 by
-	  default
-
-array.c
-	- array_insert: if OPTIMIZE_SEQUENTIAL_ARRAY_ASSIGNMENT is defined,
-	  start the search at lastref (see change from 3/15)
-
-				   3/27
-				   ----
-print_cmd.c
-	- debug_print_word_list: new debugging function, prints a word list
-	  preceded by an optional string and using a caller-specified
-	  separator
-
-				    4/1
-				    ---
-command.h
-	- W_ASSNGLOBAL: new flag, set to indicate declare -g
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- fix_assignment_words: note that we have a -g argument to an assignment
-	  builtin and set the W_ASSNGLOBAL flag in the variable word
-
-subst.c
-	- dump_word_flags: print out W_ASSNGLOBAL if present
-	- do_assignment_internal: only set ASS_MKLOCAL if W_ASSIGNARG is set
-	  and W_ASSNGLOBAL is not.  Don't want to create a local variable even
-	  if variable_context is non-zero if ASSNGLOBAL is set.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Bill Gradwohl <bill@ycc.com>
-
-				    4/7
-				    ---
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: make the `keyseq-timeout' variable apply to
-	  ESC processing when in vi mode.  After hitting ESC, readline will
-	  wait up to _rl_keyseq_timeout*1000 microseconds (if set) for
-	  additional input before dispatching on the ESC and switching to
-	  command/movement mode.  Completes timeout work suggested by
-	  <rogerx.oss@gmail.com>; this prompted by report from Barry Downes
-	  <barry.downes@gmail.com>
-
-lib/sh/shmbchar.c
-	- sh_mbsnlen: new function, returns the number of (possibly multibyte)
-	  characters in a passed string with a passed length, examining at most
-	  maxlen (third argument) bytes
-
-externs.h
-	- sh_mbsnlen: extern declaration for new function
-
-shell.c
-	- exit_shell: call maybe_save_shell_history if remember_on_history is
-	  set, not just in interactive shells.  That means the history is
-	  saved if history is enabled, regardless of whether or not the shell
-	  is interactive
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- TMOUT: fix description to make it explicit that TMOUT is the timeout
-	  period for a complete line of input, not just any input.  Fixes
-	  problem reported in Ubuntu bug 957303:
-	  https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/957303
-	- HISTFILE: document change to write history list to history file in
-	  any shell with history enabled, not just interactive shells.  This
-	  seems to be more logical behavior.  Suggested by Greg Wooledge
-	  <wooledg@eeg.ccf.org>
-
-				   4/12
-				   ----
-lib/readline/colors.h
-	- only include stdbool.h if HAVE_STDBOOL_H is defined
-	- if HAVE_STDBOOL_H is not defined, provide enough definition for the
-	  library to use `bool', `true', and `false'
-
-lib/readline/parse-colors.[ch]
-	- don't try to include <stdbool.h> at all; rely on colors.h to do it
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
-	- vsnprintf_internal: only treat '0' as a flag to indicate zero padding
-	  if `.' hasn't been encountered ((flags&PF_DOT) == 0); otherwise treat
-	  it as the first digit of a precision specifier.  Fixes bug reported
-	  by Petr Sumbera <petr.sumbera@sun.com>
-
-				   4/15
-				   ----
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
-	- vsnprintf_internal: if the '0' and '-' flags both occur, the '0'
-	  flag is ignored -- Posix.  Start of a series of fixes based on
-	  tests and patches from Petr Sumbera <petr.sumbera@sun.com>
-	- PUT_PLUS: make sure PF_PLUS flag is specified before putting the `+'
-	- vsnprintf_internal: when '+' is read as a flag, don't set right-
-	  justify flag if the LADJUST (`-') flag has already been supplied
-	- floating: make sure to output space padding before the `+', zero
-	  padding after
-	- exponent: make sure to output space padding before the `+', zero
-	  padding after
-	- exponent: only subtract one from the width for the decimal point
-	  if we're really going to print one
-	- floating: use presence of PF_PLUS flag to decide whether to account
-	  for the `+' in the padded field width.  Ditto for exponent()
-
-				   4/16
-				   ----
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
-	- vsnprint_internal: only reduce precision by 1 when processing the `g'
-	  format if it's > 0.  A precision of 0 should stay 0; otherwise it
-	  gets set to -1 (NOT_FOUND) and converted to the default
-	- number, lnumber: if an explicit precision is supplied, turn off the
-	  zero-padding flag and set the pad character back to space
-	- number, lnumber: only account for a `+' when performing the field
-	  width calculation if the coversion is base 10; we don't add a `+'
-	  for other bases
-
-				   4/18
-				   ----
-tests/printf3.sub
-	- try using "perl -e 'print time'" to get the current time in seconds
-	  since the epoch if "date +%s" is not available (solaris 8-10)
-
-				   4/19
-				   ----
-tests/run-printf
-	- use cat -v instead of relying on diff -a being available to convert
-	  control characters to ascii and avoid the dreaded "Binary files
-	  /tmp/xx and printf.right differ"
-
-				   4/20
-				   ----
-lib/sh/strftime.c
-	- incoporated new version from Aharon Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
-
-				   4/22
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- slight change to the description of /dev/tcp and /dev/udp
-
-subst.c
-	- match_wpattern: logic fix to the calculation of `simple' (was |=,
-	  needs to be &=).  Bug report from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>,
-	  fix from Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_filename_stat_hook: add code from bash_directory_completion_hook
-	  that performs pathname canonicalization in the same way that cd and
-	  other builtins will do
-
-				   4/25
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_pipeline: change the call to move_to_high_fd to make it use
-	  getdtablesize() and to not stomp on existing open file descriptors,
-	  like the fd the shell is using to read a script.  Bug report from
-	  Greg Wooledge <wooledg@eeg.ccf.org>
-
-				    5/6
-				    ---
-subst.c
-	- expand_word_internal: case '$': after calling param_expand and
-	  setting had_quoted_null, set TEMP to null.  The code that builds the
-	  returned string at the end of the function will take care of making
-	  and returning a quoted null string if there's nothing else in
-	  ISTRING.  If there is, the quoted null should just go away.  Part of
-	  fix for bug reported by Ruediger Kuhlmann <RKuhlmann@orga-systems.com>
-	- expand_word_internal: when processing ISTRING to build return value,
-	  only set W_HASQUOTEDNULL in the returned word flags if the word is
-	  a quoted null string AND had_quoted_null is set.  Rest of fix
-
-				    5/9
-				    ---
-variables.c
-	- bind_variable_internal: if we get an array variable here (implicit
-	  assignment to index 0), call make_array_variable_value, which
-	  dummies up a fake SHELL_VAR * from array[0].  This matters when
-	  we're appending and have to use the current value
-	- bind_variable_internal: after computing the new value, treat assoc
-	  variables with higher precedence than simple array variables; it
-	  might be that a variable has both attributes set
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- bind_array_var_internal: break code out that handles creating the
-	  new value to be assigned to an array variable index into a new
-	  function, make_array_variable_value.  This handles creating a
-	  dummy SHELL_VAR * for implicit array[0] assignment.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-arrayfunc.h
-	- make_array_variable_value: new extern declaration
-
-				   5/19
-				   ----
-variables.c
-	- bind_int_variable: if an assignment statement like x=y comes in
-	  from the expression evaluator, and x is an array, handle it like
-	  x[0]=y.  Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   5/24
-				   ----
-
-braces.c
-	- mkseq: handle possible overflow and break the sequence generating
-	  loop if it occurs.  Fixes OpenSUSE bug 763591:
-	  https://bugzilla.novell.com/show_bug.cgi?id=763591
-
-				   5/25
-				   ----
-Makefile.in
-	- LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD: add to compilation recipes for build tools
-	  buildversion, mksignames, mksyntax
-	- LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD: add to compilation recipes for test tools
-	  recho, zecho, printenv, xcase
-
-builtins/Makefile.in
-	- LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD: add to compilation recipes for build tools
-	  gen-helpfiles, psize.aux
-
-variables.c
-	- bind_int_variable: if LHS is a simple variable name without an array
-	  reference, but resolves to an array variable, call
-	  bind_array_variable with index 0 to make x=1 equivalent to x[0]=1.
-	  Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   5/27
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- expand_word_internal: make sure has_dollar_at doesn't get reset before
-	  recursive calls to param_expand or expand_word_internal, since it has
-	  to save state of what came before.  Use temp variable and make sure
-	  has_dollar_at is incremented if recursive call processes "$@".
-	  Fixes bug reported by gregrwm <backuppc-users@whitleymott.net> and
-	  supplemented by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- changes to the description of substring expansion inspired by
-	  suggestions from Bill Gradwohl <bill@ycc.com>
-
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- added substring expansion examples inspired by suggestions from
-	  Bill Gradwohl <bill@ycc.com>
-
-variables.c
-	- find_shell_variable: search for a variable in the list of shell
-	  contexts, ignore the temporary environment
-	- find_variable_tempenv: search for a variable in the list of shell
-	  contexts, force search of the temporary environment
-	- find_variable_notempenv: search for a variable in the list of shell
-	  contexts, don't force search of the temporary environment
-
-variables.h
-	- find_shell_variable: extern declaration
-	- find_variable_tempenv: extern declaration
-	- find_variable_notempenv: extern declaration
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- bind_array_variable: call find_shell_variable instead of calling
-	  var_lookup directly
-
-findcmd.c
-	- search_for_command: call find_variable_tempenv instead of
-	  find_variable_internal directly
-	- _find_user_command_internal: call find_variable_tempenv instead of
-	  find_variable_internal directly
-
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- set_var_attribute: call find_variable_notempenv instead of
-	  find_variable_internal directly
-	- show_name_attributes:  call find_variable_tempenv instead of
-	  find_variable_internal directly
-
-				    6/1
-				    ---
-sig.c
-	- termsig_handler: don't try to save the shell history on a terminating
-	  signal any more, since it just causes too many problems on Linux
-	  systems using glibc and glibc malloc
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
-	- rl_vi_change_to: change to correctly redo `cc', since `c' is not a vi
-	  motion character.  From Red Hat bug 813289
-	- rl_vi_delete_to: change to correctly redo `dd', since `d' is not a vi
-	  motion character
-	- rl_vi_yank_to: change to correctly redo `yy', since `y' is not a vi
-	  motion character
-
-				    6/4
-				    ---
-lib/sh/mktime.c
-	- current versions of VMS do not need to include <stddef.h>.  Fix from
-	  John E. Malmberg <wb8tyw@qsl.net>
-
-				    6/5
-				    ---
-lib/sh/eaccess.c
-	- sh_stat: instead of using a static buffer to do the DEV_FD_PREFIX
-	  translation, use a dynamically-allocated buffer that we keep
-	  resizing.  Fixes potential security hole reported by David Leverton
-	  <levertond@googlemail.com>
-
-				    6/5
-				    ---
-braces.c
-	- expand_seqterm: check errno == ERANGE after calling strtoimax for
-	  rhs and incr.  Part of a set of fixes from Scott McMillan
-	  <scotty.mcmillan@gmail.com>
-	- expand_seqterm: incr now of type `intmax_t', which changes
-	  arguments to mkseq
-	- mkseq: a better fix for detecting overflow and underflow since it's
-	  undefined in C and compilers `optimize' out overflow checks.  Uses
-	  ADDOVERFLOW and SUBOVERFLOW macros
-	- mkseq: use sh_imaxabs (new macro) instead of abs() for intmax_t
-	  variables
-	- mkseq: don't allow incr to be converted to -INTMAX_MIN
-	- mkseq: make sure that strvec_create isn't called with a size argument
-	  greater than INT_MAX, since it only takes an int
-
-				    6/6
-				    ---
-braces.c
-	- mkseq: try and be smarter about not overallocating elements in
-	  the return array if the increment is not 1 or -1
-
-				    6/7
-				    ---
-parse.y
-	- history_delimiting_chars: if the parser says we're in the middle of
-	  a compound assignment (PST_COMPASSIGN), just return a space to avoid
-	  adding a stray semicolon to the history entry.  Fixes bug reported
-	  by "Davide Brini" <dave_br@gmx.com>
-
-				    6/8
-				    ---
-bashline.c
-	- bash_directory_completion_hook: don't attempt spelling correction
-	  on the directory name unless the direxpand option is set and we are
-	  going to replace the directory name with the corrected one in the
-	  readline line.  Suggested by Linda Walsh <bash@tlinx.org>
-
-lib/sh/shquote.c
-	- sh_backslash_quote: now takes a third argument: flags.  If non-zero,
-	  tildes are not backslash-escaped.  Have to handle both printf %q,
-	  where they should be escaped, and filename completion, where they
-	  should not when used as usernames
-
-externs.h
-	- sh_backslash_quote: declaration now takes a third argument
-
-builtins/printf.def
-	- printf_builtin: call sh_backslash_quote with 1 as third argument
-	  so tildes get escaped
-
-{bashline,bracecomp}.c
-	- call sh_backslash_quote with 0 as third argument so tildes are not
-	  escaped in completed words
-
-doc/bash.1
-	- add `coproc' to the list of reserved words.  From a report by
-	  Jens Schweikhardt <schweikh@schweikhardt.net>
-
-				   6/10
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- line_number_for_err_trap: now global, so parse_and_execute can save
-	  and restore it with unwind-protect
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
-	- parse_prologue: save and restore line_number_for_err_trap along
-	  with line_number
-	- restore_lastcom: new function, unwind-protect to restore
-	  the_printed_command_except_trap
-	- parse_prologue: use restore_lastcom to save and restore the value
-	  of the_printed_command_except_trap around calls to parse_and_execute
-	  (eval/source/.)
-
-				   6/15
-				   ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- complete_fncmp: change filename comparison code to understand
-	  multibyte characters, even when doing case-sensitive or case-mapping
-	  comparisons.  Fixes problem reported by Nikolay Shirokovskiy
-	  <nshyrokovskiy@gmail.com>
-
-				   6/20
-				   ----
-builtins/mapfile.def
-	- mapfile: move the line count increment and check for having read
-	  the specified number of lines to the end of the loop to avoid
-	  reading an additional line with zgetline.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   6/21
-				   ----
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_pipeline: make sure `lastpipe_flag' is initialized to 0 on
-	  all systems, since it's tested later in the function.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by John E. Malmberg <wb8tyw@qsl.net>
-
-				   6/22
-				   ----
-mailcheck.c
-	- file_mod_date_changed: return 0 right away if mailstat() does not
-	  return success.  Fixes bug with using uninitialized values reported
-	  by szymon.kalasz@uj.edu.pl
-
-builtins/set.def
-	- the `monitor' option is not available when the shell is compiled
-	  without job control, since the underlying `m' flag is not available
-
-nojobs.c
-	- job_control: now declared as int variable, initialized to 0, never
-	  modified
-
-jobs.h
-	- job_control: extern declaration no longer dependent on JOB_CONTROL
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_pipeline: made necessary changes so `lastpipe' shell option
-	  is now available in all shells, even those compiled without
-	  JOB_CONTROL defined
-
-				   6/23
-				   ----
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_filename: check for interrupts before returning if glob_vector
-	  returns NULL or an error.  Bug reported by Serge van den Boom
-	  <svdb@stack.nl>, fix from Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-	- call run_pending_traps after each call to QUIT or test of
-	  interrupt_state, like we do in mainline shell code
-	- glob_vector: don't call QUIT; in `if (lose)' code block; just free
-	  memory, return NULL, and let callers deal with interrupt_state or
-	  other signals and traps
-
-				   6/25
-				   ----
-lib/readline/input.c
-	- rl_read_key: restructure the loop that calls the event hook a little,
-	  so that the hook is called only after rl_gather_tyi returns no input,
-	  and any pending input is returned first.  This results in better
-	  efficiency for processing pending input without calling the hook
-	  on every input character as bash-4.1 did.  From a report from
-	  Max Horn <max@quendi.de>
-
-				   6/26
-				   ----
-trap.c
-	- signal_is_pending: return TRUE if SIG argument has been received and
-	  a trap is waiting to execute
-
-trap.h
-	- signal_is_pending: extern declaration
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_vector: check for pending SIGINT trap each time through the loop,
-	  just like we check for interrupt_state or terminating_signal, and
-	  set `lose = 1' so we clean up after ourselves and interrupt the
-	  operation before running the trap.  This may require a change later,
-	  maybe call run_pending_traps and do that if run_pending_traps returns?
-
-variables.c
-	- sv_histtimefmt: set history_comment_character to default (`#') if
-	  it's 0 when we're turning on history timestamps.  The history code
-	  uses the history comment character to prefix timestamps, and
-	  leaving it at 0 effectively removes them from the history.  From a
-	  report to help-bash by Dennis Williamson <dennistwilliamson@gmail.com>
-
-				   6/27
-				   ----
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- rl_maybe_restore_sighandler: new function, sets handler for SIG to
-	  HANDLER->sa_handler only if it's not SIG_IGN.  Needs to be called
-	  on same signals set using rl_maybe_set_sighandler, which does not
-	  override an existing SIG_IGN handler (SIGALRM is ok since it does
-	  the check inline; doesn't mess with SIGWINCH)
-
-				   6/30
-				   ----
-variables.h
-	- additional defines for the new `nameref' variable attribute
-	  (att_nameref): nameref_p, nameref_cell, var_setref
-
-variables.c
-	- find_variable_nameref: resolve SHELL_VAR V through chain of namerefs
-	- find_variable_last_nameref: resolve variable NAME until last in a
-	  chain of possibly more than one nameref starting at shell_variables
-	- find_global_variable_last_nameref: resolve variable NAME until last
-	  in a chain of possibly more than one nameref starting at
-	  global_variables
-	- find_nameref_at_context: resolve SHELL_VAR V through chain of namerefs	
-	  in a specific variable context (usually a local variable hash table)
-	- find_variable_nameref_context: resolve SHELL_VAR V through chain of
-	  namerefs following a chain of varible contexts
-	- find_variable_last_nameref_context: resolve SHELL_VAR V as in
-	  find_variable_last_context, but return the final nameref instead of
-	  what the final nameref resolves to
-	- find_variable_tempenv, find_variable_notempenv, find_global_variable,
-	  find_shell_variable, find_variable: modified to follow namerefs
-	- find_global_variable_noref: look up a global variable without following
-	  any namerefs
-	- find_variable_noref: look up a shell variable without following any
-	  namerefs
-	- bind_variable_internal: modify to follow a chain of namerefs in the
-	  global variables table; change to handle assignments to a nameref by
-	  following nameref chain
-	- bind_variable: modify to follow chain of namerefs when binding to a
-	  local variable
-	- unbind_variable: changes to unset nameref variables (unsets both
-	  nameref and variable it resolves to)
-
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand_word: change to handle expanding nameref whose
-	  value is x[n]
-	- parameter_brace_expand_indir: change to expand in ksh93-compatible
-	  way if variable to be indirected is nameref and a simple (non-array)
-	  expansion
-	- param_expand: change to expand $foo where foo is a nameref whose value
-	  is x[n]
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_for_command: changes to implement ksh93 semantics when index
-	  variable is a nameref
-
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- show_var_attributes: change to add `n' to flags list if att_nameref
-	  is set
-
-builtins/set.def
-	- unset_builtin: changes to error messages to follow nameref variables
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- document new -n option
-	- declare_internal: new `-n' and `+n' options
-	- declare_internal: handle declare -n var[=value] and
-	  declare +n var[=value] for existing and non-existant variables.
-	  Enforce restriction that nameref variables cannot be arrays.
-	  Implement semi-peculiar ksh93 semantics for typeset +n ref=value
-
-				    7/5
-				    ---
-variables.c
-	- unbind_variable: unset whatever a nameref resolves to, leaving the
-	  nameref variable itself alone
-	- unbind_nameref: new function, unsets a nameref variable, not the
-	  variable it references
-
-variables.h
-	- unbind_nameref: extern declaration
-
-builtins/set.def
-	- unset_builtin: modify to add -n option, which calls unbind_nameref
-	  leaving unbind_variable for the usual case.  This required slight
-	  changes and additions to the test suite
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document namerefs and typeset/declare/local/unset -n
-
-				   7/13
-				   ----
-lib/sh/casemod.c
-	- include shmbchar.h for is_basic and supporting pieces
-	- sh_casemod: use _to_wupper and _to_wlower to convert wide character
-	  case instead of TOUPPER and TOLOWER.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Dennis Williamson <dennistwilliamson@gmail.com>, fix from
-	  Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-	- cval: short-circuit and return ascii value if is_basic tests true
-	- sh_casemod: short-circuit and use non-multibyte case modification
-	  and toggling code if is_basic tests true
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- _rl_{block,release}_sigint: remove the code that actually blocks and
-	  releases the signals, since we defer signal handling until calls to
-	  RL_CHECK_SIGNALS()
-
-lib/readline/{callback,readline,util}.c
-	- if HAVE_POSIX_SIGSETJMP is defined, use sigsetjmp/siglongjmp without
-	  saving and restoring the signal mask instead of setjmp/longjmp
-
-lib/readline/rltty.c
-	- prepare_terminal_settings: don't mess with IXOFF setting if
-	  USE_XON_XOFF defined
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- add some text to the description of set -e clarifying its effect
-	  on shell functions and shell function execution.  Suggested by
-	  Rainer Blome <rainer.blome@gmx.de>
-
-bashline.c
-	- edit_and_execute_command: increment current_command_line_count before
-	  adding partial line to command history (for command-oriented-history
-	  because of rl_newline at beginning of function), then reset it to 0
-	  before adding the dummy history entry to make sure the dummy entry
-	  doesn't get added to previous incomplete command.  Partial fix for
-	  problem reported by Peng Yu <pengyu.ut@gmail.com>
-
-				   7/24
-				   ----
-configure.in
-	- interix: define RECYCLES_PIDS.  Based on a report from Michael
-	  Haubenwallner <michael.haubenwallner@salomon.at>
-
-				   7/26
-				   ----
-jobs.c
-	- make_child: call bgp_delete on the newly-created pid unconditionally.
-	  Some systems reuse pids before cycling through an entire set of
-	  CHILD_MAX/_SC_CHILD_MAX unique pids.  This is no longer dependent
-	  on RECYCLES_PIDS.  Based on a report from Michael Haubenwallner
-	  <michael.haubenwallner@salomon.at>
-
-support/shobj-conf
-	- Mac OS X: drop MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=10.3 from the LDFLAGS. We
-	  can finally kill Panther
-
-				   7/28
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- command_substitute: make sure last_made_pid gets reset if make_child
-	  fails
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: case cm_simple: decide whether or not to
-	  wait_for a child if already_making_children is non-zero, indicates
-	  that there is an unwaited-for child.  More of fix for bug report
-	  from Michael Haubenwallner <michael.haubenwallner@salomon.at>
-
-jobs.c
-	- make_child: call delete_old_job (new_pid) unconditionally, don't
-	  bother to check whether or not pid wrap occurred.  Rest of fix for
-	  bug report from Michael Haubenwallner
-	  <michael.haubenwallner@salomon.at>
-
-				   7/29
-				   ----
-shell.c
-	- subshell_exit: new function, exits the shell (via call to sh_exit())
-	  after calling any defined exit trap
-
-externs.h
-	- subshell_exit: new extern declaration
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: make sure to call subshell_exit for
-	  {} group commands executed asynchronously (&).  Part of fix for
-	  EXIT trap bug reported by Maarten Billemont <lhunath@lyndir.com>
-
-sig.c
-	- reset_terminating_signals: make sure to set termsigs_initialized back
-	  to 0, so a subsequent call to initialize_terminating_signals works
-	  right.  Rest of fix for bug reported by Maarten Billemont
-	  <lhunath@lyndir.com>
-
-{execute_cmd,general,jobs,mailcheck,mksyntax,test}.c
-builtins/{cd,fc,pushd,ulimit}.def
-lib/malloc/getpagesize.h
-lib/sh/{clktck,fpurge,inet_aton,mailstat,oslib,pathcanon,pathphys,spell,strerror}.c
-	- make inclusion of <sys/param.h> dependent on HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
-	  consistently
-
-				    8/6
-				    ---
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
-	- history_expand_internal: now takes an additional argument saying
-	  whether the history expansion occurs within a quoted string, set to
-	  the open quote character
-	- history_expand_internal: use new argument instead of checking prev
-	  char and initializing quoted_search_delimiter, pass qc directly to
-	  get_history_event, where it allows a matching quote to terminate a
-	  string defining an event
-	- history_expand: change single-quote handling code so that if
-	  history_quotes_inhibit_expansion is 0, single quotes are treated
-	  like double quotes
-	- history_expand: change call to history_expand_internal to pass new
-	  argument of `"' if double-quoted string, `'' if single-quoted string;
-	  this lets history_expand decide what is a quoted string and what
-	  is not
-
-				    8/7
-				    ---
-configure.in
-	- AC_CANONICAL_BUILD: invoke for later use
-
-lib/readline/macro.c
-	- _rl_prev_macro_key: new function, inverse of _rl_next_macro_key:
-	  backs up the index into the current macro by 1
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_prev_macro_key: extern declaration
-
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq, _rl_subseq_result: don't call _rl_unget_char
-	  if we're currently reading from a macro; call _rl_prev_macro_key
-	  instead.  Fixes bug reported by Clark Wang <clark.wang@oracle.com>
-
-				   8/13
-				   ----
-builtins/evalstring.c
-	- evalstring(): new function, wrapper around parse_and_execute.
-	  make sure we handle cases where parse_and_execute can call `return'
-	  and short-circuit without cleaning up properly.  We call
-	  parse_and_execute_cleanup() then jump to the previous-saved return
-	  location
-
-builtins/common.h
-	- extern declaration for evalstring()
-
-builtins/eval.def
-	- eval_builtin: make sure we handle `eval " ... return"' in contexts
-	  where `return' is valid by calling evalstring().  Fixes bug with
-	  `eval return' in sourced files reported by Clark Wang
-	  <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-trap.c
-	- run_pending_traps: call evalstring instead of parse_and_execute.
-	  XXX - still needs to handle saving and restoring token state in the
-	  presence of `return'; could use unwind_protects for that
-
-builtins/mapfile.def
-	- run_callback: call evalstring instead of parse_and_execute
-
-				   8/15
-				   ----
-bashline.c
-	- bash_filename_stat_hook: make sure we don't free local_dirname
-	  before using it to canonicalize any expanded filename.  Make sure
-	  it always points to *dirname and only free it if we're replacing
-	  it.
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- append_to_match: make sure we call rl_filename_stat_hook with
-	  newly-allocated memory to avoid problems with freeing it twice
-
-				   8/17
-				   ----
-variables.c,config-top.h
-	- if ARRAY_EXPORT is defined to 1 when variables.c is compiled, the
-	  code that allows indexed arrays to be exported is enabled and
-	  included
-
-				   8/19
-				   ----
-shell.c
-	- call start_debugger from main() only if dollar_vars[1] != 0 (close
-	  enough to a non-interactive shell, since we can be interactive with
-	  -i while running a shell script).  Fixes oddity reported by
-	  Techlive Zheng <techlivezheng@gmail.com>
-
-				   8/20
-				   ----
-arrayfunc.c
-	- quote_array_assignment_chars: don't bother quoting if the word has
-	  not been marked as an assignment (W_ASSIGNMENT)
-	- quote_array_assignment_chars: turn on W_NOGLOB in the word flags
-	  so assignment statements don't undergo globbing.  Partial fix for
-	  problems reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   8/21
-				   ----
-command.h
-	- W_NOBRACE: new word flag that means to inhibit brace expansion
-
-subst.c
-	- brace_expand_word_list: suppress brace expansion for words with
-	  W_NOBRACE flag
-
-				   8/22
-				   ----
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: don't call dequote_string on what we've read, even if
-	  we saw an escape character, unless (input_string && *input_string).
-	  We may have escaped an IFS whitespace character.  Fixes seg fault
-	  reported by <armandsl@gmail.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: set the_printed_command_except trap when
-	  about to execute a ( ... ) user subshell.  For now, set it only if
-	  ERR is trapped; can relax that later.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-				   8/23
-				   ----
-jobs.c
-	- remove references to first_pid and pid_wrap, since we're not using
-	  them for anything anymore
-
-				   8/24
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- changes for W_NOBRACE everywhere appropriate: so it can be displayed
-	  for debugging, and passed out of expand_word_internal
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- small changes to make it clearer that the = and == operators are
-	  equivalent, and will cause pattern matching when used with [[.
-	  From a question from Michal Soltys <soltys@ziu.info>
-
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- some small formatting changes from Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
-
-				   8/27
-				   ----
-lib/readline/doc/{history,rlman,rluserman}.texi
-	- some small formatting changes from Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- assign_array_element_internal, assign_compound_array_list,
-	  unbind_array_element, array_value_internal: changes to make
-	  assignment statements to negative indices (a[-1]=2) and unsetting
-	  array elements using negative indices (unset 'a[-1]') work.
-	  From suggestions by Dennis Williamson <dennistwilliamson@gmail.com>
-	  and Chris F. A. Johnson <chris@cfajohnson.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- array_length_reference: changes to make length references to array
-	  elements using negative indices (${#a[-1]}) work
-
-				   8/28
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new treatment of negative indices to indexed arrays when
-	  assigning, referencing, calculating length, and unsetting
-
-				   8/29
-				   ----
-shell.c
-	- show_shell_usage: add -l to list of shell invocation options (short
-	  for --login).  From Red Hat bug 852469
-
-configure.ac
-	- renamed from configure.in, as latest autoconf versions want.  Patches
-	  Stefano Lattarini <stefano.lattarini@gmail.com>
-
-MANIFEST,Makefile.in,doc/bashref.texi,support/mkconffiles
-	- configure.in -> configure.ac
-
-				    9/1
-				    ---
-
-parse.y
-	- read_token_word: allow words like {array[ind]} to be valid redirection
-	  words for constructs like {x}<file
-
-redir.c
-	- redir_varassign: bind_var_to_int already handles array assignments,
-	  so don't need to do anything more for things like {a[i]}<file
-	- redir_varvalue: changes to allow references to {a[i]} when
-	  performing redirections using valid_array_reference and
-	  get_array_value.  Adds functionality requested most recently by
-	  <unknown@vmw-les.eng.vmware.com>
-
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- update_line: if the first difference between the old and new lines
-	  is completely before any invisible characters in the prompt, we
-	  should not adjust _rl_last_c_pos, since it's before any invisible
-	  characters.  Fixed in two places
-	- prompt_modechar: return a character indicating the editing mode:
-	  emacs (@), vi command (:), or vi insert (+)
-	- _rl_reset_prompt: new function, just calls rl_expand_prompt.  Will be
-	  inlined, placeholder for more changes
-	- expand_prompt: if show-mode-in-prompt is enabled, add a character to
-	  the front of the prompt indicating the editing mode, adjusting the
-	  various variables as appropriate to keep track of the number of
-	  visible characters and number of screen positions
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- show-mode-in-prompt: new bindable boolean variable, shadowed by
-	  _rl_show_mode_in_prompt variable
-	- hack_special_boolean_var: call _rl_reset_prompt when toggling or
-	  setting show-mode-in-prompt
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- readline_internal_setup: make sure the correct vi mode keymap is set
-	  before expanding the prompt string for the first time
-
-lib/readline/misc.c
-	- rl_emacs_editing_mode: make sure to call _rl_reset_prompt if we're
-	  showing the editing mode in the prompt
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_reset_prompt, _rl_show_mode_in_prompt: extern declarations
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
-	- rl_vi_insertion_mode: call _rl_reset_prompt
-	- rl_vi_movement_mode: call _rl_reset_prompt.  Finishes changes for
-	  showing mode in prompt string, originally requested by Miroslav
-	  Koskar <mkoskar@gmail.com> and most recently by Jordan Michael
-	  Ziegler <jziegler@bnl.gov>
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi}
-	- document new show-mode-in-prompt variable, off by default
-
-				    9/3
-				    ---
-
-jobs.c
-	- set_childmax: new function, external mechanism for other parts of
-	  the shell to set js.c_childmax, the number of saved exited child
-	  statuses to remember
-jobs.h
-	- set_childmax: extern declaration
-
-variables.c
-	- CHILD_MAX: new special variable, with sv_childmax function to
-	  run when it changes.  Setting CHILD_MAX to a value greater than
-	  zero but less than some maximum (currently 8192) sets the number of
-	  exited child statuses to remember.  set_childmax (jobs.c) ensures
-	  that the number does not drop below the posix-mandated minimum
-	  (CHILD_MAX)
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- CHILD_MAX: document new meaning and action when variable is set
-
-				    9/5
-				    ---
-redir.c
-	- redir_varassign: call stupidly_hack_special_variables after
-	  assigning fd number to specified variable, so we can use constructs
-	  like {BASH_XTRACEFD}>foo.  Suggested by Pierre Gaston
-	  <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-
-				    9/8
-				    ---
-expr.c
-	- readtok: invalidate previous contents of `curlval' before freeing
-	  and reallocating tokstr (which, chances are, will get the same
-	  pointer as before and render curlval inconsistent).  Fixes other
-	  bug reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				    9/9
-				    ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- rl_username_completion_function: protect call to setpwent() with
-	  #ifdef (HAVE_GETPWENT)/#endif.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Gerd Hofmann <gerd.hofmann.nbg@googlemail.com>
-
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- rl_message: second and subsequent calls to rl_message can result in
-	  local_prompt being overwritten with new values (e.g., from the
-	  successive calls displaying the incremental search string).  Need
-	  to free before overwriting if it's not the same as the value saved
-	  in saved_local_prompt.  Fixes memory leak reported by
-	  Wouter Vermaelen <vermaelen.wouter@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/{terminal.c,rlprivate.h}
-	- move CUSTOM_REDISPLAY_FUNC and CUSTOM_INPUT_FUNC defines from
-	  terminal.c to rlprivate.h so other files can use them
-
-expr.c
-	- expr_streval: if noeval is non-zero, just return 0 right away,
-	  short-circuiting evaluation completely.  readtok will leave curtok
-	  set correctly without re-entering the evaluator at all.  Rest of
-	  fix for bug reported by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   9/11
-				   ----
-
-parse.y
-	- parse_comsub: make sure the `reserved word ok in this context' flag
-	  is preserved after we read `do' followed by whitespace.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Benoit Vaugon <benoit.vaugon@gmail.com>
-
-				   9/13
-				   ----
-configure.ac,config.h.in
-	- enable-direxpand-default: new configure option, turns the `direxpand'
-	  shell option on by default
-
-bashline.c
-	- dircomplete_expand, dircomplete_expand_relpath: initialize to 1 if
-	  DIRCOMPLETE_EXPAND_DEFAULT is defined and non-zero
-
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- enable-direxpand-default: document new configure option
-
-				   9/14
-				   ----
-shell.c
-	- --protected: make option valid only when wordexp is compiled into
-	  the shell.  Fix from Roman Rakus <rrakus@redhat.com>
-
-configure.ac
-	- HP NonStop (*-nsk*): compile --without-bash-malloc. Change from
-	  Joachim Schmitz <jojo@schmitz-digital.de>
-
-				   9/16
-				   ----
-subst.c,execute_cmd.c,lib/glob/sm_loop.c,lib/sh/shquote.c
-	- minor code cleanups from Joachim Schmitz <jojo@schmitz-digital.de>
-
-lib/readline/colors.h
-	- workaround for HP NonStop compiler issue with <stdbool.h> from
-	  Joachim Schmitz <jojo@schmitz-digital.de>
-
-				   9/17
-				   ----
-builtins/printf.def
-	- printf_builtin: handle localtime returning NULL, as can happen when
-	  encountering overflow.  Bug report and initial fix from
-	  Eduardo A. Bustamante López <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- emphasize that brace expansion using character ranges ({a..c}) acts
-	  as if the C locale were in use.  Prompted by message from
-	  Marcel Giannelia <info@skeena.net>
-
-				   9/20
-				   ----
-lib/sh/wcsnwidth.c
-	- wcsnwidth: new function, variant of wcwidth, returns the number of
-	  wide characters from a string that will be displayed to not exceed
-	  a specified max column position
-
-				   9/21
-				   ----
-builtins/help.def
-	- show_builtin_command_help: break code that displays the short-doc
-	  for each builtin in two columns into a new function: dispcolumn
-	- wdispcolumn: multibyte-char version of dispcolumn; uses wide
-	  chars and printf "%ls" format.  Fixes problem reported by
-	  Nguyá»n Thái Ngá»c Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
-
-				   9/22
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_disk_command: before running the command-not-found hook,
-	  call kill_current_pipeline() to make sure we don't add processes
-	  to an existing pipeline or wait for processes erroneously
-
-				   9/23
-				   ----
-lib/readline/input.c
-	- rl_input_available_hook: new hook function, called from
-	  _rl_input_available (or _rl_input_queued) to return whether or not
-	  input is available wherever the input source is
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
-	- rl_input_available_hook: document
-
-				   9/27
-				   ----
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c:
-	- GMATCH: after one or more `*', an instance of ?(x) can match zero or
-	  1 times (unlike ?, which has to match one character).  The old code
-	  failed if it didn't match at least once.  Fixes `a*?(x)' bug.
-	- GMATCH: if we hit the end of the search string, but not the end of
-	  the pattern, and the rest of the pattern is something that can
-	  match the NUL at the end of the search string, we should successfully
-	  match.  Fixes `a*!(x)' bug reported by <hans1worst@gmail.com>
-
-				   10/2
-				   ----
-command.h
-	- add c_lock member to coproc structure for future use to tell who is
-	  manipulating it
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_coproc: block SIGCHLD while parent is forking coproc
-	  process and adding pid to sh_coproc struct to avoid race condition
-	  where child is reaped before the pid is assigned and the coproc is
-	  never marked as having died.  Fixes race condition identified by
-	  Davide Baldini <baldiniebaldini@gmail.com>
-	- add assignments to c_lock member of struct coproc in various
-	  functions that manipulate it; was used to identify race condition
-	- coproc_pidchk: don't call coproc_dispose to avoid using malloc and
-	  other functions in a signal handler context
-	- coproc_dispose: call BLOCK_SIGNAL/UNBLOCK_SIGNAL for SIGCHLD while
-	  manipulating the sh_coproc struct
-
-				   10/6
-				   ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- rl_display_match_list: if printing completions horizontally, don't
-	  bother with spacing calculations if limit == 1, which means we are
-	  printing one completion per line no matter what.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by David Kaasen <kaasen@nvg.ntnu.no>
-
-				   10/7
-				   ----
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: add error checking for nameref attribute and
-	  variable assignments: self-references, attempts to make an array
-	  variable a nameref
-
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand: handle parameter_brace_expand_word returning
-	  &expand_param_fatal or &expand_param_error and return the appropriate
-	  error value
-	- parameter_brace_expand_word: if a nameref variable's value is not a
-	  valid identifier, return an error
-	- param_expand: if a nameref variable's value is not a valid identifier,
-	  return an error
-
-test.c
-	- unary_operator: add new -R variable, returns true if variable is set
-	  and has the nameref attribute. From ksh93
-
-builtins/test.def
-	- add -R to description of conditional commands for help test
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new -R unary conditional operator
-
-				   10/13
-				   -----
-trap.c
-	- check_signals_and_traps: new function, convenience function for the
-	  rest of the shell to check for pending terminating and interrupt
-	  signals, and to check for and process any pending traps
-	- any_signals_trapped: new function, returns non-zero if any signals
-	  are trapped and -1 if not
-
-trap.h
-	- extern declaration for check_signals_and_traps
-
-bashline.c
-	- bashline_reset: make sure we reset the event hook
-	- bash_event_hook: call check_signals_and_traps instead of just
-	  checking for terminating signals so we can run pending traps and
-	  react to interrupts, and reset the event hook when we're done
-
-
-				   10/14
-				   -----
-trap.c
-	- trap_handler: if executing in a readline signal handler context,
-	  call bashline_set_event_hook to install bash_event_hook to process
-	  the signal (if bash cares about it)
-
-sig.c
-	- sigint_sighandler: call bashline_set_event_hook to set the event
-	  hook if we're executing in a readline signal handler context
-
-lib/readline/input.c
-	- rl_getc: call RL_CHECK_SIGNALS if read returns -1/EINTR and the caught
-	  signal is SIGINT or SIGQUIT rather than waiting until the next time
-	  around the loop
-	- rl_getc: call rl_event_hook after calling RL_CHECK_SIGNALS to allow
-	  an application signal handler to set the event hook in its own
-	  signal handler (e.g., like bash trap_handler or sigint_sighandler)
-
-
-parse.y
-	- yy_readline_get: don't set interrupt_immediately before we call
-	  readline().  Inspired by report from lanshun zhou
-	  <zls.sogou@gmail.com>
-
-input.c
-	- getc_with_restart: add call to run_pending_traps after call to
-	  CHECK_TERMSIG
-
-lib/sh/zread.c
-	- zread: call check_signals_and_traps if read() returns -1/EINTR
-	  instead of just ignoring the EINTR and deferring handling any
-	  signal that generated it
-
-builtins/mapfile.def
-	- mapfile: don't set interrupt_immediately before calling zgetline()
-	  (which uses zread internally)
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: don't set interrupt_immediately before calling zread
-	  (moved code around so that it was only being set right around calls
-	  to zread to avoid signal handler conflicts).  Inspired by report
-	  from lanshun zhou <zls.sogou@gmail.com>
-	- edit_line: don't set interrupt_immediately around call to readline()
-	- include shmbutil.h
-	- read_builtin: don't call read_mbchar unless is_basic(c) returns
-	  false for the character we just read
-
-				   10/15
-				   -----
-sig.c
-	- throw_to_top_level: if interrupt_state is non-zero, make sure that
-	  last_command_exit_value reflects 128+SIGINT if it's not already
-	  greater than 128
-
-				   10/20
-				   -----
-builtins/wait.def
-	- WAIT_RETURN: set wait_signal_received back to 0 for the potential
-	  next call to wait
-
-quit.h
-	- CHECK_WAIT_INTR: macro to check whether trap_handler handled a
-	  signal and set wait_signal_received; longjmp to wait_intr_buf in
-	  that case
-
-jobs.c
-	- wait_for, waitchld: call CHECK_WAIT_INTR at the same places we call
-	  CHECK_TERMSIG to check for terminating signals
-	- wait_sigint_handler: don't longjmp out of the wait builtin unless
-	  interrupt_immediately is set; otherwise just SIGRETURN from the
-	  handler
-	- wait_sigint_handler: if interrupt_immediately not set, but we are
-	  executing in the wait builtin and SIGINT is not trapped, treat it
-	  as a `normally received' SIGINT: restore the signal handler and
-	  send SIGINT to ourselves
-	- waitchld: when in posix mode and running SIGCHLD traps, don't longjmp
-	  to wait_intr_buf (and let wait be interrupted) if we're running from
-	  a signal handler.  Wait for CHECK_WAIT_INTR to do the longjmp.
-	  run_pending_traps will run the SIGCHLD trap later
-
-nojobs.c
-	- reap_zombie_children, wait_for_single_pid, wait_for: call
-	  CHECK_WAIT_INTR where we call CHECK_TERMSIG
-	- wait_sigint_handler: don't longjmp out of the wait builtin unless
-	  interrupt_immediately is set; otherwise just SIGRETURN from the
-	  handler
-
-trap.c
-	- trap_handler: make sure wait_signal_received is set if the wait
-	  builtin is executing, and only longjmp if interrupt_immediately is
-	  set.  This whole set of fixes was prompted by report from
-	  lanshun zhou <zls.sogou@gmail.com>
-
-				   10/24
-				   -----
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_filename: only check directory_name for globbing chars if
-	  it's of non-zero length
-
-lib/sh/strchrnul.c
-	- new simpler implementation
-
-subst.c
-	- command_substitute: call set_shellopts after turning off errexit
-	  in subshells so it's reflected in $SHELLOPTS
-
-				   11/7
-				   ----
-builtins/evalstring.c
-	- parse_and_execute: treat ERREXIT case like reader_loop does: set
-	  variable_context to 0 before longjmping back to top_level. Don't
-	  run the unwind-protect context to avoid side effects from popping
-	  function contexts.  Part of fix for problem reported by Nikolai
-	  Kondrashov <nikolai.kondrashov@redhat.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_simple_command: call unlink_fifo_list only if this is the
-	  last element of a pipeline (or not in a pipeline), rather than for
-	  every child.  Fixes difference in behavior between /dev/fd and
-	  FIFOs reported by Zev Weiss <zev@bewilderbeest.net>
-	- execute_null_command: do the same thing in the parent branch after
-	  make_child
-
-				   11/14
-				   -----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand: a variable is null if it's special ($@, $*),
-	  the expansion occurs within double quotes, and the expansion turns
-	  into a quoted null.  Fixes debian bug 692447 reported by
-	  Matrosov Dmitriy <sgf.dma@gmail.com>
-
-jobs.c
-	- run_sigchld_trap: make sure `running_trap' sentinel is set
-	  appropriately
-	- waitchld: only run the sigchld trap if we're not in a signal
-	  handler, not running a trap, and executing the wait builtin.
-	  Otherwise, queue for later handling.  We still run one instance
-	  of the trap handler per exited child.  Bulk of fix for bug
-	  reported by Elliott Forney <idfah@cs.colostate.edu>
-
-trap.c
-	- queue_sigchld_trap: set catch_flag so run_pending_traps notices,
-	  and set trapped_signal_received for completeness.  Rest of fix
-	  for bug reported by Elliott Forney <idfah@cs.colostate.edu>
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
-	- block_signals: renamed to _malloc_block_signals, made public
-	- unblock_signals: renamed to _malloc_unblock_signals, made public
-
-lib/malloc/imalloc.h
-	- extern declarations for _malloc_{un,}block_signals
-
-lib/malloc/table.c
-	- mregister_alloc, mregister_free: block signals around table
-	  manipulation
-
-				   11/15
-				   -----
-trap.c
-	- run_pending_traps: set SIG_INPROGRESS flag around calls to
-	  run_sigchld_handler so other parts of the shell know that the
-	  SIGCHLD trap handler is executing
-	- run_pending_traps: if we get a situation where we are looking at
-	  running a SIGCHLD trap but the trap string is IMPOSSIBLE_TRAP_HANDLER
-	  and the SIG_INPROGRESS flag is set, just skip it.  This is possible
-	  if run_pending_traps is called from a SIGCHLD trap handler run by
-	  run_sigchld_trap
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texi,readline.3}
-	- corrected description of the effect of `set history-size 0'.  Report
-	  from Vesa-Matti J Kari <vmkari@cc.helsinki.fi>
-
-include/stdc.h
-	- CPP_STRING: new define, replaces __STRING
-
-lib/malloc/{malloc.c,imalloc.h}
-	- replace __STRING with CPP_STRING
-
-				   11/16
-				   -----
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- sv_histsize: if argument evaluates to a value < 0, unstifle the
-	  history
-
-				   11/22
-				   -----
-redir.c
-	- do_redirection_internal: if we have REDIR_VARASSIGN set in the
-	  redirection flags and we set up `redirector' using fcntl or dup2,
-	  don't add a redirect to make sure it stays open.  Let the
-	  script programmer manage the file handle.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Sam Liddicott <sam@liddicott.com>
-
-				   11/24
-				   -----
-jobs.c
-	- wait_for_any_job: new function, waits for an unspecified background
-	  job to exit and returns its exit status.  Returns -1 on no background
-	  jobs or no children or other errors.  Calls wait_for with new
-	  sentinel value ANY_PID
-	- wait_for: changes to handle argument of ANY_PID: don't look up or
-	  try to modify the child struct, only go through the wait loop once.
-	  Return -1 if waitpid returns no children
-
-jobs.h
-	- ANY_PID: new define
-
-builtins/wait.def
-	- new option: -n. Means to wait for the next job and return its exit
-	  status.  Returns 127 if there are no background jobs (or no
-	  children).  Feature most recently requested by Elliott Forney
-	  <idfah@cs.colostate.edu>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new `wait -n' option
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: save make_command_string () result in a
-	  temp variable before calling savestring() on it; avoids evaluating
-	  make_command_string() result twice.  Fix from John E. Malmberg
-	  <wb8tyw@qsl.net>
-
-				   11/28
-				   -----
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: if an array variable is declared using `declare -a'
-	  or `declare -A', but not assigned a value, set the `invisible'
-	  attribute so the variable does not show up as set.  Fix for bug
-	  about variable initialization reported by Tim Friske <me@timfriske.com>
-
-builtins/{mapfile,read}.def
-	- after calling find_or_make_array_variable, make sure the invisible
-	  flag is turned off, in case the variable was declared previously
-	  using `declare -a' or `declare -A'.  Side effect of above change to
-	  declare_internal
-
-subst.c
-	- shell_expand_word_list: handle the W_ASSNGLOBAL flag and put -g into
-	  the list of options passed to make_internal_declare as appropriate.
-	  Fix for bug reported by Tim Friske <me@timfriske.com>
-
-				   11/30
-				   -----
-test.c
-	- unary_op: make sure -v and -n check that the variable is not marked
-	  as invisible before calling var_isset.  Fix for bug reported by Tim
-	  Friske <me@timfriske.com>
-
-				   12/2
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- process_substitute: turn off the `expanding_redir' flag, which
-	  controls whether or not variables.c:find_variable_internal uses the
-	  temporary environment to find variables.  We want to use the
-	  temp environment, since we don't have to worry about order of
-	  evaluation in a subshell.  Fixes bug reported by Andrey Borzenkov
-	  <arvidjaar@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/4
-				   ----
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_filename: changes to avoid null filenames and multiple entries
-	  returned for patterns like **/** (globstar enabled).  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Ulf Magnusson <ulfalizer@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/10
-				   -----
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_filename: finish up a series of changes to make globstar-style	
-	  globbing more efficient, avoid more duplicate filenames, and be more
-	  compatible with other shells that implement it
-		o collapse a sequence of **/**/** to one **
-		o note when the directory name is all ** or ends in ** so we
-		  can treat it specially when the filename is **
-	  All inspired by report from Andrey Borzenkov <arvidjaar@gmail.com>
-
-lib/sh/zread.c
-	- zreadn: new function, like zread, but takes an additional argument
-	  saying how many bytes to read into the local buffer.  Can be used to
-	  implement `read -N' without so many one-byte calls to zreadc.  Code
-	  from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-				   12/12
-				   -----
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
-	- PATSCAN (glob_patscan): if passed string already points to end of
-	  pattern, return NULL immediately.  Fixes problem with
-	  extglob_skipname reported by Raphaël Droz <raphael.droz@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/13
-				   -----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_coproc: handle the command's exit status being inverted
-	  (an oversight).  Fixes bug reported by DJ Mills
-	  <danielmills1@gmail.com> and Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-				   12/14
-				   -----
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- bind_arrow_keys_internal: add MINGW key bindings for Home, End,
-	  Delete, and Insert keys.  Fix from Pierre Muller
-	  <pierre.muller@ics-cnrs.unistra.fr>
-
-builtins/printf.def
-	- printf_builtin: '%()T' conversion: if there is no argument supplied,
-	  behave as if -1 had been supplied (current time).  ksh93-like feature
-	  suggested by Clark Wang <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new printf %()T default argument behavior
-
-				   12/15
-				   -----
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- displaying_prompt_first_line: new variable, indicates whether or
-	  not the first line of output is displaying the prompt.  Always true
-	  in normal mode, sometimes false in horizontal scrolling mode
-	- rl_redisplay: set displaying_prompt_first_line to true unless we
-	  are in horizontal mode; set to false in horizontal mode if the left
-	  margin of the displayed line is greater than the end of the prompt
-	  string
-	- rl_redisplay: when in horizontal scroll mode, don't adjust
-	  _rl_last_c_pos by the wrap offset unless the line is displaying
-	  a prompt containing invisible chars
-	- update line: don't adjust _rl_last_c_pos by the wrap offset unless
-	  the line is displaying a prompt containing invisible chars
-	- update_line: if shrinking the line by reducing the number of
-	  displayed characters, but we have already moved the cursor to the
-	  beginning of the line where the first difference starts, don't
-	  try to delete characters
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- unbuffered_read: set to 2 if invoked as `read -N'
-	- if unbuffered_read is set to 2, compute the number of chars we
-	  need to read and read that many with zreadn.  Posix mode still
-	  uses zreadintr.  Code from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- read: make it clear that if read times out, it saves any input
-	  read to that point into the variable arguments.  Report from
-	  Fiedler Roman <Roman.Fiedler@ait.ac.at>
-
-subst.c
-	- command_substitute: change direct assignment of exit_immediately_on_error
-	  to use change_flag ('e', FLAG_OFF) instead
-
-flags.c
-	- use errexit_flag as the variable modified by changes to the -e
-	  option, reflect those changes to exit_immediately_on_error
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_builtin: new global variable, builtin_ignoring_errexit, set
-	  to 0 by default and set to 1 if eval/source/command executing in a
-	  context where -e should be ignored
-	- execute_builtin: set exit_immediately_on_error to errextit_flag
-	  after executing eval/source/command in a context where -e should
-	  be ignored
-
-flags.c
-	- if builtin_ignoring_errexit is set, changes to errexit_flag are
-	  not reflected in the setting of exit_immediately_on_error.  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Robert Schiele <rschiele@gmail.com>
-
-				   12/23
-				   -----
-include/posixjmp.h
-	- setjmp_nosigs: new define, call setjmp in such a way that it will
-	  not manipulate the signal mask
-
-{expr,test,trap}.c
-	- setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp; don't need to manipulate
-	  signal mask
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp; don't need
-	  to manipulate signal mask
-
-builtins/evalstring.c:
-	- parse_and_execute: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp; don't need
-	  to manipulate signal mask
-	- parse_string: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp; don't need
-	  to manipulate signal mask
-	- parse_and_execute: save and restore the signal mask if we get a
-	  longjmp that doesn't cause us to return or exit (case DISCARD)
-
-				   12/24
-				   -----
-general.c
-	- bash_tilde_expand: only set interrupt_immediately if there are no
-	  signals trapped; we want to jump to top level if interrupted but
-	  not run any trap commands
-
-				   12/25
-				   -----
-jobs.c
-	- run_sigchld_trap: no longer set interrupt_immediately before calling
-	  parse_and_execute, even if this is no longer run in a signal handler
-	  context
-
-input.c
-	- getc_with_restart: add call to QUIT instead of CHECK_TERMSIG
-
-parse.y
-	- yy_stream_get: now that getc_with_restart calls QUIT, don't need to
-	  set interrupt_immediately (already had call to run_pending_traps)
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_subshell_builtin_or_function,execute_function,execute_in_subshell:
-	  setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp when saving return_catch; don't
-	  need to manipulate signal mask
-	- execute_subshell_builtin_or_function,execute_in_subshell:
-	  setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp where appropriate when saving
-	  top_level; don't need to manipulate signal mask if we're going to
-	  exit right away
-
-subst.c
-	- command_substitute: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp when saving
-	  return_catch; don't need to manipulate signal mask
-	- command_substitute: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp where
-	  appropriate when saving top_level; don't need to manipulate signal
-	  mask if we're going to exit right away
-
-trap.c
-	- run_exit_trap: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp when saving
-	  return_catch; don't need to manipulate signal mask
-	- run_exit_trap: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp where
-	  appropriate when saving top_level; don't need to manipulate signal
-	  mask if we're going to exit right away
-	- _run_trap_internal: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp when saving
-	  return_catch; don't need to manipulate signal mask
-
-builtins/evalfile.c
-	- _evalfile: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp when saving
-	  return_catch; don't need to manipulate signal mask
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
-	- evalstring: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp when saving
-	  return_catch; don't need to manipulate signal mask
-
-shell.c
-	- main: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp where appropriate when
-	  saving top_level; don't need to manipulate signal mask if we're
-	  going to exit right away
-	- run_one_command: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp where
-	  appropriate when saving top_level; don't need to manipulate signal
-	  mask if we're going to exit right away
-	- run_wordexp: setjmp_nosigs: call instead of setjmp where
-	  appropriate when saving top_level; don't need to manipulate signal
-	  mask if we're going to exit right away
-
-eval.c
-	- reader_loop: save and restore the signal mask if we get a longjmp
-	  that doesn't cause us to return or exit (case DISCARD)
-
-				   12/26
-				   -----
-parse.y
-	- shell_input_line_{index,size,len}: now of type size_t; in some cases
-	  the unsigned property makes a difference
-	- STRING_SAVER: saved_line_{size,index} now of type size_t
-	- shell_getc: don't allow shell_input_line to grow larger than SIZE_MAX;
-	  lines longer than that are truncated until read sees a newline;
-	  addresses theoretical buffer overflow described by Paul Eggert
-	  <eggert@cs.ucla.edu>
-	- set_line_mbstate: size_t changes like shell_getc
-	- shell_getc: if shell_input_line is larger than 32K, free it and
-	  start over to avoid large memory allocations sticking around
-
-variables.c
-	- bind_global_variable: new function, binds value to a variable in
-	  the global shell_variables table
-
-variables.h
-	- bind_global_variable: new extern declaration
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: if -g given with name=value, but variable is not
-	  found in the global variable table, make sure to call
-	  bind_global_variable so the variable is created and modified at
-	  global scope.  Fixes a bug where declare -g x=y could modify `x'
-	  at a previous function scope
-
-command.h
-	- W_ASSIGNARRAY: new word flag, compound indexed array assignment
-
-subst.h
-	- ASS_MKGLOBAL: new assignment flag, forcing global assignment even in
-	  a function context, used by declare -g
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- fix_assignment_words: set W_ASSIGNARRAY flag if -a option given to
-	  declaration builtin
-
-subst.c
-	- do_assignment_internal: explicitly handle case where we are
-	  executing in a function and we want to create a global array or
-	  assoc variable
-	- shell_expand_word_list: call make_internal_declare if -a option
-	  given to declaration builtin (W_ASSIGNARRAY); handle -g option with
-	  it (W_ASSNGLOBAL).  Fixes inconsistency noticed by Vicente Couce
-	  Diaz <vituko@gmail.com>, where declare -ag foo=(bar) could modify
-	  array variable foo at previous function scope, not global scope
-
-				   12/27
-				   -----
-bashline.c
-	- Minix needs the third argument to tputs to be a void funtion taking
-	  an int argument, not an int-returning function.  Fix from
-	  John E. Malmberg <wb8tyw@qsl.net> as part of VMS bash port
-
-				   12/29
-				   -----
-configure.ac,version.c,patchlevel.h
-	- bash-4.3-devel: new version, new shell compatibility level (43)
-
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_patsub: put the bash-4.2 code back in from the
-	  change of 3/3 that runs the replacement string through quote
-	  removal, make it dependent on shell_compatibility_level <= 42
-
-builtins/shopt.def
-	- compat42: new shopt option
-	- set_compatibility_level: change logic to set and unset various
-	  compat variables and shell_compatibility_level
-
-COMPAT
-	- new documentation for bash-4.3 compatibility changes
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- compat42: document new shopt option
-
-builtins/shopt.def
-	- set_compatibility_opts: new function, sets the various shopt
-	  compat variables based on the value of shell_compatibility_level
-
-builtins/common.h
-	- set_compatibility_opts: new extern declaration
-
-variables.c
-	- BASH_COMPAT: new special variable; sets the shell compatibility
-	  level.  Accepts values in decimal (4.2) or integer (42) form;
-	  Unsetting variable, setting it to empty string, or setting it to
-	  out-of-range value sets the shell's compatibility level to the
-	  default for the current version.  Valid values are 3.1/31 through
-	  the current version
-	- sv_shcompat: new function implementing logic for BASH_COMPAT
-
-variables.h
-	- sv_shcompat: new extern declaration
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- BASH_COMPAT: description of new variable
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- _rl_colored_stats: default back to 0 for 4.3 release branch
-
-				 1/5/2013
-				 --------
-quit.h
-	- remove spurious call to itrace in CHECK_WAIT_INTR
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_event_hook: if we're going to jump to top_level, make sure we
-	  clean up after readline() by calling rl_cleanup_after_signal().
-	  Fixes bug reported against devel branch by Raphaël Droz
-	  <raphael.droz@gmail.com>
-	- bash_event_hook: reset the event hook before checking for signals
-	  or traps in case we longjmp
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- small additions to the set -e section to make it more clear that
-	  contexts where -e is ignored extend to compound commands as well
-	  as shell functions
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
-	- rl_signal_event_hook: new extern declaration
-
-lib/readline/input.c
-	- rl_signal_event_hook: new variable, hook function to call when a
-	  function (currently just read(2)) is interrupted by a signal and
-	  not restarted
-	- rl_getc: call rl_signal_event_hook instead of rl_event_hook
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
-	- rl_signal_event_hook: document new function
-
-bashline.c
-	- changes to set rl_signal_event_hook instead of rl_event_hook
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
-	- change readline version numbers to 6.3
-
-				    1/6
-				    ---
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- a couple of changes to the descriptions of the ERR trap and its
-	  effects based on a message from Rob Nagler <nagler@bivio.biz>
-
-				    1/9
-				    ---
-expr.c
-	- expassign: invalidate curlval before freeing and NULLing tokstr to
-	  avoid aliasing issues.  Fixes bug reported by Eduardo A. Bustamante
-	  López<dualbus@gmail.com>  and Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-braces.c
-	- array_concat: don't be so aggressive in trying to short-circuit. We
-	  can only short-circuit if we have a single-element array where the
-	  element is an empty string (array[0] == "" array[1] = 0x0).  Existing
-	  practice requires us to replicate arrays and prefix or append empty
-	  strings.  Fixes bug reported by Eduardo A. Bustamante López
-	  <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/11
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_builtin: since mapfile uses evalstring() to run its callbacks
-	  internally, just like eval, so it needs to handle the case where the
-	  temp environment given to mapfile persists throughout the entire
-	  set of callback commands.  This might be a problem with trap also, but
-	  trap isn't run in the same way.  Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/13
-				   ----
-redir.c
-	- redirection_error: before expanding the redirection word (if
-	  expandable_redirection_filename returns true), disable command
-	  substitution during expansion.  Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- expand_word_internal: case '\\': if the next character is an IFS
-	  character, and the expansion occurs within double quotes, and the
-	  character is not one for which backslash retains its meaning, add
-	  the (escaped) '\' and the (escaped) character.  Fixes bug reported
-	  by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/15
-				   ----
-builtins/cd.def
-	- cd_builtin: make sure call to internal_getopt handles -e option.
-	  Fixes bug reported by <mashimiao.fnst@cn.fujitsu.com>
-
-				   1/17
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- expand_word_list_internal: make sure tempenv_assign_error is
-	  initialized to 0
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_simple_command: make sure tempenv_assign_error is reset to 0
-	  after it's tested to see if an error should force the shell to exit.
-	  Fixes problem where a the failure of a tempenv assignment preceding
-	  a non-special builtin `sticks' and causes the next special builtin
-	  to exit the shell.  From a discussion on bug-bash started by
-	  douxin <wq-doux@cn.fujitsu.com>
-
-				   1/20
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand_rhs: call stupidly_hack_special_variables
-	  after assigning with ${param[:]=word} even if IFS is changing.
-	  Suggested by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com> [TENTATIVE, needs work
-	  on IFS side effects]
-
-command.h
-	- W_GLOBEXP (which was unused) is now W_SPLITSPACE (which isn't used
-	  yet)
-
-{execute_cmd,subst,variables}.c
-	- removed all code that mentioned W_GLOBEXP
-	- removed mention of gnu_argv_flags and code that set it
-
-				   1/22
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- param_expand: set W_SPLITSPACE if we expand (unquoted) $* and
-	  IFS is unset or null so we can be sure to split this on spaces
-	  no matter what happens with IFS later
-	- expand_word_internal: note that param_expand returns W_SPLITSPACE
-	  in the returned word flags and keep track of that state with
-	  `split_on_spaces'
-
-				   1/23
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- expand_word_internal: if split_on_spaces is non-zero, make sure
-	  we split `istring' on spaces and return the resultant word.  The
-	  previous expansions should have quoted spaces in the positional
-	  parameters where necessary.  Suggested by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: make sure any subshell forked to run a
-	  group command or user subshell at the end of a pipeline runs any
-	  EXIT trap it sets.  Fixes debian bash bug 698411
-	  http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=698411
-
-subst.c
-	- shell_expand_word_list: fix code that creates args for and calls
-	  make_internal_declare to avoid calling it twice (missing `else'
-	  in 12/26 change)
-	- do_assignment_internal: fix code from 12/26 change to fix problem
-	  where an existing assoc variable could be converted to an array
-	  without checking `mkassoc'
-
-				   1/24
-				   ----
-builtins/evalfile.c
-	- _evalfile: add missing `close (fd)' calls before returning to
-	  avoid fd leaks.  Bug and fix from Roman Rakus <rrakus@redhat.com>
-
-				   1/25
-				   ----
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: don't try to play tricks with the top of the unwind-
-	  protect stack after read gets a SIGALRM; save input_string to new
-	  memory, run the stack, then restore input_string and assign the
-	  variables.  Part of fix for bug reported by konsolebox
-	  <konsolebox@gmail.com>; the rest of the fix is with the changes in
-	  trap and signal handling and doing away with interrupt_immediately
-
-				   1/26
-				   ----
-redir.c
-	- redirection_expand, write_here_string, write_here_document: before
-	  calling any of the word expansion functions, after setting
-	  expanding_redir to 1 (which bypasses the temp environment in the
-	  variable lookup functions), call sv_ifs to reset the cached IFS-
-	  related variables set by subst.c:setifs().  This ensures that
-	  redirections will not get any IFS values that are set in the
-	  temporary environment, as Posix specifies.  Then, after the word
-	  expansions, after resetting expanding_redir to 0, call sv_ifs
-	  again to make sure the cached IFS values are set from any
-	  assignments in the temporary environment.  We force executing_builtin
-	  to 1 to `fool' the variable lookup functions into using any temp
-	  environment, then reset it to its old value after sv_ifs returns.
-	  This is what allows read() to use the (cached) IFS variables set
-	  in the temp environment. Fixes inconsistency reported by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/29
-				   ----
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- update_line: fix off-by-one error when updating vis_lbreaks array
-	  in a multibyte locale that occurs when moving multibyte chars from
-	  one line down to another.  Bug report and fix from Egmont
-	  Koblinger <egmont@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/30
-				   ----
-configure.ac
-	- changed version to 4.3-alpha
-
-redir.c
-	- redir_open: handle open returning -1/EINTR, which seems to happen
-	  a lot with FIFOs and SIGCHLD, and call QUIT to handle other
-	  signals that can interrupt open(2).  Bug report and initial fix
-	  from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-				   1/31
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand: make sure to propagate the PF_ASSIGNRHS flag
-	  to parameter_brace_expand_word
-	- parameter_brace_expand_word: make sure that if the PF_ASSIGNRHS flag
-	  is set and we are expanding ${a[@]} or ${a[*]} we set quoted to
-	  include Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES before calling array_value_internal, mirroring
-	  what we do for $@ and $*.  Fixes inconsistency reported by Dan
-	  Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-configure.ac
-	- use AC_CHECK_TOOL instead of AC_CHECK_PROG to check for ar, since it
-	  will find $host-prefixed versions of utilities.  Report and fix from
-	  Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- set_var_attribute: check whether bind_variable (called when the
-	  variable whose attributes are being modified is found in the temp
-	  environment) just modified a read-only global variable, and don't
-	  bother marking the temporary variable for propagation if so.  The
-	  propagation is superfluous and will result in a strange error
-	  message
-
-				    2/2
-				    ---
-variables.c
-	- initialize_shell_variables: don't try to import function definitions
-	  with invalid names from the environment if already in posix mode,
-	  but create them as (invisible) exported variables so they pass
-	  through the environment.  Print an error message so user knows
-	  what's wrong.  Fixes bug reported by Tomas Trnka <ttrnka@mail.muni.cz>
-
-				    2/9
-				    ---
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- sigalrm_seen, alrmbuf: now global so the rest of the shell (trap.c)
-	  can use them
-	- sigalrm: just sets flag, no longer longjmps to alrmbuf; problem was
-	  longjmp without manipulating signal mask, leaving SIGALRM blocked
-
-quit.h
-	- move CHECK_ALRM macro here from builtins/read.def so trap.c:
-	  check_signals() can call it
-
-trap.c
-	- check_signals: add call to CHECK_ALRM before QUIT
-	- check_signals_and_traps: call check_signals() instead of including
-	  CHECK_ALRM and QUIT inline.  Integrating check for read builtin's
-	  SIGALRM (where zread call to check_signals_and_traps can see it)
-	  fixes problem reported by Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
-				   2/12
-				   ----
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
-	- xdupmbstowcs2: fixed but where end of string was not handled
-	  correctly, causing loop to go past end of string in a bunch of cases.
-	  Fixes bug reported by "Dashing" <dashing@hushmail.com>
-
-
-				   2/13
-				   ----
-builtins/pushd.def
-	- popd_builtin: treat any argument that isn't -n or of the form
-	  [-+][[:digit:]]* as an error.  Fixes problem reported by Bruce
-	  Korb <bruce.korb@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/14
-				   ----
-configure.ac
-	- add check for sig_atomic_t; already a placeholder for it in
-	  config.h.in
-
-				   2/15
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- do_compound_assignment: don't call assign_compound_array_list with
-	  a NULL variable in case make_local_xxx_variable returns NULL
-	  (it will if you try to shadow a readonly or noassign variable).
-	  Fixes bug reported by Richard Tollerton <rich.tollerton@ni.com>
-
-				   2/16
-				   ----
-variables.c
-	- make_local_variable: print error messager if an attempt is made to
-	  create a local variable shadowing a `noassign' variable.  Previously
-	  we just silently refused to do it
-
-trap.[ch]
-	- get_original_signal: now global so rest of the shell can use it
-
-sig.c
-	- initialize_shell_signals: install a signal handler for SIGTERM
-	  that does nothing except set a sigterm_received flag instead of
-	  ignoring it with SIG_IGN, as long as SIGTERM is not ignored when
-	  the shell is started.  Use get_original_signal early to get the
-	  original handler, since we will do that later anyway
-	- set_signal_handler: if installing sigterm_sighandler as the SIGTERM
-	  handler, make sure to add SA_RESTART flag to make it as close to
-	  SIG_IGN as possible
-
-sig.h
-	- sigterm_sighandler: new extern declaration
-
-quit.h
-	- RESET_SIGTERM: set sigterm_receved to 0
-	- CHECK_SIGTERM: check sigterm_received; if it's non-zero, treat it
-	  as a fatal signal and call termsig_handler to exit the shell
-
-jobs.c
-	- make_child: call RESET_SIGTERM just before fork() so we can detect
-	  if the child process received a SIGTERM before it's able to change
-	  the signal handler back to what it was when the shell started
-	  (presumably SIG_DFL).  Only has effect if the shell installed
-	  sigterm_sighandler for SIGTERM, interactive shells that were not
-	  started with SIG_IGN as the SIGTERM handler
-	- make_child: call RESET_SIGTERM in the parent after fork() so the
-	  rest of the shell won't react to it
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_simple_command: call CHECK_SIGTERM after make_child in child
-	  to catch SIGTERM received after fork() and before restoring old
-	  signal handlers
-	- execute_disk_command: call CHECK_SIGTERM after make_child in child
-	  process after restoring old signal handlers and again just before
-	  calling shell_execve.  Fixes race condition observed by
-	  Padraig Brady <p@draigbrady.com> when testing with his `timeout'
-	  program
-
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- open_some_spaces: new function, subset of insert_some_chars that just
-	  opens up a specified number of spaces to be overwritten
-	- insert_some_spaces: now just calls to open_some_spaces followed by
-	  _rl_output_some_chars
-	- update_line: use col_temp instead of recalculating it using
-	  _rl_col_width in the case where we use more columns with fewer bytes
-	- update_line: use open_some_spaces and then output the right number
-	  of chars instead of trying to print new characters then overwrite
-	  existing characters in two separate calls.  This includes removing
-	  some dodgy code and making things simpler.  Fix from Egmont
-	  Koblinger <egmont@gmail.com>
-	- use new variable `bytes_to_insert' instead of overloading temp in
-	  some code blocks (nls - nfd, bytes that comprise the characters
-	  different in the new line from the old)
-
-				   2/18
-				   ----
-redir.c
-	- do_redirection_internal: add undoable redirection for the implicit
-	  close performed by the <&n- and >&n- redirections.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Stephane Chazelas <stephane.chazelas@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/19
-				   ----
-sig.c
-	- termsig_handler: an interactive shell killed by SIGHUP and keeping
-	  command history will try to save the shell history before exiting.
-	  This is an attempt to preserve the save-history-when-the-terminal-
-	  window-is-closed behavior
-
-				   2/21
-				   ----
-braces.c
-	- brace_expand: if a sequence expansion fails (e.g. because the
-	  integers overflow), treat that expansion as a simple string, including
-	  the braces, and try to process any remainder of the string.  The
-	  remainder may include brace expansions.  Derived from SuSE bug
-	  804551 example (https://bugzilla.novell.com/show_bug.cgi?id=804551)
-
-				   2/23
-				   ----
-{quit,sig}.h,sig.c
-	- sigterm_received declaration now in sig.h; type is sig_atomic_t
-	- sigwinch_received type now sig_atomic_t
-	- sig.h includes bashtypes.h and <signal.h> if SIG_DFL not defined
-	  (same logic as trap.h) to pick up sig_atomic_t
-
-unwind_prot.c
-	- include sig.h before quit.h (reverse order)
-
-				   2/27
-				   ----
-builtins/shopt.def
-	- reset_shopt_options: make sure check_window_size is reset to the
-	  default from config.h, not unconditionally to 0
-
-jobs.[ch]
-	- last_made_pid, last_asynchronous_pid: now volatile.  Change from SuSE
-
-jobs.c
-	- wait_for: if we're using sigaction to install a handler for SIGCHLD,
-	  make sure we specify SA_RESTART
-
-lib/{tilde,readline}/shell.c
-	- get_home_dir: instead of looking in the password file every time,
-	  look once and cache the result
-
-sig.[ch]
-	- sigwinch_received, sigterm_received: now `volatile' qualified
-
-sig.c,quit.h
-	- interrupt_state,terminating_signal: now sig_atomic_t
-
-				    3/1
-				    ---
-MANIFEST,examples/*
-	- removed around 120 files without FSF copyrights; requested by
-	  Karl Berry in early January
-
-				    3/2
-				    ---
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
-	- morecore: only check whether SIGCHLD is trapped if SIGCHLD is defined
-
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- Fixed most of the examples in the GNU Parallel section to use better
-	  shell idioms following complaints on bug-bash; added a couple of
-	  examples and smoothed out the text
-
-quit.h
-	- include "sig.h" for sig_atomic_t
-
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- update_line: when inserting one or more characters at the end of
-	  the display line in a non-multibyte environment, just write from the
-	  first difference to the end of the line and return. We don't have
-	  to adjust _rl_last_c_pos.  This is needed to adjust from the old
-	  two-part copy to a single call to _rl_output_some_chars (change of
-	  2/16)
-
-				    3/4
-				    ---
-Makefile.in,doc/Makefile.in
-	- PACKAGE_TARNAME, docdir: new variables substituted by autoconf
-	- OTHER_DOCS,OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS: new variables with auxiliary
-	  documentation files to be installed into $(docdir)
-	- install: add new rule to install $(OTHER_DOCS)
-	- uninstall: add new rule to uninstall $(docdir)/$(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS)
-
-doc/bash.1
-	- add URL to `POSIX' file in `SEE ALSO' section; put pointer to that
-	  section in --posix and set -o posix descriptions
-
-examples/
-	- removed around 110 examples at the request of the FSF due to copyright
-	  issues
-
-				    3/5
-				    ---
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- readonly: modified help text slightly to make it clearer that
-	  functions aren't changed or displayed unless the -f option is given.
-	  Report from <gotmynick@gmail.com>
-
-				    3/9
-				    ---
-include/typemax.h
-	- SIZE_MAX: define to 65535 (Posix minimum maximum) if not defined
-
-parse.y
-	- include "typemax.h" for possible SIZE_MAX definition, make sure we
-	  include it after shell.h
-
-{braces,expr}.c
-	- include "typemax.h" for possible INTMAX_MIN and INTMAX_MAX definitions
-
-				   3/10
-				   ----
-bashline.c
-	- bash_default_completion: make sure completion type of `!' (same as
-	  TAB but with show-all-if-ambiguous set) and glob-word-completion
-	  sets rl_filename_completion_desired to 0 so extra backslashes don't
-	  get inserted by `quoting' the completion.  We can't kill all the
-	  matches because show-all-if-ambiguous needs them.   Bug report from
-	  Marcel (Felix) Giannelia <info@skeena.net>
-
-[bash-4.3-alpha frozen]
-
-				   3/14
-				   ----
-general.c
-	- trim_pathname: use memmove instead of memcpy since the source and
-	  destination pathnames may overlap.  Report and fix from Matthew
-	  Riley <mattdr@google.com>
-
-				   3/18
-				   ----
-configure.ac
-	- socklen_t is defined as `unsigned int' if configure can't find it
-
-				   3/20
-				   ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- S_ISVTX: since it's not defined on all platforms (Minix), make sure
-	  its use is protected with #ifdef
-
-				   3/21
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- Added mention of ${!name[@]} and ${!name[*]} expansions to get all
-	  indices of an array.  Suggested by Jonathan Leffler
-	  <jonathan.leffler@gmail.com>
-
-				   3/24
-				   ----
-subst.h
-	- SD_IGNOREQUOTE: new define for skip_to_delim; if set, means that
-	  single quotes (for now) will be treated as ordinary characters
-
-subst.c
-	- skip_to_delim: handle SD_IGNOREQUOTE. no callers use it for now
-
-				   3/25
-				   ----
-support/config.{guess,sub}
-	- updated to versions from autoconf-2.69
-
-				   3/31
-				   ----
-lib/sh/shquote.c
-	- sh_single_quote: short-circuit quoting a single "'" instead of
-	  creating a long string with empty single-quoted strings
-
-parser.h
-	- DOLBRACE_QUOTE2: new define, like DOLBRACE_QUOTE, but need to single-
-	  quote results of $'...' expansion because quote removal will be
-	  done later.  Right now this is only done for ${word/pat/rep}
-
-parse.y
-	- parse_matched_pair: set state to DOLBRACE_QUOTE2 for pattern
-	  substitution word expansion so we don't treat single quote specially
-	  in the pattern or replacement string
-	- parse_matched_pair: if we're parsing a dollar-brace word expansion
-	  (${...}) and we're not treating single quote specially within
-	  double quotes, single-quote the translation of $'...' ansi-c
-	  escaped strings.  Original report and fix from Eduardo A.
-	  Bustamante López <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- extract_dollar_brace_string: ${word/pat/rep} scanning now sets the
-	  DOLBRACE_QUOTE2 flag instead of DOLBRACE_QUOTE so we don't treat
-	  single quotes specially within a double-quoted string
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- fix_assignment_words: skip over assignment statements preceding a
-	  command word before trying to figure out whether or not assignment
-	  statements following a possible declaration command should be 
-	  treated specially.  Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				    4/4
-				    ---
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: only call _rl_vi_set_last (and check whether
-	  the key is a text modification command) if the key sequence length
-	  is 1.  That keeps the arrow keys from setting the last command
-	  when called in vi command mode.  Fixes bug reported by Ian A.
-	  Watson <watson_ian_a@lilly.com>
-
-				    4/6
-				    ---
-lib/readline/bind.c
-	- rl_parse_and_bind: when parsing a double-quoted string as the value
-	  of a variable, make sure we skip past the leading double quote.
-	  Fix from Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-variables.c
-	- hash_lookup: set new local variable last_table_searched to the table
-	  a successful lookup appears in; tested in make_local_variable to
-	  solve the problem below
-	- make_local_variable: if we find a variable with the tempenv flag
-	  set at the same `level' as variable_context', but not found in the
-	  temporary_env (temp environment preceding the builtin), return it.
-	  The temp environment preceding the function call has already been
-	  merged (in execute_function) into the list of variable contexts the
-	  function sees as shell_variables by the time this is called.  Fixes
-	  inconsistency pointed out by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- expand_arith_string: expanded out contents of expand_string,
-	  expand_string_internal, expand_string_if_necessary to create a
-	  WORD_DESC and call call_expand_word_internal() on it directly.
-	  We don't want process substitution to be performed ( 1<(2) ) should
-	  mean something different in an arithmetic expression context.
-	  It doesn't work to just turn on the DQUOTE flag, since that means
-	  that things like ${x["expression"]} are not expanded correctly.
-	  Fixes problem pointed out by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				   4/13
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- process_substitute: run the EXIT trap before exiting, as other
-	  shells seem to.  Fixes problem pointed out by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- readline_internal_setup: call rl_vi_insertion_mode to enter vi
-	  mode instead of rl_vi_insert_mode to avoid resetting the saved last
-	  command information.  Posix says that `.' can repeat a command
-	  that was entered on a previous line so we need to save the info.
-	  Fixes bug reported by Ian A. Watson <watson_ian_a@lilly.com>
-
-				   4/14
-				   ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
-	- rl_completion_matches: make sure xrealloc returns something non-null
-	  (can happen when interrupted by a signal) before trying to add
-	  matches to match_list
-
-subst.c
-	- array_remove_pattern: return NULL right away if array_variable_part
-	  returns an invisible variable
-	- array_length_reference: handle array_variable_part returning an
-	  invisible variable
-	- get_var_and_type: handle array_variable_part returning an invisible
-	  variable
-
-				   4/15
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: make sure to run the EXIT trap for group
-	  commands anywhere in pipelines, not just at the end.  From a point
-	  raised by Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-variables.c
-	- bind_int_variable: make sure invisible flag is unset.  Fixes problems
-	  like "declare -ai a; : $(( a[4]=4 ));"
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- array_variable_part: return variable even if invisible flag set,
-	  callers must handle invisible vars
-
-				   4/18
-				   ----
-builtins/set.def
-	- unset_builtin: if -n flag given, call unset_nameref instead of
-	  unset_variable
-
-variables.c
-	- find_variable_nameref: print warning message if nameref circular
-	  reference detected, return NULL and let caller deal with it
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_builtin: only disallow global references at this point if
-	  we are at the global scope
-
-				   5/16
-				   ----
-configure.ac
-	- update release status to beta
-
-				   5/23
-				   ----
-trap.c
-	- run_pending_traps: save and restore pipeline around calls to
-	  evalstring() in case we get a trap while running a trap. Have to
-	  figure out the recursive running traps issue elsewhere.  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Roman Rakus <rrakus@redhat.com>
-	- run_pending_traps: make sure to set running_trap to the appropriate
-	  signal value when running a trap command
-	- run_pending_traps: short-circuit immediately if running_trap set
-	  when invoked.  Could change this later to only skip if it would
-	  run the same trap as currently being run (running_trap == sig + 1)
-
-configure.ac
-	- add warning if bison not found
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
-	- new section with an example program illustrating the callback
-	  interface. Suggested by Peng Yu <pengyu.ut@gmail.com>
-
-examples/loadables/Makefile.in
-	- remove references to `cut' and `getconf', which were removed in
-	  early March
-
-				   5/28
-				   ----
-lib/sh/pathphys.c
-	- sh_realpath: correct inverted two arguments to call to sh_makepath.
-	  Report and fix from Julien Thomas <jthomas@exosec.fr>
-
-				    6/7
-				    ---
-execute_cmd.c
-	- executing_line_number: the else clauses that are conditional on
-	  various options being defined can simply be if clauses -- they are
-	  mutually exclusive and all have `return' in the body.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Flavio Medeiros <flaviomotamedeiros@gmail.com>
-
-				   6/25
-				   ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- readline_internal_setup: only sent the meta-key enable string to the
-	  terminal if we've been told to use one and the terminal has been
-	  successfully initialized (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_TERMPREPPED) != 0).
-	  Suggested by Dan Mick <dan.mick@inktank.com>
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
-	- _rl_signal_handler: call any defined signal hook after calling
-	  rl_resize_terminal when handling a SIGWINCH.  We already have called
-	  the original SIGWINCH handler but will not be resending the signal
-	  to ourselves
-
-				   6/27
-				   ----
-lib/readline/doc/history.3, doc/bash.1
-	- fix description of the `$' modifier to note that it expands to the
-	  last *word*, which is not always the last argument.  Report from
-	  ariyetz@gmail.com via gnu.org RT
-
-				   6/29
-				   ----
-lib/glob/smatch.c
-	- glob_asciiranges: initialize to value of GLOBASCII_DEFAULT instead
-	  of 0 (0 if not defined)
-
-configure.ac,config.h.in
-	- --enable-glob-asciiranges-default: new option, controls the value of
-	  GLOBASCII_DEFAULT; use it to turn globasciiranges shopt option on
-	  by default
-
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- document new --enable-glob-asciiranges-default configure option
-
-variables.c
-	- assign_in_env: implement += value appending semantics for assignments
-	  preceding command names
-
-				    7/4
-				    ---
-expr.c
-	- set lasttok = NUM in all of the functions that result in a number,
-	  even if it's a boolean, to avoid errors with constructs like
-	  1 * x = 1, which should be an asignment error.  Fixes problem
-	  pointed out by Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-parse.y
-	- decode_prompt_string: don't bother to call strcpy if
-	  polite_directory_format returns its argument unchanged.  It's not
-	  necessary and Mac OS X 10.9 aborts because of a supposed overlapping
-	  string copy.  Bug and fix from simon@hitzemann.org
-
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_find_indir: new function, code from
-	  parameter_brace_expand_indir that looks up the indirectly-referenced
-	  variable, but does not expand it
-	- parameter_brace_expand_indir: call parameter_brace_find_indir to
-	  look up indirected variable reference
-	- get_var_and_type: call parameter_brace_find_indir if it looks like we
-	  are trying to manipulate an indirect variable reference like
-	  ${!b%%foo}.  This makes a difference if !b references an array
-	  variable.  Bug report from Dan Douglas <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				    7/6
-				    ---
-lib/sh/casemod.c
-	- sh_modcase: make sure argument passed to is_basic is <= UCHAR_MAX,
-	  since cval can convert something to a wchar_t greater than UCHAR_MAX.
-	  Fixes bug reported by Tomasz Tomasik <scx.mail@gmail.com>
-
-				    7/8
-				    ---
-lib/readline/history.c
-	- add_history_time: if history_length == 0, referencing history_length
-	  - 1 will result in an array bounds error, so make history_length be
-	  at least 1 before going on.  Fixes bug reported by Geng Sheng Liu
-	  <gsliu.tju@gmail.com>
-
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- show_func_attributes: display definition (if NODEFS argument is 0) and
-	  attributes for a particular function; used by `declare -fp name'
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: call show_func_attributes if -f supplied with -p.
-	  Fixes inconsistency observed by Linda Walsh <bash@tlinx.org>
-
-builtins/common.h
-	- new extern declaration for show_func_attributes
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: check the first supplied variable name for validity
-	  before attempting to read any input, since we know we will have to
-	  at least use that one.  Don't check any other names yet.  Suggested
-	  by jidanni@jidanni.org
-
-				   7/10
-				   ----
-redir.c
-	- do_redirection_internal: when closing a file descriptor with
-	  r_close_this ([n]<&-) count close errors as redirection errors if
-	  errno ends up as EIO or ENOSPC.  Originally reported back in April
-	  2012 by Andrey Zaitsev <jstcdr@gmail.com>
-
-				   7/11
-				   ----
-redir.c
-	- do_redirection_internal: before calling check_bash_input, make sure
-	  that we don't call check_bash_input for an asynchronous process that
-	  is replacing stdin with something else. The seek backwards affects
-	  the parent process as well, since parents and children share the
-	  file pointer. Fixes problem originally reported in March 2013 by
-	  Martin Jackson <mjackson220.list@gmail.com>
-
-				   7/13
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- slight change to add a description of `shopt -o' suggested by Bruce
-	  Korb <bruce.korb@gmail.com>
-
-				   7/19
-				   ----
-lib/readline/histfile.c
-	- history_do_write: if close returns < 0, make sure we restore the
-	  backup history file and return a non-zero value
-	- history_truncate_file: if write or close return < 0, make sure we
-	  return a non-zero value
-
-[bash-4.3-beta frozen]
-
-				   7/21
-				   ----
-lib/readline/isearch.c
-	- rl_display_search: now takes an entire search context flags word as
-	  the second argument, instead of just reverse flag; changed callers
-	- rl_display_search: if the search has failed, add `failed ' to the
-	  beginning of the search prompt
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: if the search has failed, display the entire
-	  search string with an indication that the search failed but with the
-	  last matching line.  Suggested by jidanni@jidanni.org
-
-command.h
-	- W_ASSIGNINT: new word flag; used internally for make_internal_declare
-	  and set by fix_assignment_words
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- fix_assignment_words: set W_ASSIGNINT if compound assignment and -i
-	  given as option.  We don't do anything with the value yet
-
-subst.c
-	- shell_expand_word_list: rework the way the option list that is
-	  passed to make_internal_declare is created
-
-				    8/1
-				    ---
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- minor changes to description of $! based on a report from Chris
-	  Down <chris@chrisdown.name>
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- assign_array_element_internal: before trying to get an array's max
-	  index to process a negative subscript, make sure the array exists.
-	  Bug report from Geir Hauge <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-				    8/2
-				    ---
-arrayfunc.c
-	- assign_array_element_internal: before using array_max_index() when
-	  processing a negative subscript, make sure the variable is an array.
-	  if it's not, use 0 as array_max_index assuming it's a string.
-	  Fixes bug report from Geir Hauge <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-				    8/3
-				    ---
-Makefile.in
-	- pcomplete.o: add dependency on $(DEFDIR)/builtext.h. Suggested by
-	  Curtis Doty <curtis@greenkey.net>
-
-				    8/5
-				    ---
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
-	- strcompare: short-circuit and return FNM_NOMATCH if the lengths of the
-	  pattern and string (pe - p  and se - s, respectively) are not equal
-	- strcompare: don't bother trying to set *pe or *se to '\0' if that's
-	  what they already are.  Fixes bug reported by Geir Hauge
-	  <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-				    8/6
-				    ---
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi},builtins/hash.def,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
-	- minor typo changes from Geir Hauge <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-bultins/help.def
-	- show_longdoc: avoid trying to translate the empty string because it
-	  often translates to some boilerplate about the project and
-	  translation.  Report and fix from Geir Hauge <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-				    8/8
-				    ---
-builtins/help.def
-	- help_builtin: try two passes through the list of help topics for each
-	  argument: one doing exact string matching and one, if the first pass
-	  fails to find a match, doing string prefix matching like previous
-	  versions.  This prevents `help read' from matching both `read' and
-	  `readonly', but allows `help r' to match everything beginning with
-	  `r'.  Inspired by report from Geir Hauge <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-				   8/13
-				   ----
-builtins/fc.def
-	- fc_builtin,fc_gethnum: calculate `real' end of the history list and
-	  use it if -0 is specified as the beginning or end of the history
-	  range to list.  Doesn't work for fc -e or fc -s by design.  Feature
-	  requested by Mike Fied <micfied@gmail.com>
-
-				   8/16
-				   ----
-trap.c
-	- _run_trap_internal: use {save,restore}_parser_state instead of
-	  {save,restore}_token_state. It's more comprehensive
-
-				   8/23
-				   ----
-doc/bash.1
-	- disown: remove repeated text.  Report and fix from Thomas Hood
-	  <jdthood@gmail.com>
-
-				   8/25
-				   ----
-lib/readline/rltty.c
-	- set_special_char: fix prototype (last arg is rl_command_func_t *)
-
-sig.c
-	- set_signal_handler: return oact.sa_handler only if sigaction
-	  succeeds; if it doesn't, return SIG_DFL (reasonable default).  From
-	  https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=911404
-
-bashline.c
-	- attempt_shell_completion: fix to skip assignment statements preceding
-	  command name even if there are no programmable completions defined.
-	  From https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=994659
-	- attempt_shell_completion: if still completing command word following
-	  assignment statements, do command completion even if programmable
-	  completion defined for partial command name entered so far
-
-				   8/26
-				   ----
-pcomplete.c
-	- pcomp_filename_completion_function: make sure rl_filename_dequoting_function
-	  is non-NULL before trying to call it.  Bug and fix from
-	  Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_command_name_stat_hook: if *name is not something we're going
-	  to look up in $PATH (absolute_program(*name) != 0), just call the
-	  usual bash_filename_stat_hook and return those results.  This makes
-	  completions like $PWD/exam[TAB] add a trailing slash
-
-				    9/2
-				    ---
-builtins/read.def
-	- read_builtin: before comparing what we read to the delim, make sure
-	  we are not supposed to be ignoring the delimiter (read -N).  We
-	  set the delim to -1, but it's possible to read a character whose
-	  int value ends up being between -1 and -128.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Stephane Chazelas <stephane.chazelas@gmail.com>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- word splitting: crib some language from Posix to make it clear that
-	  characters in IFS are treated as field *terminators*, not field
-	  *separators*.  Addresses issue raised by DJ Mills
-	  <danielmills1@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/{util.c,rldefs.h}
-	- _rl_stricmp,_rl_strnicmp: now take const char * string arguments;
-	  changed prototype declarations
-
-				    9/5
-				    ---
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- [[: modify description of pattern matching to make it clear that the
-	  match is performed as if the extglob option were enabled.  From Red
-	  Hat bug https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1002078
-
-				   9/12
-				   ----
-lib/readline/isearch.c
-	- _rl_isearch_dispatch: if we read an ESC and it's supposed to
-	  terminate the search, make sure we check for typeahead with
-	  _rl_pushed_input_available, since installing a hook function causes
-	  typeahead to be collected in `ibuffer' (input.c).  If there is any,
-	  make sure we still use the ESC as a prefix character.  Bug and fix
-	  from Mike Miller <mtmiller@ieee.org>
-
-				   9/16
-				   ----
-builtins/{caller,cd,kill,pushd,wait}.def
-	- builtin_usage(): make sure call to this sets return status to
-	  EX_USAGE
-
-				   9/18
-				   ----
-terminal.c
-	- rl_change_environment: new application-settable variable; if non-
-	  zero (the default), readline will modify LINES and COLUMNS in the
-	  environment when it handles SIGWINCH
-	- _rl_get_screen_size: if rl_change_environment is non-zero, use setenv
-	  to modify LINES and COLUMNS environment variables
-
-readline.h
-	- rl_change_environment: new extern declaration for applications
-
-				   9/22
-				   ----
-configure.ac
-	- relstatus: bumped version to bash-4.3-beta2
-
-				   9/24
-				   ----
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- bind_arrow_keys_internal: added more key bindings for the numeric key
-	  pad arrow keys on mingw32.  Patch from Pierre Muller
-	  <pierre.muller@ics-cnrs.unistra.fr>
-
-				   10/19
-				   -----
-
-bashline.c
-	- maybe_restore_tilde: version of restore_tilde that honors `direxpand';
-	  calls restore_tilde after saving directory expansion hook if
-	  necessary.  Report from Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-builtins/cd.def
-	- -@: new option, allows cd to use `extended attributes' present in
-	  NFSv4, ZFS; idea taken from ksh93.  Attributes associated with a
-	  file are presented as a directory containing the attributes as
-	  individual files.  Original patch contributed by Cedric Blancher
-	  <cedric.blancher@gmail.com>
-
-				   10/20
-				   -----
-aclocal.m4
-	- BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE: check for wcwidth being broken with unicode
-	  combining characters needs a value to use when cross-compiling.
-	  Bug report from Bert Sutherland <bertsutherland@gmail.com>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- document new -@ option to cd builtin
-
-				   10/28
-				   -----
-lib/glob/{{gmisc,glob}.c,glob.h}
-	- extglob_pattern renamed to extglob_pattern_p, declared in glob.h
-
-subst.c
-	- expand_word_internal: typo fix: case to fix " $@\ " bug in bash-4.2
-	  had a typo (& isexp instead of &&)
-
-				   10/29
-				   -----
-input.c
-	- getc_with_restart: make sure local_index and local_bufused are
-	  reset to 0 before returning EOF, in case we are running an interactive
-	  shell without line editing and ignoreeof is set.  Report and fix
-	  from Yong Zhang <yong.zhang@windriver.com>
-
-lib/readline/search.c
-	- _rl_nsearch_init: take out extra third argument to rl_message; it
-	  only matches prototype (and maybe format) in cases where
-	  PREFER_STDARG and USE_VARARGS are both undefined, which is rare
-
-				   10/31
-				   -----
-subst.c
-	- process_substitute: when opening the named pipe in the child, open
-	  without O_NONBLOCK to avoid race conditions.  Happens often on AIX.
-	  Bug report and fix from Michael Haubenwallner
-	  <michael.haubenwallner@salomon.at>
-
-builtins/ulimit.def
-	- RLIMIT_NTHR: if RLIMIT_PTHREAD is not defined, but RLIMIT_NTHR is,
-	  use RLIMIT_NTHR (NetBSD)
-
-				   11/5
-				   ----
-locale.c
-	- set_default_locale_vars,set_locale_var: if TEXTDOMAINDIR has been
-	  set, and default_dir has a non-null value, call bindtextdomain(3)
-	  when TEXTDOMAIN is assigned a value.  Fixes problem reported by
-	  Michael Arlt <qwertologe@googlemail.com>
-
-				   11/6
-				   ----
-builtins/cd.def
-	- cdxattr: only create synthetic pathname in `buf' if NDIRP argument
-	  is non-null
-	- change_to_directory: if we have specified -@ and cdxattr returns
-	  failure, fail immediately.  Fixes bug reported by Joshuah Hurst
-	  <joshhurst@gmail.com>
-
-				   11/12
-				   -----
-redir.c
-	- print_redirection: change r_err_and_out (&>) and its append form,
-	  r_append_err_and_out (&>>) cases to separate redirection operator
-	  from filename by a space, in case we have a process substitution.
-	  Fixes bug reported by admn ombres <admn.ombres@gmail.com>
-
-				   11/15
-				   -----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_simple_command: don't close process substitution fds until
-	  we are finished executing any current shell function.  Partial fix
-	  for bug reported by John Dawson <john.dawson@gmail.com>
-
-support/shobj-conf
-	- add support for Darwin 13 (Mac OS X 10.9, Mavericks).  Based on a
-	  report by Ludwig Schwardt <ludwig.schwardt@gmail.com>
-
-				   11/20
-				   -----
-[bash-4.3-rc1 frozen]
-
-				   11/24
-				   -----
-builtins/printf.def
-	- bind_printf_variable: make sure that the variable assigned to is
-	  no longer marked as invisible. Fixes bug reported by NBaH
-	  <nbah@sfr.fr>
-
-				   11/28
-				   -----
-jobs.c
-	- delete_old_job: fix off-by-one error in job index in call to
-	  internal_warning. Bug report from Peter Cordes <peter@cordes.ca>
-
-				   11/30
-				   -----
-doc/bashref.texi
-	- add string to description of special parameters with name of
-	  special parameter prefixed by a $, so you can search for $#,
-	  for instance
-
-				   12/2
-				   ----
-lib/readline/{histexpand.c
-	- get_history_event: account for current_history() possibly returning
-	  NULL. Report and fix from Pankaj Sharma <pankaj.s01@samsung.com>
-
-
-				   12/11
-				   -----
-
-lib/readline/parse-colors.c
-	- get_funky_string: don't call abort if we see something we can't
-	  parse; just return an error
-	- _rl_parse_colors: if we encounter an error while parsing $LS_COLORS
-	  we need to leave _rl_color_ext_list as NULL after freeing its
-	  elements, then turn off _rl_colored_stats. Report and fix from Martin
-	  Wesdorp <mwesdorp@casema.nl>
-
-				   12/13
-				   -----
-
-lib/readline/parse-colors.c
-	- _rl_parse_colors: if we encounter an unrecognized prefix, throw an
-	  error but try to recover and go on to the next specification
-
-variables.c
-	- make_local_variable: for new variables this function creates, set
-	  the att_invisible attribute.  All callers from declare_internal.
-	  Indirectly, this is a fix for bug with `declare -n var; var=foo;'
-	  reported by Pierre Gaston <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-	- bind_variable: if assigning to nameref variable that doesn't have
-	  a value yet (e.g., with `declare -n var; var=foo'), don't try to
-	  use the unset name. Fixes a segfault reported by Pierre Gaston
-	  <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_command_internal: make sure last_command_exit_value is set
-	  to 0 after any command executed in the background.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Martin Kealey <martin@kurahaupo.gen.nz>
-
-				   12/17
-				   -----
-support/config.{guess,sub}
-	- updated to latest versions from git
-
-				   12/19
-				   -----
-parse.y
-	- struct STRING_SAVER: now has a new `flags' element, to identify the
-	  caller: alias expansion, double-paren parsing, or parse_and_execute
-	- push_string: now sets flags to PSH_ALIAS if `ap' argument is non-NULL
-	- push_string: now doesn't attempt to call strlen on a NULL string to
-	  set shell_input_line_size
-	- parser_expanding_alias, parser_save_alias, parser_restore_alias: new
-	  functions to provide an external interface to push_string and
-	  pop_string; parser_save_alias sets flags element to PSH_SOURCE (could
-	  be renamed PSH_EXTERN someday)
-	- shell_getc: when yy_getc returns '\0', instead of just testing
-	  whether the pushed_string_list is not-empty before popping it, don't
-	  pop if if the saved string has flags PSH_SOURCE, indicating that
-	  parse_and_execute set it before setting bash_input to the string.
-	  We should continue reading to the end of that string before popping
-	  back to a potential alias. Partial solution for the problem of aliases
-	  with embedded newlines containing `.' commands being executed out of
-	  order reported by Andrew Martin <andrew.martin@gmail.com>
-	- shell_getc: when yy_getc returns '\0' and there is a saved string of
-	  type PSH_SOURCE, restart the read without popping the string stack
-	  if we have not read to the end of bash_input.location.string.  Rest
-	  of fix for out-of-order execution problem
-
-externs.h
-	- parser_expanding_alias, parser_save_alias, parser_restore_alias: new
-	  extern function declarations
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
-	- pe_prologue: if the parser is expanding an alias, make sure to add
-	  an unwind-protect to restore the alias; undoes the work that will be
-	  performed by parse_and_execute/parse_string
-	- parse_and_execute,parse_string: after calling push_stream to save
-	  bash_input, check whether or not the parser is currently expanding
-	  an alias (parser_expanding_alias() != 0). If it is, we want to save
-	  that string in the pushed_string_list, which we do with
-	  parser_save_alias.
-
-				   12/23
-				   -----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_for_command: make sure to set line_number before expanding
-	  the word list, so expansion errors have the right line number.
-	  From a report from Ben Okopnik <ben@okopnik.com>
-
-expr.c
-	- exp2: save token pointer before calling readtok(), arrange to use
-	  saved token pointer when printing error token on a division by 0
-	  error
-
-				   12/27
-				   -----
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- rl_redisplay: when calculating effects of invisible characters in a
-	  prompt that is split across physical screen lines to set the indices
-	  of linebreaks, don't bother testing local_prompt_prefix (line 751).
-	  That prefix doesn't matter when calculating prompt visible and
-	  invisible characters.  Fixes problem reported by Jinesh Choksi
-	  <jinesh@onelittlehope.com>
-
-Makefile.in
-	- install: make sure to use $(DESTDIR) when installing OTHER_DOCS.
-	  Report and fix from Matthias Klose <doko@debian.org>
-
-doc/texinfo.tex
-	- updated to version of 2013-09-11
-
-				   12/28
-				   -----
-lib/readline/undo.c
-	- rl_do_undo: if we are undoing from a history entry (rl_undo_list ==
-	  current_history()->data), make sure the change to rl_line_buffer is
-	  reflected in the history entry. We use the guts of
-	  rl_maybe_replace_line to do the work.  Fixes problem reported by
-	  gregrwm <backuppc-users@whitleymott.net>
-
-				   12/30
-				   -----
-sig.c
-	- sigint_sighandler: if we get a SIGINT (and this signal handler is
-	  installed) while the wait builtin is running, note that we received
-	  it in the same way as jobs.c:wait_sigint_handler and return.  The
-	  various wait_for functions will look for that with CHECK_WAIT_INTR.
-	  This fixes the wait builtin not being interruptible in an interactive
-	  job control shell
-
-				   12/31
-				   -----
-trap.c
-	- set_signal_hard_ignored: rename set_signal_ignored to this, since it
-	  both sets original_signals[sig] and sets the HARD_IGNORE flag
-	- set_signal_ignored: new function, now just sets original_signals[sig]
-
-trap.h
-	- set_signal_hard_ignored: new external declaration
-
-sig.c
-	- initialize_terminating_signals: call set_signal_hard_ignored instead
-	  of set_signal_ignored for signals with disposition SIG_IGN when the
-	  shell starts
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- setup_async_signals: make sure we get the original dispositions for
-	  SIGINT and SIGQUIT before starting the subshell, and don't call
-	  set_signal_ignored  because that sets original_signals[sig].  If we
-	  don't, subsequent attempts to reset handling using trap will fail
-	  because it thinks the original dispositions were SIG_IGN. Posix
-	  interpretation 751 (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=751)
-
-				 1/2/2014
-				 --------
-lib/sh/stringvec.c
-	- strvec_mcreate, strvec_mresize: versions of create and resize that
-	  use malloc and realloc, respectively, instead of xmalloc/xrealloc
-
-braces.c
-	- expand_amble,mkseq: use strvec_mcreate/strvec_mresize so we can
-	  catch and handle memory allocation failures instead of aborting
-	  with the xmalloc/xrealloc interface
-
-lib/sh/strdup.c
-	- strdup replacement function for ancient systems that don't have it
-
-lib/sh/itos.c
-	- mitos: new function, itos that uses strdup instead of savestring
-
-externs.h
-	- strvec_mcreate/strvec_mresize: new extern declarations
-	- mitos: new extern declaration
-
-configure.ac
-	- bash version moved to 4.3-rc2
-
-				    1/6
-				    ---
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texi,readline.3}
-	- separate the description of what happens when readline reads the
-	  tty EOF character from the description of delete-char, leaving a
-	  note in the delete-char description about common binding for ^D.
-	  From suggestion by Parke <parke.nexus@gmail.com>
-
-lib/readline/doc/{version.texi,history.3,*.texi}
-	- updated email addresses and copyright dates
-
-				    1/7
-				    ---
-variables.c
-	- delete_var: new function, just removes a variable from a hash table
-	  and frees it, without doing anything else
-	- make_variable_value: if we are trying to assign to a nameref variable,
-	  return NULL if the value is null or the empty string or not a valid
-	  identifier
-
-variables.h
-	- delete_var: new extern declaration
-
-subst.h
-	- ASS_NAMEREF: new define for assignments, means assigning to a nameref
-	  variable
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: if we are creating and assigning to a nameref
-	  variable, make sure the value is a valid variable name (checks done
-	  by make_variable_value via bind_variable_value) and display an
-	  error message, deleting the variable we just created, if it is not.
-	  Fixes bug reported by Peggy Russell <prusselltechgroup@gmail.com>
-
-				    1/9
-				    ---
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: turning on nameref attribute for an existing
-	  variable turns off -i/-l/-u/-c attributes (essentially the ones
-	  that cause evaluation at assignment time) for ksh93 compat
-
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- show_name_attributes: if asked to display attributes and values for
-	  a nameref variable, don't follow the nameref chain to the end. More
-	  ksh93 compat
-
-				   1/10
-				   ----
-trap.c
-	- _run_trap_internal: use {save,restore}_parser_state instead of
-	  {save,restore}_token_state, like in run_pending_traps(); don't
-	  need to save and restore last_command_exit_value as a result
-	- _run_trap_internal: call {save,restore}_pipeline like in
-	  run_pending_traps()
-	- run_pending_traps: since we no longer run traps in a signal handler
-	  context, do not block and unblock the trapped signal while the
-	  trap is executing
-	- run_pending_traps: allow recursive invocations (basically, running
-	  traps from a trap handler) with only a warning if the shell is
-	  compiled in debug mode.  If a caller doesn't want this to happen,
-	  it should test running_trap > 0. signal_in_progress (sig) only works
-	  for the signals the shell handles specially
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_event_hook: make sure we clean up readline if interrupt_state
-	  is set, not only when SIGINT is not trapped.  check_signals_and_traps
-	  will call check_signals, which calls QUIT, which will longjmp back
-	  to top_level, running the interrupt trap along the way.  Fixes the
-	  problem of signal handlers being reset out from under readline, and
-	  not being set properly the next time readline is called, because
-	  signals_set_flag is still set to 1.  XXX - might need to do this
-	  for other signals too?
-
-				   1/11
-				   ----
-subst.h
-	- SD_GLOB: new define for skip_to_delim; means we are scanning a
-	  glob pattern.
-
-subst.c
-	- skip_to_delim: if flags include SD_GLOB, assume we are scanning a
-	  glob pattern.  Currently only used to skip bracket expressions
-	  which may contain one of the delimiters
-
-				   1/12
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand: when expanding $@ as part of substring
-	  expansion, pattern substitution, or case modification, don't turn
-	  on the QUOTED_NULL flag.  The code that constructs the word to be
-	  returned from expand_word_internal expects a different code path
-	  when $@ is being expanded.  Fixes bug reported by Theodoros
-	  V. Kalamatianos <thkala@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/19
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- list_dequote_escapes: new function; analogue of list_quote_escapes
-
-pathexp.c
-	- quote_string_for_globbing: fix case where unescaped ^A is last char
-	  in string; need to pass it through unaltered instead of turning it
-	  into a bare backslash
-	- quote_string_for_globbing: when quoting for regexp matching in [[,
-	  don't treat backslash as a quote character; quote the backslash as
-	  any other character.  Part of investigation into reports from
-	  Eduardo A. Bustamante López <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-				   1/25
-				   ----
-builtins/gen-helpfiles.c
-	- write_helpfiles: add prototype
-	- make sure to #undef xmalloc/xfree/xrealloc/free if USING_BASH_MALLOC
-	  is defined. the code does not use them, and we don't link against
-	  xmalloc.o. Report from Linda Walsh <bash@tlinx.org>
-
-Makefile.in
-	- variables.o: add dependency on builtins/builtext.h; helps with
-	  parallel builds.  Report from Linda Walsh <bash@tlinx.org>
-
-support/shobj-conf
-	- darwin: combine the stanzas into one that will not require them to
-	  be updated on each Mac OS X release.  Report and fix from Max Horn
-	  <max@quendi.de>
-
-				   1/27
-				   ----
-support/shobj-conf
-	- darwin: changed the install_name embedded into the shared library
-	  to contain only the major version number, not the minor one. The
-	  idea is that the minor versions should all be API/ABI compatible,
-	  and it is better to link automatically with the latest one.  Idea
-	  from Max Horn <max@quendi.de>
-
-				   1/29
-				   ----
-[bash-4.3-rc2 released]
-
-				   1/30
-				   ----
-lib/readline/readline.h
-	- rl_clear_history, rl_free_keymap: add extern declarations.  Report
-	  from Hiroo Hayashi <hiroo.hayashi@computer.org>
-
-general.c
-	- include trap.h for any_signals_trapped() prototype
-
-lib/sh/unicode.c
-	- include <stdio.h> for sprintf prototype
-
-				   1/31
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_simple_command: only posix-mode shells should exit on an
-	  assignment failure in the temporary environment preceding a special
-	  builtin. This is what the documentation and code comments have
-	  always said
-	- execute_simple_command: make sure redirection errors, word expansion
-	  errors, and assignment errors to Posix special builtins cause a
-	  non-interactive posix mode shell to exit.  Previously the shell
-	  would not exit if the failed special builtin was on the LHS of ||
-	  or &&
-
-pathexp.c
-	- quote_string_for_globbing: when quoting a regular expression
-	  (QGLOB_REGEXP), allow an unquoted backslash to pass through
-	  unaltered. Don't use it as a quote character or quote it.  More
-	  investigation from 1/24 and report by Mike Frysinger
-	  <vapier@gentoo.org>
-	- quote_string_for_globbing: when quoting a regular expression
-	  (QGLOB_REGEXP), turn CTLESC CTLESC into CTLESC without adding a
-	  backslash to quote it. We should not have to quote it because it is
-	  not a character special to EREs. More investigation from 1/24
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_testdir: now takes a second flags argument (currently unused);
-	  changed prototype and callers
-
-				    2/1
-				    ---
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- glob_testdir: if flags argument includes GX_ALLDIRS (globstar), use
-	  lstat so we skip symlinks when traversing the directory tree.
-	  Originally reported by Chris Down <chris@chrisdown.name>
-
-				    2/2
-				    ---
-lib/readline/undo.c
-	- rl_do_undo: make sure CUR is non-zero before dereferencing it to
-	  check cur->data against rl_undo_list.  Report and fix from
-	  Andreas Schwab <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- added slight clarifying language to the description of $*,
-	  describing what happens when the expansion is not within double
-	  quotes
-
-				    2/4
-				    ---
-test.c
-	- unary_test: add code to -v case so that it interprets `bare' array
-	  references (foo[1]) and returns true if that index has a value
-
-				    2/5
-				    ---
-trap.c
-	- restore_default_signal: fix SIGCHLD special case for SIG_TRAPPED flag
-	  off but SIG_INPROGRESS mode set and handler IMPOSSIBLE_TRAP_HANDLER;
-	  continue with resetting handler in this case. maybe_set_sigchld_trap
-	  will check these things before resetting sigchld trap from
-	  run_sigchld_trap.  Fixes (apparently long-standing?) problem reported
-	  by Alexandru Damian <alexandru.damian@intel.com>
-
-				    2/6
-				    ---
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
-	- ansic_quote: fixed a bug when copying a printable character that
-	  consumes more than one byte; byte counter was not being incremented.
-	  Bug report from jidanni@jidanni.org
-
-				    2/7
-				    ---
-input.c
-	- getc_with_restart: if read(2) returns -1/EINTR and interrupt_state or
-	  terminating_signal is set (which means QUIT; will longjmp out of this
-	  function), make sure the local buffer variables are zeroed out to
-	  avoid reading past the end of the buffer on the next call.  Bug report
-	  from Dan Jacobson <jidanni@jidanni.org>
-
-				    2/9
-				    ---
-bashline.c
-	- command_word_completion_function: if a directory in $PATH contains
-	  quote characters, we need to quote them before passing the candidate
-	  path to rl_filename_completion_function, which performs dequoting on
-	  the pathname it's passed.  Fixes bug reported by Ilyushkin Nikita
-	  <ilyushkeane@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/11
-				   ----
-parse.y
-	- xparse_dolparen: save and restore shell_eof_token around call to
-	  parse_string, intead of just leaving it set to ')'
-	- shell_getc: when -v is set, only print the command line when
-	  shell_eof_token is 0, so we don't print it multiple times when
-	  recursively entering the parser to parse $(...) commands.  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Greg Wooledge <wooledg@eeg.ccf.org>
-
-[changed release status to 4.3-release]
-
-				   2/13
-				   ----
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
-	- ansic_quote: handle case where mbrtowc reports that the multibyte
-	  sequence is incomplete or invalid.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Eduardo A. Bustamante López <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/14
-				   ----
-variables.c
-	- find_variable_nameref_context: fix a problem that caused the loop
-	  to go one context too close to the global context.  In some cases,
-	  simple variable assignment would set a variable in the global
-	  context instead of a local context.  Bug report from
-	  Geir Hauge <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/26
-				   ----
-[bash-4.3 released]
-
-				   2/27
-				   ----
-aclocal.m4
-	- broken wcwidth check: fix typo reported by David Michael
-	  <fedora.dm0@gmail.com>
-
-				   2/28
-				   ----
-support/bashbug.sh
-	- add ${BUGADDR} to error message printed if sending mail fails
-
-trap.c
-	- _run_trap_internal: don't call {save,restore}_pipeline if running
-	  DEBUG trap; run_debug_trap calls them itself.  Fixes bug reported
-	  by Moe Tunes <moetunes42@gmail.com>
-
-test.c
-	- unary_test: fix 'R' case by using find_variable_noref instead of
-	  find_variable
-	- test_unop: add back missing 'R' case.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  NBaH <nbah@sfr.fr>
-
-				    3/2
-				    ---
-jobs.c
-	- end_job_control: if job control is active, we changed the terminal's
-	  process group, so make sure we restore it.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Eduardo A. Bustamante López <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-				    3/7
-				    ---
-pcomplete.c
-	- pcomp_curtxt: new variable, holds the original text to be completed
-	  as passed to the programmable completion code
-	- pcomp_filename_completion_function: if we are running compgen
-	  (presumably in a shell function completion) and performing readline
-	  completion, check the word being completed.  If it's not empty, but
-	  the original word passed to the programmable completion code is an
-	  empty string (""), call a dequoting function if one is available.
-	  This compensates for an assumption in bash-completion.  Reported by
-	  Albert Shih <Albert.Shih@obspm.fr>
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_dispatch_subseq: when deciding whether or not to set vi mode's
-	  idea of the last command, use whether or not the dispatching keymap
-	  is vi_movement_keymap instead of the key sequence length.  The `c',
-	  `d', and `y' commands all take motion commands as `arguments' and
-	  will produce key sequences longer than 1 character.  The arrow keys
-	  will end up dispatching out of a different keymap, so the test will
-	  prevent arrow keys from setting the last command (the problem in
-	  bash-4.2). Bug report from Daan van Rossum <daan@flash.uchicago.edu>
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
-	- _rl_vi_motion_command: convenience function to test whether a key is
-	  a vi-mode motion command
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
-	- _rl_vi_motion_command: extern declaration
-
-parse.y
-	- parse_matched_pair: we should not skip processing single quotes in
-	  posix mode if dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_QUOTE2 (pattern
-	  substitution).  Fixes bug reported by David Sines
-	  <dave.gma@googlemail.com>
-
-				   3/10
-				   ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
-	- _rl_dispatch_callback: treat a return value of -1 as the end of
-	  a command dispatch sequence if the current context doesn't
-	  indicate that we're reading a multi-key sequence
-	  ((cxt->flags & KSEQ_SUBSEQ) == 0).  Turn off the multikey flag
-	  and free the context chain in this case.  Fixes one bug reported
-	  by Felix Yan <felixonmars@gmail.com> to bug-readline list
-	- _rl_dispatch_callback: treat a return value of > 0 the same as 0
-	  and return from the function, since only values < 0 cause us to
-	  simulate recursion.  Rest of fix for bug tracked down by
-	  Anatol Pomozov <anatol.pomozov@gmail.com>
-
-				   3/11
-				   ----
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_in_subshell: if a longjmp occurs, set result to
-	  EXECUTION_FAILURE only if last_command_exit_value == EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-	  use value of last_command_exit_value otherwise.  Fixes cosmetic
-	  issue reported by Dennis Lambe Jr. <malsyned@malsyned.net>
-
-doc/bash.1
-	- shell-kill-word and shell-backward-kill-word should be documented
-	  as unbound by default.  Report from Oliver Hartley
-	  <ohartley@talktalk.net>
-
-trap.c
-	- run_pending_traps: save value of $? before running trap commands in
-	  trap_saved_exit_value, like run_exit_trap
-	- _run_trap_internal: save value of $? before running trap commands in
-	  trap_saved_exit_value, like run_exit_trap
-
-builtins/common.c
-	- get_exitstat: when running `return' in a trap action, and it is not
-	  supplied an argument, use the saved exit status in
-	  trap_saved_exit_value.  Fixes Posix problem reported by
-	  Eduardo A. Bustamante López <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-				   3/13
-				   ----
-lib/sh/shquote.c
-	- sh_contains_quotes: new function, returns true if a given string
-	  contains any of the shell quote characters (single quote, double
-	  quote, or backslash)
-
-externs.h
-	- sh_contains_quotes: new extern declaration
-
-pcomplete.c
-	- pcomp_filename_completion_function: more changes for the benefit of
-	  bash-completion: if the argument is not the same as the original
-	  argument passed to the programmable completion code (pcomp_curtxt),
-	  and we are being run by compgen as part of a completion, dequote the
-	  argument as bash-completion expects.  Fix for the complete-word-
-	  with-quoted-special-chars problem with bash-completion
-
-				   3/17
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_intern_function: when in posix mode, make defining a function
-	  with the same name as a special builtin a fatal error only when the
-	  shell is not interactive. Interactive shells display an error
-	  message and go on.  From a discussion with Doug McIlroy
-	  <doug@cs.dartmouth.edu>
-
-				   3/18
-				   ----
-arrayfunc.c
-	- assign_compound_array_list: when using expand_assignment_string_to_string
-	  to expand the value in a ( [x]=y ) compound assignment, make sure
-	  that we convert 0x0 to "" when expanding [x]= so it doesn't appear as
-	  if the index is unset.  Fixes bug reported by Geir Hauge
-	  <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-builtins/common.c
-	- get_exitstat: update fix of 3/11 to allow the DEBUG trap to use the
-	  current value of $? instead of the value it had before the trap
-	  action was run.  This is one reason the DEBUG trap exists, and
-	  extended debug mode uses it.  Might want to do this only in Posix
-	  mode
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- return: add language cribbed from Posix saying what happens when
-	  return is run without an argument from a trap, including the DEBUG
-	  trap exception
-
-				   3/19
-				   ----
-lib/glob/gmisc.c
-	- extglob_pattern_p: make sure ?(patlist) is flagged as an extglob
-	  pattern
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- extglob_skipname: rewrite to handle patterns that begin but do not
-	  end with an extglob pattern; change test for easy case and loop
-	  through patterns accordingly.  Fixes problem with matching filenames
-	  with a leading dot reported by Stephane Chazelas
-	  <stephane.chazelas@gmail.com>
-	- wextglob_skipname: make analogous changes
-
-				   3/20
-				   ----
-Makefile.in
-	- pass -DDEBUG down to builds in readline and history directories
-
-lib/readline/util.c
-	- _rl_trace and related functions are now only compiled in if DEBUG
-	  is defined
-
-lib/readline/Makefile.in
-	- substitute @DEBUG@ and pass -DDEBUG, if necessary, to compilation
-	  in LOCAL_CFLAGS
-
-				   3/21
-				   ----
-parse.y
-	- shell_getc: when checking whether or not to reallocate
-	  shell_input_line to add trailing newline, don't try to subtract from
-	  shell_input_line_size.  size_t is unsigned, so if its value is less
-	  than 3 (like, say, 2), size-3 is a very large number and the string
-	  will not be reallocated.  Use len+3 > size instead of len > size-3.
-	  Fixes bug reported in
-	  https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/1295467
-
-				   3/27
-				   ----
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- _rl_clean_up_for_exit: don't bother to call _rl_move_vert to whatever
-	  readline thinks the last displayed line is if it's 0.  Two reasons: a
-	  minor optimization, and it protects against unwanted moving if this
-	  function is called twice, as it is when ^C is pressed.  Fixes bug
-	  reported by Egmont Koblinger <egmont@gmail.com>
-
-				   3/28
-				   ----
-bashline.c
-	- invalid_completion: new function, used to identify attempts to
-	  complete words that are syntax errors
-	- attempt_shell_completion: if invalid_completion returns true for a
-	  word in a command position, punt on all completions.  Fixes cosmetic
-	  issue reported by Uwe Storbeck <uwe@ibr.ch>
-	- attempt_shell_completion: add clause so that in_command_position
-	  remains set to 1 for an empty word following a command separator like
-	  (, &, or |
-
-lib/readline/kill.c
-	- rl_yank, rl_yank_nth_arg_internal: don't return -1 from bindable
-	  functions, return 1 instead
-
-lib/readline/text.c
-	- rl_rubout, _rl_rubout_char, rl_delete, rl_change_case,
-	  rl_transpose_chars, rl_transpose_words, _rl_set_mark_at_pos,
-	  rl_exchange_point_and_mark, _rl_insert_next, _rl_char_search,
-	  _rl_char_search_internal:
-	  don't return -1 from bindable functions, return 1 instead
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
-	- rl_vi_end_word, rl_vi_rubout, rl_vi_delete, rl_vi_char_search,
-	  rl_vi_match, _rl_vi_set_mark, _rl_vi_goto_mark:
-	  don't return -1 from bindable functions, return 1 instead
-
-lib/readline/macro.c
-	- rl_start_kbd_macro, rl_end_kbd_macro:
-	  don't return -1 from bindable functions, return 1 instead
-
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- set_var_attribute: honor setting of no_invisible_vars when setting
-	  att_invisible on a variable
-	- include "../flags.h" for no_invisible_vars
-
-builtins/declare.def
-	- declare_internal: honor setting of no_invisible_vars when setting
-	  att_invisible on a variable
-	- include "../flags.h" for no_invisible_vars
-
-Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.in
-	- make sure declare.o and setattr.o depend on flags.h
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- decpoint: new function, returns locale's decimal point or `.' default
-	- mkfmt: use decpoint() to get decimal point instead of unconditionally
-	  using `.'.  Fixes bug reported by Andrey Tataranovich
-	  <tataranovich@gmail.com> in debian bug 741669
-
-				   4/10
-				   ----
-lib/readline/rltypedefs.h
-	- add back old Function/VFunction/etc typedefs, since other packages
-	  (python, samba) use them. Mark as deprecated using gcc and clang
-	  attributes.  Report and fix from Max Horn <max@quendi.de>
-
-				   4/14
-				   ----
-jobs.c
-	- run_sigchld_trap: unwind-protect value of this_shell_builtin, since
-	  it matters in some cases whether or not we are running `wait' or
-	  `eval'.  Fixes bug reported by Eduardo A. Bustamante López
-	  <dualbus@gmail.com>
-
-				   4/18
-				   ----
-shell.h
-	- sh_parser_state_t: add `need_here_doc' flags member, since
-	  xparse_dolparen (via parse_command) sets it to 0
-
-parse.y
-	- gather_here_documents: make sure need_here_doc is > 0, since we
-	  don't want to just decrement it forever if it ends up < 0. Partial
-	  fix for bug reported by Jared Yanovich <slovichon@gmail.com>
-	- {save,restore}_parser_state: save and restore need_here_doc flag.
-	  Rest of fix for bug reported by Jared Yanovich <slovichon@gmail.com>
-
-				   4/19
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- cond_expand_word: since we are not supposed to be performing word
-	  splitting here, set expand_no_split_dollar_star to 1 in addition to
-	  setting W_NOSPLIT2
-	- expand_word_internal: if we have a case where we have an unquoted
-	  $@ but we are in a case where we don't want to split (W_NOSPLIT2),
-	  make sure we return a list consisting of a single word with the
-	  arguments separated by spaces and don't do word splitting.  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Greg Wooledge <wooledg@eeg.ccf.org> from an IRC
-	  discussion
-
-builtins/hash.def
-	- print_portable_hash_info: single-quote pathnames and hashed filenames
-	  that contain shell metacharacters.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  <g1pi@libero.it> in debian bash bug #739853
-
-				   4/20
-				   ----
-lib/readline/display.c
-	- When using horizontal scrolling, the redisplay code erases too much
-	  of the line containing successful results, so make sure we only
-	  erase to the end of the line after making sure we move the cursor
-	  to the end.  Fixes bug reported by <Trond.Endrestol@ximalas.info>
-
-				   4/23
-				   ----
-{bashhist,bashline}.c
-builtins{bind,help,type}.def
-lib/glob/glob.c, lib/intl/{loadmsgcat,localealias}.c,lib/sh/mktime.c
-	- fixes to memory leaks uncovered by coverity scan
-
-				   4/24
-				   ----
-{bashhist,subst,redir,assoc,jobs,array,trap}.c
-lib/intl/l10flist.c
-builtins/complete.def
-	- fixes to memory leaks and other resource usage problems uncovered by
-	  coverity scan
-
-redir.c
-	- do_redirection_internal: if dup2 fails (presumably because of a
-	  resource limit), close the file descriptor we opened before returning
-	  error
-
-				   4/25
-				   ----
-config-top.h
-	- DEFAULT_BASHRC: new define with the name of the default shell
-	  startup file
-
-bashline.c
-	- bash_directory_completion_matches: don't dequote the directory name.
-	  If rl_completion_found_quote is non-zero, readline will dequote the
-	  filename itself.  Fixes bug reported by Clark Wang
-	  <dearvoid@gmail.com>
-
-				   4/27
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_expand_rhs: if parameter_brace_find_indir returns
-	  NULL or "", or if it returns something that is not a valid identifier,
-	  report an error and return &expand_wdesc_error so the error can
-	  propagate up.  Fixes bug reported by Andre Holzhey
-	  <andre.holzhey@gmx.de>
-
-				   4/29
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- parameter_brace_substring: don't short-circuit right away if the
-	  value is NULL but we are looking at the positional parameters.  Part
-	  of fix for bug reported by Pierre Gaston <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-	- pos_params: if there are no positional parameters, only short-circuit
-	  if we are looking for $1 and above.  Rest of fix for bug reported
-	  by Pierre Gaston <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-
-subst.h
-	- SD_NOPROCSUB: new flag for skip_to_delim, means to not allow any
-	  process subsitutions (should not have overloaded SD_NOSKIPCMD)
-
-subst.c
-	- skip_to_delim: honor SD_NOPROCSUB flag
-
-make_cmd.c
-	- make_arith_for_expr: set W_NOPROCSUB flag in the created word
-	- make_arith_for_command: set SD_NOPROCSUB in the flags argument to
-	  skip_to_delim so we don't treat <( or >( as a process substitution
-	  (we won't evaluate them in eval_arith_for_expr anyway).  Fixes
-	  bug reported by Pierre Gaston <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-
-				    5/1
-				    ---
-lib/glob/gmisc.c
-	- glob_dirscan: new function, takes a pattern and a directory separator
-	  argument and advances the pattern to the last occurrence of the
-	  separator. Like strrchr, but understands extended glob patterns and
-	  uses glob_patscan to skip over them
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
-	- extglob_skipname: if the extended globbing pattern is invalid, don't
-	  skip the name
-	- glob_filename: if there is a slash in the pattern to be matched, and
-	  extglob is enabled, use glob_dirscan to find the real last occurrence
-	  of `/' to avoid being confused by slashes in extglob patterns.  Fix
-	  for bug reported by Pierre Gaston <pierre.gaston@gmail.com>
-
-				    5/6
-				    ---
-variables.c
-	- make_local_variable: only set the att_invisible attribute if
-	  no_invisible_vars isn't set
-	- find_variable_for_assignment: new function, intended to be called by
-	  code that eventually wants to assign a value to the variable; will not
-	  skip invisible variables; currently identical to find_variable
-	- find_variable_no_invisible: new function, finds the first visible
-	  instance of variable with a given name in the variable context chain;
-	  eventually will be used to replace find_variable; separate right now
-	  for testing
-
-variables.h
-	- find_variable_for_assignment: extern declaration
-	- find_variable_no_invisible: extern declaration
-
-				    5/7
-				    ---
-variables.c
-	- make_local_variable: don't clear `invisible' attribute if we are
-	  returning an existing local variable at the right context.  Let the
-	  upper layers do that. Fixes bug reported by Dan Douglas
-	  <ormaaj@gmail.com>
-
-				    5/8
-				    ---
-lib/readline/input.c
-	- rl_getc: call RL_CHECK_SIGNALS if a read(2) is interrupted (-1/EINTR)
-	  by SIGALRM or SIGVTALRM (placeholder for non-keyboard-generated
-	  signals of interest)
-
-builtins/read.def
-	- edit_line: call bashline_set_event_hook and
-	  bashline_reset_event_hook around call to readline(), so the right
-	  signal handling happens
-	- read_builtin: make sure we add an unwind_protect call to
-	  bashline_reset_event_hook.  These changes fix bug reported in
-	  https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/1317476
-
-				   5/12
-				   ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- clarify language to make it clear that changing attributes of a
-	  nameref variable (e.g., export), actually changes the attributes of
-	  the referenced variable.  Fixes omission noted by Jeff Haemer
-	  <jeffrey.haemer@gmail.com>
-
-arrayfunc.c
-	- bind_array_var_internal: make sure ENTRY no longer has invisible
-	  attribute before returning.  Fixes bug reported by Geir Hauge
-	  <geir.hauge@gmail.com>
-
-				   5/22
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- shell_execve: if execve fails and we return 127 or 126, make sure to
-	  set last_command_exit_value if a call to file_error or report_error
-	  causes the shell to exit.  This ensures that the shell exits with
-	  the right value.
-
-				    6/6
-				    ---
-shell.c
-	- drop_priv_mode: print an error message on setuid() failure, optionally
-	  exit if errno == EAGAIN, as it can be on Linux when RLIMIT_NPROC for
-	  the target user is exceeded.
-
-config-top.h
-	- EXIT_ON_SETUID_FAILURE: new settable define, will cause the shell to
-	  exit if setuid fails with errno == EAGAIN
-
-				   6/10
-				   ----
-parse.y
-	- time_command_acceptable: fix so time is accepted everywhere the
-	  grammar is looking for a `compound_list'.  Fixes bug reported by
-	  Dale Worley <worley@alum.mit.edu>
-
-				   6/12
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- clear_fifo_list: new function, clears FDs associated with open pipes
-	  in current FIFO list without closing the file descriptors.  Can
-	  possibly be used when shell_execve fails and the shell jumps back
-	  to top_level and we don't want the shell to close the open FIFOs
-	  each time through the read-execute loop.  Bug reported by Harald
-	  Koenig <koenig@tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de>
-
-
-				   6/16
-				   ----
-builtins/shopt.def
-	- compat42: make sure the `compat42' option sets the correct variable
-	  for compatibility level.  Fixes bug reported by Ondrej Oprala
-	  <ooprala@redhat.com>
-
-support/bashbug.sh
-	- fix typo when echoing $USAGE.  Report from Shantanu Kulkarni
-	  <djbware@shantanukulkarni.org>
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- shell_execve: before longjmp back to subshell_top_level, clear out the
-	  FIFO fd list by calling clear_fifo_list so the FDs (which we inherited
-	  from our parent) aren't closed every time through the read-eval loop.
-	  Fix for bug reported by Harald Koenig <koenig@tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de>
-
-				   6/18
-				   ----
-subst.c
-	- extract_process_subst: add additional argument: xflags, allow callers to
-	  pass flags like extract_command_subst
-	- extract_process_subst: call xparse_dolparen like command substitution
-	  to avoid problems when parsing commands constructs with embedded open
-	  parens.  Fixes bug reported by Tim Friske <me@timfriske.com>
-
-subst.h
-	- extract_process_subst: modified prototype for extern declaration
-
-				   6/19
-				   ----
-execute_cmd.c
-	- execute_pipeline: if running with lastpipe enabled, make sure that we
-	  check whether or not the job id is valid using INVALID_JOB before
-	  calling job_exit_status. the jobs list can get frozen and unfrozen in
-	  the presence of nested pipelines and loops and wait_for can clear a
-	  job table entry.  Fixes bug reported by <scorp.dev.null@gmail.com>
-
-jobs.c
-	- freeze_jobs_list: now returns old value of jobs_list_frozen; unused at
-	  current time
-
-jobs.h
-	- freeze_jobs_list: change return value
-
-				   6/20
-				   ----
-lib/glob/smatch.c
-	- MEMCHR: single-byte and wide character defines (memchr/wmemchr)
-
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
-	- GMATCH: when the wildcards are the last element of the pattern, make
-	  sure they do not match a string containing a `/' if FNM_PATHNAME is
-	  set in FLAGS
-	- GMATCH: when recursively calling GMATCH after we see a `*', don't
-	  try to consume the rest of the pattern with `*' if FNM_PATHNAME is
-	  set in FLAGS, just consume up to the next slash and then see whether
-	  or not the rest of the pattern matches.  Fixes bug reported by Ian
-	  Kelling <ian@iankelling.org>
-	- GMATCH: when processing `*' in the pattern, after skipping consecutive
-	  wildcards, if we hit a literal `/' in the pattern and we're looking
-	  for a pathname, skip characters in the string until we find a `/'
-	  (no slash means the match fails), and try to match the rest of the
-	  pattern against the portion of the string after the next `/'.  Picked
-	  up from gnulib/glibc
-
-pathexp.c
-	- split_ignorespec: since split_ignorespec gets globbing patterns,
-	  make sure we call skip_to_delim with the SD_GLOB flag so delimiters
-	  that occur within bracket expressions don't delimit the pattern.
-	  Fixes problem with [[:digit:]] in GLOBIGNORE reported by Ian Kelling
-	  <ian@iankelling.org>
-
-unwind_prot.c
-	- unwind_protect_tag_on_stack: new function, returns 1 if unwind-protect
-	  frame corresponding to `tag' argument is on unwind-protect stack
-
-unwind_prot.h
-	- unwind_protect_tag_on_stack: extern declaration
-
-				   6/30
-				   ----
-lib/readline/misc.c
-	- _rl_revert_all_lines: set entry->data to 0 after assigning it to
-	  rl_undo_list to avoid pointer aliasing problems that would result
-	  in entry->line being freed by an undo.  The subsequent free would
-	  be a double free.  Report and fix from Jared Yanovich
-	  <slovichon@gmail.com>
-
-subst.c
-	- command_substitute: other shells do not appear to inherit the -v
-	  option when reading and executing command substitutions.  Reported
-	  by Ondrej Oprala <ooprala@redhat.com>
-
-				    7/1
-				    ---
-config-top.h
-	- CHECKHASH_DEFAULT: new define that supplies the default value for
-	  check_hashed_filenames (`checkhash' shopt option); still 0 by default
-
-findcmd.c
-	- check_hashed_filenames: initialize using CHECKHASH_DEFAULT
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
-	- history_expand: double quotes can inhibit recognition of the history
-	  comment character if history_quotes_inhibit_expansion is non-zero
-
-lib/readline/doc/{history.3,hstech.texi}
-	- history_quotes_inhibit_expansion: expand definition to note that it
-	  inhibits scanning for the history comment character as well; correct
-	  typo to make it clear that it only works on double-quoted strings
-
-lib/sh/zgetline.c
-	- add new fourth argument: DELIM, allows delimiter to be something
-	  other than newline (if DELIM != '\n', UNBUFFERED_READ should be
-	  non-zero)
-	- UNBUFFERED_READ is now fifth argument
-	- check character against DELIM rather than strictly newline
-
-externs.h
-	- zgetline: change function prototype for extern declaration
-
-builtins/mapfile.def
-	- mapfile: change calling sequence for zgetline calls
-	- mapfile_builtin: new -d option: DELIM, like in read builtin
-	- mapfile_builtin: pass `delim' to mapfile() as new argument; default
-	  to '\n' unless -d option supplied
-	- mapfile: take new DELIM argument, pass to zgetline
-	- mapfile: if DELIM != '\n', set unbuffered_read to 1
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
-	- mapfile: document new `-d DELIM' option
-
-				    7/5
-				    ---
-lib/readline/histfile.c
-	- history_truncate_file: if there is an error writing the truncated
-	  history list back to the history file, use the same strategy as
-	  history_do_write: create a backup file, rename the history file to
-	  the backup file, and restore the original history file from the
-	  backup file name if the write or the close fails.  Suggestion from
-	  Chen Gang <gang.chen.5i5j@gmail.com> to bug-readline
-
-execute_cmd.c
-	- evalnest, evalnest_max: new variables establishing maximum number of
-	  recursive `eval' calls; current max is 4096
-	- execute_builtin: unwind-protect value of evalnest around calls to
-	  eval builtin. Suggested by Oliver Morais <oliver.morais@gmail.com>
-
-builtins/setattr.def
-	- show_name_attributes: show a variable's attributes even if it's
-	  invisible (don't show any value since it has none). This means that
-	  declare -p var will display VAR's attributes even when var marked
-	  as invisible.  Feature request from Peggy Russell
-	  <prusselltechgroup@gmail.com>
-	- show_var_attributes: don't print assignment if array or assoc
-	  attribute is set but variable marked as invisible
diff --git a/CWRU/POSIX.NOTES.old b/CWRU/POSIX.NOTES.old
deleted file mode 100644
index 1707ab10..00000000
--- a/CWRU/POSIX.NOTES.old
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-Starting bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing
-`set -o posix' while bash is running will cause bash to conform more
-closely to the Posix.2 standard by changing the behavior to match that
-specified by Posix.2 in areas where the bash default differs.
-
-The following list is what's changed when `posix mode' is in effect:
-
-1.  When a command in the hash table no longer exists, bash will re-search
-    $PATH to find the new location.  This is also available with
-    `shopt -s checkhash'.
-
-2.  The >& redirection does not redirect stdout and stderr.
-
-3.  The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-    exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
-
-4.  Reserved words may not be aliased.
-
-5.  The Posix.2 PS1 and PS2 expansions of `!' -> history number and
-    `!!' -> `!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed on
-    the value regardless of the setting of the `promptvars' option.
-
-6.  Interactive comments are enabled by default.  (Note that bash has
-    them on by default anyway.)
-
-7.  The Posix.2 startup files are executed ($ENV) rather than the normal
-    bash files.
-
-8.  Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
-    name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
-
-9.  The default history file is ~/.sh_history (default value of $HISTFILE).
-
-10. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line,
-    separated by spaces.
-
-11. Non-interactive shells exit if `file' in `. file' is not found.
-
-12. Redirection operators do not perform pathname expansion on the word
-    in the redirection unless the shell is interactive
-
-13. Function names must be valid shell identifiers.  That is, they may not
-    contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-    may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an illegal name
-    causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
-
-14. Posix.2 `special' builtins are found before shell functions during command
-    lookup.
-
-15. If a Posix.2 special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive
-    shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX.2 standard,
-    and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors,
-    variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name,
-    and so on.
-
-16. The environment passed to executed commands is not sorted.  Neither is
-    the output of `set'.  This is not strictly Posix.2 behavior, but sh
-    does it this way.  Ksh does not.  It's not necessary to sort the
-    environment; no program should rely on it being sorted.
-
-17. If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using $CDPATH, the
-    value it assigns to $PWD does not contain any symbolic links, as if
-    `cd -P' had been executed.
-
-18. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
-    assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
-    statements.  A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
-    trying to assign a value to a read-only variable.
-
-19. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
-    variable in a for statement or the selection variable in a select
-    statement is a read-only variable.
-
-20. Process substitution is not available.
-
-21. Assignment statements preceding POSIX.2 `special' builtins persist in
-    the shell environment after the builtin completes.
-
-There is other Posix.2 behavior that bash does not implement.  Specifically:
-
-1.  Assignment statements affect the execution environment of all builtins,
-    not just special ones.
diff --git a/CWRU/old/set.def.save b/CWRU/old/set.def.save
deleted file mode 100644
index 87b78d7c..00000000
--- a/CWRU/old/set.def.save
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,544 +0,0 @@
-This file is set.def, from which is created set.c.
-It implements the "set" and "unset" builtins in Bash.
-
-Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
-Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later
-version.
-
-Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
-WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-with Bash; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
-
-$PRODUCES set.c
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include "../shell.h"
-#include "../flags.h"
-
-#include "bashgetopt.h"
-
-extern int interactive;
-extern int noclobber, posixly_correct;
-#if defined (READLINE)
-extern int rl_editing_mode, no_line_editing;
-#endif /* READLINE */
-
-$BUILTIN set
-$FUNCTION set_builtin
-$SHORT_DOC set [--abefhkmnptuvxldBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...]
-    -a  Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
-    -b  Notify of job termination immediately.
-    -e  Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
-    -f  Disable file name generation (globbing).
-    -h  Locate and remember function commands as functions are
-        defined.  Function commands are normally looked up when
-        the function is executed.
-    -i  Force the shell to be an "interactive" one.  Interactive shells
-        always read `~/.bashrc' on startup.
-    -k  All keyword arguments are placed in the environment for a
-        command, not just those that precede the command name.
-    -m  Job control is enabled.
-    -n  Read commands but do not execute them.
-    -o option-name
-        Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
-            allexport    same as -a
-            braceexpand  same as -B
-#if defined (READLINE)
-            emacs        use an emacs-style line editing interface
-#endif /* READLINE */
-            errexit      same as -e
-            histexpand   same as -H
-            ignoreeof    the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
-            interactive-comments
-                         allow comments to appear in interactive commands
-            monitor      same as -m
-            noclobber    disallow redirection to existing files
-            noexec       same as -n
-            noglob       same as -f
-            nohash       same as -d
-            notify       save as -b
-            nounset      same as -u
-	    physical     same as -P
-	    posix        change the behavior of bash where the default
-			 operation differs from the 1003.2 standard to
-			 match the standard
-	    privileged   same as -p
-            verbose      same as -v
-#if defined (READLINE)
-            vi           use a vi-style line editing interface
-#endif /* READLINE */
-            xtrace       same as -x
-    -p  Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
-        Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
-        functions.  Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
-	gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
-    -t  Exit after reading and executing one command.
-    -u  Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
-    -v  Print shell input lines as they are read.
-    -x  Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
-    -l  Save and restore the binding of the NAME in a FOR command.
-    -d  Disable the hashing of commands that are looked up for execution.
-        Normally, commands are remembered in a hash table, and once
-        found, do not have to be looked up again.
-#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
-    -B  the shell will perform brace expansion
-#endif /* BRACE_EXPANSION */
-#if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
-    -H  Enable ! style history substitution.  This flag is on
-        by default.
-#endif /* BANG_HISTORY */
-    -C  If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
-        by redirection of output.
-    -P  If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands
-        such as cd which change the current directory.
-
-Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off.  The
-flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell.  The current
-set of flags may be found in $-.  The remaining n ARGs are positional
-parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n.  If no
-ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.
-$END
-
-/* An a-list used to match long options for set -o to the corresponding
-   option letter. */
-struct {
-  char *name;
-  int letter;
-} o_options[] = {
-  { "allexport",  'a' },
-#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
-  { "braceexpand",'B' },
-#endif
-  { "errexit",	  'e' },
-  { "histexpand", 'H' },
-  { "monitor",	  'm' },
-  { "noexec",	  'n' },
-  { "noglob",	  'f' },
-  { "nohash",	  'd' },
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  { "notify",	  'b' },
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-  {"nounset",	  'u' },
-  {"physical",    'P' },
-  {"privileged",  'p' },
-  {"verbose",	  'v' },
-  {"xtrace",	  'x' },
-  {(char *)NULL, 0},
-};
-
-#define MINUS_O_FORMAT "%-15s\t%s\n"
-
-void
-list_minus_o_opts ()
-{
-  register int	i;
-  char *on = "on", *off = "off";
-
-  printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "noclobber", (noclobber == 1) ? on : off);
-
-  if (find_variable ("ignoreeof") || find_variable ("IGNOREEOF"))
-    printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "ignoreeof", on);
-  else
-    printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "ignoreeof", off);
-
-  printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "interactive-comments",
-	  interactive_comments ? on : off);
-
-  printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "posix", posixly_correct ? on : off);
-
-#if defined (READLINE)
-  if (no_line_editing)
-    {
-      printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "emacs", off);
-      printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "vi", off);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      /* Magic.  This code `knows' how readline handles rl_editing_mode. */
-      printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "emacs", (rl_editing_mode == 1) ? on : off);
-      printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "vi", (rl_editing_mode == 0) ? on : off);
-    }
-#endif /* READLINE */
-
-  for (i = 0; o_options[i].name; i++)
-    {
-      int *on_or_off, zero = 0;
-
-      on_or_off = find_flag (o_options[i].letter);
-      if (on_or_off == FLAG_UNKNOWN)
-	on_or_off = &zero;
-      printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, o_options[i].name, (*on_or_off == 1) ? on : off);
-    }
-}
-
-set_minus_o_option (on_or_off, option_name)
-     int on_or_off;
-     char *option_name;
-{
-  int option_char = -1;
-
-  if (STREQ (option_name, "noclobber"))
-    {
-      if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
-	bind_variable ("noclobber", "");
-      else
-	unbind_variable ("noclobber");
-      stupidly_hack_special_variables ("noclobber");
-    }
-  else if (STREQ (option_name, "ignoreeof"))
-    {
-      unbind_variable ("ignoreeof");
-      unbind_variable ("IGNOREEOF");
-      if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
-	bind_variable ("IGNOREEOF", "10");
-      stupidly_hack_special_variables ("IGNOREEOF");
-    }
-  
-#if defined (READLINE)
-  else if ((STREQ (option_name, "emacs")) || (STREQ (option_name, "vi")))
-    {
-      if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
-	{
-	  rl_variable_bind ("editing-mode", option_name);
-
-	  if (interactive)
-	    with_input_from_stdin ();
-	  no_line_editing = 0;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  int isemacs = (rl_editing_mode == 1);
-	  if ((isemacs && STREQ (option_name, "emacs")) ||
-	      (!isemacs && STREQ (option_name, "vi")))
-	    {
-	      if (interactive)
-		with_input_from_stream (stdin, "stdin");
-	      no_line_editing = 1;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    builtin_error ("not in %s editing mode", option_name);
-	}
-    }
-#endif /* READLINE */
-  else if (STREQ (option_name, "interactive-comments"))
-    interactive_comments = (on_or_off == FLAG_ON);
-  else if (STREQ (option_name, "posix"))
-    {
-      posixly_correct = (on_or_off == FLAG_ON);
-      unbind_variable ("POSIXLY_CORRECT");
-      unbind_variable ("POSIX_PEDANTIC");
-      if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
-	{
-	  bind_variable ("POSIXLY_CORRECT", "");
-	  stupidly_hack_special_variables ("POSIXLY_CORRECT");
-	}
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      register int i;
-      for (i = 0; o_options[i].name; i++)
-	{
-	  if (STREQ (option_name, o_options[i].name))
-	    {
-	      option_char = o_options[i].letter;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	}
-      if (option_char == -1)
-	{
-	  builtin_error ("%s: unknown option name", option_name);
-	  return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	}
-      if (change_flag (option_char, on_or_off) == FLAG_ERROR)
-	{
-	  bad_option (option_name);
-	  return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	}
-    }
-  return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-}
-
-/* Set some flags from the word values in the input list.  If LIST is empty,
-   then print out the values of the variables instead.  If LIST contains
-   non-flags, then set $1 - $9 to the successive words of LIST. */
-set_builtin (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  int on_or_off, flag_name, force_assignment = 0;
-
-  if (!list)
-    {
-      SHELL_VAR **vars;
-
-      vars = all_shell_variables ();
-      if (vars)
-	{
-	  print_var_list (vars);
-	  free (vars);
-	}
-
-      vars = all_shell_functions ();
-      if (vars)
-	{
-	  print_var_list (vars);
-	  free (vars);
-	}
-
-      return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-    }
-
-  /* Check validity of flag arguments. */
-  if (*list->word->word == '-' || *list->word->word == '+')
-    {
-      register char *arg;
-      WORD_LIST *save_list = list;
-
-      while (list && (arg = list->word->word))
-	{
-	  char c;
-
-	  if (arg[0] != '-' && arg[0] != '+')
-	    break;
-
-	  /* `-' or `--' signifies end of flag arguments. */
-	  if (arg[0] == '-' &&
-	      (!arg[1] || (arg[1] == '-' && !arg[2])))
-	    break;
-
-	  while (c = *++arg)
-	    {
-	      if (find_flag (c) == FLAG_UNKNOWN && c != 'o')
-		{
-		  char s[2];
-		  s[0] = c; s[1] = '\0';
-		  bad_option (s);
-		  if (c == '?')
-		    builtin_usage ();
-		  return (c == '?' ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-		}
-	    }
-	  list = list->next;
-	}
-      list = save_list;
-    }
-
-  /* Do the set command.  While the list consists of words starting with
-     '-' or '+' treat them as flags, otherwise, start assigning them to
-     $1 ... $n. */
-  while (list)
-    {
-      char *string = list->word->word;
-
-      /* If the argument is `--' or `-' then signal the end of the list
-	 and remember the remaining arguments. */
-      if (string[0] == '-' && (!string[1] || (string[1] == '-' && !string[2])))
-	{
-	  list = list->next;
-
-	  /* `set --' unsets the positional parameters. */
-	  if (string[1] == '-')
-	    force_assignment = 1;
-
-	  /* Until told differently, the old shell behaviour of
-	     `set - [arg ...]' being equivalent to `set +xv [arg ...]'
-	     stands.  Posix.2 says the behaviour is marked as obsolescent. */
-	  else
-	    {
-	      change_flag ('x', '+');
-	      change_flag ('v', '+');
-	    }
-
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      if ((on_or_off = *string) &&
-	  (on_or_off == '-' || on_or_off == '+'))
-	{
-	  int i = 1;
-	  while (flag_name = string[i++])
-	    {
-	      if (flag_name == '?')
-		{
-		  builtin_usage ();
-		  return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-		}
-	      else if (flag_name == 'o') /* -+o option-name */
-		{
-		  char *option_name;
-		  WORD_LIST *opt;
-
-		  opt = list->next;
-
-		  if (!opt)
-		    {
-		      list_minus_o_opts ();
-		      continue;
-		    }
-
-		  option_name = opt->word->word;
-
-		  if (!option_name || !*option_name || (*option_name == '-'))
-		    {
-		      list_minus_o_opts ();
-		      continue;
-		    }
-		  list = list->next; /* Skip over option name. */
-
-		  if (set_minus_o_option (on_or_off, option_name) != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-		    return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-		}
-	      else
-		{
-		  if (change_flag (flag_name, on_or_off) == FLAG_ERROR)
-		    {
-		      char opt[3];
-		      opt[0] = on_or_off;
-		      opt[1] = flag_name;
-		      opt[2] = '\0';
-		      bad_option (opt);
-		      builtin_usage ();
-		      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  break;
-	}
-      list = list->next;
-    }
-
-  /* Assigning $1 ... $n */
-  if (list || force_assignment)
-    remember_args (list, 1);
-  return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-}
-
-$BUILTIN unset
-$FUNCTION unset_builtin
-$SHORT_DOC unset [-f] [-v] [name ...]
-For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function.  Given
-the `-v', unset will only act on variables.  Given the `-f' flag,
-unset will only act on functions.  With neither flag, unset first
-tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, then tries to unset a
-function.  Some variables (such as PATH and IFS) cannot be unset; also
-see readonly.
-$END
-
-#define NEXT_VARIABLE()	any_failed++; list = list->next; continue;
-
-unset_builtin (list)
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  int unset_function, unset_variable, unset_array, opt, any_failed;
-  char *name;
-
-  unset_function = unset_variable = unset_array = any_failed = 0;
-
-  reset_internal_getopt ();
-  while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "fv")) != -1)
-    {
-      switch (opt)
-	{
-	case 'f':
-	  unset_function = 1;
-	  break;
-	case 'v':
-	  unset_variable = 1;
-	  break;
-	default:
-	  builtin_usage ();
-	  return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	}
-    }
-
-  list = loptend;
-
-  if (unset_function && unset_variable)
-    {
-      builtin_error ("cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable");
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-  while (list)
-    {
-      SHELL_VAR *var;
-      int tem;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      char *t;
-#endif
-
-      name = list->word->word;
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      if (!unset_function && valid_array_reference (name))
-	{
-	  t = strchr (name, '[');
-	  *t++ = '\0';
-	  unset_array++;
-	}
-#endif
-
-      var = unset_function ? find_function (name) : find_variable (name);
-
-      if (var && !unset_function && non_unsettable_p (var))
-	{
-	  builtin_error ("%s: cannot unset", name);
-	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
-	}
-
-      /* Posix.2 says that unsetting readonly variables is an error. */
-      if (var && readonly_p (var))
-	{
-	  builtin_error ("%s: cannot unset: readonly %s",
-			 name, unset_function ? "function" : "variable");
-	  NEXT_VARIABLE ();
-	}
-
-      /* Unless the -f option is supplied, the name refers to a variable. */
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      if (var && unset_array)
-	{
-	  if (array_p (var) == 0)
-	    {
-	      builtin_error ("%s: not an array variable", name);
-	      NEXT_VARIABLE ();
-	    }
-	  else
-	    tem = unbind_array_element (var, t);
-	}
-      else
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-      tem = makunbound (name, unset_function ? shell_functions : shell_variables);
-
-      /* This is what Posix.2 draft 11+ says.  ``If neither -f nor -v
-	 is specified, the name refers to a variable; if a variable by
-	 that name does not exist, a function by that name, if any,
-	 shall be unset.'' */
-      if ((tem == -1) && !unset_function && !unset_variable)
-	tem = makunbound (name, shell_functions);
-
-      if (tem == -1)
-	any_failed++;
-      else if (!unset_function)
-	stupidly_hack_special_variables (name);
-
-      list = list->next;
-    }
-
-  if (any_failed)
-    return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-  else
-    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-}
diff --git a/CWRU/save/unwind_prot.h.save b/CWRU/save/unwind_prot.h.save
deleted file mode 100644
index 998fd72b..00000000
--- a/CWRU/save/unwind_prot.h.save
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-/* unwind_prot.h - Macros and functions for hacking unwind protection. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-   the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
-   Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
-   version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
-   WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
-   for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-   with Bash; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free Software
-   Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */
-
-#if !defined (_UNWIND_PROT_H)
-#define _UNWIND_PROT_H
-
-/* Run a function without interrupts. */
-extern void begin_unwind_frame ();
-extern void discard_unwind_frame ();
-extern void run_unwind_frame ();
-extern void add_unwind_protect ();
-extern void remove_unwind_protect ();
-extern void run_unwind_protects ();
-extern void unwind_protect_var ();
-
-/* Define for people who like their code to look a certain way. */
-#define end_unwind_frame()
-
-/* How to protect an integer. */
-#define unwind_protect_int(X) unwind_protect_var (&(X), (char *)(X), sizeof (int))
-
-/* How to protect a pointer to a string. */
-#define unwind_protect_string(X) \
-  unwind_protect_var ((int *)&(X), (X), sizeof (char *))
-
-/* How to protect any old pointer. */
-#define unwind_protect_pointer(X) unwind_protect_string (X)
-
-/* How to protect the contents of a jmp_buf. */
-#define unwind_protect_jmp_buf(X) \
-  unwind_protect_var ((int *)(X), (char *)(X), sizeof (procenv_t))
-
-#endif /* _UNWIND_PROT_H */
diff --git a/MANIFEST~ b/MANIFEST~
deleted file mode 100644
index 65e1ac8e..00000000
--- a/MANIFEST~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1290 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Master distribution manifest for bash
-#
-#
-# Filename	type
-#
-CWRU		d
-CWRU/misc	d
-builtins	d
-cross-build	d
-doc	d
-examples	d
-#examples/obashdb	d
-examples/complete	d
-examples/functions d
-examples/scripts d
-#examples/scripts.v2	d
-#examples/scripts.noah	d
-examples/startup-files d
-#examples/startup-files/apple	d
-examples/misc	d
-examples/loadables d
-examples/loadables/perl	d
-include		d
-lib		d
-lib/glob	d
-lib/glob/doc	d
-lib/intl	d
-lib/malloc	d
-lib/readline	d
-lib/readline/doc d
-lib/readline/examples d
-lib/sh		d
-lib/termcap	d
-lib/tilde	d
-m4		d
-po		d
-support		d
-tests		d
-tests/misc	d
-ABOUT-NLS	f
-ChangeLog	s	CWRU/changelog
-CHANGES		f
-COMPAT		f
-COPYING		f
-INSTALL		f
-MANIFEST	f
-NEWS		f
-NOTES		f
-POSIX		f
-README		f
-RBASH		f
-AUTHORS		f
-Y2K		f
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diff --git a/builtins/mapfile.def~ b/builtins/mapfile.def~
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c980bc9..00000000
--- a/builtins/mapfile.def~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,368 +0,0 @@
-This file is mapfile.def, from which is created mapfile.c.
-It implements the builtin "mapfile" in Bash.
-
-Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Rocky Bernstein for Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-Copyright (C) 2008-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-(at your option) any later version.
-
-Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-$PRODUCES mapfile.c
-
-$BUILTIN mapfile
-$FUNCTION mapfile_builtin
-$SHORT_DOC mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
-Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.
-
-Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or
-from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied.  The variable MAPFILE
-is the default ARRAY.
-
-Options:
-  -n count	Copy at most COUNT lines.  If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied.
-  -O origin	Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN.  The default index is 0.
-  -s count 	Discard the first COUNT lines read.
-  -t		Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-  -u fd		Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input.
-  -C callback	Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read.
-  -c quantum	Specify the number of lines read between each call to CALLBACK.
-
-Arguments:
-  ARRAY		Array variable name to use for file data.
-
-If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000.  When
-CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array
-element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
-as additional arguments.
-
-If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before
-assigning to it.
-
-Exit Status:
-Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or
-not an indexed array.
-$END
-
-$BUILTIN readarray
-$FUNCTION mapfile_builtin
-$SHORT_DOC readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
-Read lines from a file into an array variable.
-
-A synonym for `mapfile'.
-$END
-
-#include <config.h>
-
-#include "builtins.h"
-#include "posixstat.h"
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "bashansi.h"
-#include "bashintl.h"
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-#include "../bashintl.h"
-#include "../shell.h"
-#include "common.h"
-#include "bashgetopt.h"
-
-#if !defined (errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-
-static int run_callback __P((const char *, unsigned int, const char *));
-
-#define DEFAULT_ARRAY_NAME	"MAPFILE"
-#define DEFAULT_VARIABLE_NAME	"MAPLINE"	/* not used right now */
-
-/* The value specifying how frequently `mapfile'  calls the callback. */
-#define DEFAULT_QUANTUM 5000
-
-/* Values for FLAGS */
-#define MAPF_CLEARARRAY	0x01
-#define MAPF_CHOP	0x02
-
-static int delim;
-
-static int
-run_callback (callback, curindex, curline)
-     const char *callback;
-     unsigned int curindex;
-     const char *curline;
-{
-  unsigned int execlen;
-  char  *execstr, *qline;
-  int flags;
-
-  qline = sh_single_quote (curline);
-  execlen = strlen (callback) + strlen (qline) + 10;
-  /* 1 for each space between %s and %d,
-     another 1 for the last nul char for C string. */
-  execlen += 3;
-  execstr = xmalloc (execlen);
-
-  flags = SEVAL_NOHIST;
-#if 0
-  if (interactive)
-    flags |= SEVAL_INTERACT;
-#endif
-  snprintf (execstr, execlen, "%s %d %s", callback, curindex, qline);
-  free (qline);
-  return evalstring (execstr, NULL, flags);
-}
-
-static void
-do_chop(line)
-     char * line;
-{
-  int length;
-
-  length = strlen (line);
-  if (length && line[length-1] == '\n') 
-    line[length-1] = '\0';
-}
-
-static int
-mapfile (fd, line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_name, delim, flags)
-     int fd;
-     long line_count_goal, origin, nskip, callback_quantum;
-     char *callback, *array_name;
-     int delim;
-     int flags;
-{
-  char *line;
-  size_t line_length;
-  unsigned int array_index, line_count;
-  SHELL_VAR *entry;
-  int unbuffered_read;
-  
-  line = NULL;
-  line_length = 0;
-  unbuffered_read = 0;
-
-  /* The following check should be done before reading any lines.  Doing it
-     here allows us to call bind_array_element instead of bind_array_variable
-     and skip the variable lookup on every call. */
-  entry = find_or_make_array_variable (array_name, 1);
-  if (entry == 0 || readonly_p (entry) || noassign_p (entry))
-    {
-      if (entry && readonly_p (entry))
-	err_readonly (array_name);
-	
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-  else if (array_p (entry) == 0)
-    {
-      builtin_error (_("%s: not an indexed array"), array_name);
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-  else if (invisible_p (entry))
-    VUNSETATTR (entry, att_invisible);	/* no longer invisible */
-      
-  if (flags & MAPF_CLEARARRAY)
-    array_flush (array_cell (entry));
-
-#ifndef __CYGWIN__
-  unbuffered_read = (lseek (fd, 0L, SEEK_CUR) < 0) && (errno == ESPIPE);
-#else
-  unbuffered_read = 1;
-#endif
-
-  zreset ();
-
-  /* Skip any lines at beginning of file? */
-  for (line_count = 0; line_count < nskip; line_count++)
-    if (zgetline (fd, &line, &line_length, delim, unbuffered_read) < 0)
-      break;
-
-  line = 0;
-  line_length = 0;    
-
-  /* Reset the buffer for bash own stream */
-  for (array_index = origin, line_count = 1; 
- 	zgetline (fd, &line, &line_length, delim, unbuffered_read) != -1;
-	array_index++) 
-    {
-      /* Remove trailing newlines? */
-      if (flags & MAPF_CHOP)
-	do_chop (line);
-	  
-      /* Has a callback been registered and if so is it time to call it? */
-      if (callback && line_count && (line_count % callback_quantum) == 0) 
-	{
-	  run_callback (callback, array_index, line);
-
-	  /* Reset the buffer for bash own stream. */
-	  if (unbuffered_read == 0)
-	    zsyncfd (fd);
-	}
-
-      /* XXX - bad things can happen if the callback modifies ENTRY, e.g.,
-	 unsetting it or changing it to a non-indexed-array type. */
-      bind_array_element (entry, array_index, line, 0);
-
-      /* Have we exceeded # of lines to store? */
-      line_count++;
-      if (line_count_goal != 0 && line_count > line_count_goal) 
-	break;
-    }
-
-  xfree (line);
-
-  if (unbuffered_read == 0)
-    zsyncfd (fd);
-
-  return EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-int
-mapfile_builtin (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  int opt, code, fd, clear_array, flags;
-  intmax_t intval;
-  long lines, origin, nskip, callback_quantum;
-  char *array_name, *callback;
-
-  clear_array = 1;
-  fd = 0;
-  lines = origin = nskip = 0;
-  flags = MAPF_CLEARARRAY;
-  callback_quantum = DEFAULT_QUANTUM;
-  callback = 0;
-  delim = '\n';
-
-  reset_internal_getopt ();
-  while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "d:u:n:O:tC:c:s:")) != -1)
-    {
-      switch (opt)
-	{
-	case 'd':
-	  delim = *list_optarg;
-	  break;
-	case 'u':
-	  code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
-	  if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (int)intval)
-	    {
-	      builtin_error (_("%s: invalid file descriptor specification"), list_optarg);
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    fd = intval;
-
-	  if (sh_validfd (fd) == 0)
-	    {
-	      builtin_error (_("%d: invalid file descriptor: %s"), fd, strerror (errno));
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	  break;	  
-
-	case 'n':
-	  code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
-	  if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (unsigned)intval)
-	    {
-	      builtin_error (_("%s: invalid line count"), list_optarg);
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    lines = intval;
-	  break;
-
-	case 'O':
-	  code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
-	  if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (unsigned)intval)
-	    {
-	      builtin_error (_("%s: invalid array origin"), list_optarg);
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    origin = intval;
-	  flags &= ~MAPF_CLEARARRAY;
-	  break;
-	case 't':
-	  flags |= MAPF_CHOP;
-	  break;
-	case 'C':
-	  callback = list_optarg;
-	  break;
-	case 'c':
-	  code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
-	  if (code == 0 || intval <= 0 || intval != (unsigned)intval)
-	    {
-	      builtin_error (_("%s: invalid callback quantum"), list_optarg);
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    callback_quantum = intval;
-	  break;
-	case 's':
-	  code = legal_number (list_optarg, &intval);
-	  if (code == 0 || intval < 0 || intval != (unsigned)intval)
-	    {
-	      builtin_error (_("%s: invalid line count"), list_optarg);
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    nskip = intval;
-	  break;
-	default:
-	  builtin_usage ();
-	  return (EX_USAGE);
-	}
-    }
-  list = loptend;
-
-  if (list == 0) 
-    array_name = DEFAULT_ARRAY_NAME;
-  else if (list->word == 0 || list->word->word == 0)
-    {
-      builtin_error ("internal error: getting variable name");
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-  else if (list->word->word[0] == '\0')
-    {
-      builtin_error (_("empty array variable name"));
-      return (EX_USAGE);
-    } 
-  else
-    array_name = list->word->word;
-  
-  if (legal_identifier (array_name) == 0 && valid_array_reference (array_name) == 0)
-    {
-      sh_invalidid (array_name);
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-  return mapfile (fd, lines, origin, nskip, callback_quantum, callback, array_name, delim, flags);
-}
-
-#else
-
-int
-mapfile_builtin (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  builtin_error (_("array variable support required"));
-  return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-}
-
-#endif  /* ARRAY_VARS */
diff --git a/builtins/setattr.def~ b/builtins/setattr.def~
deleted file mode 100644
index 3506447a..00000000
--- a/builtins/setattr.def~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,555 +0,0 @@
-This file is setattr.def, from which is created setattr.c.
-It implements the builtins "export" and "readonly", in Bash.
-
-Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-(at your option) any later version.
-
-Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-$PRODUCES setattr.c
-
-#include <config.h>
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  ifdef _MINIX
-#    include <sys/types.h>
-#  endif
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include "../bashansi.h"
-#include "../bashintl.h"
-
-#include "../shell.h"
-#include "../flags.h"
-#include "common.h"
-#include "bashgetopt.h"
-
-extern int posixly_correct;
-extern int array_needs_making;
-extern char *this_command_name;
-extern sh_builtin_func_t *this_shell_builtin;
-
-#ifdef ARRAY_VARS
-extern int declare_builtin __P((WORD_LIST *));
-#endif
-
-#define READONLY_OR_EXPORT \
-  (this_shell_builtin == readonly_builtin || this_shell_builtin == export_builtin)
-
-$BUILTIN export
-$FUNCTION export_builtin
-$SHORT_DOC export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p
-Set export attribute for shell variables.
-
-Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently
-executed commands.  If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting.
-
-Options:
-  -f	refer to shell functions
-  -n	remove the export property from each NAME
-  -p	display a list of all exported variables and functions
-
-An argument of `--' disables further option processing.
-
-Exit Status:
-Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.
-$END
-
-/* For each variable name in LIST, make that variable appear in the
-   environment passed to simple commands.  If there is no LIST, then
-   print all such variables.  An argument of `-n' says to remove the
-   exported attribute from variables named in LIST.  An argument of
-  -f indicates that the names present in LIST refer to functions. */
-int
-export_builtin (list)
-     register WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  return (set_or_show_attributes (list, att_exported, 0));
-}
-
-$BUILTIN readonly
-$FUNCTION readonly_builtin
-$SHORT_DOC readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p
-Mark shell variables as unchangeable.
-
-Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be
-changed by subsequent assignment.  If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE
-before marking as read-only.
-
-Options:
-  -a	refer to indexed array variables
-  -A	refer to associative array variables
-  -f	refer to shell functions
-  -p	display a list of all readonly variables or functions, depending on
-        whether or not the -f option is given
-
-An argument of `--' disables further option processing.
-
-Exit Status:
-Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.
-$END
-
-/* For each variable name in LIST, make that variable readonly.  Given an
-   empty LIST, print out all existing readonly variables. */
-int
-readonly_builtin (list)
-     register WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  return (set_or_show_attributes (list, att_readonly, 0));
-}
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-#  define ATTROPTS	"aAfnp"
-#else
-#  define ATTROPTS	"fnp"
-#endif
-
-/* For each variable name in LIST, make that variable have the specified
-   ATTRIBUTE.  An arg of `-n' says to remove the attribute from the the
-   remaining names in LIST (doesn't work for readonly). */
-int
-set_or_show_attributes (list, attribute, nodefs)
-     register WORD_LIST *list;
-     int attribute, nodefs;
-{
-  register SHELL_VAR *var;
-  int assign, undo, any_failed, assign_error, opt;
-  int functions_only, arrays_only, assoc_only;
-  int aflags;
-  char *name;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  WORD_LIST *nlist, *tlist;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-#endif
-
-  functions_only = arrays_only = assoc_only = 0;
-  undo = any_failed = assign_error = 0;
-  /* Read arguments from the front of the list. */
-  reset_internal_getopt ();
-  while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, ATTROPTS)) != -1)
-    {
-      switch (opt)
-	{
-	  case 'n':
-	    undo = 1;
-	    break;
-	  case 'f':
-	    functions_only = 1;
-	    break;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	  case 'a':
-	    arrays_only = 1;
-	    break;
-	  case 'A':
-	    assoc_only = 1;
-	    break;
-#endif
-	  case 'p':
-	    break;
-	  default:
-	    builtin_usage ();
-	    return (EX_USAGE);
-	}
-    }
-  list = loptend;
-
-  if (list)
-    {
-      if (attribute & att_exported)
-	array_needs_making = 1;
-
-      /* Cannot undo readonly status, silently disallowed. */
-      if (undo && (attribute & att_readonly))
-	attribute &= ~att_readonly;
-
-      while (list)
-	{
-	  name = list->word->word;
-
-	  if (functions_only)		/* xxx -f name */
-	    {
-	      var = find_function (name);
-	      if (var == 0)
-		{
-		  builtin_error (_("%s: not a function"), name);
-		  any_failed++;
-		}
-	      else
-		SETVARATTR (var, attribute, undo);
-
-	      list = list->next;
-	      continue;
-	    }
-
-	  /* xxx [-np] name[=value] */
-	  assign = assignment (name, 0);
-
-	  aflags = 0;
-	  if (assign)
-	    {
-	      name[assign] = '\0';
-	      if (name[assign - 1] == '+')
-		{
-		  aflags |= ASS_APPEND;
-		  name[assign - 1] = '\0';
-		}
-	    }
-
-	  if (legal_identifier (name) == 0)
-	    {
-	      sh_invalidid (name);
-	      if (assign)
-		assign_error++;
-	      else
-		any_failed++;
-	      list = list->next;
-	      continue;
-	    }
-
-	  if (assign)	/* xxx [-np] name=value */
-	    {
-	      name[assign] = '=';
-	      if (aflags & ASS_APPEND)
-		name[assign - 1] = '+';
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	      /* Let's try something here.  Turn readonly -a xxx=yyy into
-		 declare -ra xxx=yyy and see what that gets us. */
-	      if (arrays_only || assoc_only)
-		{
-		  tlist = list->next;
-		  list->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-		  w = arrays_only ? make_word ("-ra") : make_word ("-rA");
-		  nlist = make_word_list (w, list);
-		  opt = declare_builtin (nlist);
-		  if (opt != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-		    assign_error++;
-		  list->next = tlist;
-		  dispose_word (w);
-		  free (nlist);
-		}
-	      else
-#endif
-	      /* This word has already been expanded once with command
-		 and parameter expansion.  Call do_assignment_no_expand (),
-		 which does not do command or parameter substitution.  If
-		 the assignment is not performed correctly, flag an error. */
-	      if (do_assignment_no_expand (name) == 0)
-		assign_error++;
-	      name[assign] = '\0';
-	      if (aflags & ASS_APPEND)
-		name[assign - 1] = '\0';
-	    }
-
-	  set_var_attribute (name, attribute, undo);
-	  list = list->next;
-	}
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      SHELL_VAR **variable_list;
-      register int i;
-
-      if ((attribute & att_function) || functions_only)
-	{
-	  variable_list = all_shell_functions ();
-	  if (attribute != att_function)
-	    attribute &= ~att_function;	/* so declare -xf works, for example */
-	}
-      else
-	variable_list = all_shell_variables ();
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      if (attribute & att_array)
-	{
-	  arrays_only++;
-	  if (attribute != att_array)
-	    attribute &= ~att_array;
-	}
-      else if (attribute & att_assoc)
-	{
-	  assoc_only++;
-	  if (attribute != att_assoc)
-	    attribute &= ~att_assoc;
-	}
-#endif
-
-      if (variable_list)
-	{
-	  for (i = 0; var = variable_list[i]; i++)
-	    {
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	      if (arrays_only && array_p (var) == 0)
-		continue;
-	      else if (assoc_only && assoc_p (var) == 0)
-		continue;
-#endif
-	      if ((var->attributes & attribute))
-		{
-		  show_var_attributes (var, READONLY_OR_EXPORT, nodefs);
-		  if (any_failed = sh_chkwrite (any_failed))
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	  free (variable_list);
-	}
-    }
-
-  return (assign_error ? EX_BADASSIGN
-		       : ((any_failed == 0) ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS
-  					    : EXECUTION_FAILURE));
-}
-
-/* Show all variable variables (v == 1) or functions (v == 0) with
-   attributes. */
-int
-show_all_var_attributes (v, nodefs)
-     int v, nodefs;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR **variable_list, *var;
-  int any_failed;
-  register int i;
-
-  variable_list = v ? all_shell_variables () : all_shell_functions ();
-  if (variable_list == 0)  
-    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
-  for (i = any_failed = 0; var = variable_list[i]; i++)
-    {
-      show_var_attributes (var, READONLY_OR_EXPORT, nodefs);
-      if (any_failed = sh_chkwrite (any_failed))
-        break;
-    }
-  free (variable_list);
-  return (any_failed == 0 ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-}
-
-/* Show the attributes for shell variable VAR.  If NODEFS is non-zero,
-   don't show function definitions along with the name.  If PATTR is
-   non-zero, it indicates we're being called from `export' or `readonly'.
-   In POSIX mode, this prints the name of the calling builtin (`export'
-   or `readonly') instead of `declare', and doesn't print function defs
-   when called by `export' or `readonly'. */
-int
-show_var_attributes (var, pattr, nodefs)
-     SHELL_VAR *var;
-     int pattr, nodefs;
-{
-  char flags[16], *x;
-  int i;
-
-  i = 0;
-
-  /* pattr == 0 means we are called from `declare'. */
-  if (pattr == 0 || posixly_correct == 0)
-    {
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      if (array_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'a';
-
-      if (assoc_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'A';
-#endif
-
-      if (function_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'f';
-
-      if (integer_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'i';
-
-      if (nameref_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'n';
-
-      if (readonly_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'r';
-
-      if (trace_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 't';
-
-      if (exported_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'x';
-
-      if (capcase_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'c';
-
-      if (lowercase_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'l';
-
-      if (uppercase_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'u';
-    }
-  else
-    {
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      if (array_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'a';
-
-      if (assoc_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'A';
-#endif
-
-      if (function_p (var))
-	flags[i++] = 'f';
-    }
-
-  flags[i] = '\0';
-
-  /* If we're printing functions with definitions, print the function def
-     first, then the attributes, instead of printing output that can't be
-     reused as input to recreate the current state. */
-  if (function_p (var) && nodefs == 0 && (pattr == 0 || posixly_correct == 0))
-    {
-      printf ("%s\n", named_function_string (var->name, function_cell (var), FUNC_MULTILINE|FUNC_EXTERNAL));
-      nodefs++;
-      if (pattr == 0 && i == 1 && flags[0] == 'f')
-	return 0;		/* don't print `declare -f name' */
-    }
-
-  if (pattr == 0 || posixly_correct == 0)
-    printf ("declare -%s ", i ? flags : "-");
-  else if (i)
-    printf ("%s -%s ", this_command_name, flags);
-  else
-    printf ("%s ", this_command_name);
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  if (array_p (var))
-    print_array_assignment (var, 1);
-  else if (assoc_p (var))
-    print_assoc_assignment (var, 1);
-  else
-#endif
-  /* force `readonly' and `export' to not print out function definitions
-     when in POSIX mode. */
-  if (nodefs || (function_p (var) && pattr != 0 && posixly_correct))
-    printf ("%s\n", var->name);
-  else if (function_p (var))
-    printf ("%s\n", named_function_string (var->name, function_cell (var), FUNC_MULTILINE|FUNC_EXTERNAL));
-  else if (invisible_p (var) && (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)))
-    printf ("%s\n", var->name);
-  else if (invisible_p (var) || var_isset (var) == 0)
-    printf ("%s\n", var->name);
-  else
-    {
-      x = sh_double_quote (value_cell (var));
-      printf ("%s=%s\n", var->name, x);
-      free (x);
-    }
-  return (0);
-}
-
-int
-show_name_attributes (name, nodefs)
-     char *name;
-     int nodefs;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-
-#if 0
-  var = find_variable_tempenv (name);
-#else
-  var = find_variable_noref (name);
-#endif
-
-  if (var /* && invisible_p (var) == 0 */)	/* XXX bash-4.4/bash-5.0 */
-    {
-      show_var_attributes (var, READONLY_OR_EXPORT, nodefs);
-      return (0);
-    }
-  else
-    return (1);
-}
-
-int
-show_func_attributes (name, nodefs)
-     char *name;
-     int nodefs;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-
-  var = find_function (name);
-
-  if (var)
-    {
-      show_var_attributes (var, READONLY_OR_EXPORT, nodefs);
-      return (0);
-    }
-  else
-    return (1);
-}
-
-void
-set_var_attribute (name, attribute, undo)
-     char *name;
-     int attribute, undo;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR *var, *tv, *v;
-  char *tvalue;
-
-  if (undo)
-    var = find_variable (name);
-  else
-    {
-      tv = find_tempenv_variable (name);
-      /* XXX -- need to handle case where tv is a temp variable in a
-	 function-scope context, since function_env has been merged into
-	 the local variables table. */
-      if (tv && tempvar_p (tv))
-	{
-	  tvalue = var_isset (tv) ? savestring (value_cell (tv)) : savestring ("");
-
-	  var = bind_variable (tv->name, tvalue, 0);
-	  var->attributes |= tv->attributes & ~att_tempvar;
-	  /* This avoids an error message when propagating a read-only var
-	     later on. */
-	  if (var->context == 0 && (attribute & att_readonly))
-	    {
-	      /* Don't bother to set the `propagate to the global variables
-		 table' flag if we've just bound the variable in that table */
-	      v = find_global_variable (tv->name);
-	      if (v != var)
-		VSETATTR (tv, att_propagate);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    VSETATTR (tv, att_propagate);
-	  if (var->context != 0)
-	    VSETATTR (var, att_propagate);
-	  SETVARATTR (tv, attribute, undo);	/* XXX */
-
-	  stupidly_hack_special_variables (tv->name);
-
-	  free (tvalue);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  var = find_variable_notempenv (name);
-	  if (var == 0)
-	    {
-	      var = bind_variable (name, (char *)NULL, 0);
-	      if (no_invisible_vars == 0)
-		VSETATTR (var, att_invisible);
-	    }
-	  else if (var->context != 0)
-	    VSETATTR (var, att_propagate);
-	}
-    }
-
-  if (var)
-    SETVARATTR (var, attribute, undo);
-
-  if (var && (exported_p (var) || (attribute & att_exported)))
-    array_needs_making++;	/* XXX */
-}
diff --git a/config-top.h~ b/config-top.h~
deleted file mode 100644
index c62e88f1..00000000
--- a/config-top.h~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-/* config-top.h - various user-settable options not under the control of autoconf. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 2002-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-/* Define CONTINUE_AFTER_KILL_ERROR if you want the kill command to
-   continue processing arguments after one of them fails.  This is
-   what POSIX.2 specifies. */
-#define CONTINUE_AFTER_KILL_ERROR
-
-/* Define BREAK_COMPLAINS if you want the non-standard, but useful
-   error messages about `break' and `continue' out of context. */
-#define BREAK_COMPLAINS
-
-/* Define BUFFERED_INPUT if you want the shell to do its own input
-   buffering, rather than using stdio.  Do not undefine this; it's
-   required to preserve semantics required by POSIX. */
-#define BUFFERED_INPUT
-
-/* Define ONESHOT if you want sh -c 'command' to avoid forking to execute
-   `command' whenever possible.  This is a big efficiency improvement. */
-#define ONESHOT
-
-/* Define V9_ECHO if you want to give the echo builtin backslash-escape
-   interpretation using the -e option, in the style of the Bell Labs 9th
-   Edition version of echo.  You cannot emulate the System V echo behavior
-   without this option. */
-#define V9_ECHO
-
-/* Define DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE if you don't want to see `Broken pipe' messages
-   when a job like `cat jobs.c | exit 1' terminates due to a SIGPIPE. */
-#define DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE
-
-/* Define DONT_REPORT_SIGTERM if you don't want to see `Terminates' message
-   when a job exits due to SIGTERM, since that's the default signal sent
-   by the kill builtin. */
-/* #define DONT_REPORT_SIGTERM */
-
-/* Define DONT_REPORT_BROKEN_PIPE_WRITE_ERRORS if you don't want builtins
-   like `echo' and `printf' to report errors when output does not succeed
-   due to EPIPE. */
-/* #define DONT_REPORT_BROKEN_PIPE_WRITE_ERRORS */
-
-/* The default value of the PATH variable. */
-#ifndef DEFAULT_PATH_VALUE
-#define DEFAULT_PATH_VALUE \
-  "/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:."
-#endif
-
-/* The value for PATH when invoking `command -p'.  This is only used when
-   the Posix.2 confstr () function, or CS_PATH define are not present. */
-#ifndef STANDARD_UTILS_PATH
-#define STANDARD_UTILS_PATH \
-  "/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/etc:/usr/etc"
-#endif
-
-/* Default primary and secondary prompt strings. */
-#define PPROMPT "\\s-\\v\\$ "
-#define SPROMPT "> "
-
-/* Undefine this if you don't want the ksh-compatible behavior of reprinting
-   the select menu after a valid choice is made only if REPLY is set to NULL
-   in the body of the select command.  The menu is always reprinted if the
-   reply to the select query is an empty line. */
-#define KSH_COMPATIBLE_SELECT
-
-/* Default interactive shell startup file. */
-#define DEFAULT_BASHRC "~/.bashrc"
-
-/* System-wide .bashrc file for interactive shells. */
-/* #define SYS_BASHRC "/etc/bash.bashrc" */
-
-/* System-wide .bash_logout for login shells. */
-/* #define SYS_BASH_LOGOUT "/etc/bash.bash_logout" */
-
-/* Define this to make non-interactive shells begun with argv[0][0] == '-'
-   run the startup files when not in posix mode. */
-/* #define NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS */
-
-/* Define this if you want bash to try to check whether it's being run by
-   sshd and source the .bashrc if so (like the rshd behavior).  This checks
-   for the presence of SSH_CLIENT or SSH2_CLIENT in the initial environment,
-   which can be fooled under certain not-uncommon circumstances. */
-/* #define SSH_SOURCE_BASHRC */
-
-/* Define if you want the case-capitalizing operators (~[~]) and the
-   `capcase' variable attribute (declare -c). */
-#define  CASEMOD_CAPCASE
-
-/* This is used as the name of a shell function to call when a command
-   name is not found.  If you want to name it something other than the
-   default ("command_not_found_handle"), change it here. */
-/* #define NOTFOUND_HOOK "command_not_found_handle" */
-
-/* Define if you want each line saved to the history list in bashhist.c:
-   bash_add_history() to be sent to syslog(). */
-/* #define SYSLOG_HISTORY */
-#if defined (SYSLOG_HISTORY)
-#  define SYSLOG_FACILITY LOG_USER
-#  define SYSLOG_LEVEL LOG_INFO
-#endif
-
-/* Define if you want to include code in shell.c to support wordexp(3) */
-/* #define WORDEXP_OPTION */
-
-/* Define as 1 if you want to enable code that implements multiple coprocs */
-#ifndef MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-#  define MULTIPLE_COPROCS 0
-#endif
-
-/* Define to 0 if you want the checkwinsize option off by default, 1 if you
-   want it on. */
-#define CHECKWINSIZE_DEFAULT	0
-
-/* Define to 1 if you want to optimize for sequential array assignment when
-   using indexed arrays, 0 if you want bash-4.2 behavior, which favors
-   random access but is O(N) for each array assignment. */
-#define OPTIMIZE_SEQUENTIAL_ARRAY_ASSIGNMENT	1
-
-/* Define to 1 if you want to be able to export indexed arrays to processes
-   using the foo=([0]=one [1]=two) and so on */
-/* #define ARRAY_EXPORT 1 */
-
-/* Defined to 1 if you want the shell to exit if it is running setuid and its
-   attempt to drop privilege using setuid(getuid()) fails with errno == EAGAIN */
-/* #define EXIT_ON_SETUID_FAILURE 1 */
diff --git a/cross-build/cygwin32.cache.old b/cross-build/cygwin32.cache.old
deleted file mode 100644
index 640390fb..00000000
--- a/cross-build/cygwin32.cache.old
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# This file is a shell script that caches the results of configure
-# tests for CYGWIN32 so they don't need to be done when cross-compiling.
-
-# AC_FUNC_GETPGRP should also define GETPGRP_VOID
-ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=${ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void='yes'}
-# AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED should not define anything else
-ac_cv_func_setvbuf_reversed=${ac_cv_func_setvbuf_reversed='no'}
-# on CYGWIN32, system calls do not restart
-ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls=${ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls='no'}
-bash_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls=${bash_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls='no'}
-
-# these may be necessary, but they are currently commented out
-#ac_cv_c_bigendian=${ac_cv_c_bigendian='no'}
-ac_cv_sizeof_char_p=${ac_cv_sizeof_char_p='4'}
-ac_cv_sizeof_int=${ac_cv_sizeof_int='4'}
-ac_cv_sizeof_long=${ac_cv_sizeof_long='4'}
-ac_cv_sizeof_double=${ac_cv_sizeof_double='8'}
-
-bash_cv_dup2_broken=${bash_cv_dup2_broken='no'}
-bash_cv_pgrp_pipe=${bash_cv_pgrp_pipe='no'}
-bash_cv_type_rlimit=${bash_cv_type_rlimit='long'}
-bash_cv_decl_under_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_decl_under_sys_siglist='no'}
-bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_under_sys_siglist='no'}
-bash_cv_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_sys_siglist='no'}
-bash_cv_opendir_not_robust=${bash_cv_opendir_not_robust='no'}
-bash_cv_getenv_redef=${bash_cv_getenv_redef='yes'}
-bash_cv_printf_declared=${bash_cv_printf_declared='yes'}
-bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=${bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds='no'}
-bash_cv_getcwd_calls_popen=${bash_cv_getcwd_calls_popen='no'}
-bash_cv_must_reinstall_sighandlers=${bash_cv_must_reinstall_sighandlers='no'}
-bash_cv_job_control_missing=${bash_cv_job_control_missing='present'}
-bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=${bash_cv_sys_named_pipes='missing'}
-bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=${bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp='missing'}
-bash_cv_mail_dir=${bash_cv_mail_dir='unknown'}
-bash_cv_func_strcoll_broken=${bash_cv_func_strcoll_broken='no'}
-
-bash_cv_type_int32_t=${bash_cv_type_int32_t='int'}
-bash_cv_type_u_int32_t=${bash_cv_type_u_int32_t='int'}
-
-ac_cv_type_bits64_t=${ac_cv_type_bits64_t='no'}
-
-# end of cross-build/cygwin32.cache
diff --git a/doc/FAQ.orig b/doc/FAQ.orig
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cff3c8e..00000000
--- a/doc/FAQ.orig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1745 +0,0 @@
-This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.24, for Bash version 2.05b.
-
-This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
-Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell.  Bash is a freely-available command
-interpreter with advanced features for both interactive use and shell
-programming.
-
-Another good source of basic information about shells is the collection
-of FAQ articles periodically posted to comp.unix.shell.
-
-Questions and comments concerning this document should be sent to
-chet@po.cwru.edu.
-
-This document is available for anonymous FTP with the URL
-
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/FAQ
-
-The Bash home page is http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html
-
-----------
-Contents:
-
-Section A:  The Basics
-
-A1) What is it?
-A2) What's the latest version?
-A3) Where can I get it?
-A4) On what machines will bash run?
-A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
-A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
-A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
-A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
-    machine.  Why not?
-A9) What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
-A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
-
-Section B:  The latest version
-
-B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
-B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
-    bash-1.14.7?
-
-Section C:  Differences from other Unix shells
-
-C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
-C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
-C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
-
-Section D:  Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
-
-D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
-    `which command' says it will?
-D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
-D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
-D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
-D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
-    another, like csh does with `|&'?
-D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
-    ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
-
-Section E:  Why does bash do certain things the way it does?
-
-E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
-E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
-E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
-    wrap lines at the wrong column?
-E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
-    the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
-E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
-    in arguments to `echo'.  Bash doesn't interpret these characters.  Why
-    not, and how can I make it understand them?
-E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
-E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
-E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
-E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
-    with every letter except `z'?
-E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
-E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
-     notice the change?
-
-Section F:  Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
-
-F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
-F2) I built bash on Solaris 2.  Why do globbing expansions and filename
-    completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
-F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
-    `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
-F4) I'm running SVR4.2.  Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
-F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
-    redirection before a subshell command?
-F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
-F7) Why do bash-2.05a and  bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
-    HP/UX 11.x?
-
-Section G:  How can I get bash to do certain common things?
-
-G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
-G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
-    still invoke the command from within the function?
-G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
-    of another shell variable?
-G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
-    looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
-G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
-G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
-G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
-G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
-    all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
-
-Section H:  Where do I go from here?
-
-H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
-    advice?
-H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
-H3) What's coming in future versions?
-H4) What's on the bash `wish list'?
-H5) When will the next release appear?
-
-----------
-Section A:  The Basics
-
-A1)  What is it?
-
-Bash is a Unix command interpreter (shell).  It is an implementation of
-the Posix 1003.2 shell standard, and resembles the Korn and System V
-shells.
-
-Bash contains a number of enhancements over those shells, both
-for interactive use and shell programming.  Features geared
-toward interactive use include command line editing, command
-history, job control, aliases, and prompt expansion.  Programming
-features include additional variable expansions, shell
-arithmetic, and a number of variables and options to control
-shell behavior.
-
-Bash was originally written by Brian Fox of the Free Software
-Foundation.  The current developer and maintainer is Chet Ramey
-of Case Western Reserve University.
-
-A2)  What's the latest version?
-
-The latest version is 2.05b, first made available on Wednesday, 17
-July, 2002.
-
-A3)  Where can I get it?
-
-Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
-master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors.  The
-latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
-The following URLs tell how to get version 2.05b:
-
-ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
-
-Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
-
-ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
-
-A4)  On what machines will bash run?
-
-Bash has been ported to nearly every version of UNIX.  All you
-should have to do to build it on a machine for which a port
-exists is to type `configure' and then `make'.  The build process
-will attempt to discover the version of UNIX you have and tailor
-itself accordingly, using a script created by GNU autoconf.
-
-More information appears in the file `INSTALL' in the distribution.
-
-The Bash web page (http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html)
-explains how to obtain binary versions of bash for most of the major
-commercial Unix systems.
-
-A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
-
-Configuration specifics for Unix-like systems such as QNX and
-LynxOS are included in the distribution.  Bash-2.05 and later
-versions should compile and run on Minix 2.0 (patches were
-contributed), but I don't believe anyone has built bash-2.x on
-earlier Minix versions yet. 
-
-Bash has been ported to versions of Windows implementing the Win32
-programming interface.  This includes Windows 95 and Windows NT.
-The port was done by Cygnus Solutions as part of their CYGWIN
-project.  For more information about the project, look at the URLs
-
-http://www.cygwin.com/
-http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin
-
-Cygnus originally ported bash-1.14.7, and that port was part of their
-early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases.  Cygnus has also done a
-port of bash-2.05 to the CYGWIN environment, and it is available as
-part of their current release.
-
-Bash-2.05b should require no local Cygnus changes to build and run under
-CYGWIN.
-
-The Cygnus port works only on Intel machines.  There is a port of bash
-(I don't know which version) to the alpha/NT environment available from
-
-ftp://ftp.gnustep.org//pub/win32/bash-alpha-nt-1.01.tar.gz
-
-DJ Delorie has a port of bash-2.x which runs under MS-DOS, as part
-of the DJGPP project.  For more information on the project, see
-
-http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/
-
-I have been told that the original DJGPP port was done by Daisuke Aoyama.
-
-Mark Elbrecht <snowball3@bigfoot.com> has sent me notice that bash-2.04
-is available for DJGPP V2.  The files are available as:
-
-ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204b.zip	binary
-ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204d.zip	documentation
-ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204s.zip	source
-
-Mark has begun to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the status.
-
-Ports of bash-1.12 and bash-2.0 are available for OS/2 from
-
-ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash_112.zip
-ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash-2.0(253).zip
-
-I haven't looked at either, but the second appears to be a binary-only
-distribution.  Beware.
-
-I have received word that Bash (I'm not sure which version, but I
-believe that it's at least bash-2.02.1) is the standard shell on
-BeOS.
-
-A6) How can I build bash with gcc? 
-
-Bash configures to use gcc by default if it is available.  Read the
-file INSTALL in the distribution for more information.
-
-A7)  How can I make bash my login shell?
-
-Some machines let you use `chsh' to change your login shell.  Other
-systems use `passwd -s' or `passwd -e'.  If one of these works for
-you, that's all you need.  Note that many systems require the full
-pathname to a shell to appear in /etc/shells before you can make it
-your login shell.  For this, you may need the assistance of your
-friendly local system administrator. 
-
-If you cannot do this, you can still use bash as your login shell, but
-you need to perform some tricks.  The basic idea is to add a command
-to your login shell's startup file to replace your login shell with
-bash.
-
-For example, if your login shell is csh or tcsh, and you have installed
-bash in /usr/gnu/bin/bash, add the following line to ~/.login:
-
-	if ( -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
-
-(the `--login' tells bash that it is a login shell).
-
-It's not a good idea to put this command into ~/.cshrc, because every
-csh you run without the `-f' option, even ones started to run csh scripts,
-reads that file.  If you must put the command in ~/.cshrc, use something
-like
-
-	if ( $?prompt ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
-
-to ensure that bash is exec'd only when the csh is interactive.
-
-If your login shell is sh or ksh, you have to do two things.
-
-First, create an empty file in your home directory named `.bash_profile'.
-The existence of this file will prevent the exec'd bash from trying to
-read ~/.profile, and re-execing itself over and over again.  ~/.bash_profile
-is the first file bash tries to read initialization commands from when
-it is invoked as a login shell.
-
-Next, add a line similar to the above to ~/.profile:
-
-	[ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && [ -x /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && \
-		exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
-
-This will cause login shells to replace themselves with bash running as
-a login shell.  Once you have this working, you can copy your initialization
-code from ~/.profile to ~/.bash_profile.
-
-I have received word that the recipe supplied above is insufficient for
-machines running CDE.  CDE has a maze of twisty little startup files, all
-slightly different.
-
-If you cannot change your login shell in the password file to bash, you
-will have to (apparently) live with CDE using the shell in the password
-file to run its startup scripts.  If you have changed your shell to bash,
-there is code in the CDE startup files (on Solaris, at least) that attempts
-to do the right thing.  It is, however, often broken, and may require that
-you use the $BASH_ENV trick described below.
-
-`dtterm' claims to use $SHELL as the default program to start, so if you
-can change $SHELL in the CDE startup files, you should be able to use bash
-in your terminal windows.
-
-Setting DTSOURCEPROFILE in ~/.dtprofile will cause the `Xsession' program
-to read your login shell's startup files.  You may be able to use bash for
-the rest of the CDE programs by setting SHELL to bash in ~/.dtprofile as
-well, but I have not tried this.
-
-You can use the above `exec' recipe to start bash when not logging in with
-CDE by testing the value of the DT variable:
-
-	if [ -n "$DT" ]; then
-	        [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
-	fi
-
-If CDE starts its shells non-interactively during login, the login shell
-startup files (~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile) will not be sourced at login.
-To get around this problem, append a line similar to the following to your
-~/.dtprofile:
-
-	BASH_ENV=${HOME}/.bash_profile ; export BASH_ENV
-
-and add the following line to the beginning of ~/.bash_profile:
-
-	unset BASH_ENV
-
-A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
-   machine.  Why not?
-
-You must add the full pathname to bash to the file /etc/shells.  As
-noted in the answer to the previous question, many systems require
-this before you can make bash your login shell. 
-
-Most versions of ftpd use this file to prohibit `special' users
-such as `uucp' and `news' from using FTP. 
-
-A9)  What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
-
-POSIX is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a
-family of open system standards based on UNIX.  There are a
-number of aspects of UNIX under consideration for
-standardization, from the basic system services at the system
-call and C library level to applications and tools to system
-administration and management.  Each area of standardization is
-assigned to a working group in the 1003 series. 
-
-The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been developed by IEEE
-Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2).  It concentrates on the command
-interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
-the command line or by other programs.  An initial version of the
-standard has been approved and published by the IEEE, and work is
-currently underway to update it. 
-
-Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior
-defined by POSIX.2.  The shell command language has of course
-been standardized, including the basic flow control and program
-execution constructs, I/O redirection and pipelining, argument
-handling, variable expansion, and quoting. 
-
-The `special' builtins, which must be implemented as part of the
-shell to provide the desired functionality, are specified as
-being part of the shell; examples of these are `eval' and
-`export'.  Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX.2 not
-devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in some cases must
-be) implemented as builtin commands, such as `read' and `test'. 
-POSIX.2 also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
-behavior as part of the UPE, including job control and command
-line editing.  Only vi-style line editing commands have been
-standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
-objections.
-
-The Open Group has made an older version of its Single Unix
-Specification (version 2), which is very similar to POSIX.2,
-available on the web at
-
-http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/
-
-The Single Unix Specification, version 3, is available on the web at
-
-http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/
-
-A10)  What is the bash `posix mode'?
-
-Although bash is an implementation of the POSIX.2 shell
-specification, there are areas where the bash default behavior
-differs from that spec.  The bash `posix mode' changes the bash
-behavior in these areas so that it obeys the spec more closely. 
-
-Posix mode is entered by starting bash with the --posix or
-'-o posix' option or executing `set -o posix' after bash is running.
-
-The specific aspects of bash which change when posix mode is
-active are listed in the file POSIX in the bash distribution.
-They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
-(from which that file is generated).
-
-Section B:  The latest version
-
-B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
-
-The raison d'etre for bash-2.05b is to make a second intermediate
-release containing the first of the new features to be available
-in bash-3.0 and get feedback on those features before proceeding.
-The major new feature is multibyte character support in both Bash
-and Readline.
-
-Bash-2.05b contains the following new features (see the manual page for
-complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-2.05b
-distribution):
-
-o support for multibyte characters has been added to both bash and readline
-
-o the DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands,
-  [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops
-
-o the shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the machine
-  supports (intmax_t)
-
-o there is a new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime(3)
-  and inserts the result into the expanded prompt
-
-o there is a new `here-string' redirection operator:  <<< word
-
-o when displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown
-  separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use
-  the old output would result in syntax errors).
-
-o `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor
-
-o the bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the
-  new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like,
-  and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better
-
-o the expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the
-  function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a
-  script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script.  This is as
-  POSIX-2001 requires
-
-
-A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
-
-Bash-2.05a introduced the following new features:
-
-o The `printf' builtin has undergone major work
-
-o There is a new read-only `shopt' option: login_shell, which is set by
-  login shells and unset otherwise
-
-o New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expanding to time in 24-hour
-  HH:MM format
-
-o New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; goes group name
-  completion
-
-o New [+-]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup
-
-o ksh-like `ERR' trap
-
-o `for' loops now allow empty word lists after the `in' reserved word
-
-o new `hard' and `soft' arguments for the `ulimit' builtin
-
-o Readline can be configured to place the user at the same point on the line
-  when retrieving commands from the history list
-
-o Readline can be configured to skip `hidden' files (filenames with a leading
-  `.' on Unix) when performing completion
-
-Bash-2.05 introduced the following new features:
-
-o This version has once again reverted to using locales and strcoll(3) when
-  processing pattern matching bracket expressions, as POSIX requires. 
-o Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile',
-  per the new GNU coding standards.
-o The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as
-  port numbers.
-o `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some
-   of the aspects of that compspec.  Valid values are:
-
-        default - perform bash default completion if programmable
-                  completion produces no matches
-        dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable
-                   completion produces no matches
-        filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames,
-                    so it can do things like append slashes to
-                    directory names and suppress trailing spaces
-o A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks
-  in pathname arguments.
-o When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a
-  way that allows them to be reused as input.  This affects `declare' and 
-  `declare -p' as well.  This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX
-   mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior.
-
-Bash-2.04 introduced the following new features:
-
-o Programmable word completion with the new `complete' and `compgen' builtins;
-  examples are provided in examples/complete/complete-examples
-o `history' has a new `-d' option to delete a history entry
-o `bind' has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell commands
-o The prompt expansion code has new `\j' and `\l' escape sequences
-o The `no_empty_cmd_completion' shell option, if enabled, inhibits
-  command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line
-o `help' has a new `-s' option to print a usage synopsis
-o New arithmetic operators: var++, var--, ++var, --var, expr1,expr2 (comma)
-o New ksh93-style arithmetic for command:
-	for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
-o `read' has new options: `-t', `-n', `-d', `-s'
-o The redirection code handles several filenames specially:  /dev/fd/N,
-  /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
-o The redirection code now recognizes /dev/tcp/HOST/PORT and
-  /dev/udp/HOST/PORT and tries to open a TCP or UDP socket, respectively,
-  to the specified port on the specified host
-o The ${!prefix*} expansion has been implemented
-o A new FUNCNAME variable, which expands to the name of a currently-executing
-  function
-o The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly
-o A new shopt `xpg_echo' variable, to control the behavior of echo with
-  respect to backslash-escape sequences at runtime
-o The NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS #define has returned
-
-The version of Readline released with Bash-2.04, Readline-4.1, had several
-new features as well:
-
-o Parentheses matching is always compiled into readline, and controllable
-  with the new `blink-matching-paren' variable
-o The history-search-forward and history-search-backward functions now leave
-  point at the end of the line when the search string is empty, like
-  reverse-search-history, and forward-search-history
-o A new function for applications:  rl_on_new_line_with_prompt()
-o New variables for applications:  rl_already_prompted, and rl_gnu_readline_p
-
-
-Bash-2.03 had very few new features, in keeping with the convention
-that odd-numbered releases provide mainly bug fixes.  A number of new
-features were added to Readline, mostly at the request of the Cygnus
-folks.
-
-A new shopt option, `restricted_shell', so that startup files can test
-	whether or not the shell was started in restricted mode
-Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in
-	compound array assignments (this is really a bug fix)
-OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 requires
-ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell
-Bash may now be linked against an already-installed Readline library,
-	as long as the Readline library is version 4 or newer
-All shells begun with the `--login' option will source the login shell
-	startup files, even if the shell is not interactive
-
-There were lots of changes to the version of the Readline library released
-along with Bash-2.03.  For a complete list of the changes, read the file
-CHANGES in the Bash-2.03 distribution.
-
-Bash-2.02 contained the following new features:
-
-a new version of malloc (based on the old GNU malloc code in previous
-	bash versions) that is more page-oriented, more conservative
-	with memory usage, does not `orphan' large blocks when they
-	are freed, is usable on 64-bit machines, and has allocation
-	checking turned on unconditionally
-POSIX.2-style globbing character classes ([:alpha:], [:alnum:], etc.)
-POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
-POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
-the ksh [[...]] extended conditional command
-the ksh egrep-style extended pattern matching operators
-a new `printf' builtin
-the ksh-like $(<filename) command substitution, which is equivalent to
-	$(cat filename)
-new tilde prefixes that expand to directories from the directory stack
-new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
-case-insensitive globbing (filename expansion)
-menu completion a la tcsh
-`magic-space' history expansion function like tcsh
-the readline inputrc `language' has a new file inclusion directive ($include)
-
-Bash-2.01 contained only a few new features:
-
-new `GROUPS' builtin array variable containing the user's group list
-new bindable readline commands: history-and-alias-expand-line and
-	alias-expand-line
-
-Bash-2.0 contained extensive changes and new features from bash-1.14.7.
-Here's a short list:
-
-new `time' reserved word to time pipelines, shell builtins, and
-	shell functions
-one-dimensional arrays with a new compound assignment statement,
-        appropriate expansion constructs and modifications to some
-	of the builtins (read, declare, etc.) to use them
-new quoting syntaxes for ANSI-C string expansion and locale-specific
-	string translation
-new expansions to do substring extraction, pattern replacement, and
-	indirect variable expansion
-new builtins: `disown' and `shopt'
-new variables: HISTIGNORE, SHELLOPTS, PIPESTATUS, DIRSTACK, GLOBIGNORE,
-	       MACHTYPE, BASH_VERSINFO
-special handling of many unused or redundant variables removed
-	(e.g., $notify, $glob_dot_filenames, $no_exit_on_failed_exec)
-dynamic loading of new builtin commands; many loadable examples provided
-new prompt expansions: \a, \e, \n, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V
-history and aliases available in shell scripts
-new readline variables: enable-keypad, mark-directories, input-meta,
-	visible-stats, disable-completion, comment-begin
-new readline commands to manipulate the mark and operate on the region
-new readline emacs mode commands and bindings for ksh-88 compatibility
-updated and extended builtins
-new DEBUG trap
-expanded (and now documented) restricted shell mode
-
-implementation stuff:	
-autoconf-based configuration
-nearly all of the bugs reported since version 1.14 have been fixed
-most builtins converted to use builtin `getopt' for consistency
-most builtins use -p option to display output in a reusable form
-	(for consistency)
-grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
-lots of code now smaller and faster
-test suite greatly expanded
-
-B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
-    bash-1.14.7?
-
-There are a few incompatibilities between version 1.14.7 and version 2.05b.
-They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution.  That file
-is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org
-if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
-
-Section C:  Differences from other Unix shells
-
-C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
-
-This is a non-comprehensive list of features that differentiate bash
-from the SVR4.2 shell.  The bash manual page explains these more
-completely.
-
-Things bash has that sh does not:
-	long invocation options
-	[+-]O invocation option
-	-l invocation option
-	`!' reserved word to invert pipeline return value
-	`time' reserved word to time pipelines and shell builtins
-	the `function' reserved word
-	the `select' compound command and reserved word
-	arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
-	new $'...' and $"..." quoting
-	the $(...) form of command substitution
-	the $(<filename) form of command substitution, equivalent to
-		$(cat filename)
-	the ${#param} parameter value length operator
-	the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
-	the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
-	the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
-	the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
-	expansions to perform substring removal (${p%[%]w}, ${p#[#]w})
-	expansion of positional parameters beyond $9 with ${num}
-	variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, REPLY,
-		   TIMEFORMAT, PPID, PWD, OLDPWD, SHLVL, RANDOM, SECONDS,
-		   LINENO, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, HOSTNAME,
-		   ENV, PS3, PS4, DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, HISTSIZE, HISTFILE,
-		   HISTFILESIZE, HISTCONTROL, HISTIGNORE, GLOBIGNORE, GROUPS,
-		   PROMPT_COMMAND, FCEDIT, FIGNORE, IGNOREEOF, INPUTRC,
-		   SHELLOPTS, OPTERR, HOSTFILE, TMOUT, FUNCNAME, histchars,
-		   auto_resume
-	DEBUG trap
-	ERR trap
-	variable arrays with new compound assignment syntax
-	redirections: <>, &>, >|, <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
-	prompt string special char translation and variable expansion
-	auto-export of variables in initial environment
-	command search finds functions before builtins
-	bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.'
-	builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t.
-		  export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P,
-		  read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u,
-		  readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o,
-		  set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P,
-		  unset -f/-v, ulimit -m/-p/-u,
-		  type -a/-p/-t/-f/-P, suspend -f, kill -n,
-		  test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S
-	bash reads ~/.bashrc for interactive shells, $ENV for non-interactive
-	bash restricted shell mode is more extensive
-	bash allows functions and variables with the same name
-	brace expansion
-	tilde expansion
-	arithmetic expansion with $((...)) and `let' builtin
-	the `[[...]]' extended conditional command
-	process substitution
-	aliases and alias/unalias builtins
-	local variables in functions and `local' builtin
-	readline and command-line editing with programmable completion
-	command history and history/fc builtins
-	csh-like history expansion
-	other new bash builtins: bind, command, compgen, complete, builtin,
-				 declare/typeset, dirs, enable, fc, help,
-				 history, logout, popd, pushd, disown, shopt,
-				 printf
-	exported functions
-	filename generation when using output redirection (command >a*)
-	POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
-	POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
-	POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
-	egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
-	case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
-	variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
-		even for builtins and functions
-	posix mode
-	redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr,
-		/dev/tcp/host/port, /dev/udp/host/port
-
-Things sh has that bash does not:
-	uses variable SHACCT to do shell accounting
-	includes `stop' builtin (bash can use alias stop='kill -s STOP')
-	`newgrp' builtin
-	turns on job control if called as `jsh'
-	$TIMEOUT (like bash $TMOUT)
-	`^' is a synonym for `|'
-	new SVR4.2 sh builtins: mldmode, priv
-
-Implementation differences:
-	redirection to/from compound commands causes sh to create a subshell
-	bash does not allow unbalanced quotes; sh silently inserts them at EOF
-	bash does not mess with signal 11
-	sh sets (euid, egid) to (uid, gid) if -p not supplied and uid < 100
-	bash splits only the results of expansions on IFS, using POSIX.2
-		field splitting rules; sh splits all words on IFS
-	sh does not allow MAILCHECK to be unset (?)
-	sh does not allow traps on SIGALRM or SIGCHLD
-	bash allows multiple option arguments when invoked (e.g. -x -v);
-		sh allows only a single option argument (`sh -x -v' attempts
-		to open a file named `-v', and, on SunOS 4.1.4, dumps core.
-		On Solaris 2.4 and earlier versions, sh goes into an infinite
-		loop.)
-	sh exits a script if any builtin fails; bash exits only if one of
-		the POSIX.2 `special' builtins fails
-
-C2)  How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
-
-Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not:
-	long invocation options
-	[-+]O invocation option
-	-l invocation option
-	`!' reserved word
-	arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
-	arithmetic in largest machine-supported size (intmax_t)
-	posix mode and posix conformance
-	command hashing
-	tilde expansion for assignment statements that look like $PATH
-	process substitution with named pipes if /dev/fd is not available
-	the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
-	the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
-	the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
-	the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
-	variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, SHLVL,
-		   TIMEFORMAT, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE,
-		   HISTFILESIZE, HISTIGNORE, HISTCONTROL, PROMPT_COMMAND,
-		   IGNOREEOF, FIGNORE, INPUTRC, HOSTFILE, DIRSTACK,
-		   PIPESTATUS, HOSTNAME, OPTERR, SHELLOPTS, GLOBIGNORE,
-		   GROUPS, FUNCNAME, histchars, auto_resume
-	prompt expansion with backslash escapes and command substitution
-	redirection: &> (stdout and stderr), <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
-	more extensive and extensible editing and programmable completion
-	builtins: bind, builtin, command, declare, dirs, echo -e/-E, enable,
-		  exec -l/-c/-a, fc -s, export -n/-f/-p, hash, help, history,
-		  jobs -x/-r/-s, kill -s/-n/-l, local, logout, popd, pushd,
-		  read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s, readonly -a/-n/-f/-p,
-		  set -o braceexpand/-o histexpand/-o interactive-comments/
-		  -o notify/-o physical/-o posix/-o hashall/-o onecmd/
-		  -h/-B/-C/-b/-H/-P, set +o, suspend, trap -l, type,
-		  typeset -a/-F/-p, ulimit -u, umask -S, alias -p, shopt,
-		  disown, printf, complete, compgen
-	`!' csh-style history expansion
-	POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
-	POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
-	POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
-	egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
-	case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
-	`**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
-	redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
-	arrays of unlimited size
-	TMOUT is default timeout for `read' and `select'
-
-Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not:
-	tracked aliases (alias -t)
-	variables: ERRNO, FPATH, EDITOR, VISUAL
-	co-processes (|&, >&p, <&p)
-	weirdly-scoped functions
-	typeset +f to list all function names without definitions
-	text of command history kept in a file, not memory
-	builtins: alias -x, cd old new, fc -e -, newgrp, print,
-		  read -p/-s/var?prompt, set -A/-o gmacs/
-		  -o bgnice/-o markdirs/-o nolog/-o trackall/-o viraw/-s,
-		  typeset -H/-L/-R/-Z/-A/-ft/-fu/-fx/-l/-u/-t, whence
-	using environment to pass attributes of exported variables
-	arithmetic evaluation done on arguments to some builtins
-	reads .profile from $PWD when invoked as login shell
-
-Implementation differences:
-	ksh runs last command of a pipeline in parent shell context
-	bash has brace expansion by default (ksh88 compile-time option)
-	bash has fixed startup file for all interactive shells; ksh reads $ENV
-	bash has exported functions
-	bash command search finds functions before builtins
-	bash waits for all commands in pipeline to exit before returning status
-	emacs-mode editing has some slightly different key bindings
-
-C3)  Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
-
-New things in ksh-93 not in bash-2.05b:
-	associative arrays
-	floating point arithmetic and variables
-	math library functions
-	${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
-	`.' is allowed in variable names to create a hierarchical namespace
-	more extensive compound assignment syntax
-	discipline functions
-	`sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
-	typeset -n and `nameref' variables
-	KEYBD trap
-	variables: .sh.edchar, .sh.edmode, .sh.edcol, .sh.edtext, .sh.version,
-		   .sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT
-	backreferences in pattern matching (\N)
-	`&' operator in pattern lists for matching
-	print -f (bash uses printf)
-	`fc' has been renamed to `hist'
-	`.' can execute shell functions
-	exit statuses between 0 and 255
-	set -o pipefail
-	`+=' variable assignment operator
-	FPATH and PATH mixing
-	getopts -a
-	-I invocation option
-	DEBUG trap now executed before each simple command, instead of after
-	printf %H, %P, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d
-	lexical scoping for local variables in `ksh' functions
-	no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions
-
-New things in ksh-93 present in bash-2.05b:
-	[n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
-        for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
-        ?:, ++, --, `expr1 , expr2' arithmetic operators
-	expansions: ${!param}, ${param:offset[:len]}, ${param/pat[/str]},
-		    ${!param*}
-	compound array assignment
-	the `!' reserved word
-	loadable builtins -- but ksh uses `builtin' while bash uses `enable'
-	`command', `builtin', `disown' builtins
-	new $'...' and $"..." quoting
-	FIGNORE (but bash uses GLOBIGNORE), HISTCMD
-	set -o notify/-C
-	changes to kill builtin
-	read -A (bash uses read -a)
-        read -t/-d
-	trap -p
-	exec -c/-a
-	`.' restores the positional parameters when it completes
-	POSIX.2 `test'
-	umask -S
-	unalias -a
-	command and arithmetic substitution performed on PS1, PS4, and ENV
-	command name completion
-	ENV processed only for interactive shells
-
-Section D:  Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
-
-D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
-    `which command' says it will?
-
-On many systems, `which' is actually a csh script that assumes
-you're running csh.  In tcsh, `which' and its cousin `where'
-are builtins.  On other Unix systems, `which' is a perl script
-that uses the PATH environment variable.
-
-The csh script version reads the csh startup files from your
-home directory and uses those to determine which `command' will
-be invoked.  Since bash doesn't use any of those startup files,
-there's a good chance that your bash environment differs from
-your csh environment.  The bash `type' builtin does everything
-`which' does, and will report correct results for the running
-shell.  If you're really wedded to the name `which', try adding
-the following function definition to your .bashrc:
-
-	which()
-	{
-		builtin type "$@"
-	}
-
-If you're moving from tcsh and would like to bring `where' along
-as well, use this function:
-
-	where()
-	{
-		builtin type -a "$@"
-	}
-
-D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
-
-The only difference between bash and csh brace expansion is that
-bash requires a brace expression to contain at least one unquoted
-comma if it is to be expanded.  Any brace-surrounded word not
-containing an unquoted comma is left unchanged by the brace
-expansion code.  This affords the greatest degree of sh
-compatibility. 
-
-Bash, ksh, zsh, and pd-ksh all implement brace expansion this way. 
-
-D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
-
-Posix has specified a more powerful, albeit somewhat more cryptic,
-mechanism cribbed from ksh, and bash implements it.
-
-${parameter%word}
-        Remove smallest suffix pattern.  The WORD is expanded to produce
-        a pattern.  It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
-        smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
-
-        x=file.c
-        echo ${x%.c}.o
-        -->file.o
-
-${parameter%%word}
-
-        Remove largest suffix pattern.  The WORD is expanded to produce
-        a pattern.  It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
-        largest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
-
-        x=posix/src/std
-        echo ${x%%/*}
-        -->posix
-
-${parameter#word}
-        Remove smallest prefix pattern.  The WORD is expanded to produce
-        a pattern.  It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
-        smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
-
-        x=$HOME/src/cmd
-        echo ${x#$HOME}
-        -->/src/cmd
-
-${parameter##word}
-        Remove largest prefix pattern.  The WORD is expanded to produce
-        a pattern.  It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
-        largest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
-
-        x=/one/two/three
-        echo ${x##*/}
-        -->three
-
-
-Given
-	a=/a/b/c/d
-	b=b.xxx
-
-	csh			bash		result
-	---			----		------
-	$a:h			${a%/*}		   /a/b/c
-	$a:t			${a##*/}	   d
-	$b:r			${b%.*}		   b
-	$b:e			${b##*.}	   xxx
-
-
-D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
-
-Bash uses a different syntax to support aliases than csh does. 
-The details can be found in the documentation.  We have provided
-a shell script which does most of the work of conversion for you;
-this script can be found in ./examples/misc/aliasconv.sh.  Here is
-how you use it:
-  
-Start csh in the normal way for you.  (e.g., `csh')
-  
-Pipe the output of `alias' through `aliasconv.sh', saving the
-results into `bash_aliases':
-  
-	alias | bash aliasconv.sh >bash_aliases
-  
-Edit `bash_aliases', carefully reading through any created
-functions.  You will need to change the names of some csh specific
-variables to the bash equivalents.  The script converts $cwd to
-$PWD, $term to $TERM, $home to $HOME, $user to $USER, and $prompt
-to $PS1.  You may also have to add quotes to avoid unwanted
-expansion.
-
-For example, the csh alias:
-  
-	alias cd 'cd \!*; echo $cwd'
-  
-is converted to the bash function:
-
-	cd () { command cd "$@"; echo $PWD ; }
-
-The only thing that needs to be done is to quote $PWD:
-  
-	cd () { command cd "$@"; echo "$PWD" ; }
-  
-Merge the edited file into your ~/.bashrc.
-
-There is an additional, more ambitious, script in
-examples/misc/cshtobash that attempts to convert your entire csh
-environment to its bash equivalent.  This script can be run as
-simply `cshtobash' to convert your normal interactive
-environment, or as `cshtobash ~/.login' to convert your login
-environment. 
-
-D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
-    another, like csh does with `|&'?
-
-Use
-	command 2>&1 | command2
-
-The key is to remember that piping is performed before redirection, so
-file descriptor 1 points to the pipe when it is duplicated onto file
-descriptor 2.
-
-D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
-    ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
-
-There are features in ksh-88 and ksh-93 that do not have direct bash
-equivalents.  Most, however, can be emulated with very little trouble.
-
-ksh-88 feature		Bash equivalent
---------------		---------------
-compiled-in aliases	set up aliases in .bashrc; some ksh aliases are
-			bash builtins (hash, history, type)
-coprocesses		named pipe pairs (one for read, one for write)
-typeset +f		declare -F
-cd, print, whence	function substitutes in examples/functions/kshenv
-autoloaded functions	examples/functions/autoload is the same as typeset -fu
-read var?prompt		read -p prompt var
-
-ksh-93 feature		Bash equivalent
---------------		---------------
-sleep, getconf		Bash has loadable versions in examples/loadables
-${.sh.version}		$BASH_VERSION
-print -f		printf
-hist			alias hist=fc
-$HISTEDIT		$FCEDIT
-
-Section E:  How can I get bash to do certain things, and why does bash do
-	    things the way it does?
-
-E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
-
-The specific example used here is [ ! x -o x ], which is false.
-
-Bash's builtin `test' implements the Posix.2 spec, which can be
-summarized as follows (the wording is due to David Korn):
-   
-Here is the set of rules for processing test arguments.
-  
-    0 Args: False
-    1 Arg:  True iff argument is not null.
-    2 Args: If first arg is !, True iff second argument is null.
-	    If first argument is unary, then true if unary test is true
-	    Otherwise error.
-    3 Args: If second argument is a binary operator, do binary test of $1 $3
-	    If first argument is !, negate two argument test of $2 $3
-	    If first argument is `(' and third argument is `)', do the
-	    one-argument test of the second argument.
-	    Otherwise error.
-    4 Args: If first argument is !, negate three argument test of $2 $3 $4.
-	    Otherwise unspecified
-    5 or more Args: unspecified.  (Historical shells would use their
-    current algorithm).
-   
-The operators -a and -o are considered binary operators for the purpose
-of the 3 Arg case.
-   
-As you can see, the test becomes (not (x or x)), which is false.
-
-E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
-
-If a sequence of commands appears in a pipeline, and one of the
-reading commands finishes before the writer has finished, the
-writer receives a SIGPIPE signal.  Many other shells special-case
-SIGPIPE as an exit status in the pipeline and do not report it. 
-For example, in:
-  
-      ps -aux | head
-  
-`head' can finish before `ps' writes all of its output, and ps
-will try to write on a pipe without a reader.  In that case, bash
-will print `Broken pipe' to stderr when ps is killed by a
-SIGPIPE. 
-
-You can build a version of bash that will not report SIGPIPE errors
-by uncommenting the definition of DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE in the file
-config-top.h.
-
-E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
-    wrap lines at the wrong column?
-
-Readline, the line editing library that bash uses, does not know
-that the terminal escape sequences do not take up space on the
-screen.  The redisplay code assumes, unless told otherwise, that
-each character in the prompt is a `printable' character that
-takes up one character position on the screen. 
-
-You can use the bash prompt expansion facility (see the PROMPTING
-section in the manual page) to tell readline that sequences of
-characters in the prompt strings take up no screen space. 
-
-Use the \[ escape to begin a sequence of non-printing characters,
-and the \] escape to signal the end of such a sequence. 
-
-E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
-    the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
-
-This has to do with the parent-child relationship between Unix
-processes.  It affects all commands run in pipelines, not just
-simple calls to `read'.  For example, piping a command's output
-into a `while' loop that repeatedly calls `read' will result in
-the same behavior.
-
-Each element of a pipeline runs in a separate process, a child of
-the shell running the pipeline.  A subprocess cannot affect its
-parent's environment.  When the `read' command sets the variable
-to the input, that variable is set only in the subshell, not the
-parent shell.  When the subshell exits, the value of the variable
-is lost. 
-
-Many pipelines that end with `read variable' can be converted
-into command substitutions, which will capture the output of
-a specified command.  The output can then be assigned to a
-variable:
-
-	grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l | read ngroup
-
-can be converted into
-
-	ngroup=$(grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l)
-
-This does not, unfortunately, work to split the text among
-multiple variables, as read does when given multiple variable
-arguments.  If you need to do this, you can either use the
-command substitution above to read the output into a variable
-and chop up the variable using the bash pattern removal
-expansion operators or use some variant of the following
-approach.
-
-Say /usr/local/bin/ipaddr is the following shell script:
-
-#! /bin/sh
-host `hostname` | awk '/address/ {print $NF}'
-
-Instead of using
-
-	/usr/local/bin/ipaddr | read A B C D
-
-to break the local machine's IP address into separate octets, use
-
-	OIFS="$IFS"
-	IFS=.
-	set -- $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr)
-	IFS="$OIFS"
-	A="$1" B="$2" C="$3" D="$4"
-
-Beware, however, that this will change the shell's positional
-parameters.  If you need them, you should save them before doing
-this.
-
-This is the general approach -- in most cases you will not need to
-set $IFS to a different value.
-
-Some other user-supplied alternatives include:
-
-read A B C D << HERE
-    $(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
-HERE
-
-and, where process substitution is available,
-
-read A B C D < <(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
-
-E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
-    in arguments to `echo'.  Bash doesn't interpret these characters.  Why
-    not, and how can I make it understand them?
-
-This is the behavior of echo on most Unix System V machines.
-
-The bash builtin `echo' is modeled after the 9th Edition
-Research Unix version of `echo'.  It does not interpret
-backslash-escaped characters in its argument strings by default;
-it requires the use of the -e option to enable the
-interpretation.  The System V echo provides no way to disable the
-special characters; the bash echo has a -E option to disable
-them. 
-
-There is a configuration option that will make bash behave like
-the System V echo and interpret things like `\t' by default.  Run
-configure with the --enable-xpg-echo-default option to turn this
-on.  Be aware that this will cause some of the tests run when you
-type `make tests' to fail.
-
-There is a shell option, `xpg_echo', settable with `shopt', that will
-change the behavior of echo at runtime.  Enabling this option turns
-on expansion of backslash-escape sequences.
-
-E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
-
-This is a consequence of how job control works on Unix.  The only
-thing that can be suspended is the process group.  This is a single
-command or pipeline of commands that the shell forks and executes.
-
-When you run a while or for loop, the only thing that the shell forks
-and executes are any commands in the while loop test and commands in
-the loop bodies.  These, therefore, are the only things that can be
-suspended when you type ^Z.
-
-If you want to be able to stop the entire loop, you need to put it
-within parentheses, which will force the loop into a subshell that
-may be stopped (and subsequently restarted) as a single unit.
-
-E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
-
-It's fairly common to see constructs like this in automatically-generated
-Makefiles:
-
-SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
-
-	...
-
-subdirs-clean:
-	for d in ${SUBDIRS}; do \
-		( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
-	done
-
-When SUBDIRS is empty, this results in a command like this being passed to
-bash:
-
-	for d in ; do
-		( cd $d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean )
-	done
-
-In versions of bash before bash-2.05a, this was a syntax error.  If the
-reserved word `in' was present, a word must follow it before the semicolon
-or newline.  The language in the manual page referring to the list of words
-being empty referred to the list after it is expanded.  These versions of
-bash required that there be at least one word following the `in' when the
-construct was parsed.
-
-The idiomatic Makefile solution is something like:
-
-SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
-
-subdirs-clean:
-	subdirs=$SUBDIRS ; for d in $$subdirs; do \
-		( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
-	done
-
-The latest drafts of the updated POSIX standard have changed this:  the
-word list is no longer required.  Bash versions 2.05a and later accept
-the new syntax.
-
-E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
-
-The bash arithmetic evaluation code (used for `let', $(()), (()), and in
-other places), interprets a leading `0' in numeric constants as denoting
-an octal number, and a leading `0x' as denoting hexadecimal.  This is
-in accordance with the POSIX.2 spec, section 2.9.2.1, which states that
-arithmetic constants should be handled as signed long integers as defined
-by the ANSI/ISO C standard.
-
-The POSIX.2 interpretation committee has confirmed this:
-
-http://www.pasc.org/interps/unofficial/db/p1003.2/pasc-1003.2-173.html
-
-E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
-    with every letter except `z'?
-
-Bash-2.03, Bash-2.05 and later versions honor the current locale setting
-when processing ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions ([A-Z]). 
-This is what POSIX.2 and SUSv3/XPG6 specify. 
-
-The behavior of the matcher in bash-2.05 and later versions depends on the
-current LC_COLLATE setting.  Setting this variable to `C' or `POSIX' will
-result in the traditional behavior ([A-Z] matches all uppercase ASCII
-characters).  Many other locales, including the en_US locale (the default
-on many US versions of Linux) collate the upper and lower case letters like
-this:
-
-	AaBb...Zz
-
-which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `z'.  Others collate like
-
-	aAbBcC...zZ
-
-which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `a'.
-
-The portable way to specify upper case letters is [:upper:] instead of
-A-Z; lower case may be specified as [:lower:] instead of a-z.
-
-Look at the manual pages for setlocale(3), strcoll(3), and, if it is
-present, locale(1).  If you have locale(1), you can use it to find
-your current locale information even if you do not have any of the
-LC_ variables set.
-
-My advice is to put
-
-	export LC_COLLATE=C
-
-into /etc/profile and inspect any shell scripts run from cron for
-constructs like [A-Z].  This will prevent things like
-
-	rm [A-Z]*
-
-from removing every file in the current directory except those beginning
-with `z' and still allow individual users to change the collation order.
-Users may put the above command into their own profiles as well, of course.
-
-E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
-
-POSIX.2, in its description of `cd', says that *three* or more leading
-slashes may be replaced with a single slash when canonicalizing the
-current working directory.
-
-This is, I presume, for historical compatibility.  Certain versions of
-Unix, and early network file systems, used paths of the form
-//hostname/path to access `path' on server `hostname'.
-
-E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
-     notice the change?
-
-This is another issue that deals with job control.
-
-The kernel maintains a notion of a current terminal process group.  Members
-of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the
-current terminal process group ID) receive terminal-generated signals like
-SIGWINCH.  (For more details, see the JOB CONTROL section of the bash
-man page.)
-
-If a terminal is resized, the kernel sends SIGWINCH to each member of
-the terminal's current process group (the `foreground' process group).
-
-When bash is running with job control enabled, each pipeline (which may be
-a single command) is run in its own process group, different from bash's
-process group.  This foreground process group receives the SIGWINCH; bash
-does not.  Bash has no way of knowing that the terminal has been resized.
-
-There is a `checkwinsize' option, settable with the `shopt' builtin, that
-will cause bash to check the window size and adjust its idea of the
-terminal's dimensions each time a process stops or exits and returns control
-of the terminal to bash.  Enable it with `shopt -s checkwinsize'.
-
-Section F:  Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
-
-F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
-
-The problem is `cmdtool' and bash fighting over the input.  When
-scrolling is enabled in a cmdtool window, cmdtool puts the tty in
-`raw mode' to permit command-line editing using the mouse for
-applications that cannot do it themselves.  As a result, bash and
-cmdtool each try to read keyboard input immediately, with neither
-getting enough of it to be useful.
-
-This mode also causes cmdtool to not implement many of the
-terminal functions and control sequences appearing in the
-`sun-cmd' termcap entry.  For a more complete explanation, see
-that file examples/suncmd.termcap in the bash distribution. 
-
-`xterm' is a better choice, and gets along with bash much more
-smoothly.
-
-If you must use cmdtool, you can use the termcap description in
-examples/suncmd.termcap.  Set the TERMCAP variable to the terminal
-description contained in that file, i.e.
-
-TERMCAP='Mu|sun-cmd:am:bs:km:pt:li#34:co#80:cl=^L:ce=\E[K:cd=\E[J:rs=\E[s:'
-
-Then export TERMCAP and start a new cmdtool window from that shell.
-The bash command-line editing should behave better in the new
-cmdtool.  If this works, you can put the assignment to TERMCAP
-in your bashrc file.
-
-F2) I built bash on Solaris 2.  Why do globbing expansions and filename
-    completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
-
-This is the consequence of building bash on SunOS 5 and linking
-with the libraries in /usr/ucblib, but using the definitions
-and structures from files in /usr/include. 
-
-The actual conflict is between the dirent structure in
-/usr/include/dirent.h and the struct returned by the version of
-`readdir' in libucb.a (a 4.3-BSD style `struct direct'). 
-
-Make sure you've got /usr/ccs/bin ahead of /usr/ucb in your $PATH
-when configuring and building bash.  This will ensure that you
-use /usr/ccs/bin/cc or acc instead of /usr/ucb/cc and that you
-link with libc before libucb. 
-
-If you have installed the Sun C compiler, you may also need to
-put /usr/ccs/bin and /opt/SUNWspro/bin into your $PATH before
-/usr/ucb.
-
-F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
-    `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
-
-This is a famous and long-standing bug in the SunOS YP (sorry, NIS)
-client library, which is part of libc.
-
-The YP library code keeps static state -- a pointer into the data
-returned from the server.  When YP initializes itself (setpwent),
-it looks at this pointer and calls free on it if it's non-null. 
-So far, so good. 
-
-If one of the YP functions is interrupted during getpwent (the
-exact function is interpretwithsave()), and returns NULL, the
-pointer is freed without being reset to NULL, and the function
-returns.  The next time getpwent is called, it sees that this
-pointer is non-null, calls free, and the bash free() blows up
-because it's being asked to free freed memory. 
-
-The traditional Unix mallocs allow memory to be freed multiple
-times; that's probably why this has never been fixed.  You can
-run configure with the `--without-gnu-malloc' option to use
-the C library malloc and avoid the problem.
-
-F4) I'm running SVR4.2.  Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
-
-The `@' character is the default `line kill' character in most
-versions of System V, including SVR4.2.  You can change this
-character to whatever you want using `stty'.  For example, to
-change the line kill character to control-u, type
-
-	stty kill ^U
-
-where the `^' and `U' can be two separate characters.
-
-F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
-    redirection before a subshell command?
-
-The actual command in question is something like
-
-	< file ( command )
-
-According to the grammar given in the POSIX.2 standard, this construct
-is, in fact, a syntax error.  Redirections may only precede `simple
-commands'.  A subshell construct such as the above is one of the shell's
-`compound commands'.  A redirection may only follow a compound command.
-
-This affects the mechanical transformation of commands that use `cat'
-to pipe a file into a command (a favorite Useless-Use-Of-Cat topic on
-comp.unix.shell).  While most commands of the form
-
-	cat file | command
-
-can be converted to `< file command', shell control structures such as
-loops and subshells require `command < file'.
-
-The file CWRU/sh-redir-hack in the bash-2.05a distribution is an
-(unofficial) patch to parse.y that will modify the grammar to
-support this construct.  It will not apply with `patch'; you must
-modify parse.y by hand.  Note that if you apply this, you must
-recompile with -DREDIRECTION_HACK.  This introduces a large
-number of reduce/reduce conflicts into the shell grammar. 
-
-F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
-
-The short answer is that Red Hat screwed up.
-
-The long answer is that they shipped an /etc/inputrc that only works
-for emacs mode editing, and then screwed all the vi users by setting
-INPUTRC to /etc/inputrc in /etc/profile.
-
-The short fix is to do one of the following: remove or rename
-/etc/inputrc, set INPUTRC=~/.inputrc in ~/.bashrc (or .bash_profile,
-but make sure you export it if you do), remove the assignment to
-INPUTRC from /etc/profile, add
-
-        set keymap emacs
-
-to the beginning of /etc/inputrc, or bracket the key bindings in
-/etc/inputrc with these lines
-
-	$if mode=emacs
-		[...]
-	$endif
-
-F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
-    HP/UX 11.x?
-
-HP/UX's support for long double is imperfect at best.
-
-GCC will support it without problems, but the HP C library functions
-like strtold(3) and printf(3) don't actually work with long doubles.
-HP implemented a `long_double' type as a 4-element array of 32-bit
-ints, and that is what the library functions use.  The ANSI C
-`long double' type is a 128-bit floating point scalar.
-
-The easiest fix, until HP fixes things up, is to edit the generated
-config.h and #undef the HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE line.  After doing that,
-the compilation should complete successfully.
-
-Section G:  How can I get bash to do certain common things?
-
-G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
-
-This is a process requiring several steps.
-
-First, you must ensure that the `physical' data path is a full eight
-bits.  For xterms, for example, the `vt100' resources `eightBitInput'
-and `eightBitOutput' should be set to `true'.
-
-Once you have set up an eight-bit path, you must tell the kernel and
-tty driver to leave the eighth bit of characters alone when processing
-keyboard input.  Use `stty' to do this:
-
-	stty cs8 -istrip -parenb
-
-For old BSD-style systems, you can use
-
-	stty pass8
-
-You may also need
-
-	stty even odd
-
-Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and
-displaying eight-bit characters.  You use readline variables to do
-this.  These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash
-`bind' builtin.  Here's an example using `bind':
-
-	bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off'
-	bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on'
-	bash$ bind 'set output-meta on'
-
-The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed
-in ~/.inputrc.
-
-G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
-    still invoke the command from within the function?
-
-This is why the `command' and `builtin' builtins exist.  The
-`command' builtin executes the command supplied as its first
-argument, skipping over any function defined with that name.  The
-`builtin' builtin executes the builtin command given as its first
-argument directly. 
-
-For example, to write a function to replace `cd' that writes the
-hostname and current directory to an xterm title bar, use
-something like the following:
-
-	cd()
-	{
-		builtin cd "$@" && xtitle "$HOST: $PWD"
-	}
-
-This could also be written using `command' instead of `builtin';
-the version above is marginally more efficient. 
-
-G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
-    of another shell variable?
-
-Versions of Bash newer than Bash-2.0 support this directly.  You can use 
-
-	${!var}
-
-For example, the following sequence of commands will echo `z':
-
-	var1=var2
-	var2=z
-	echo ${!var1}
-
-For sh compatibility, use the `eval' builtin.  The important
-thing to remember is that `eval' expands the arguments you give
-it again, so you need to quote the parts of the arguments that
-you want `eval' to act on. 
-
-For example, this expression prints the value of the last positional
-parameter:
-
-	eval echo \"\$\{$#\}\"
-
-The expansion of the quoted portions of this expression will be
-deferred until `eval' runs, while the `$#' will be expanded
-before `eval' is executed.  In versions of bash later than bash-2.0,
-
-	echo ${!#}
-
-does the same thing.
-
-This is not the same thing as ksh93 `nameref' variables, though the syntax
-is similar.  I may add namerefs in a future bash version.
-
-G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
-     looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
-
-The bash command timing code looks for a variable `TIMEFORMAT' and
-uses its value as a format string to decide how to display the
-timing statistics.
-
-The value of TIMEFORMAT is a string with `%' escapes expanded in a
-fashion similar in spirit to printf(3).  The manual page explains
-the meanings of the escape sequences in the format string.
-
-If TIMEFORMAT is not set, bash acts as if the following assignment had
-been performed:
-
-	TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
-
-The POSIX.2 default time format (used by `time -p command') is
-
-	TIMEFORMAT=$'real %2R\nuser %2U\nsys %2S'
-
-The BSD /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
-
-	TIMEFORMAT=$'\t%1R real\t%1U user\t%1S sys'
-
-The System V /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
-
-	TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%1R\nuser\t%1U\nsys\t%1S'
-
-The ksh format can be emulated with:
-
-	TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%2lR\nuser\t%2lU\nsys\t%2lS'
-
-G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
-
-Bash provides a number of backslash-escape sequences which are expanded
-when the prompt string (PS1 or PS2) is displayed.  The full list is in
-the manual page.
-
-The \w expansion gives the full pathname of the current directory, with
-a tilde (`~') substituted for the current value of $HOME.  The \W
-expansion gives the basename of the current directory.  To put the full
-pathname of the current directory into the path without any tilde
-subsitution, use $PWD.  Here are some examples:
-
-	PS1='\w$ '	# current directory with tilde
-	PS1='\W$ '	# basename of current directory
-	PS1='$PWD$ '	# full pathname of current directory
-
-The single quotes are important in the final example to prevent $PWD from
-being expanded when the assignment to PS1 is performed.
-
-G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
-
-Use the pattern removal functionality described in D3.  The following `for'
-loop will do the trick:
-
-	for f in *.foo; do
-		mv $f ${f%foo}bar
-	done
-
-G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
-
-The script examples/functions/lowercase, originally written by John DuBois,
-will do the trick.  The converse is left as an exercise.
-
-G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
-    all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
-
-You must have set the `extglob' shell option using `shopt -s extglob' to use
-this:
-
-	echo .!(.|) *
-
-A solution that works without extended globbing is given in the Unix Shell
-FAQ, posted periodically to comp.unix.shell.
-
-Section H:  Where do I go from here?
-
-H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
-    advice?
-
-Use the `bashbug' script to report bugs.  It is built and
-installed at the same time as bash.  It provides a standard
-template for reporting a problem and automatically includes
-information about your configuration and build environment. 
-
-`bashbug' sends its reports to bug-bash@gnu.org, which
-is a large mailing list gatewayed to the usenet newsgroup gnu.bash.bug. 
-
-Bug fixes, answers to questions, and announcements of new releases
-are all posted to gnu.bash.bug.  Discussions concerning bash features
-and problems also take place there.
-
-To reach the bash maintainers directly, send mail to
-bash-maintainers@gnu.org.
-
-H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
-
-First, look in the doc directory in the bash distribution.  It should
-contain at least the following files:
-
-bash.1		an extensive, thorough Unix-style manual page
-builtins.1	a manual page covering just bash builtin commands
-bashref.texi	a reference manual in GNU tex`info format
-bashref.info	an info version of the reference manual
-FAQ		this file
-article.ms	text of an article written for The Linux Journal
-readline.3	a man page describing readline
-
-Postscript, HTML, and ASCII files created from the above source are
-available in the documentation distribution.
-
-There is additional documentation available for anonymous FTP from host
-ftp.cwru.edu in the `pub/bash' directory.
-
-Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt have written a book on bash, published
-by O'Reilly and Associates.  The book is based on Bill Rosenblatt's Korn
-Shell book.  The title is ``Learning the Bash Shell'', and the ISBN number
-is 1-56592-147-X.  Look for it in fine bookstores near you.  This book
-covers bash-1.14, but has an appendix describing some of the new features
-in bash-2.0.  
-
-A second edition of this book is available, published in January, 1998.
-The ISBN number is 1-56592-347-2.  Look for it in the same fine bookstores
-or on the web.
-
-The GNU Bash Reference Manual has been published as a printed book by
-Network Theory Ltd (Paperback, ISBN: 0-9541617-7-7, Feb 2003).  It covers
-bash-2.0 and is available from most online bookstores (see
-http://www.network-theory.co.uk/bash/manual/ for details).  The publisher
-will donate $1 to the Free Software Foundation for each copy sold. 
-
-H3) What's coming in future versions?
-
-These are features I hope to include in a future version of bash.
-
-a better bash debugger (a minimally-tested version is included with bash-2.05b)
-associative arrays
-co-processes, but with a new-style syntax that looks like function declaration
-
-H4) What's on the bash `wish list' for future versions?
-
-These are features that may or may not appear in a future version of bash.
-
-breaking some of the shell functionality into embeddable libraries
-a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins
-better internationalization using GNU `gettext'
-date-stamped command history
-a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins
-a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and
-	variables (contributions gratefully accepted)
-ksh93-like `nameref' variables
-ksh93-like `+=' variable assignment operator
-ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and
-	associated disipline functions
-Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing
-
-H5) When will the next release appear?
-
-The next version will appear sometime in 2002.  Never make predictions. 
-
-
-This document is Copyright 1995-2003 by Chester Ramey.
-
-Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
-without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute
-this document for any purpose, provided that the above copyright
-notice appears in all copies of this document and that the
-contents of this document remain unaltered.
diff --git a/doc/bash.1~ b/doc/bash.1~
deleted file mode 100644
index 45dc80fd..00000000
--- a/doc/bash.1~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10345 +0,0 @@
-.\"
-.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
-.\"
-.\"	Chet Ramey
-.\"	Case Western Reserve University
-.\"	chet.ramey@case.edu
-.\"
-.\"	Last Change: Tue Jul  1 15:51:28 PDT 2014
-.\"
-.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
-.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
-.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2014 July 1" "GNU Bash 4.3"
-.\"
-.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
-.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
-.\" It has to do with `@' appearing in the }1 macro.
-.\" This is a problem on 4.3 BSD and Ultrix, but Sun
-.\" appears to have fixed it.
-.\" If you're seeing the characters
-.\" `@u-3p' appearing before the lines reading
-.\" `possible-hostname-completions
-.\" and `complete-hostname' down in READLINE,
-.\" then uncomment this redefinition.
-.\"
-.de }1
-.ds ]X \&\\*(]B\\
-.nr )E 0
-.if !"\\$1"" .nr )I \\$1n
-.}f
-.ll \\n(LLu
-.in \\n()Ru+\\n(INu+\\n()Iu
-.ti \\n(INu
-.ie !\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru-\w\\*(]Xu-3p \{\\*(]X
-.br\}
-.el \\*(]X\h|\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru\c
-.}f
-..
-.\"
-.\" File Name macro.  This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
-.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
-.\"
-.de FN
-\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
-..
-.SH NAME
-bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B bash
-[options]
-[command_string | file]
-.SH COPYRIGHT
-.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B Bash
-is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that
-executes commands read from the standard input or from a file.
-.B Bash
-also incorporates useful features from the \fIKorn\fP and \fIC\fP
-shells (\fBksh\fP and \fBcsh\fP).
-.PP
-.B Bash
-is intended to be a conformant implementation of the
-Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification
-(IEEE Standard 1003.1).
-.B Bash
-can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
-.SH OPTIONS
-All of the  single-character shell options documented in the
-description of the \fBset\fR builtin command can be used as options
-when the shell is invoked.
-In addition, \fBbash\fR
-interprets the following options when it is invoked:
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP 10
-.B \-c
-If the
-.B \-c
-option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument
-.IR command_string .
-If there are arguments after the
-.IR command_string ,
-they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with
-.BR $0 .
-.TP
-.B \-i
-If the
-.B \-i
-option is present, the shell is
-.IR interactive .
-.TP
-.B \-l
-Make
-.B bash
-act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
-.SM
-.B INVOCATION
-below).
-.TP
-.B \-r
-If the
-.B \-r
-option is present, the shell becomes
-.I restricted
-(see
-.SM
-.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
-below).
-.TP
-.B \-s
-If the
-.B \-s
-option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
-processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
-This option allows the positional parameters to be set
-when invoking an interactive shell.
-.TP
-.B \-D
-A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by \fB$\fP
-is printed on the standard output.
-These are the strings that
-are subject to language translation when the current locale
-is not \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP.
-This implies the \fB\-n\fP option; no commands will be executed.
-.TP
-.B [\-+]O [\fIshopt_option\fP]
-\fIshopt_option\fP is one of the shell options accepted by the
-\fBshopt\fP builtin (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-If \fIshopt_option\fP is present, \fB\-O\fP sets the value of that option;
-\fB+O\fP unsets it.
-If \fIshopt_option\fP is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
-options accepted by \fBshopt\fP are printed on the standard output.
-If the invocation option is \fB+O\fP, the output is displayed in a format
-that may be reused as input.
-.TP
-.B \-\-
-A
-.B \-\-
-signals the end of options and disables further option processing.
-Any arguments after the
-.B \-\-
-are treated as filenames and arguments.  An argument of
-.B \-
-is equivalent to \fB\-\-\fP.
-.PD
-.PP
-.B Bash
-also interprets a number of multi-character options.
-These options must appear on the command line before the
-single-character options to be recognized.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-\-debugger
-Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
-starts.
-Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
-.B extdebug
-option to the
-.B shopt
-builtin below).
-.TP
-.B \-\-dump\-po\-strings
-Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP, but the output is in the GNU \fIgettext\fP
-\fBpo\fP (portable object) file format.
-.TP
-.B \-\-dump\-strings
-Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-\-help
-Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
-.TP
-\fB\-\-init\-file\fP \fIfile\fP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP
-.PD
-Execute commands from
-.I file
-instead of the standard personal initialization file
-.I ~/.bashrc
-if the shell is interactive (see
-.SM
-.B INVOCATION
-below).
-.TP
-.B \-\-login
-Equivalent to \fB\-l\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-\-noediting
-Do not use the GNU
-.B readline
-library to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
-.TP
-.B \-\-noprofile
-Do not read either the system-wide startup file
-.FN /etc/profile
-or any of the personal initialization files
-.IR ~/.bash_profile ,
-.IR ~/.bash_login ,
-or
-.IR ~/.profile .
-By default,
-.B bash
-reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see
-.SM
-.B INVOCATION
-below).
-.TP
-.B \-\-norc
-Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
-.I ~/.bashrc
-if the shell is interactive.
-This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as
-.BR sh .
-.TP
-.B \-\-posix
-Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs
-from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP).
-See
-.SM
-.B "SEE ALSO"
-below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects
-bash's behavior.
-.TP
-.B \-\-restricted
-The shell becomes restricted (see
-.SM
-.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
-below).
-.TP
-.B \-\-verbose
-Equivalent to  \fB\-v\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-\-version
-Show version information for this instance of
-.B bash
-on the standard output and exit successfully.
-.PD
-.SH ARGUMENTS
-If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
-.B \-c
-nor the
-.B \-s
-option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
-be the name of a file containing shell commands.
-If
-.B bash
-is invoked in this fashion, 
-.B $0
-is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
-are set to the remaining arguments.
-.B Bash
-reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.
-\fBBash\fP's exit status is the exit status of the last command
-executed in the script.
-If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
-An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and,
-if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in
-.SM
-.B PATH
-for the script.
-.SH INVOCATION
-A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a
-.BR \- ,
-or one started with the 
-.B \-\-login
-option.
-.PP
-An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments
-and without the
-.B \-c
-option
-whose standard input and error are
-both connected to terminals (as determined by
-.IR isatty (3)),
-or one started with the
-.B \-i
-option.
-.SM
-.B PS1
-is set and
-.B $\-
-includes
-.B i
-if
-.B bash
-is interactive,
-allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state.
-.PP
-The following paragraphs describe how
-.B bash
-executes its startup files.
-If any of the files exist but cannot be read,
-.B bash
-reports an error.
-Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under
-.B "Tilde Expansion"
-in the
-.SM
-.B EXPANSION
-section.
-.PP
-When
-.B bash
-is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell
-with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first reads and
-executes commands from the file \fI/etc/profile\fP, if that
-file exists.
-After reading that file, it looks for \fI~/.bash_profile\fP,
-\fI~/.bash_login\fP, and \fI~/.profile\fP, in that order, and reads
-and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
-The
-.B \-\-noprofile
-option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
-.PP
-When a login shell exits,
-.B bash
-reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it
-exists.
-.PP
-When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started,
-.B bash
-reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the
-.B \-\-norc
-option.
-The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option will force
-.B bash
-to read and execute commands from \fIfile\fP instead of \fI~/.bashrc\fP.
-.PP
-When
-.B bash
-is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it
-looks for the variable
-.SM
-.B BASH_ENV
-in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the
-expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
-.B Bash
-behaves as if the following command were executed:
-.sp .5
-.RS
-.if t \f(CWif [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi\fP
-.if n if [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
-.RE
-.sp .5
-but the value of the
-.SM
-.B PATH
-variable is not used to search for the filename.
-.PP
-If
-.B bash
-is invoked with the name
-.BR sh ,
-it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of
-.B sh
-as closely as possible,
-while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
-When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive
-shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to
-read and execute commands from
-.I /etc/profile
-and
-.IR ~/.profile ,
-in that order.
-The
-.B \-\-noprofile
-option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
-When invoked as an interactive shell with the name
-.BR sh ,
-.B bash
-looks for the variable
-.SM
-.BR ENV ,
-expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
-expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
-Since a shell invoked as
-.B sh
-does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup
-files, the
-.B \-\-rcfile
-option has no effect.
-A non-interactive shell invoked with the name
-.B sh
-does not attempt to read any other startup files. 
-When invoked as
-.BR sh ,
-.B bash
-enters
-.I posix
-mode after the startup files are read.
-.PP
-When
-.B bash
-is started in
-.I posix
-mode, as with the
-.B \-\-posix
-command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.
-In this mode, interactive shells expand the
-.SM
-.B ENV
-variable and commands are read and executed from the file
-whose name is the expanded value.
-No other startup files are read.
-.PP
-.B Bash
-attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
-connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
-daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP, or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP.
-If
-.B bash
-determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
-commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists and is readable.
-It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP.
-The
-.B \-\-norc
-option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
-.B \-\-rcfile
-option may be used to force another file to be read, but neither
-\fIrshd\fP nor \fIsshd\fP generally invoke the shell with those options
-or allow them to be specified.
-.PP
-If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, no startup
-files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the
-.SM
-.BR SHELLOPTS ,
-.SM
-.BR BASHOPTS ,
-.SM
-.BR CDPATH ,
-and
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored,
-and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
-If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
-the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
-.SH DEFINITIONS
-.PP
-The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this
-document.
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B blank 
-A space or tab.
-.TP
-.B word
-A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.
-Also known as a
-.BR token .
-.TP
-.B name
-A 
-.I word
-consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and
-beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore.  Also
-referred to as an
-.BR identifier .
-.TP
-.B metacharacter
-A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  One of the following:
-.br
-.RS
-.PP
-.if t \fB|  &  ;  (  )  <  >  space  tab\fP
-.if n \fB|  & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-.TP
-.B control operator
-A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function.  It is one of the following
-symbols:
-.RS
-.PP
-.if t \fB||  &  &&  ;  ;;  (  )  |  |&    <newline>\fP
-.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
-.RE
-.PD
-.SH "RESERVED WORDS"
-\fIReserved words\fP are words that have a special meaning to the shell.
-The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either
-the first word of a simple command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL GRAMMAR
-below) or the third word of a 
-.B case 
-or
-.B for
-command:
-.if t .RS
-.PP
-.B
-.if n ! case  coproc  do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]]
-.if t !    case    coproc    do    done    elif    else    esac    fi    for    function    if    in    select    then    until    while    {    }    time    [[    ]]
-.if t .RE
-.SH "SHELL GRAMMAR"
-.SS Simple Commands
-.PP
-A \fIsimple command\fP is a sequence of optional variable assignments
-followed by \fBblank\fP-separated words and redirections, and
-terminated by a \fIcontrol operator\fP.  The first word
-specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero.
-The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command.
-.PP
-The return value of a \fIsimple command\fP is its exit status, or
-128+\fIn\^\fP if the command is terminated by signal
-.IR n .
-.SS Pipelines
-.PP
-A \fIpipeline\fP is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
-one of the control operators
-.B |
-or \fB|&\fP.
-The format for a pipeline is:
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fBtime\fP [\fB\-p\fP]] [ ! ] \fIcommand\fP [ [\fB|\fP\(bv\fB|&\fP] \fIcommand2\fP ... ]
-.RE
-.PP
-The standard output of
-.I command
-is connected via a pipe to the standard input of
-.IR command2 .
-This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
-command (see
-.SM
-.B REDIRECTION
-below).
-If \fB|&\fP is used, \fIcommand\fP's standard error, in addition to its
-standard output, is connected to
-\fIcommand2\fP's standard input through the pipe;
-it is shorthand for \fB2>&1 |\fP.
-This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
-performed after any redirections specified by the command.
-.PP
-The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last
-command, unless the \fBpipefail\fP option is enabled.
-If \fBpipefail\fP is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
-value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
-or zero if all commands exit successfully.
-If the reserved word
-.B !
-precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical
-negation of the exit status as described above.
-The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to
-terminate before returning a value.
-.PP
-If the
-.B time
-reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and
-system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline
-terminates.
-The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX.
-When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, it does not recognize
-\fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'.
-The
-.SM
-.B TIMEFORMAT
-variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing
-information should be displayed; see the description of
-.SM
-.B TIMEFORMAT
-under
-.B "Shell Variables"
-below.
-.PP
-When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, \fBtime\fP
-may be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the
-total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
-The
-.SM
-.B TIMEFORMAT
-variable may be used to specify the format of
-the time information.
-.PP
-Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a
-subshell).
-.SS Lists
-.PP
-A \fIlist\fP is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
-of the operators
-.BR ; ,
-.BR & ,
-.BR && ,
-or
-.BR || ,
-and optionally terminated by one of
-.BR ; ,
-.BR & ,
-or
-.BR <newline> .
-.PP
-Of these list operators,
-.B &&
-and
-.B ||
-have equal precedence, followed by
-.B ;
-and
-.BR & ,
-which have equal precedence.
-.PP
-A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a \fIlist\fP instead
-of a semicolon to delimit commands.
-.PP
-If a command is terminated by the control operator
-.BR & ,
-the shell executes the command in the \fIbackground\fP
-in a subshell.  The shell does not wait for the command to
-finish, and the return status is 0.  Commands separated by a
-.B ;
-are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each
-command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
-exit status of the last command executed.
-.PP
-AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the
-\fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP control operators, respectively.
-AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity.
-An AND list has the form
-.RS
-.PP
-\fIcommand1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIcommand2\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-.I command2
-is executed if, and only if,
-.I command1
-returns an exit status of zero.
-.PP
-An OR list has the form
-.RS
-.PP
-\fIcommand1\fP \fB||\fP \fIcommand2\fP
-.PP
-.RE
-.PP
-.I command2
-is executed if and only if
-.I command1
-returns a non-zero exit status.
-The return status of
-AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command
-executed in the list.
-.SS Compound Commands
-.PP
-A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following.
-In most cases a \fIlist\fP in a command's description may be separated from
-the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a
-newline in place of a semicolon.
-.TP
-(\fIlist\fP)
-\fIlist\fP is executed in a subshell environment (see
-.SM
-\fBCOMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT\fP
-below).
-Variable assignments and builtin
-commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect
-after the command completes.  The return status is the exit status of
-\fIlist\fP.
-.TP
-{ \fIlist\fP; }
-\fIlist\fP is simply executed in the current shell environment.
-\fIlist\fP must be terminated with a newline or semicolon.
-This is known as a \fIgroup command\fP.
-The return status is the exit status of
-\fIlist\fP.
-Note that unlike the metacharacters \fB(\fP and \fB)\fP, \fB{\fP and
-\fB}\fP are \fIreserved words\fP and must occur where a reserved
-word is permitted to be recognized.  Since they do not cause a word
-break, they must be separated from \fIlist\fP by whitespace or another
-shell metacharacter.
-.TP
-((\fIexpression\fP))
-The \fIexpression\fP is evaluated according to the rules described
-below under
-.SM
-.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
-If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
-otherwise the return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
-\fBlet "\fIexpression\fP"\fR.
-.TP
-\fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP
-Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
-the conditional expression \fIexpression\fP.
-Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under
-.SM
-.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" .
-Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words
-between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP; tilde expansion,
-parameter and variable expansion,
-arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
-substitution, and quote removal are performed.
-Conditional operators such as \fB\-f\fP must be unquoted to be recognized
-as primaries.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-When the \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP operators are used, the string to the
-right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
-to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP,
-as if the \fBextglob\fP shell option were enabled.
-The \fB=\fP operator is equivalent to \fB==\fP.
-If the shell option
-.B nocasematch
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-The return value is 0 if the string matches (\fB==\fP) or does not match
-(\fB!=\fP) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
-Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
-to be matched as a string.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-An additional binary operator, \fB=~\fP, is available, with the same
-precedence as \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP.
-When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in \fIregex\fP(3)).  
-The return value is 0 if the string matches
-the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
-If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
-expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option
-.B nocasematch
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
-to be matched as a string.
-Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
-since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
-If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
-expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
-Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
-expression are saved in the array variable
-.SM
-.BR BASH_REMATCH .
-The element of
-.SM
-.B BASH_REMATCH
-with index 0 is the portion of the string
-matching the entire regular expression.
-The element of
-.SM
-.B BASH_REMATCH
-with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the
-string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
-in decreasing order of precedence:
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B ( \fIexpression\fP )
-Returns the value of \fIexpression\fP.
-This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
-.TP
-.B ! \fIexpression\fP
-True if
-.I expression
-is false.
-.TP
-\fIexpression1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIexpression2\fP
-True if both
-.I expression1
-and
-.I expression2
-are true.
-.TP
-\fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP
-True if either
-.I expression1
-or
-.I expression2
-is true.
-.PD
-.LP
-The \fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP
-operators do not evaluate \fIexpression2\fP if the value of
-\fIexpression1\fP is sufficient to determine the return value of
-the entire conditional expression.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ [ \fBin\fP [ \fIword ...\fP ] ] ; ] \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
-The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list
-of items.
-The variable \fIname\fP is set to each element of this list
-in turn, and \fIlist\fP is executed each time.
-If the \fBin\fP \fIword\fP is omitted, the \fBfor\fP command executes
-\fIlist\fP once for each positional parameter that is set (see
-.SM
-.B PARAMETERS
-below).
-The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
-If the expansion of the items following \fBin\fP results in an empty
-list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0.
-.TP
-\fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
-First, the arithmetic expression \fIexpr1\fP is evaluated according
-to the rules described below under
-.SM
-.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
-The arithmetic expression \fIexpr2\fP is then evaluated repeatedly
-until it evaluates to zero.
-Each time \fIexpr2\fP evaluates to a non-zero value, \fIlist\fP is
-executed and the arithmetic expression \fIexpr3\fP is evaluated.
-If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
-The return value is the exit status of the last command in \fIlist\fP
-that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
-.TP
-\fBselect\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
-The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list
-of items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
-error, each preceded by a number.  If the \fBin\fP
-\fIword\fP is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see
-.SM
-.B PARAMETERS
-below).  The
-.SM
-.B PS3
-prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input.
-If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
-the displayed words, then the value of
-.I name
-is set to that word.  If the line is empty, the words and prompt
-are displayed again.  If EOF is read, the command completes.  Any
-other value read causes
-.I name
-to be set to null.  The line read is saved in the variable
-.SM
-.BR REPLY .
-The
-.I list
-is executed after each selection until a
-.B break
-command is executed.
-The exit status of
-.B select
-is the exit status of the last command executed in
-.IR list ,
-or zero if no commands were executed.
-.TP
-\fBcase\fP \fIword\fP \fBin\fP [ [(] \fIpattern\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIpattern\fP ] \
-... ) \fIlist\fP ;; ] ... \fBesac\fP
-A \fBcase\fP command first expands \fIword\fP, and tries to match
-it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the same matching rules
-as for pathname expansion (see
-.B Pathname Expansion
-below).
-The \fIword\fP is expanded using tilde
-expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution,
-command substitution, process substitution and quote removal.
-Each \fIpattern\fP examined is expanded using tilde
-expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution,
-command substitution, and process substitution.
-If the shell option
-.B nocasematch
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-When a match is found, the corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed.
-If the \fB;;\fP operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
-the first pattern match.
-Using \fB;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes execution to continue with
-the \fIlist\fP associated with the next set of patterns.
-Using \fB;;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes the shell to test the next
-pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated \fIlist\fP
-on a successful match.
-The exit status is zero if no
-pattern matches.  Otherwise, it is the exit status of the
-last command executed in \fIlist\fP.
-.TP
-\fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; \
-[ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \
-[ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP
-The
-.B if 
-.I list
-is executed.  If its exit status is zero, the
-\fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed.  Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP
-\fIlist\fP is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
-the corresponding \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed and the
-command completes.  Otherwise, the \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP is
-executed, if present.  The exit status is the exit status of the
-last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
-.TP
-\fBwhile\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBuntil\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP
-.PD
-The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the list
-\fIlist-2\fP as long as the last command in the list \fIlist-1\fP returns
-an exit status of zero.  The \fBuntil\fP command is identical
-to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated;
-.I list-2
-is executed as long as the last command in
-.I list-1
-returns a non-zero exit status.
-The exit status of the \fBwhile\fP and \fBuntil\fP commands
-is the exit status
-of the last command executed in \fIlist-2\fP, or zero if
-none was executed.
-.SS Coprocesses
-.PP
-A \fIcoprocess\fP is a shell command preceded by the \fBcoproc\fP reserved
-word.
-A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
-had been terminated with the \fB&\fP control operator, with a two-way pipe
-established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
-.PP
-The format for a coprocess is:
-.RS
-.PP
-\fBcoproc\fP [\fINAME\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIredirections\fP]
-.RE
-.PP
-This creates a coprocess named \fINAME\fP.
-If \fINAME\fP is not supplied, the default name is \fBCOPROC\fP.
-\fINAME\fP must not be supplied if \fIcommand\fP is a \fIsimple
-command\fP (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word
-of the simple command.
-When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see
-.B Arrays
-below) named \fINAME\fP in the context of the executing shell.
-The standard output of
-.I command
-is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[0].
-The standard input of
-.I command
-is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[1].
-This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
-command (see
-.SM
-.B REDIRECTION
-below).
-The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
-and redirections using standard word expansions.
-The file descriptors are not available in subshells.
-The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
-available as the value of the variable \fINAME\fP_PID.
-The \fBwait\fP
-builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
-.PP
-Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
-the \fBcoproc\fP command always returns success.
-The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of \fIcommand\fP.
-.SS Shell Function Definitions
-.PP
-A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
-executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
-Shell functions are declared as follows:
-.TP
-\fIname\fP () \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBfunction\fP \fIname\fP [()] \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP]
-.PD
-This defines a function named \fIname\fP.
-The reserved word \fBfunction\fP is optional.
-If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
-The \fIbody\fP of the function is the compound command
-.I compound\-command 
-(see \fBCompound Commands\fP above).
-That command is usually a \fIlist\fP of commands between { and }, but
-may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above,
-with one exception: If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is used, but the
-parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
-\fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the
-name of a simple command.
-When in \fIposix mode\fP, \fIname\fP may not be the name of one of the
-POSIX \fIspecial builtins\fP.
-Any redirections (see
-.SM
-.B REDIRECTION
-below) specified when a function is defined are performed
-when the function is executed.
-The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
-occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
-When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
-last command executed in the body.  (See
-.SM
-.B FUNCTIONS
-below.)
-.SH COMMENTS
-In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
-.B interactive_comments
-option to the
-.B shopt
-builtin is enabled (see
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below), a word beginning with
-.B #
-causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
-be ignored.  An interactive shell without the
-.B interactive_comments
-option enabled does not allow comments.  The
-.B interactive_comments
-option is on by default in interactive shells.
-.SH QUOTING
-\fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain
-characters or words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to 
-disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
-reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
-parameter expansion.
-.PP
-Each of the \fImetacharacters\fP listed above under
-.SM
-.B DEFINITIONS
-has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
-represent itself.
-.PP
-When the command history expansion facilities are being used
-(see
-.SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
-below), the
-\fIhistory expansion\fP character, usually \fB!\fP, must be quoted
-to prevent history expansion.
-.PP
-There are three quoting mechanisms: the
-.IR "escape character" ,
-single quotes, and double quotes.
-.PP
-A non-quoted backslash (\fB\e\fP) is the
-.IR "escape character" .
-It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
-with the exception of <newline>.  If a \fB\e\fP<newline> pair
-appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \fB\e\fP<newline>
-is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the
-input stream and effectively ignored).
-.PP
-Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value
-of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
-between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
-.PP
-Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value
-of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
-.BR $ ,
-.BR \` ,
-.BR \e ,
-and, when history expansion is enabled,
-.BR ! .
-The characters
-.B $
-and
-.B \`
-retain their special meaning within double quotes.  The backslash
-retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following
-characters:
-.BR $ ,
-.BR \` ,
-\^\fB"\fP\^,
-.BR \e ,
-or
-.BR <newline> .
-A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
-a backslash.
-If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
-.B !
-appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
-The backslash preceding the
-.B !
-is not removed.
-.PP
-The special parameters
-.B *
-and
-.B @
-have special meaning when in double
-quotes (see
-.SM
-.B PARAMETERS
-below).
-.PP
-Words of the form \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq are treated specially.  The
-word expands to \fIstring\fP, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
-as specified by the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if
-present, are decoded as follows:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \ea
-alert (bell)
-.TP
-.B \eb
-backspace
-.TP
-.B \ee
-.TP
-.B \eE
-an escape character
-.TP   
-.B \ef
-form feed
-.TP  
-.B \en
-new line
-.TP     
-.B \er
-carriage return
-.TP
-.B \et
-horizontal tab
-.TP   
-.B \ev
-vertical tab
-.TP
-.B \e\e
-backslash
-.TP
-.B \e\(aq
-single quote
-.TP
-.B \e\(dq
-double quote
-.TP   
-.B \e\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(one to three digits)
-.TP
-.B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
-.TP
-.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
-.TP
-.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
-.TP
-.B \ec\fIx\fP
-a control-\fIx\fP character
-.PD
-.RE
-.LP
-The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had
-not been present.
-.PP
-A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (\fB$\fP\(dq\fIstring\fP\(dq)
-will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
-If the current locale is \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP, the dollar sign
-is ignored.
-If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
-double-quoted.
-.SH PARAMETERS
-A
-.I parameter
-is an entity that stores values.
-It can be a
-.IR name ,
-a number, or one of the special characters listed below under
-.BR "Special Parameters" .
-A
-.I variable
-is a parameter denoted by a
-.IR name .
-A variable has a \fIvalue\fP and zero or more \fIattributes\fP.
-Attributes are assigned using the
-.B declare
-builtin command (see
-.B declare
-below in
-.SM
-.BR "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" ).
-.PP
-A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
-a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
-the
-.B unset
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-.PP
-A
-.I variable
-may be assigned to by a statement of the form
-.RS
-.PP
-\fIname\fP=[\fIvalue\fP]
-.RE
-.PP
-If
-.I value
-is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
-.I values
-undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
-removal (see
-.SM
-.B EXPANSION
-below).  If the variable has its
-.B integer
-attribute set, then
-.I value
-is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is
-not used (see
-.B "Arithmetic Expansion"
-below).
-Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
-of \fB"$@"\fP as explained below under
-.BR "Special Parameters" .
-Pathname expansion is not performed.
-Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
-.BR alias ,
-.BR declare ,
-.BR typeset ,
-.BR export ,
-.BR readonly ,
-and
-.B local
-builtin commands (\fIdeclaration\fP commands).
-When in \fIposix mode\fP, these builtins may appear in a command after
-one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these
-assignment statement properties.
-.PP
-In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to
-append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-This includes arguments to builtin commands such as \fBdeclare\fP that
-accept assignment statements (\fIdeclaration\fP commands).
-When += is applied to a variable for which the \fIinteger\fP attribute has been
-set, \fIvalue\fP is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
-variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
-When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see
-.B Arrays
-below), the
-variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are
-appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index
-(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key\-value pairs in an
-associative array.
-When applied to a string-valued variable, \fIvalue\fP is expanded and
-appended to the variable's value.
-.PP
-A variable can be assigned the \fInameref\fP attribute using the
-\fB\-n\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands
-(see the descriptions of \fBdeclare\fP and \fBlocal\fP below)
-to create a \fInameref\fP, or a reference to another variable.
-This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
-Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
-its attributes modified (other than the \fInameref\P attribute itself), the
-operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
-variable's value.
-A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
-whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
-For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
-argument, running
-.sp .5
-.RS
-.if t \f(CWdeclare -n ref=$1\fP
-.if n declare -n ref=$1
-.RE
-.sp .5
-inside the function creates a nameref variable \fBref\fP whose value is
-the variable name passed as the first argument.
-References and assignments to \fBref\fP, and changes to its attributes,
-are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
-to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP.
-If the control variable in a \fBfor\fP loop has the nameref attribute,
-the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
-executed.
-Array variables cannot be given the \fB\nameref\fP attribute.
-However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
-array variables.
-Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin.
-Otherwise, if \fBunset\fP is executed with the name of a nameref variable
-as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
-.SS Positional Parameters
-.PP
-A
-.I positional parameter
-is a parameter denoted by one or more
-digits, other than the single digit 0.  Positional parameters are
-assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
-and may be reassigned using the
-.B set
-builtin command.  Positional parameters may not be assigned to
-with assignment statements.  The positional parameters are
-temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see
-.SM
-.B FUNCTIONS
-below).
-.PP
-When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
-digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see
-.SM
-.B EXPANSION
-below).
-.SS Special Parameters
-.PP
-The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
-only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B *
-Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
-When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
-expands to a separate word.
-In contexts where it is performed, those words
-are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
-When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
-with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
-of the 
-.SM
-.B IFS
-special variable.  That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent
-to "\fB$1\fP\fIc\fP\fB$2\fP\fIc\fP\fB...\fP", where
-.I c
-is the first character of the value of the
-.SM
-.B IFS
-variable.  If
-.SM
-.B IFS
-is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
-If
-.SM
-.B IFS
-is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
-.TP
-.B @
-Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When the
-expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
-separate word.  That is, "\fB$@\fP" is equivalent to
-"\fB$1\fP" "\fB$2\fP" ...
-If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
-When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and 
-.B $@
-expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
-.TP
-.B #
-Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
-.TP
-.B ?
-Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
-pipeline.
-.TP
-.B \-
-Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, 
-by the
-.B set
-builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
-(such as the
-.B \-i
-option).
-.TP
-.B $
-Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a () subshell, it
-expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the
-subshell.
-.TP
-.B !
-Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the
-background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
-the \fBbg\fP builtin (see
-.SM
-.B "JOB CONTROL"
-below).
-.TP
-.B 0
-Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
-shell initialization.  If
-.B bash
-is invoked with a file of commands,
-.B $0
-is set to the name of that file.  If
-.B bash
-is started with the
-.B \-c
-option, then
-.B $0
-is set to the first argument after the string to be
-executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set
-to the filename used to invoke
-.BR bash ,
-as given by argument zero.
-.TP
-.B _
-At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
-shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
-or argument list.
-Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command,
-after expansion.
-Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
-and placed in the environment exported to that command.
-When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file
-currently being checked.
-.PD
-.SS Shell Variables
-.PP
-The following variables are set by the shell:
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B BASH
-Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
-.BR bash .
-.TP
-.B BASHOPTS
-A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the
-.B \-s
-option to the
-.B shopt
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below).  The options appearing in
-.SM
-.B BASHOPTS
-are those reported as
-.I on
-by \fBshopt\fP.
-If this variable is in the environment when
-.B bash
-starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
-reading any startup files.
-This variable is read-only.
-.TP
-.B BASHPID
-Expands to the process ID of the current \fBbash\fP process.
-This differs from \fB$$\fP under certain circumstances, such as subshells
-that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized.
-.TP
-.B BASH_ALIASES
-An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin.
-Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
-elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
-.TP
-.B BASH_ARGC
-An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
-frame of the current \fBbash\fP execution call stack.
-The number of
-parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
-with \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP) is at the top of the stack.
-When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
-.SM
-.BR BASH_ARGC .
-The shell sets
-.SM
-.B BASH_ARGC
-only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the
-.B extdebug
-option to the
-.B shopt
-builtin below)
-.TP
-.B BASH_ARGV
-An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current \fBbash\fP
-execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last subroutine call
-is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
-at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
-are pushed onto
-.SM
-.BR BASH_ARGV .
-The shell sets
-.SM
-.B BASH_ARGV
-only when in extended debugging mode
-(see the description of the
-.B extdebug
-option to the
-.B shopt
-builtin below)
-.TP
-.B BASH_CMDS
-An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-hash table of commands as maintained by the \fBhash\fP builtin.
-Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
-elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
-.TP
-.B BASH_COMMAND
-The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
-shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
-in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
-.TP
-.B BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
-The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option.
-.TP
-.B BASH_LINENO
-An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-where each corresponding member of
-.SM
-.B FUNCNAME
-was invoked.
-\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source
-file (\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP) where
-\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called
-(or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another
-shell function).
-Use
-.SM
-.B LINENO
-to obtain the current line number.
-.TP
-.B BASH_REMATCH
-An array variable whose members are assigned by the \fB=~\fP binary
-operator to the \fB[[\fP conditional command.
-The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
-matching the entire regular expression.
-The element with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the
-string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression.
-This variable is read-only.
-.TP
-.B BASH_SOURCE
-An array variable whose members are the source filenames
-where the corresponding shell function names in the
-.SM
-.B FUNCNAME
-array variable are defined.
-The shell function
-\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is defined in the file
-\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP and called from
-\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP.
-.TP
-.B BASH_SUBSHELL
-Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
-the shell begins executing in that environment.
-The initial value is 0.
-.TP
-.B BASH_VERSINFO
-A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for
-this instance of
-.BR bash .
-The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
-.sp .5
-.RS
-.TP 24
-.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR0\fP]
-The major version number (the \fIrelease\fP).
-.TP
-.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR1\fP]
-The minor version number (the \fIversion\fP).
-.TP
-.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR2\fP]
-The patch level.
-.TP
-.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR3\fP]
-The build version.
-.TP
-.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR4\fP]
-The release status (e.g., \fIbeta1\fP).
-.TP
-.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR5\fP]
-The value of
-.SM
-.BR MACHTYPE .
-.RE
-.TP
-.B BASH_VERSION
-Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
-.BR bash .
-.TP
-.B COMP_CWORD
-An index into \fB${COMP_WORDS}\fP of the word containing the current
-cursor position.
-This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
-below).
-.TP
-.B COMP_KEY
-The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
-completion function.
-.TP
-.B COMP_LINE
-The current command line.
-This variable is available only in shell functions and external
-commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
-below).
-.TP
-.B COMP_POINT
-The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
-the current command.
-If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
-the value of this variable is equal to \fB${#COMP_LINE}\fP.
-This variable is available only in shell functions and external
-commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
-below).
-.TP
-.B COMP_TYPE
-Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
-that caused a completion function to be called:
-\fITAB\fP, for normal completion,
-\fI?\fP, for listing completions after successive tabs,
-\fI!\fP, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
-\fI@\fP, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
-or
-\fI%\fP, for menu completion.
-This variable is available only in shell functions and external
-commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
-below).
-.TP
-.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
-The set of characters that the \fBreadline\fP library treats as word
-separators when performing word completion.
-If
-.SM
-.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.TP
-.B COMP_WORDS
-An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) consisting of the individual
-words in the current command line.
-The line is split into words as \fBreadline\fP would split it, using
-.SM
-.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
-as described above.
-This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
-below).
-.TP
-.B COPROC
-An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the file descriptors
-for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see \fBCoprocesses\fP
-above).
-.TP
-.B DIRSTACK
-An array variable (see
-.B Arrays
-below) containing the current contents of the directory stack.
-Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
-.B dirs
-builtin.
-Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
-directories already in the stack, but the
-.B pushd
-and
-.B popd
-builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
-Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
-If
-.SM
-.B DIRSTACK
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.TP
-.B EUID
-Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at
-shell startup.  This variable is readonly.
-.TP
-.B FUNCNAME
-An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
-currently in the execution call stack.
-The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
-shell function.
-The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is
-.if t \f(CW"main"\fP.
-.if n "main".
-This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
-Assignments to
-.SM
-.B FUNCNAME
-have no effect and return an error status.
-If
-.SM
-.B FUNCNAME
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-This variable can be used with \fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP.
-Each element of \fBFUNCNAME\fP has corresponding elements in
-\fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP to describe the call stack.
-For instance, \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called from the file
-\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP at line number
-\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP.
-The \fBcaller\fP builtin displays the current call stack using this
-information.
-.TP
-.B GROUPS
-An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
-user is a member.
-Assignments to    
-.SM
-.B GROUPS
-have no effect and return an error status.
-If
-.SM
-.B GROUPS
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.TP
-.B HISTCMD
-The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
-command.
-If
-.SM
-.B HISTCMD
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.TP
-.B HOSTNAME
-Automatically set to the name of the current host.
-.TP
-.B HOSTTYPE
-Automatically set to a string that uniquely
-describes the type of machine on which
-.B bash
-is executing.
-The default is system-dependent.
-.TP
-.B LINENO
-Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes
-a decimal number representing the current sequential line number
-(starting with 1) within a script or function.  When not in a
-script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
-be meaningful.
-If
-.SM
-.B LINENO
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.TP
-.B MACHTYPE
-Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
-type on which
-.B bash
-is executing, in the standard GNU \fIcpu-company-system\fP format.
-The default is system-dependent.
-.TP
-.B MAPFILE
-An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the text
-read by the \fBmapfile\fP builtin when no variable name is supplied.
-.TP
-.B OLDPWD
-The previous working directory as set by the
-.B cd
-command.
-.TP
-.B OPTARG
-The value of the last option argument processed by the
-.B getopts
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-.TP
-.B OPTIND
-The index of the next argument to be processed by the
-.B getopts
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-.TP
-.B OSTYPE
-Automatically set to a string that
-describes the operating system on which
-.B bash
-is executing.
-The default is system-dependent.
-.TP
-.B PIPESTATUS
-An array variable (see
-.B Arrays
-below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes
-in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
-contain only a single command).
-.TP
-.B PPID
-The process ID of the shell's parent.  This variable is readonly.
-.TP
-.B PWD
-The current working directory as set by the
-.B cd
-command.
-.TP
-.B RANDOM
-Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
-0 and 32767 is
-generated.  The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning
-a value to
-.SM
-.BR RANDOM .
-If
-.SM
-.B RANDOM
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.TP
-.B READLINE_LINE
-The contents of the
-.B readline
-line buffer, for use with
-.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP
-.if n "bind -x"
-(see
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below).
-.TP
-.B READLINE_POINT
-The position of the insertion point in the
-.B readline
-line buffer, for use with
-.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP
-.if n "bind -x"
-(see
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below).
-.TP
-.B REPLY
-Set to the line of input read by the
-.B read
-builtin command when no arguments are supplied.
-.TP
-.B SECONDS
-Each time this parameter is
-referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned.  If a
-value is assigned to 
-.SM
-.BR SECONDS ,
-the value returned upon subsequent
-references is
-the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
-If
-.SM
-.B SECONDS
-is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-.TP
-.B SHELLOPTS
-A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the
-.B \-o
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below).  The options appearing in
-.SM
-.B SHELLOPTS
-are those reported as
-.I on
-by \fBset \-o\fP.
-If this variable is in the environment when
-.B bash
-starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
-reading any startup files.
-This variable is read-only.
-.TP
-.B SHLVL
-Incremented by one each time an instance of
-.B bash
-is started.
-.TP
-.B UID
-Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup.
-This variable is readonly.
-.PD
-.PP
-The following variables are used by the shell.  In some cases,
-.B bash
-assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted
-below.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B BASH_COMPAT
-The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.
-See the description of the \fBshopt\fP builtin below under
-\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP
-for a description of the various compatibility
-levels and their effects.
-The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
-corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
-If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
-level is set to the default for the current version.
-If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is set to a value that is not one of the valid
-compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
-compatibility level to the default for the current version.
-The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
-accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin described below (for example,
-\fBcompat42\fP means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
-The current version is also a valid value.
-.TP
-.B BASH_ENV
-If this parameter is set when \fBbash\fP is executing a shell script,
-its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
-initialize the shell, as in
-.IR ~/.bashrc .
-The value of
-.SM
-.B BASH_ENV
-is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
-expansion before being interpreted as a filename.
-.SM
-.B PATH
-is not used to search for the resultant filename.
-.TP
-.B BASH_XTRACEFD
-If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, \fBbash\fP
-will write the trace output generated when
-.if t \f(CWset -x\fP
-.if n \fIset -x\fP
-is enabled to that file descriptor.
-The file descriptor is closed when
-.SM
-.B BASH_XTRACEFD
-is unset or assigned a new value.
-Unsetting
-.SM
-.B BASH_XTRACEFD
-or assigning it the empty string causes the
-trace output to be sent to the standard error.
-Note that setting
-.SM
-.B BASH_XTRACEFD
-to 2 (the standard error file
-descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
-being closed.
-.TP
-.B CDPATH
-The search path for the
-.B cd
-command.
-This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
-for destination directories specified by the
-.B cd
-command.
-A sample value is
-.if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP.
-.if n ".:~:/usr".
-.TP
-.B CHILD_MAX
-Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
-Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated
-minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
-not exceed.
-The minimum value is system-dependent.
-.TP
-.B COLUMNS
-Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the terminal width
-when printing selection lists.
-Automatically set if the
-.B checkwinsize
-option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
-.SM
-.BR SIGWINCH .
-.TP
-.B COMPREPLY
-An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions
-generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
-facility (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below).
-Each array element contains one possible completion.
-.TP
-.B EMACS
-If \fBbash\fP finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts
-with value
-.if t \f(CWt\fP,
-.if n "t",
-it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables
-line editing.
-.TP
-.B ENV
-Similar to
-.SM
-.BR BASH_ENV ;
-used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode.
-.TP
-.B FCEDIT
-The default editor for the
-.B fc
-builtin command.
-.TP
-.B FIGNORE
-A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
-filename completion (see
-.SM
-.B READLINE
-below).
-A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in 
-.SM
-.B FIGNORE
-is excluded from the list of matched filenames.
-A sample value is
-.if t \f(CW".o:~"\fP.
-.if n ".o:~".
-.TP
-.B FUNCNEST
-If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
-nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
-will cause the current command to abort.
-.TP
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
-be ignored by pathname expansion.
-If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one
-of the patterns in
-.SM
-.BR GLOBIGNORE ,
-it is removed from the list of matches.
-.TP
-.B HISTCONTROL
-A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
-the history list.
-If the list of values includes
-.IR ignorespace ,
-lines which begin with a
-.B space
-character are not saved in the history list.
-A value of 
-.I ignoredups
-causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved.
-A value of
-.I ignoreboth
-is shorthand for \fIignorespace\fP and \fIignoredups\fP.
-A value of
-.IR erasedups
-causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from
-the history list before that line is saved.
-Any value not in the above list is ignored.
-If
-.SM
-.B HISTCONTROL
-is unset, or does not include a valid value,
-all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
-subject to the value of
-.SM
-.BR HISTIGNORE .
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-.SM
-.BR HISTCONTROL .
-.TP
-.B HISTFILE
-The name of the file in which command history is saved (see
-.SM
-.B HISTORY
-below).  The default value is \fI~/.bash_history\fP.  If unset, the
-command history is not saved when a shell exits.
-.TP
-.B HISTFILESIZE
-The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.  When this
-variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
-necessary,
-to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries.
-The history file is also truncated to this size after
-writing it when a shell exits.
-If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
-Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
-The shell sets the default value to the value of \fBHISTSIZE\fP
-after reading any startup files.
-.TP
-.B HISTIGNORE
-A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines
-should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is anchored at the
-beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit
-`\fB*\fP' is appended).  Each pattern is tested against the line
-after the checks specified by
-.SM
-.B HISTCONTROL
-are applied.
-In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `\fB&\fP'
-matches the previous history line.  `\fB&\fP' may be escaped using a
-backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-.SM
-.BR HISTIGNORE .
-.TP
-.B HISTSIZE
-The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
-.SM
-.B HISTORY
-below).
-If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
-Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
-on the history list (there is no limit).
-The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
-.TP
-.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
-If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
-for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history
-entry displayed by the \fBhistory\fP builtin.
-If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
-they may be preserved across shell sessions.
-This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
-other history lines.
-.TP
-.B HOME
-The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the
-\fBcd\fP builtin command.
-The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion.
-.TP
-.B HOSTFILE
-Contains the name of a file in the same format as
-.FN /etc/hosts
-that should be read when the shell needs to complete a
-hostname.
-The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
-shell is running;
-the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
-value is changed,
-.B bash
-adds the contents of the new file to the existing list.
-If
-.SM
-.B HOSTFILE
-is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
-\fBbash\fP attempts to read
-.FN /etc/hosts
-to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
-When
-.SM
-.B HOSTFILE
-is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
-.TP
-.B IFS
-The
-.I Internal Field Separator
-that is used
-for word splitting after expansion and to
-split lines into words with the
-.B read
-builtin command.  The default value is
-``<space><tab><newline>''.
-.TP
-.B IGNOREEOF
-Controls the
-action of an interactive shell on receipt of an
-.SM
-.B EOF
-character as the sole input.  If set, the value is the number of
-consecutive
-.SM
-.B EOF
-characters which must be
-typed as the first characters on an input line before
-.B bash
-exits.  If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or
-has no value, the default value is 10.  If it does not exist,
-.SM
-.B EOF
-signifies the end of input to the shell.
-.TP
-.B INPUTRC
-The filename for the
-.B readline
-startup file, overriding the default of
-.FN ~/.inputrc
-(see
-.SM
-.B READLINE
-below).
-.TP
-.B LANG
-Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
-selected with a variable starting with \fBLC_\fP.
-.TP
-.B LC_ALL
-This variable overrides the value of
-.SM
-.B LANG
-and any other
-\fBLC_\fP variable specifying a locale category.
-.TP
-.B LC_COLLATE
-This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
-results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range
-expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
-pathname expansion and pattern matching.
-.TP
-.B LC_CTYPE
-This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
-behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern
-matching.
-.TP
-.B LC_MESSAGES
-This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
-strings preceded by a \fB$\fP.
-.TP
-.B LC_NUMERIC
-This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
-.TP
-.B LINES
-Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length
-for printing selection lists.
-Automatically set if the
-.B checkwinsize
-option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
-.SM
-.BR SIGWINCH .
-.TP
-.B MAIL
-If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the
-.SM
-.B MAILPATH
-variable is not set,
-.B bash
-informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or
-Maildir-format directory.
-.TP
-.B MAILCHECK
-Specifies how
-often (in seconds)
-.B bash
-checks for mail.  The default is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check
-for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
-If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
-greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
-.TP
-.B MAILPATH
-A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. 
-The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
-may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'.
-When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of
-the current mailfile. 
-Example:
-.RS
-.PP
-\fBMAILPATH\fP=\(aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"\(aq
-.PP
-.B Bash
-supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user
-mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP).
-.RE
-.TP
-.B OPTERR
-If set to the value 1,
-.B bash
-displays error messages generated by the
-.B getopts
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-.SM
-.B OPTERR
-is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell
-script is executed.
-.TP
-.B PATH
-The search path for commands.  It
-is a colon-separated list of directories in which
-the shell looks for commands (see
-.SM
-.B COMMAND EXECUTION
-below).
-A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
-.SM
-.B PATH
-indicates the current directory.
-A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
-or trailing colon.
-The default path is system-dependent,
-and is set by the administrator who installs
-.BR bash .
-A common value is
-.if t \f(CW/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\fP.
-.if n ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''.
-.TP
-.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
-If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell
-enters \fIposix mode\fP before reading the startup files, as if the
-.B \-\-posix
-invocation option had been supplied.  If it is set while the shell is
-running, \fBbash\fP enables \fIposix mode\fP, as if the command
-.if t \f(CWset -o posix\fP
-.if n \fIset -o posix\fP
-had been executed.
-.TP
-.B PROMPT_COMMAND
-If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
-prompt.
-.TP
-.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM
-If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
-trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \fB\ew\fP and
-\fB\eW\fP prompt string escapes (see
-.SM
-.B PROMPTING
-below).  Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
-.TP
-.B PS1
-The value of this parameter is expanded (see
-.SM
-.B PROMPTING
-below) and used as the primary prompt string.  The default value is
-``\fB\es\-\ev\e$ \fP''.
-.TP
-.B PS2
-The value of this parameter is expanded as with
-.SM
-.B PS1
-and used as the secondary prompt string.  The default is
-``\fB> \fP''.
-.TP
-.B PS3
-The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the
-.B select
-command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL GRAMMAR
-above).
-.TP
-.B PS4
-The value of this parameter is expanded as with
-.SM
-.B PS1
-and the value is printed before each command
-.B bash
-displays during an execution trace.  The first character of
-.SM
-.B PS4
-is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
-levels of indirection.  The default is ``\fB+ \fP''.
-.TP
-.B SHELL
-The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
-If it is not set when the shell starts,
-.B bash
-assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
-.TP
-.B TIMEFORMAT
-The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
-how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
-.B time
-reserved word should be displayed.
-The \fB%\fP character introduces an escape sequence that is
-expanded to a time value or other information.
-The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the
-braces denote optional portions.
-.sp .5
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP 10
-.B %%
-A literal \fB%\fP.
-.TP
-.B %[\fIp\fP][l]R
-The elapsed time in seconds.
-.TP
-.B %[\fIp\fP][l]U
-The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
-.TP
-.B %[\fIp\fP][l]S
-The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
-.TP
-.B %P
-The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
-.PD
-.RE
-.IP
-The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP,
-the number of fractional digits after a decimal point.
-A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
-At most three places after the decimal point may be specified;
-values of \fIp\fP greater than 3 are changed to 3.
-If \fIp\fP is not specified, the value 3 is used.
-.IP
-The optional \fBl\fP specifies a longer format, including
-minutes, of the form \fIMM\fPm\fISS\fP.\fIFF\fPs.
-The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is
-included.
-.IP
-If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the
-value \fB$\(aq\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\et%3lS\(aq\fP.
-If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
-A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B TMOUT
-If set to a value greater than zero,
-.SM
-.B TMOUT
-is treated as the
-default timeout for the \fBread\fP builtin.
-The \fBselect\fP command terminates if input does not arrive
-after
-.SM
-.B TMOUT
-seconds when input is coming from a terminal.
-In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the
-number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the
-primary prompt.
-.B Bash
-terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
-line of input does not arrive.
-.TP
-.B TMPDIR
-If set, \fBbash\fP uses its value as the name of a directory in which
-\fBbash\fP creates temporary files for the shell's use.
-.TP
-.B auto_resume
-This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
-job control.  If this variable is set, single word simple
-commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
-of an existing stopped job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
-more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently
-accessed is selected.  The
-.I name
-of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to
-start it.
-If set to the value
-.IR exact ,
-the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
-if set to
-.IR substring ,
-the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
-stopped job.  The
-.I substring
-value provides functionality analogous to the
-.B %?
-job identifier (see
-.SM
-.B JOB CONTROL
-below).  If set to any other value, the supplied string must
-be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
-analogous to the \fB%\fP\fIstring\fP job identifier.
-.TP
-.B histchars
-The two or three characters which control history expansion
-and tokenization (see
-.SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
-below).  The first character is the \fIhistory expansion\fP character,
-the character which signals the start of a history
-expansion, normally `\fB!\fP'.
-The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP
-character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous
-command entered, substituting one string for another in the command.
-The default is `\fB^\fP'.
-The optional third character is the character
-which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found
-as the first character of a word, normally `\fB#\fP'.  The history
-comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
-remaining words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause the shell
-parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
-.PD
-.SS Arrays
-.B Bash
-provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
-.B declare
-builtin will explicitly declare an array.
-There is no maximum
-limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
-be indexed or assigned contiguously.
-Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions)  and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
-using arbitrary strings.
-Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
-.PP
-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP.  The
-.I subscript
-is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
-To explicitly declare an indexed array, use
-.B declare \-a \fIname\fP
-(see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-.B declare \-a \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]
-is also accepted; the \fIsubscript\fP is ignored.
-.PP
-Associative arrays are created using
-.BR "declare \-A \fIname\fP" .
-.PP
-Attributes may be
-specified for an array variable using the
-.B declare
-and
-.B readonly
-builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
-.PP
-Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
-\fIname\fP=\fB(\fPvalue\fI1\fP ... value\fIn\fP\fB)\fP, where each
-\fIvalue\fP is of the form [\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIstring\fP.
-Indexed array assignments do not require anything but \fIstring\fP.
-When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript
-are supplied, that index is assigned to;
-otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
-to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
-.PP
-When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
-.PP
-This syntax is also accepted by the
-.B declare
-builtin.  Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
-\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP syntax introduced above.
-When assigning to an indexed array, if
-.I name
-is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
-interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
-\fIname\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the
-array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
-.PP
-Any element of an array may be referenced using
-${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}.  The braces are required to avoid
-conflicts with pathname expansion.  If
-\fIsubscript\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, the word expands to
-all members of \fIname\fP.  These subscripts differ only when the
-word appears within double quotes.  If the word is double-quoted,
-${\fIname\fP[*]} expands to a single
-word with the value of each array member separated by the first
-character of the
-.SM
-.B IFS
-special variable, and ${\fIname\fP[@]} expands each element of
-\fIname\fP to a separate word.  When there are no array members,
-${\fIname\fP[@]} expands to nothing.
-If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
-This is analogous to the expansion
-of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see
-.B Special Parameters
-above).  ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of
-${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}.  If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or
-\fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
-If the
-.I subscript
-used to reference an element of an indexed array
-evaluates to a number less than zero, it is 
-interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
-so negative indices count back from the end of the
-array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
-.PP
-An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
-value.  The null string is a valid value.
-.PP
-It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
-${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} and ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]}
-expand to the indices assigned in array variable \fIname\fP.
-The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
-special parameters \fI@\fP and \fI*\fP within double quotes.
-.PP
-The
-.B unset
-builtin is used to destroy arrays.  \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]
-destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP.
-Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
-Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname
-expansion.
-\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, or
-\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP], where
-\fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, removes the entire array.
-.PP
-The
-.BR declare ,
-.BR local ,
-and
-.B readonly
-builtins each accept a
-.B \-a
-option to specify an indexed array and a
-.B \-A
-option to specify an associative array.
-If both options are supplied, 
-.B \-A
-takes precedence.
-The
-.B read
-builtin accepts a
-.B \-a
-option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
-to an array.  The
-.B set
-and
-.B declare
-builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
-reused as assignments.
-.SH EXPANSION
-Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
-words.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
-.IR "brace expansion" ,
-.IR "tilde expansion" ,
-.IR "parameter and variable expansion" ,
-.IR "command substitution" ,
-.IR "arithmetic expansion" ,
-.IR "word splitting" ,
-and
-.IR "pathname expansion" .
-.PP
-The order of expansions is:
-brace expansion;
-tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
-and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
-word splitting;
-and pathname expansion.
-.PP
-On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
-available: \fIprocess substitution\fP.
-This is performed at the
-same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
-command substitution.
-.PP
-Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion
-can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
-expand a single word to a single word.
-The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
-"\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP"
-as explained above (see
-.SM
-.BR PARAMETERS ).
-.SS Brace Expansion
-.PP
-.I "Brace expansion"
-is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings
-may be generated.  This mechanism is similar to
-\fIpathname expansion\fP, but the filenames generated
-need not exist.  Patterns to be brace expanded take
-the form of an optional
-.IR preamble ,
-followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or
-a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by
-an optional
-.IR postscript .
-The preamble is prefixed to each string contained
-within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
-to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
-.PP
-Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded
-string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.
-For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into `ade ace abe'.
-.PP
-A sequence expression takes the form
-\fB{\fP\fIx\fP\fB..\fP\fIy\fP\fB[..\fP\fIincr\fP\fB]}\fP,
-where \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are either integers or single characters,
-and \fIincr\fP, an optional increment, is an integer.
-When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
-\fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive.
-Supplied integers may be prefixed with \fI0\fP to force each term to have the
-same width.
-When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell
-attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
-zero-padding where necessary.
-When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
-lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive,
-using the default C locale.
-Note that both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type.
-When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
-each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
-.PP
-Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
-and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
-in the result.  It is strictly textual.
-.B Bash
-does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
-expansion or the text between the braces.
-.PP
-A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
-and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
-sequence expression.
-Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
-A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
-being considered part of a brace expression.
-To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP
-is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
-.PP
-This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
-prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
-above example:
-.RS
-.PP
-mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
-.RE
-or
-.RS
-chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
-.RE
-.PP
-Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with
-historical versions of
-.BR sh .
-.B sh
-does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they
-appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
-.B Bash
-removes braces from words as a consequence of brace
-expansion.  For example, a word entered to
-.B sh
-as \fIfile{1,2}\fP
-appears identically in the output.  The same word is
-output as
-.I file1 file2
-after expansion by
-.BR bash .
-If strict compatibility with
-.B sh
-is desired, start
-.B bash
-with the
-.B +B 
-option or disable brace expansion with the
-.B +B
-option to the
-.B set
-command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-.SS Tilde Expansion
-.PP
-If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`\fB~\fP'), all of
-the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
-if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a \fItilde-prefix\fP.
-If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
-characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
-possible \fIlogin name\fP.
-If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
-value of the shell parameter
-.SM
-.BR HOME .
-If
-.SM
-.B HOME
-is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is
-substituted instead.
-Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
-associated with the specified login name.
-.PP
-If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable
-.SM
-.B PWD
-replaces the tilde-prefix.
-If the tilde-prefix is a `~\-', the value of the shell variable
-.SM
-.BR OLDPWD ,
-if it is set, is substituted.
-If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist
-of a number \fIN\fP, optionally prefixed
-by a `+' or a `\-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding
-element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the
-.B dirs
-builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument.
-If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
-number without a leading `+' or `\-', `+' is assumed.
-.PP
-If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
-is unchanged.
-.PP
-Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
-following a
-.B :
-or the first
-.BR = .
-In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
-Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
-.SM
-.BR PATH ,
-.SM
-.BR MAILPATH ,
-and
-.SM
-.BR CDPATH ,
-and the shell assigns the expanded value.
-.SS Parameter Expansion
-.PP
-The `\fB$\fP' character introduces parameter expansion,
-command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
-or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
-are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
-characters immediately following it which could be
-interpreted as part of the name.
-.PP
-When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `\fB}\fP'
-not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
-embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
-expansion.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP}
-The value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.  The braces are required
-when
-.I parameter
-is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
-or when
-.I parameter
-is followed by a character which is not to be
-interpreted as part of its name.
-The \fIparameter\fP is a shell parameter as described above
-\fBPARAMETERS\fP) or an array reference (\fBArrays\fP).
-.PD
-.PP
-If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point (\fB!\fP),
-it introduces a level of variable indirection.
-\fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
-\fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then
-expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
-than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself.
-This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP.
-The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} and
-${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below.
-The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
-introduce indirection.
-.PP
-In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion,
-parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
-.PP
-When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below
-(e.g., \fB:-\fP),
-\fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null.  Omitting the colon
-results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP}
-\fBUse Default Values\fP.  If
-.I parameter
-is unset or null, the expansion of
-.I word
-is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
-.I parameter
-is substituted.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:=\fP\fIword\fP}
-\fBAssign Default Values\fP.
-If
-.I parameter
-is unset or null, the expansion of
-.I word
-is assigned to
-.IR parameter .
-The value of
-.I parameter
-is then substituted.  Positional parameters and special parameters may
-not be assigned to in this way.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:?\fP\fIword\fP}
-\fBDisplay Error if Null or Unset\fP.
-If
-.I parameter
-is null or unset, the expansion of \fIword\fP (or a message to that effect
-if
-.I word
-is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
-is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of \fIparameter\fP is
-substituted.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:+\fP\fIword\fP}
-\fBUse Alternate Value\fP.
-If
-.I parameter
-is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
-.I word
-is substituted.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP}
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP}
-.PD
-\fBSubstring Expansion\fP.
-Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP
-starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
-If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, an indexed array subscripted by
-\fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, or an associative array name, the results differ as
-described below.
-If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of
-\fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP
-and extending to the end of the value.
-\fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see
-.SM
-.B
-ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
-below).
-.sp 1
-If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
-is used as an offset in characters
-from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP.
-If \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than zero,
-it is interpreted as an offset in characters
-from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP rather than
-a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
-\fIoffset\fP and that result.
-Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
-one space to avoid being confused with the \fB:-\fP expansion.
-.sp 1
-If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional
-parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP.
-A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
-positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional
-parameter.
-It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than
-zero.
-.sp 1
-If \fIparameter\fP is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *,
-the result is the \fIlength\fP
-members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}.
-A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
-index of the specified array.
-It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than
-zero.
-.sp 1
-Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
-results.
-.sp 1
-Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters 
-are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
-If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is
-prefixed to the list.
-.TP
-${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP}
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP}
-.PD
-\fBNames matching prefix\fP.
-Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP,
-separated by the first character of the
-.SM
-.B IFS
-special variable.
-When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
-variable name expands to a separate word.
-.TP
-${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]}
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]}
-.PD
-\fBList of array keys\fP.
-If \fIname\fP is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
-(keys) assigned in \fIname\fP.
-If \fIname\fP is not an array, expands to 0 if \fIname\fP is set and null
-otherwise.
-When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
-key expands to a separate word.
-.TP
-${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP}
-\fBParameter length\fP.
-The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.
-If
-.I parameter
-is
-.B *
-or 
-.BR @ ,
-the value substituted is the number of positional parameters.
-If
-.I parameter
-is an array name subscripted by
-.B *
-or
-.BR @ ,
-the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
-If
-.I parameter
-is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
-interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
-\fIparameter\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the
-array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP}
-.PD
-\fBRemove matching prefix pattern\fP.
-The 
-.I word
-is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
-expansion.  If the pattern matches the beginning of
-the value of
-.IR parameter ,
-then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
-.I parameter
-with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB#\fP'' case) or the
-longest matching pattern (the ``\fB##\fP'' case) deleted.
-If
-.I parameter
-is
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If
-.I parameter
-is an array variable subscripted with
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP}
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP}
-.PD
-\fBRemove matching suffix pattern\fP.
-The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-pathname expansion.
-If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
-.IR parameter ,
-then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
-.I parameter
-with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB%\fP'' case) or the
-longest matching pattern (the ``\fB%%\fP'' case) deleted.
-If
-.I parameter
-is
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If
-.I parameter
-is an array variable subscripted with
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
-\fBPattern substitution\fP.
-The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-pathname expansion.
-\fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP
-against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP.
-If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB/\fP, all matches of \fIpattern\fP are
-replaced with \fIstring\fP.  Normally only the first match is replaced.
-If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB#\fP, it must match at the beginning
-of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
-If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end
-of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
-If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted
-and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted.
-If
-.I parameter
-is
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the substitution operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If
-.I parameter
-is an array variable subscripted with
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB^\fP\fIpattern\fP}
-.PD 0
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB^^\fP\fIpattern\fP}
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB,\fP\fIpattern\fP}
-.TP
-${\fIparameter\fP\fB,,\fP\fIpattern\fP}
-.PD
-\fBCase modification\fP.
-This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in \fIparameter\fP.
-The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-pathname expansion.
-Each character in the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP is tested against
-\fIpattern\fP, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
-The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
-The \fB^\fP operator converts lowercase letters matching \fIpattern\fP
-to uppercase; the \fB,\fP operator converts matching uppercase letters
-to lowercase.
-The \fB^^\fP and \fB,,\fP expansions convert each matched character in the
-expanded value; the \fB^\fP and \fB,\fP expansions match and convert only
-the first character in the expanded value.
-If \fIpattern\fP is omitted, it is treated like a \fB?\fP, which matches
-every character.
-If
-.I parameter
-is
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the case modification operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If
-.I parameter
-is an array variable subscripted with
-.B @
-or
-.BR * ,
-the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-.SS Command Substitution
-.PP
-\fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace
-the command name.  There are two forms:
-.RS
-.PP
-\fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP
-.RE
-or
-.RS
-\fB\`\fP\fIcommand\fP\fB\`\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-.B Bash
-performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and
-replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
-command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
-Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
-word splitting.
-The command substitution \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR can be replaced by
-the equivalent but faster \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR.
-.PP
-When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
-backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
-.BR $ ,
-.BR \` ,
-or
-.BR \e .
-The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
-command substitution.
-When using the $(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) form, all characters between the
-parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
-.PP
-Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted form,
-escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
-.PP
-If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
-pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
-.SS Arithmetic Expansion
-.PP
-Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
-and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
-.RS
-.PP
-\fB$((\fP\fIexpression\fP\fB))\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-The
-.I expression
-is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote
-inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
-All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, and quote removal.
-The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
-Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
-.PP
-The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
-.SM
-.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
-If
-.I expression
-is invalid,
-.B bash
-prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
-.SS Process Substitution
-.PP
-\fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named
-pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
-It takes the form of
-\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
-or
-\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP.
-The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a
-\fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP.  The name of this file is
-passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
-expansion.  If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP.  If the
-\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an
-argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP.
-.PP
-When available, process substitution is performed
-simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, 
-command substitution,
-and arithmetic expansion.
-.SS Word Splitting
-.PP
-The shell scans the results of
-parameter expansion,
-command substitution,
-and
-arithmetic expansion
-that did not occur within double quotes for
-.IR "word splitting" .
-.PP
-The shell treats each character of
-.SM
-.B IFS
-as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other
-expansions into words using these characters as field terminators.
-If
-.SM
-.B IFS
-is unset, or its
-value is exactly
-.BR <space><tab><newline> ,
-the default, then
-sequences of
-.BR <space> ,
-.BR <tab> ,
-and
-.B <newline>
-at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
-expansions are ignored, and
-any sequence of
-.SM
-.B IFS
-characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
-If
-.SM
-.B IFS
-has a value other than the default, then sequences of
-the whitespace characters
-.B space
-and
-.B tab
-are ignored at the beginning and end of the
-word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
-value of
-.SM
-.BR IFS
-(an
-.SM
-.B IFS
-whitespace character).
-Any character in
-.SM
-.B IFS
-that is not
-.SM
-.B IFS
-whitespace, along with any adjacent
-.SM
-.B IFS
-whitespace characters, delimits a field.
-A sequence of
-.SM
-.B IFS
-whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
-If the value of
-.SM
-.B IFS
-is null, no word splitting occurs.
-.PP
-Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained.
-Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
-parameters that have no values, are removed.
-If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
-null argument results and is retained.
-.PP
-Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
-is performed.
-.SS Pathname Expansion
-.PP
-After word splitting,
-unless the
-.B \-f
-option has been set,
-.B bash
-scans each word for the characters
-.BR * ,
-.BR ? ,
-and
-.BR [ .
-If one of these characters appears, then the word is
-regarded as a
-.IR pattern ,
-and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
-filenames matching the pattern
-(see
-.SM
-.B "Pattern Matching"
-below).
-If no matching filenames are found,
-and the shell option
-.B nullglob
-is not enabled, the word is left unchanged.
-If the 
-.B nullglob
-option is set, and no matches are found,
-the word is removed.
-If the
-.B failglob
-shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message
-is printed and the command is not executed.
-If the shell option
-.B nocaseglob
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-When a pattern is used for pathname expansion,
-the character
-.B ``.''
-at the start of a name or immediately following a slash
-must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option
-.B dotglob
-is set.
-When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
-matched explicitly.
-In other cases, the
-.B ``.''
-character is not treated specially.
-See the description of
-.B shopt
-below under
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-for a description of the
-.BR nocaseglob ,
-.BR nullglob ,
-.BR failglob ,
-and
-.B dotglob
-shell options.
-.PP
-The
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a
-.IR pattern .
-If
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-is removed from the list of matches.
-The filenames
-.B ``.''
-and
-.B ``..''
-are always ignored when
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-is set and not null.  However, setting
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the
-.B dotglob
-shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
-.B ``.''
-will match.
-To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
-.BR ``.'' ,
-make
-.B ``.*''
-one of the patterns in
-.SM
-.BR GLOBIGNORE .
-The
-.B dotglob
-option is disabled when
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-is unset.
-.PP
-\fBPattern Matching\fP
-.PP
-Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
-characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
-occur in a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
-escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
-The special pattern characters must be quoted if
-they are to be matched literally.
-.PP
-The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.RS
-.TP
-.B *
-Matches any string, including the null string.
-When the \fBglobstar\fP shell option is enabled, and \fB*\fP is used in
-a pathname expansion context, two adjacent \fB*\fPs used as a single
-pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
-subdirectories.
-If followed by a \fB/\fP, two adjacent \fB*\fPs will match only directories
-and subdirectories.
-.TP
-.B ?
-Matches any single character.
-.TP
-.B [...]
-Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
-separated by a hyphen denotes a
-\fIrange expression\fP;
-any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
-using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
-is matched.  If the first character following the
-.B [
-is a
-.B !
-or a
-.B ^
-then any character not enclosed is matched.
-The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
-the current locale and the values of the
-.SM
-.B LC_COLLATE
-or
-.SM
-.B LC_ALL
-shell variables, if set.
-To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expressions, where
-.B [a\-d]
-is equivalent to
-.BR [abcd] ,
-set value of the
-.B LC_ALL
-shell variable to
-.BR C ,
-or enable the
-.B globasciiranges
-shell option.
-A 
-.B \-
-may be matched by including it as the first or last character
-in the set.
-A
-.B ]
-may be matched by including it as the first character
-in the set.
-.br
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-Within
-.B [
-and
-.BR ] ,
-\fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax
-\fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the
-following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
-.PP
-.RS
-.B
-.if n alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit
-.if t alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower   print   punct   space   upper   word   xdigit
-.br
-A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
-The \fBword\fP character class matches letters, digits, and the character _.
-.br
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-Within
-.B [
-and 
-.BR ] ,
-an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax
-\fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the
-same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as
-the character \fIc\fP.
-.br
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-Within
-.B [
-and 
-.BR ] ,
-the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol
-\fIsymbol\fP.
-.RE
-.RE
-.PD
-.PP
-If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP
-builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
-In the following description, a \fIpattern-list\fP is a list of one
-or more patterns separated by a \fB|\fP.
-Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
-sub-patterns:
-.sp 1
-.PD 0
-.RS
-.TP
-\fB?(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
-Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
-.TP
-\fB*(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
-Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
-.TP
-\fB+(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
-Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
-.TP
-\fB@(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
-Matches one of the given patterns
-.TP
-\fB!(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
-Matches anything except one of the given patterns
-.RE
-.PD
-.SS Quote Removal
-.PP
-After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
-characters
-.BR \e ,
-.BR \(aq ,
-and \^\f3"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above
-expansions are removed.
-.SH REDIRECTION
-Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be
-.I redirected
-using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
-Redirection allows commands' file handles to be
-duplicated, opened, closed,
-made to refer to different files,
-and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
-Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
-current shell execution environment.
-The following redirection
-operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
-.I simple command
-or may follow a
-.IR command .
-Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
-left to right.
-.PP
-Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
-may instead be preceded by a word of the form {\fIvarname\fP}.
-In this case, for each redirection operator except
->&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than or equal to 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP.
-If >&- or <&- is preceded
-by {\fIvarname\fP}, the value of \fIvarname\fP defines the file
-descriptor to close.
-.PP
-In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
-omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
-.BR < ,
-the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor
-0).  If the first character of the redirection operator is
-.BR > ,
-the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor
-1).
-.PP
-The word following the redirection operator in the following
-descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to
-brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal,
-pathname expansion, and word splitting.
-If it expands to more than one word,
-.B bash
-reports an error.
-.PP
-Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example, 
-the command
-.RS
-.PP
-ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1
-.RE
-.PP
-directs both standard output and standard error to the file 
-.IR dirlist ,
-while the command
-.RS
-.PP
-ls 2\fB>&\fP1 \fB>\fP dirlist
-.RE
-.PP
-directs only the standard output to file
-.IR dirlist ,
-because the standard error was duplicated from the standard output
-before the standard output was redirected to
-.IR dirlist .
-.PP
-\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
-redirections, as described in the following table:
-.RS
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B /dev/fd/\fIfd\fP
-If \fIfd\fP is a valid integer, file descriptor \fIfd\fP is duplicated.
-.TP
-.B /dev/stdin
-File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
-.TP
-.B /dev/stdout
-File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
-.TP
-.B /dev/stderr
-File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
-.TP
-.B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
-If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
-is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open
-the corresponding TCP socket.
-.TP
-.B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
-If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
-is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open
-the corresponding UDP socket.
-.PD
-.RE
-.PP
-A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
-.PP
-Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
-care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
-internally.
-.SS Redirecting Input
-.PP
-Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of
-.I word
-to be opened for reading on file descriptor
-.IR n ,
-or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if
-.I n
-is not specified.
-.PP
-The general format for redirecting input is:
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB<\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.SS Redirecting Output
-.PP
-Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of
-.I word
-to be opened for writing on file descriptor
-.IR n ,
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
-.I n
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
-if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
-.PP
-The general format for redirecting output is:
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB>\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-If the redirection operator is
-.BR > ,
-and the
-.B noclobber
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
-whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is
-a regular file.
-If the redirection operator is
-.BR >| ,
-or the redirection operator is
-.B >
-and the
-.B noclobber
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even
-if the file named by \fIword\fP exists.
-.SS Appending Redirected Output
-.PP
-Redirection of output in this fashion
-causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of
-.I word
-to be opened for appending on file descriptor
-.IR n ,
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
-.I n
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
-.PP
-The general format for appending output is:
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-.SS Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
-.PP
-This construct allows both the
-standard output (file descriptor 1) and
-the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
-to be redirected to the file whose name is the
-expansion of
-.IR word .
-.PP
-There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
-standard error:
-.RS
-.PP
-\fB&>\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-and
-.RS
-\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
-This is semantically equivalent to
-.RS
-.PP
-\fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1
-.RE
-.PP
-When using the second form, \fIword\fP may not expand to a number or
-\fB\-\fP.  If it does, other redirection operators apply
-(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below) for compatibility
-reasons.
-.SS Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
-.PP
-This construct allows both the
-standard output (file descriptor 1) and
-the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
-to be appended to the file whose name is the
-expansion of
-.IR word .
-.PP
-The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
-.RS
-.PP
-\fB&>>\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-This is semantically equivalent to
-.RS
-.PP
-\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1
-.RE
-.PP
-(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below).
-.SS Here Documents
-.PP
-This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
-current source until a line containing only
-.I delimiter
-(with no trailing blanks)
-is seen.  All of
-the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
-.PP
-The format of here-documents is:
-.RS
-.PP
-.nf
-\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP
-        \fIhere-document\fP
-\fIdelimiter\fP
-.fi
-.RE
-.PP
-No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
-arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on
-.IR word .
-If any characters in
-.I word
-are quoted, the
-.I delimiter
-is the result of quote removal on
-.IR word ,
-and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
-If \fIword\fP is unquoted,
-all lines of the here-document are subjected to
-parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-the character sequence
-.B \e<newline>
-is ignored, and
-.B \e
-must be used to quote the characters
-.BR \e ,
-.BR $ ,
-and
-.BR \` .
-.PP
-If the redirection operator is
-.BR <<\- ,
-then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
-line containing
-.IR delimiter .
-This allows
-here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
-natural fashion.
-.SS "Here Strings"
-A variant of here documents, the format is:
-.RS
-.PP
-.nf
-\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP
-.fi
-.RE
-.PP
-The \fIword\fP undergoes
-brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
-Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
-.SS "Duplicating File Descriptors"
-.PP
-The redirection operator
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
-If
-.I word
-expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by
-.I n
-is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
-If the digits in
-.I word
-do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.
-If
-.I word
-evaluates to
-.BR \- ,
-file descriptor
-.I n
-is closed.  If
-.I n
-is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
-.PP
-The operator
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
-.I n
-is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
-If the digits in
-.I word
-do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs.
-If
-.I word
-evaluates to
-.BR \- ,
-file descriptor
-.I n
-is closed.
-As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not
-expand to one or more digits or \fB\-\fP, the standard output and standard
-error are redirected as described previously.
-.SS "Moving File Descriptors"
-.PP
-The redirection operator
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor
-.IR n ,
-or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if \fIn\fP is not specified.
-\fIdigit\fP is closed after being duplicated to \fIn\fP.
-.PP
-Similarly, the redirection operator
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor
-.IR n ,
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if \fIn\fP is not specified.
-.SS "Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing"
-.PP
-The redirection operator
-.RS
-.PP
-[\fIn\fP]\fB<>\fP\fIword\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-causes the file whose name is the expansion of
-.I word
-to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
-.IR n ,
-or on file descriptor 0 if
-.I n
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
-.SH ALIASES
-\fIAliases\fP allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
-as the first word of a simple command.
-The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the
-.B alias
-and
-.B unalias
-builtin commands (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-The first word of each simple command, if unquoted,
-is checked to see if it has an
-alias.  If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
-The characters \fB/\fP, \fB$\fP, \fB\`\fP, and \fB=\fP and
-any of the shell \fImetacharacters\fP or quoting characters
-listed above may not appear in an alias name.
-The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
-including shell metacharacters.
-The first word of the replacement text is tested
-for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
-is not expanded a second time.
-This means that one may alias
-.B ls
-to
-.BR "ls \-F" ,
-for instance, and
-.B bash
-does not try to recursively expand the replacement text.
-If the last character of the alias value is a
-.IR blank ,
-then the next command
-word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
-.PP
-Aliases are created and listed with the
-.B alias
-command, and removed with the
-.B unalias
-command.
-.PP
-There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.
-If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see
-.SM
-.B FUNCTIONS
-below).
-.PP
-Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
-the
-.B expand_aliases
-shell option is set using
-.B shopt
-(see the description of
-.B shopt
-under
-.SM
-\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP
-below).
-.PP
-The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
-somewhat confusing.
-.B Bash
-always reads at least one complete line
-of input before executing any
-of the commands on that line.  Aliases are expanded when a
-command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
-alias definition appearing on the same line as another
-command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
-The commands following the alias definition
-on that line are not affected by the new alias.
-This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
-Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
-not when the function is executed, because a function definition
-is itself a command.  As a consequence, aliases
-defined in a function are not available until after that
-function is executed.  To be safe, always put
-alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
-.B alias
-in compound commands.
-.PP
-For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by
-shell functions.
-.SH FUNCTIONS
-A shell function, defined as described above under
-.SM
-.BR "SHELL GRAMMAR" ,
-stores a series of commands for later execution.
-When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
-the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
-Functions are executed in the context of the
-current shell; no new process is created to interpret
-them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
-When a function is executed, the arguments to the
-function become the positional parameters
-during its execution.
-The special parameter
-.B #
-is updated to reflect the change.  Special parameter \fB0\fP
-is unchanged.
-The first element of the
-.SM
-.B FUNCNAME
-variable is set to the name of the function while the function
-is executing.
-.PP
-All other aspects of the shell execution
-environment are identical between a function and its caller
-with these exceptions:  the
-.SM
-.B DEBUG
-and
-.B RETURN
-traps (see the description of the
-.B trap
-builtin under
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below) are not inherited unless the function has been given the
-\fBtrace\fP attribute (see the description of the
-.SM
-.B declare
-builtin below) or the
-\fB\-o functrace\fP shell option has been enabled with
-the \fBset\fP builtin
-(in which case all functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps),
-and the
-.SM
-.B ERR
-trap is not inherited unless the \fB\-o errtrace\fP shell option has
-been enabled.
-.PP
-Variables local to the function may be declared with the
-.B local
-builtin command.  Ordinarily, variables and their values
-are shared between the function and its caller.
-.PP
-The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable, if set to a numeric value greater
-than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function
-invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
-abort.
-.PP
-If the builtin command
-.B return
-is executed in a function, the function completes and
-execution resumes with the next command after the function
-call.
-Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed
-before execution resumes.
-When a function completes, the values of the
-positional parameters and the special parameter
-.B #
-are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
-execution.
-.PP
-Function names and definitions may be listed with the
-.B \-f
-option to the
-.B declare
-or
-.B typeset
-builtin commands.  The
-.B \-F
-option to
-.B declare
-or
-.B typeset
-will list the function names only
-(and optionally the source file and line number, if the \fBextdebug\fP
-shell option is enabled).
-Functions may be exported so that subshells
-automatically have them defined with the
-.B \-f
-option to the 
-.B export
-builtin.
-A function definition may be deleted using the \fB\-f\fP option to
-the
-.B unset
-builtin.
-Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result
-in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
-shell's children.
-Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
-.PP
-Functions may be recursive.
-The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable may be used to limit the depth of the
-function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
-By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls.
-.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
-The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under
-certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin
-commands and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP).
-Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
-though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
-The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
-are the same as in the C language.
-The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
-equal-precedence operators.
-The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \fIid\fP++ \fIid\fP\-\-
-variable post-increment and post-decrement
-.TP
-.B ++\fIid\fP \-\-\fIid\fP
-variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
-.TP
-.B \- +
-unary minus and plus
-.TP
-.B ! ~
-logical and bitwise negation
-.TP
-.B **
-exponentiation
-.TP
-.B * / %
-multiplication, division, remainder
-.TP
-.B + \-
-addition, subtraction
-.TP
-.B << >>
-left and right bitwise shifts
-.TP
-.B <= >= < >
-comparison
-.TP
-.B == !=
-equality and inequality
-.TP
-.B &
-bitwise AND
-.TP
-.B ^
-bitwise exclusive OR
-.TP
-.B |
-bitwise OR
-.TP
-.B &&
-logical AND
-.TP
-.B ||
-logical OR
-.TP
-.B \fIexpr\fP?\fIexpr\fP:\fIexpr\fP
-conditional operator
-.TP
-.B = *= /= %= += \-= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
-assignment
-.TP
-.B \fIexpr1\fP , \fIexpr2\fP
-comma
-.PD
-.PP
-Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
-performed before the expression is evaluated.
-Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
-without using the parameter expansion syntax.
-A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
-by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
-The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
-when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
-\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare -i\fP is assigned a value.
-A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its \fIinteger\fP attribute
-turned on to be used in an expression.
-.PP
-Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
-A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.
-Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where the optional \fIbase\fP
-is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
-base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base.
-If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used.
-When specifying \fIn\fP,
-the digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
-the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order.
-If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
-letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
-and 35.
-.PP
-Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
-parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
-rules above.
-.SH "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS"
-Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and
-the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes
-and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.
-Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
-If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form
-\fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked.
-If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of
-\fI/dev/stdin\fP, \fI/dev/stdout\fP, or \fI/dev/stderr\fP, file
-descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
-.PP
-Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
-links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale.
-The \fBtest\fP command sorts using ASCII ordering.
-.sp 1
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-a \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists.
-.TP
-.B \-b \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a block special file.
-.TP
-.B \-c \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a character special file.
-.TP
-.B \-d \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a directory.
-.TP
-.B \-e \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists.
-.TP
-.B \-f \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a regular file.
-.TP
-.B \-g \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is set-group-id.
-.TP
-.B \-h \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link.
-.TP
-.B \-k \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set.
-.TP
-.B \-p \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
-.TP
-.B \-r \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is readable.
-.TP
-.B \-s \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and has a size greater than zero.
-.TP
-.B \-t \fIfd\fP
-True if file descriptor
-.I fd
-is open and refers to a terminal.
-.TP
-.B \-u \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
-.TP
-.B \-w \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is writable.
-.TP
-.B \-x \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is executable.
-.TP
-.B \-G \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective group id.
-.TP
-.B \-L \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link.
-.TP
-.B \-N \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read.
-.TP
-.B \-O \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-.TP
-.B \-S \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a socket.
-.TP
-\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP
-True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP refer to the same device and
-inode numbers.
-.TP
-\fIfile1\fP \-\fBnt\fP \fIfile2\fP
-True if \fIfile1\fP is newer (according to modification date) than \fIfile2\fP,
-or if \fIfile1\fP exists and \fPfile2\fP does not.
-.TP
-\fIfile1\fP \-\fBot\fP \fIfile2\fP
-True if \fIfile1\fP is older than \fIfile2\fP, or if \fIfile2\fP exists
-and \fIfile1\fP does not.
-.TP
-.B \-o \fIoptname\fP
-True if the shell option
-.I optname
-is enabled.
-See the list of options under the description of the
-.B \-o
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin below.
-.TP
-.B \-v \fIvarname\fP
-True if the shell variable
-.I varname
-is set (has been assigned a value).
-.TP
-.B \-R \fIvarname\fP
-True if the shell variable
-.I varname
-is set and is a name reference.
-.TP
-.B \-z \fIstring\fP
-True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero.
-.TP
-\fIstring\fP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-n \fIstring\fP
-.PD
-True if the length of
-.I string
-is non-zero.
-.TP
-\fIstring1\fP \fB==\fP \fIstring2\fP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fIstring1\fP \fB=\fP \fIstring2\fP
-.PD
-True if the strings are equal.  \fB=\fP should be used
-with the \fBtest\fP command for POSIX conformance.
-When used with the \fB[[\fP command, this performs pattern matching as
-described above (\fBCompound Commands\fP).
-.TP
-\fIstring1\fP \fB!=\fP \fIstring2\fP
-True if the strings are not equal.
-.TP
-\fIstring1\fP \fB<\fP \fIstring2\fP
-True if \fIstring1\fP sorts before \fIstring2\fP lexicographically.
-.TP
-\fIstring1\fP \fB>\fP \fIstring2\fP
-True if \fIstring1\fP sorts after \fIstring2\fP lexicographically.
-.TP
-.I \fIarg1\fP \fBOP\fP \fIarg2\fP
-.SM
-.B OP
-is one of
-.BR \-eq ,
-.BR \-ne ,
-.BR \-lt ,
-.BR \-le ,
-.BR \-gt ,
-or
-.BR \-ge .
-These arithmetic binary operators return true if \fIarg1\fP
-is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
-greater than, or greater than or equal to \fIarg2\fP, respectively.
-.I Arg1
-and
-.I arg2
-may be positive or negative integers.
-.PD
-.SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION"
-When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
-expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
-.IP 1.
-The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
-preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
-processing.
-.IP 2.
-The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
-expanded.  If any words remain after expansion, the first word
-is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
-the arguments.
-.IP 3.
-Redirections are performed as described above under
-.SM
-.BR REDIRECTION .
-.IP 4.
-The text after the \fB=\fP in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
-expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
-and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
-.PP
-If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
-shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
-of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
-If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
-an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
-.PP
-If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
-affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
-command to exit with a non-zero status.
-.PP
-If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
-described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expansions
-contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
-the exit status of the last command substitution performed.  If there
-were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
-.SH "COMMAND EXECUTION"
-After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
-simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
-actions are taken.
-.PP
-If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
-locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
-function is invoked as described above in
-.SM
-.BR FUNCTIONS .
-If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
-it in the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that
-builtin is invoked.
-.PP
-If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
-and contains no slashes,
-.B bash
-searches each element of the
-.SM
-.B PATH
-for a directory containing an executable file by that name.
-.B Bash
-uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable
-files (see
-.B hash
-under
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below).
-A full search of the directories in
-.SM
-.B PATH
-is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
-If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
-function named \fBcommand_not_found_handle\fP.
-If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and
-the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
-exit status becomes the exit status of the shell.
-If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
-message and returns an exit status of 127.
-.PP
-If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
-one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a
-separate execution environment.
-Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
-to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
-.PP
-If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
-format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be
-a \fIshell script\fP, a file
-containing shell commands.  A subshell is spawned to execute
-it.  This subshell reinitializes itself, so
-that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked
-to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of
-commands remembered by the parent (see
-.B hash
-below under
-.SM
-\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP)
-are retained by the child.
-.PP
-If the program is a file beginning with
-.BR #! ,
-the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter
-for the program.  The shell executes the
-specified interpreter on operating systems that do not
-handle this executable format themselves.  The arguments to the 
-interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the
-interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed
-by the name of the program, followed by the command
-arguments, if any.
-.SH COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT
-The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the
-following:
-.IP \(bu
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin
-.IP \(bu
-the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or
-\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation
-.IP \(bu
-the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from
-the shell's parent
-.IP \(bu
-current traps set by \fBtrap\fP
-.IP \(bu
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP
-or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
-.IP \(bu
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
-parent in the environment
-.IP \(bu
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by \fBset\fP
-.IP \(bu
-options enabled by \fBshopt\fP
-.IP \(bu
-shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP
-.IP \(bu
-various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
-of \fB$$\fP, and the value of
-.SM
-.B PPID
-.PP
-When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
-is to be executed, it
-is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
-the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
-from the shell.
-.if n .sp 1
-.IP \(bu
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
-by redirections to the command
-.IP \(bu
-the current working directory
-.IP \(bu
-the file creation mode mask
-.IP \(bu
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment
-.IP \(bu
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
-.PP
-A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
-shell's execution environment. 
-.PP
-Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
-and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
-subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
-except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
-that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.  Builtin
-commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a
-subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell environment
-cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
-.PP
-Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the \fB\-e\fP option from the parent shell.  When not in \fIposix\fP mode,
-\fBbash\fP clears the \fB\-e\fP option in such subshells.
-.PP
-If a command is followed by a \fB&\fP and job control is not active, the
-default standard input for the command is the empty file \fI/dev/null\fP.
-Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
-shell as modified by redirections.
-.SH ENVIRONMENT
-When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
-called the
-.IR environment .
-This is a list of 
-\fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form
-.IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" .
-.PP
-The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
-On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
-creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
-it for
-.I export
-to child processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.
-The
-.B export
-and
-.B declare \-x
-commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
-deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter
-in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
-of the environment, replacing the old.  The environment
-inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
-initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
-less any pairs removed by the
-.B unset
-command, plus any additions via the
-.B export
-and
-.B declare \-x
-commands.
-.PP
-The environment for any
-.I simple command
-or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
-parameter assignments, as described above in
-.SM
-.BR PARAMETERS .
-These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
-by that command.
-.PP
-If the 
-.B \-k
-option is set (see the
-.B set
-builtin command below), then
-.I all
-parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
-not just those that precede the command name.
-.PP
-When
-.B bash
-invokes an external command, the variable
-.B _
-is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that
-command in its environment.
-.SH "EXIT STATUS"
-.PP
-The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
-\fIwaitpid\fP system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses
-fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
-use values above 125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and
-compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
-circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
-failure modes.
-.PP
-For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a 
-zero exit status has succeeded.  An exit status of zero
-indicates success.  A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
-When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses
-the value of 128+\fIN\fP as the exit status.
-.PP
-If a command is not found, the child process created to
-execute it returns a status of 127.  If a command is found
-but is not executable, the return status is 126.
-.PP
-If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
-the exit status is greater than zero.
-.PP
-Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if
-successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs
-while they execute. 
-All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
-generally invalid options or missing arguments.
-.PP
-\fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command
-executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits
-with a non-zero value.  See also the \fBexit\fP builtin
-command below.
-.SH SIGNALS
-When \fBbash\fP is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
-.SM
-.B SIGTERM
-(so that \fBkill 0\fP does not kill an interactive shell),
-and
-.SM
-.B SIGINT
-is caught and handled (so that the \fBwait\fP builtin is interruptible).
-In all cases, \fBbash\fP ignores
-.SM
-.BR SIGQUIT .
-If job control is in effect,
-.B bash
-ignores
-.SM
-.BR SIGTTIN ,
-.SM
-.BR SIGTTOU ,
-and
-.SM
-.BR SIGTSTP .
-.PP
-Non-builtin commands run by \fBbash\fP have signal handlers
-set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent.
-When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
-ignore
-.SM
-.B SIGINT
-and
-.SM
-.B SIGQUIT
-in addition to these inherited handlers.
-Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the
-keyboard-generated job control signals
-.SM
-.BR SIGTTIN ,
-.SM
-.BR SIGTTOU ,
-and
-.SM
-.BR SIGTSTP .
-.PP
-The shell exits by default upon receipt of a
-.SM
-.BR SIGHUP .
-Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the
-.SM
-.B SIGHUP
-to all jobs, running or stopped.
-Stopped jobs are sent
-.SM
-.B SIGCONT
-to ensure that they receive the
-.SM
-.BR SIGHUP .
-To prevent the shell from
-sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the
-jobs table with the 
-.B disown
-builtin (see
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below) or marked 
-to not receive
-.SM
-.B SIGHUP
-using
-.BR "disown \-h" .
-.PP
-If the
-.B huponexit
-shell option has been set with
-.BR shopt ,
-.B bash
-sends a 
-.SM
-.B SIGHUP
-to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
-.PP
-If \fBbash\fP is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
-for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
-the command completes. 
-When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP
-builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will
-cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status
-greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
-.SH "JOB CONTROL"
-.I Job control
-refers to the ability to selectively stop (\fIsuspend\fP)
-the execution of processes and continue (\fIresume\fP)
-their execution at a later point.  A user typically employs
-this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
-by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and
-.BR bash .
-.PP
-The shell associates a
-.I job
-with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of currently executing
-jobs, which may be listed with the
-.B jobs
-command.  When
-.B bash
-starts a job asynchronously (in the
-.IR background ),
-it prints a line that looks like:
-.RS
-.PP
-[1] 25647
-.RE
-.PP
-indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID
-of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.
-All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.
-.B Bash
-uses the
-.I job
-abstraction as the basis for job control.
-.PP
-To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
-control, the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal
-process group ID\fP.  Members of this process group (processes whose
-process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
-receive keyboard-generated signals such as
-.SM
-.BR SIGINT .
-These processes are said to be in the
-.IR foreground .
-.I Background
-processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's;
-such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
-Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the
-user so specifies with \f(CWstty tostop\fP, write to the
-terminal.
-Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
-\f(CWstty tostop\fP is in effect) the
-terminal are sent a 
-.SM
-.B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)
-signal by the kernel's terminal driver, 
-which, unless caught, suspends the process.
-.PP
-If the operating system on which
-.B bash
-is running supports
-job control,
-.B bash
-contains facilities to use it.
-Typing the
-.I suspend
-character (typically
-.BR ^Z ,
-Control-Z) while a process is running
-causes that process to be stopped and returns control to 
-.BR bash .
-Typing the
-.I "delayed suspend"
-character (typically
-.BR ^Y ,
-Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it
-attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
-be returned to
-.BR bash .
-The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the
-.B bg
-command to continue it in the background, the
-.B fg
-command to continue it in the foreground, or
-the
-.B kill
-command to kill it.  A \fB^Z\fP takes effect immediately,
-and has the additional side effect of causing pending output
-and typeahead to be discarded.
-.PP
-There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.
-The character
-.B %
-introduces a job specification (\fIjobspec\fP).  Job number
-.I n
-may be referred to as
-.BR %n .
-A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
-start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.
-For example,
-.B %ce
-refers to a stopped
-.B ce
-job.  If a prefix matches more than one job,
-.B bash
-reports an error.  Using
-.BR %?ce ,
-on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string
-.B ce
-in its command line.  If the substring matches more than one job,
-.B bash
-reports an error.  The symbols
-.B %%
-and
-.B %+
-refer to the shell's notion of the
-.IR "current job" ,
-which is the last job stopped while it was in
-the foreground or started in the background.
-The 
-.I "previous job"
-may be referenced using
-.BR %\- .
-If there is only a single job, \fB%+\fP and \fB%\-\fP can both be used
-to refer to that job.
-In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the
-.B jobs
-command), the current job is always flagged with a
-.BR + ,
-and the previous job with a
-.BR \- .
-A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
-current job.
-.PP
-Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the
-foreground:
-.B %1
-is a synonym for
-\fB``fg %1''\fP,
-bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground.
-Similarly,
-.B ``%1 &''
-resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to
-\fB``bg %1''\fP.
-.PP
-The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
-Normally,
-.B bash
-waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting
-changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
-any other output.  If the 
-.B \-b
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin command
-is enabled,
-.B bash
-reports such changes immediately.
-Any trap on
-.SM
-.B SIGCHLD
-is executed for each child that exits.
-.PP
-If an attempt to exit
-.B bash
-is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP shell option has
-been enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin, running), the shell prints a
-warning message, and, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP option is enabled, lists the
-jobs and their statuses.
-The
-.B jobs
-command may then be used to inspect their status. 
-If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
-the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped
-jobs are terminated.
-.SH PROMPTING
-When executing interactively, 
-.B bash
-displays the primary prompt
-.SM
-.B PS1
-when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
-.SM
-.B PS2
-when it needs more input to complete a command.
-.B Bash
-allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
-backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \ea
-an ASCII bell character (07)
-.TP
-.B \ed
-the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26")
-.TP
-.B \eD{\fIformat\fP}
-the \fIformat\fP is passed to \fIstrftime\fP(3) and the result is inserted
-into the prompt string; an empty \fIformat\fP results in a locale-specific
-time representation.  The braces are required
-.TP
-.B \ee
-an ASCII escape character (033)
-.TP
-.B \eh
-the hostname up to the first `.'
-.TP
-.B \eH
-the hostname
-.TP
-.B \ej
-the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
-.TP
-.B \el
-the basename of the shell's terminal device name
-.TP
-.B \en
-newline
-.TP
-.B \er
-carriage return
-.TP
-.B \es
-the name of the shell, the basename of
-.B $0
-(the portion following the final slash)
-.TP
-.B \et
-the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
-.TP
-.B \eT
-the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
-.TP
-.B \e@
-the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
-.TP
-.B \eA
-the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
-.TP
-.B \eu
-the username of the current user
-.TP
-.B \ev
-the version of \fBbash\fP (e.g., 2.00)
-.TP
-.B \eV
-the release of \fBbash\fP, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
-.TP
-.B \ew
-the current working directory, with
-.SM
-.B $HOME
-abbreviated with a tilde
-(uses the value of the
-.SM
-.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM
-variable)
-.TP
-.B \eW
-the basename of the current working directory, with
-.SM
-.B $HOME
-abbreviated with a tilde
-.TP
-.B \e!
-the history number of this command
-.TP
-.B \e#
-the command number of this command
-.TP
-.B \e$
-if the effective UID is 0, a
-.BR # ,
-otherwise a
-.B $
-.TP
-.B \e\fInnn\fP
-the character corresponding to the octal number \fInnn\fP
-.TP
-.B \e\e
-a backslash
-.TP
-.B \e[
-begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to
-embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt
-.TP
-.B \e]
-end a sequence of non-printing characters
-.PD
-.RE
-.PP
-The command number and the history number are usually different:
-the history number of a command is its position in the history
-list, which may include commands restored from the history file
-(see
-.SM
-.B HISTORY
-below), while the command number is the position in the sequence
-of commands executed during the current shell session.
-After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
-parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
-.B promptvars
-shell option (see the description of the
-.B shopt
-command under
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below).
-.SH READLINE
-This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive
-shell, unless the
-.B \-\-noediting
-option is given at shell invocation.
-Line editing is also used when using the \fB\-e\fP option to the
-\fBread\fP builtin.
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
-A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
-Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
-.B \-o emacs
-or
-.B \-o vi
-options to the
-.B set
-builtin (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the
-.B +o emacs
-or
-.B +o vi
-options to the
-.B set
-builtin.
-.SS "Readline Notation"
-.PP
-In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
-keystrokes.  Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n
-means Control\-N.  Similarly, 
-.I meta
-keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X.  (On keyboards
-without a 
-.I meta
-key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key
-then the
-.I x
-key.  This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP.
-The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP,
-or press the Escape key
-then hold the Control key while pressing the
-.I x
-key.)
-.PP
-Readline commands may be given numeric
-.IR arguments ,
-which normally act as a repeat count.
-Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
-Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
-direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a
-backward direction. 
-Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
-below.
-.PP
-When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
-deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
-(\fIyanking\fP).  The killed text is saved in a
-\fIkill ring\fP.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be
-accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. 
-Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
-on the kill ring.
-.SS "Readline Initialization"
-.PP
-Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization
-file (the \fIinputrc\fP file).
-The name of this file is taken from the value of the
-.SM
-.B INPUTRC
-variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is
-.IR ~/.inputrc .
-When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
-initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables
-are set.
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
-readline initialization file.
-Blank lines are ignored.
-Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments.
-Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs.
-Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
-.PP
-The default key-bindings may be changed with an
-.I inputrc 
-file.
-Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
-and bindings.
-.PP
-For example, placing
-.RS
-.PP
-M\-Control\-u: universal\-argument
-.RE
-or
-.RS
-C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument
-.RE
-into the 
-.I inputrc
-would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
-.IR universal\-argument .
-.PP
-The following symbolic character names are recognized:
-.IR RUBOUT ,
-.IR DEL ,
-.IR ESC ,
-.IR LFD ,
-.IR NEWLINE ,
-.IR RET ,
-.IR RETURN ,
-.IR SPC ,
-.IR SPACE ,
-and
-.IR TAB .
-.PP
-In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
-to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP).
-.SS "Readline Key Bindings"
-.PP
-The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
-.I inputrc
-file is simple.  All that is required is the name of the
-command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
-it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways:
-as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
-prefixes, or as a key sequence.
-.PP
-When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
-.I keyname
-is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
-.sp
-.RS
-Control-u: universal\-argument
-.br
-Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
-.br
-Control-o: "> output"
-.RE
-.LP
-In the above example,
-.I C\-u
-is bound to the function
-.BR universal\-argument ,
-.I M\-DEL
-is bound to the function
-.BR backward\-kill\-word ,
-and
-.I C\-o
-is bound to run the macro
-expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
-.if t \f(CW> output\fP
-.if n ``> output''
-into the line).
-.PP
-In the second form, \fB"keyseq"\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
-.B keyseq
-differs from
-.B keyname
-above in that strings denoting
-an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
-within double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
-used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
-are not recognized.
-.sp
-.RS
-"\eC\-u": universal\-argument
-.br
-"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file
-.br
-"\ee[11~": "Function Key 1"
-.RE
-.PP
-In this example,
-.I C\-u
-is again bound to the function
-.BR universal\-argument .
-.I "C\-x C\-r"
-is bound to the function
-.BR re\-read\-init\-file ,
-and 
-.I "ESC [ 1 1 ~"
-is bound to insert the text
-.if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP.
-.if n ``Function Key 1''.
-.PP
-The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \eC\-
-control prefix
-.TP
-.B \eM\-
-meta prefix
-.TP
-.B \ee
-an escape character
-.TP
-.B \e\e
-backslash
-.TP
-.B \e"
-literal "
-.TP
-.B \e\(aq
-literal \(aq
-.RE
-.PD
-.PP
-In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second
-set of backslash escapes is available:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \ea
-alert (bell)
-.TP
-.B \eb
-backspace
-.TP
-.B \ed
-delete
-.TP
-.B \ef
-form feed
-.TP
-.B \en
-newline
-.TP
-.B \er
-carriage return
-.TP
-.B \et
-horizontal tab
-.TP
-.B \ev
-vertical tab
-.TP
-.B \e\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(one to three digits)
-.TP
-.B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
-.RE
-.PD
-.PP
-When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
-be used to indicate a macro definition.
-Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
-In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
-Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
-including " and \(aq.
-.PP
-.B Bash
-allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
-with the
-.B bind
-builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched during interactive
-use by using the
-.B \-o
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).
-.SS "Readline Variables"
-.PP
-Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
-behavior.  A variable may be set in the
-.I inputrc
-file with a statement of the form
-.RS
-.PP
-\fBset\fP \fIvariable\-name\fP \fIvalue\fP
-.RE
-.PP
-Except where noted, readline variables can take the values
-.B On
-or
-.B Off
-(without regard to case).
-Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
-When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insensitive),
-and "1" are equivalent to \fBOn\fP.  All other values are equivalent to
-\fBOff\fP.
-The variables and their default values are:
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B bell\-style (audible)
-Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
-\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
-If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
-.TP
-.B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind the control characters
-treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline
-equivalents.
-.TP
-.B colored\-stats (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different
-colors to indicate their file type.     
-The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP
-environment variable.
-.TP
-.B comment\-begin (``#'')
-The string that is inserted when the readline
-.B insert\-comment
-command is executed.
-This command is bound to
-.B M\-#
-in emacs mode and to
-.B #
-in vi command mode.
-.TP
-.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion
-in a case\-insensitive fashion.
-.TP
-.B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0)
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
-completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
-value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
-replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
-.TP
-.B completion\-query\-items (100)
-This determines when the user is queried about viewing
-the number of possible completions
-generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command.
-It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to
-zero.  If the number of possible completions is greater than
-or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether
-or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed
-on the terminal.
-.TP
-.B convert\-meta (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the
-eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
-by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an
-escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP).
-.TP
-.B disable\-completion (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
-characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
-mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
-.TP
-.B editing\-mode (emacs)
-Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
-to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
-.B editing\-mode
-can be set to either
-.B emacs
-or
-.BR vi .
-.TP
-.B echo\-control\-characters (On)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
-readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
-keyboard.
-.TP
-.B enable\-keypad (Off)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application
-keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys.
-.TP
-.B enable\-meta\-key (On)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
-key the terminal claims to support when it is called.  On many terminals,
-the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
-.TP
-.B expand\-tilde (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
-attempts word completion.
-.TP
-.B history\-preserve\-point (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the
-same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP
-or \fBnext-history\fP.
-.TP
-.B history\-size (0)
-Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
-If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
-are saved.
-If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
-limited.
-By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-.TP
-.B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
-scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
-becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
-.TP
-.B input\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
-it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
-regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
-.B meta\-flag
-is a synonym for this variable.
-.TP
-.B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'')
-The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
-search without subsequently executing the character as a command.
-If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
-\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
-.TP
-.B keymap (emacs)
-Set the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap names is
-\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
-vi\-command\fP, and
-.IR vi\-insert .
-\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
-equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.  The default value is
-.IR emacs ;
-the value of
-.B editing\-mode
-also affects the default keymap.
-.TP
-.B keyseq\-timeout (500)
-Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an
-ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
-the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
-key sequence).
-If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter
-but complete key sequence.
-The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
-\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input.
-If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
-non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to
-decide which key sequence to complete.
-.TP
-.B mark\-directories (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash
-appended.
-.TP
-.B mark\-modified\-lines (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed
-with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP).
-.TP
-.B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
-have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-\fBmark\-directories\fP).
-.TP
-.B match\-hidden\-files (On)
-This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose
-names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename 
-completion.
-If set to \fBOff\fP, the leading `.' must be
-supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
-.TP
-.B menu\-complete\-display\-prefix (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
-list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
-the list.
-.TP
-.B output\-meta (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
-eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
-sequence.
-.TP
-.B page\-completions (On)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
-to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
-.TP
-.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches
-sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
-.TP 
-.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines 
-before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed.  By default,
-history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
-calls to \fBreadline\fP.
-.TP
-.B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
-set to
-.BR On ,
-words which have more than one possible completion cause the
-matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
-.TP
-.B show\-all\-if\-unmodified (Off)
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
-a fashion similar to \fBshow\-all\-if\-ambiguous\fP.
-If set to
-.BR On ,
-words which have more than one possible completion without any
-possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share
-a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
-of ringing the bell.
-.TP
-.B show\-mode\-in\-prompt (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, add a character to the beginning of the prompt
-indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi
-insertion (+).
-.TP
-.B skip\-completed\-text (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
-performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
-does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
-after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
-following the cursor are not duplicated.
-.TP
-.B visible\-stats (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported
-by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible
-completions.
-.PD
-.SS "Readline Conditional Constructs"
-.PP
-Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
-compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
-bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
-of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
-.IP \fB$if\fP
-The 
-.B $if
-construct allows bindings to be made based on the
-editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
-readline.  The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
-no characters are required to isolate it.
-.RS
-.IP \fBmode\fP
-The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test
-whether readline is in emacs or vi mode.
-This may be used in conjunction
-with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in
-the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
-readline is starting out in emacs mode.
-.IP \fBterm\fP
-The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
-key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
-.B =
-is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion
-of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.  This allows
-.I sun
-to match both
-.I sun
-and
-.IR sun\-cmd ,
-for instance.
-.IP \fBapplication\fP
-The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include
-application-specific settings.  Each program using the readline
-library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
-file can test for a particular value.
-This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
-a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
-key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP:
-.sp 1
-.RS
-.nf
-\fB$if\fP Bash
-# Quote the current or previous word
-"\eC\-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e""
-\fB$endif\fP
-.fi
-.RE
-.RE
-.IP \fB$endif\fP
-This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-\fB$if\fP command.
-.IP \fB$else\fP
-Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if
-the test fails.
-.IP \fB$include\fP
-This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
-and bindings from that file.  For example, the following directive
-would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
-.sp 1
-.RS
-.nf
-\fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP
-.fi
-.RE
-.SS Searching
-.PP
-Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
-(see
-.SM
-.B HISTORY
-below) for lines containing a specified string.
-There are two search modes:
-.I incremental
-and
-.IR non-incremental .
-.PP
-Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
-search string.
-As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
-the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
-An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
-find the desired history entry.
-The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
-variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
-If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and
-Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
-Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
-line.
-When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
-search string becomes the current line.
-.PP
-To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
-Control-R as appropriate.
-This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
-entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
-the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept
-the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
-.PP
-Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two
-Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a
-new search string, any remembered search string is used.
-.PP
-Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
-to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
-typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
-.SS "Readline Command Names"
-.PP
-The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
-key sequences to which they are bound.
-Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
-In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor
-position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the
-\fBset\-mark\fP command.
-The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
-.SS Commands for Moving
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B beginning\-of\-line (C\-a)
-Move to the start of the current line.
-.TP
-.B end\-of\-line (C\-e)
-Move to the end of the line.
-.TP
-.B forward\-char (C\-f)
-Move forward a character.
-.TP
-.B backward\-char (C\-b)
-Move back a character.
-.TP
-.B forward\-word (M\-f)
-Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
-alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
-.TP
-.B backward\-word (M\-b)
-Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
-Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
-.TP
-.B shell\-forward\-word
-Move forward to the end of the next word.
-Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-.TP
-.B shell\-backward\-word
-Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
-Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-.TP
-.B clear\-screen (C\-l)
-Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
-With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the
-screen.
-.TP
-.B redraw\-current\-line
-Refresh the current line.
-.PD
-.SS Commands for Manipulating the History
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B accept\-line (Newline, Return)
-Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
-non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the
-.SM
-.B HISTCONTROL
-variable.  If the line is a modified history
-line, then restore the history line to its original state.
-.TP
-.B previous\-history (C\-p)
-Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
-the list.
-.TP
-.B next\-history (C\-n)
-Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
-list.
-.TP
-.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<)
-Move to the first line in the history.
-.TP
-.B end\-of\-history (M\->)
-Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
-entered.
-.TP
-.B reverse\-search\-history (C\-r)
-Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-.TP
-.B forward\-search\-history (C\-s)
-Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
-the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
-.TP
-.B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p)
-Search backward through the history starting at the current line
-using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
-.TP
-.B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n)
-Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for
-a string supplied by the user.
-.TP
-.B history\-search\-forward
-Search forward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the point.
-This is a non-incremental search.
-.TP
-.B history\-search\-backward
-Search backward through the history for the string of characters
-between the start of the current line and the point.
-This is a non-incremental search.
-.TP
-.B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y)
-Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
-the second word on the previous line) at point.
-With an argument
-.IR n ,
-insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words
-in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
-inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the "!\fIn\fP" history expansion had been specified.
-.TP
-.B
-yank\-last\-arg (M\-.\^, M\-_\^)
-Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of
-the previous history entry).
-With a numeric argument, behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP.
-Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history
-list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
-the first call) of each line in turn.
-Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
-the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
-the direction through the history (back or forward).
-The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word,
-as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified.
-.TP
-.B shell\-expand\-line (M\-C\-e)
-Expand the line as the shell does.  This
-performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
-word expansions.  See
-.SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
-below for a description of history expansion.
-.TP
-.B history\-expand\-line (M\-^)
-Perform history expansion on the current line.
-See
-.SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
-below for a description of history expansion.
-.TP
-.B magic\-space
-Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space.
-See
-.SM
-.B HISTORY EXPANSION
-below for a description of history expansion.
-.TP
-.B alias\-expand\-line
-Perform alias expansion on the current line.
-See
-.SM
-.B ALIASES
-above for a description of alias expansion.
-.TP
-.B history\-and\-alias\-expand\-line
-Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
-.TP
-.B insert\-last\-argument (M\-.\^, M\-_\^)
-A synonym for \fByank\-last\-arg\fP.
-.TP
-.B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
-Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
-relative to the current line from the history for editing.  Any
-argument is ignored.
-.TP
-.B edit\-and\-execute\-command (C\-xC\-e)
-Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
-commands.
-\fBBash\fP attempts to invoke
-.SM
-.BR $VISUAL ,
-.SM
-.BR $EDITOR ,
-and \fIemacs\fP as the editor, in that order.
-.PD
-.SS Commands for Changing Text
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \fIend\-of\-file\fP (usually C\-d)
-The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
-.if t \f(CWstty\fP.
-.if n ``stty''.
-If this character is read when there are no characters
-on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
-interprets it as the end of input and returns
-.SM
-.BR EOF .
-.TP
-.B delete\-char (C\-d)
-Delete the character at point.
-If this function is bound to the
-same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP
-commonly is, see above for the effects.
-.TP
-.B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout)
-Delete the character behind the cursor.  When given a numeric argument,
-save the deleted text on the kill ring.
-.TP
-.B forward\-backward\-delete\-char
-Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
-end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
-deleted.
-.TP
-.B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v)
-Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
-how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
-.TP
-.B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB)
-Insert a tab character.
-.TP
-.B self\-insert (a,\ b,\ A,\ 1,\ !,\ ...)
-Insert the character typed.
-.TP
-.B transpose\-chars (C\-t)
-Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
-moving point forward as well.
-If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes
-the two characters before point.
-Negative arguments have no effect.
-.TP
-.B transpose\-words (M\-t)
-Drag the word before point past the word after point,
-moving point over that word as well.
-If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
-the last two words on the line.   
-.TP
-.B upcase\-word (M\-u)
-Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
-uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
-.TP
-.B downcase\-word (M\-l)
-Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
-lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
-.TP
-.B capitalize\-word (M\-c)
-Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
-capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
-.TP
-.B overwrite\-mode
-Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
-switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
-argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
-\fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently.
-Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode.
-In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace   
-the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
-Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character
-before point with a space.  By default, this command is unbound.
-.PD
-.SS Killing and Yanking
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B kill\-line (C\-k)
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
-.TP
-.B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout)
-Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
-.TP
-.B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u)
-Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
-.\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line
-.TP
-.B kill\-whole\-line
-Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
-.TP
-.B kill\-word  (M\-d)
-Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
-words, to the end of the next word.
-Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
-.TP
-.B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout)
-Kill the word behind point.
-Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
-.TP
-.B shell\-kill\-word
-Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
-words, to the end of the next word.
-Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP.
-.TP
-.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word
-Kill the word behind point.
-Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP.
-.TP
-.B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w)
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
-.TP
-.B unix\-filename\-rubout
-Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
-as the word boundaries.
-The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
-.TP
-.B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e)
-Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
-.TP
-.B kill\-region
-Kill the text in the current region.
-.TP
-.B copy\-region\-as\-kill
-Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
-.TP
-.B copy\-backward\-word
-Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
-The word boundaries are the same as \fBbackward\-word\fP.
-.TP
-.B copy\-forward\-word
-Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
-The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP.
-.TP
-.B yank (C\-y)
-Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
-.TP
-.B yank\-pop (M\-y)
-Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works following
-.B yank
-or
-.BR yank\-pop .
-.PD
-.SS Numeric Arguments
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, ..., M\-\-)
-Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument.  M\-\- starts a negative argument.
-.TP
-.B universal\-argument
-This is another way to specify an argument.
-If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
-leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
-If the command is followed by digits, executing
-.B universal\-argument
-again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
-As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
-for the next command is multiplied by four.
-The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
-first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
-argument count sixteen, and so on.
-.PD
-.SS Completing
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B complete (TAB)
-Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
-.B Bash
-attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
-text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with
-\fB~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
-command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none
-of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
-.TP
-.B possible\-completions (M\-?)
-List the possible completions of the text before point.
-.TP
-.B insert\-completions (M\-*)
-Insert all completions of the text before point
-that would have been generated by
-\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
-.TP
-.B menu\-complete
-Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed
-with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
-of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
-At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
-(subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP)
-and the original text is restored.
-An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list
-of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
-through the list.
-This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound
-by default.
-.TP
-.B menu\-complete\-backward
-Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list
-of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a
-negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
-.TP
-.B delete\-char\-or\-list
-Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
-end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP).
-If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
-This command is unbound by default.
-.TP
-.B complete\-filename (M\-/)
-Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
-.TP
-.B possible\-filename\-completions (C\-x /)
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
-treating it as a filename.
-.TP
-.B complete\-username (M\-~)
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a username.
-.TP
-.B possible\-username\-completions (C\-x ~)
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
-treating it as a username.
-.TP
-.B complete\-variable (M\-$)
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a shell variable.
-.TP
-.B possible\-variable\-completions (C\-x $)
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
-treating it as a shell variable.
-.TP
-.B complete\-hostname (M\-@)
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a hostname.
-.TP
-.B possible\-hostname\-completions (C\-x @)
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
-treating it as a hostname.
-.TP
-.B complete\-command (M\-!)
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
-it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
-match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
-functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
-in that order.
-.TP
-.B possible\-command\-completions (C\-x !)
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
-treating it as a command name.
-.TP
-.B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB)
-Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
-the text against lines from the history list for possible
-completion matches.
-.TP
-.B dabbrev\-expand
-Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
-the text against lines from the history list for possible
-completion matches.
-.TP
-.B complete\-into\-braces (M\-{)
-Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
-enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see
-.B Brace Expansion
-above).
-.PD
-.SS Keyboard Macros
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B start\-kbd\-macro (C\-x (\^)
-Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
-.TP
-.B end\-kbd\-macro (C\-x )\^)
-Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
-and store the definition.
-.TP
-.B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C\-x e)
-Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
-in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
-.TP
-.B print\-last\-kbd\-macro ()
-Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
-\fIinputrc\fP file.
-.PD
-.SS Miscellaneous
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B re\-read\-init\-file (C\-x C\-r)
-Read in the contents of the \fIinputrc\fP file, and incorporate
-any bindings or variable assignments found there.
-.TP
-.B abort (C\-g)
-Abort the current editing command and
-ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
-.BR bell\-style ).
-.TP
-.B do\-uppercase\-version (M\-a, M\-b, M\-\fIx\fP, ...)
-If the metafied character \fIx\fP is lowercase, run the command
-that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
-.TP
-.B prefix\-meta (ESC)
-Metafy the next character typed.
-.SM
-.B ESC
-.B f
-is equivalent to
-.BR Meta\-f .
-.TP
-.B undo (C\-_, C\-x C\-u)
-Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
-.TP
-.B revert\-line (M\-r)
-Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
-.B undo
-command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
-.TP
-.B tilde\-expand (M\-&)
-Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
-.TP
-.B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-<space>)
-Set the mark to the point.  If a
-numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
-.TP
-.B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x)
-Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
-the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
-.TP
-.B character\-search (C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
-character.  A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
-.TP
-.B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-])
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
-character.  A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences.
-.TP
-.B skip\-csi\-sequence
-Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
-defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
-Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.  If this sequence is
-bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect
-unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
-stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
-but usually bound to ESC\-[.
-.TP
-.B insert\-comment (M\-#)
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
-.B comment\-begin
-variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:  if
-the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of 
-the line.
-In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
-The default value of
-\fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line
-a shell comment.
-If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
-will be executed by the shell.
-.TP
-.B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
-generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions.
-.TP
-.B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *)
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
-and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
-pathname expansion.
-.TP
-.B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g)
-The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-.B glob\-expand\-word
-is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
-pathname expansion.
-.TP
-.B dump\-functions
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
-the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
-.TP
-.B dump\-variables
-Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the
-readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
-the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
-.TP
-.B dump\-macros
-Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
-strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
-the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
-.TP
-.B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v)
-Display version information about the current instance of
-.BR bash .
-.PD
-.SS Programmable Completion
-.PP
-When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined
-using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked.
-.PP
-First, the command name is identified.
-If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
-beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
-the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used.
-If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
-compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
-If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
-pathname is searched for first.
-If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
-find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
-If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
-the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default.
-.PP
-Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
-matching words.
-If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as
-described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed.
-.PP
-First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
-Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
-returned.
-When the
-.B \-f
-or
-.B \-d
-option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell
-variable
-.SM
-.B FIGNORE
-is used to filter the matches.
-.PP
-Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the
-\fB\-G\fP option are generated next.
-The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
-being completed.
-The
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the
-.SM
-.B FIGNORE
-variable is used.
-.PP
-Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option
-is considered.
-The string is first split using the characters in the
-.SM
-.B IFS
-special variable as delimiters.
-Shell quoting is honored.
-Each word is then expanded using
-brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-as described above under 
-.SM
-.BR EXPANSION .
-The results are split using the rules described above under
-\fBWord Splitting\fP.
-The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
-completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
-.PP
-After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked.
-When the command or function is invoked, the
-.SM
-.BR COMP_LINE ,
-.SM
-.BR COMP_POINT ,
-.SM
-.BR COMP_KEY ,
-and
-.SM
-.B COMP_TYPE
-variables are assigned values as described above under
-\fBShell Variables\fP.
-If a shell function is being invoked, the 
-.SM
-.B COMP_WORDS
-and
-.SM
-.B COMP_CWORD
-variables are also set.
-When the function or command is invoked,
-the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are
-being completed,
-the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed,
-and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being
-completed on the current command line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
-is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
-the matches.
-.PP
-Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first.
-The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
-\fBcompgen\fP builtin described below, to generate the matches.
-It must put the possible completions in the
-.SM
-.B COMPREPLY
-array variable, one per array element.
-.PP
-Next, any command specified with the \fB\-C\fP option is invoked
-in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
-It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the
-standard output.
-Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
-.PP
-After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the \fB\-X\fP option is applied to the list.
-The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a \fB&\fP
-in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
-A literal \fB&\fP may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
-is removed before attempting a match.
-Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion
-not matching the pattern will be removed.
-.PP
-Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP
-options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
-returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible
-completions.
-.PP
-If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
-\fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
-.PP
-If the \fB\-o plusdirs\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
-compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
-.PP
-By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
-to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
-The default \fBbash\fP completions are not attempted, and the readline
-default of filename completion is disabled.
-If the \fB\-o bashdefault\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when
-the compspec was defined, the \fBbash\fP default completions are attempted
-if the compspec generates no matches.
-If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
-compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed
-if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions)
-generate no matches.
-.PP
-When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
-the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
-to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to  
-the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless
-of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable.
-.PP
-There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
-most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
-with \fBcomplete -D\fP.
-It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
-handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
-exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes
-the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
-attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
-programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set of
-completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
-being loaded all at once.
-.PP
-For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
-file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
-completion function would load completions dynamically:
-.PP
-\f(CW_completion_loader()
-.br
-{
-.br
-	. "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
-.br
-}
-.br
-complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
-.br
-\fP
-.SH HISTORY
-When the
-.B \-o history
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the
-\fIcommand history\fP,
-the list of commands previously typed.
-The value of the
-.SM
-.B HISTSIZE
-variable is used as the
-number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last
-.SM
-.B HISTSIZE
-commands (default 500) is saved.  The shell
-stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
-variable expansion (see
-.SM
-.B EXPANSION
-above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
-values of the shell variables
-.SM
-.B HISTIGNORE
-and
-.SM
-.BR HISTCONTROL .
-.PP
-On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by
-the variable
-.SM
-.B HISTFILE
-(default \fI~/.bash_history\fP).
-The file named by the value of
-.SM
-.B HISTFILE
-is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than
-the number of lines specified by the value of
-.SM
-.BR HISTFILESIZE .
-If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
-or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
-When the history file is read,
-lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately
-by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the preceding history line.
-These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the
-.SM
-.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
-variable.
-When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
-.SM
-.B $HISTSIZE
-lines are copied from the history list to
-.SM
-.BR $HISTFILE .
-If the
-.B histappend
-shell option is enabled
-(see the description of
-.B shopt
-under
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below), the lines are appended to the history file,
-otherwise the history file is overwritten.
-If
-.SM
-.B HISTFILE
-is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is
-not saved.
-If the
-.SM
-.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
-variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked
-with the history comment character, so
-they may be preserved across shell sessions.
-This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
-other history lines.
-After saving the history, the history file is truncated
-to contain no more than
-.SM
-.B HISTFILESIZE
-lines.  If
-.SM
-.B HISTFILESIZE
-is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
-or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
-.PP
-The builtin command
-.B fc
-(see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of
-the history list.
-The
-.B history
-builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
-manipulate the history file.
-When using command-line editing, search commands
-are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
-history list.
-.PP
-The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
-list.  The
-.SM
-.B HISTCONTROL
-and
-.SM
-.B HISTIGNORE
-variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
-commands entered.
-The
-.B cmdhist
-shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
-line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
-semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
-The
-.B lithist
-shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
-instead of semicolons.  See the description of the
-.B shopt
-builtin below under
-.SM
-.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
-.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
-.PP
-The shell supports a history expansion feature that
-is similar to the history expansion in
-.BR csh.
-This section describes what syntax features are available.  This
-feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be
-disabled using the
-.B +H
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin command (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
-below).  Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion
-by default.
-.PP
-History expansions introduce words from the history list into
-the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
-arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
-fix errors in previous commands quickly.
-.PP
-History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
-is read, before the shell breaks it into words.
-It takes place in two parts.
-The first is to determine which line from the history list
-to use during substitution.
-The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
-the current one.
-The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
-and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
-Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
-The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input,
-so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by
-quotes are considered one word.
-History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
-history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
-Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
-the history expansion character.
-.PP
-Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately
-following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted:
-space, tab, newline, carriage return, and \fB=\fP.
-If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled, \fB(\fP will also
-inhibit expansion.
-.PP
-Several shell options settable with the
-.B shopt
-builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion.
-If the
-.B histverify
-shell option is enabled (see the description of the
-.B shopt
-builtin below), and
-.B readline
-is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
-the shell parser.
-Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
-.B readline
-editing buffer for further modification.
-If
-.B readline
-is being used, and the
-.B histreedit
-shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded
-into the
-.B readline
-editing buffer for correction.
-The
-.B \-p
-option to the
-.B history
-builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will
-do before using it.
-The
-.B \-s
-option to the
-.B history
-builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list
-without actually executing them, so that they are available for
-subsequent recall.
-.PP
-The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
-history expansion mechanism (see the description of
-.B histchars
-above under
-.BR "Shell Variables" ).
-The shell uses
-the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
-writing the history file.
-.SS Event Designators
-.PP
-An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
-history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B !
-Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
-.BR blank ,
-newline, carriage return, =
-or ( (when the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using
-the \fBshopt\fP builtin).
-.TP
-.B !\fIn\fR
-Refer to command line
-.IR n .
-.TP
-.B !\-\fIn\fR
-Refer to the current command minus
-.IR n .
-.TP
-.B !!
-Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for `!\-1'.
-.TP
-.B !\fIstring\fR
-Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
-history list starting with
-.IR string .
-.TP
-.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
-Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
-history list containing
-.IR string .
-The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
-.I string
-is followed immediately by a newline.
-.TP
-.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u
-Quick substitution.  Repeat the previous command, replacing
-.I string1
-with
-.IR string2 .
-Equivalent to
-``!!:s/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/''
-(see \fBModifiers\fP below).
-.TP
-.B !#
-The entire command line typed so far.
-.PD
-.SS Word Designators
-.PP
-Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
-A 
-.B :
-separates the event specification from the word designator.
-It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
-.BR ^ ,
-.BR $ ,
-.BR * ,
-.BR \- ,
-or
-.BR % .
-Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
-with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
-Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B 0 (zero)
-The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command
-word.
-.TP
-.I n
-The \fIn\fRth word.
-.TP
-.B ^
-The first argument.  That is, word 1.
-.TP
-.B $
-The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
-zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
-.TP
-.B %
-The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search.
-.TP
-.I x\fB\-\fPy
-A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'.
-.TP
-.B *
-All of the words but the zeroth.  This is a synonym
-for `\fI1\-$\fP'.  It is not an error to use
-.B *
-if there is just one
-word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
-.TP
-.B x*
-Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
-.TP
-.B x\-
-Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word.
-.PD
-.PP
-If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
-previous command is used as the event.
-.SS Modifiers
-.PP
-After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
-one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.PP
-.TP
-.B h
-Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
-.TP
-.B t
-Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
-.TP
-.B r
-Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
-basename.
-.TP
-.B e
-Remove all but the trailing suffix.
-.TP
-.B p
-Print the new command but do not execute it.
-.TP
-.B q
-Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
-.TP
-.B x
-Quote the substituted words as with
-.BR q ,
-but break into words at
-.B blanks
-and newlines.
-.TP
-.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
-Substitute
-.I new
-for the first occurrence of
-.I old
-in the event line.  Any delimiter can be used in place of /.  The
-final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
-event line.  The delimiter may be quoted in
-.I old
-and
-.I new
-with a single backslash.  If & appears in
-.IR new ,
-it is replaced by
-.IR old .
-A single backslash will quote the &.  If
-.I old
-is null, it is set to the last
-.I old
-substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
-the last
-.I string
-in a
-.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
-search.
-.TP
-.B &
-Repeat the previous substitution.
-.TP
-.B g
-Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
-used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR')
-or `\fB:&\fP'.  If used with
-`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used
-in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional
-if it is the last character of the event line.
-An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP.
-.TP
-.B G
-Apply the following `\fBs\fP' modifier once to each word in the event line.
-.PD
-.SH "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-.\" start of bash_builtins
-.zZ
-.PP
-Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this
-section as accepting options preceded by
-.B \-
-accepts
-.B \-\-
-to signify the end of the options.
-The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP builtins
-do not accept options and do not treat \fB\-\-\fP specially.
-The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP,
-and \fBshift\fP builtins accept and process arguments beginning with
-\fB\-\fP without requiring \fB\-\-\fP.
-Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
-options interpret arguments beginning with \fB\-\fP as invalid options and
-require \fB\-\-\fP to prevent this interpretation.
-.sp .5
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fB:\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
-.PD
-No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding
-.I arguments
-and performing any specified
-redirections.  A zero exit code is returned.
-.TP
-\fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBsource\fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
-.PD
-Read and execute commands from
-.I filename
-in the current
-shell environment and return the exit status of the last command
-executed from
-.IR filename .
-If
-.I filename
-does not contain a slash, filenames in
-.SM
-.B PATH
-are used to find the directory containing
-.IR filename .
-The file searched for in
-.SM
-.B PATH
-need not be executable.
-When \fBbash\fP is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the current directory is
-searched if no file is found in
-.SM
-.BR PATH .
-If the
-.B sourcepath
-option to the
-.B shopt
-builtin command is turned off, the
-.SM
-.B PATH
-is not searched.
-If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional
-parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed.  Otherwise the positional
-parameters are unchanged.
-The return status is the status of the last command exited within
-the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if
-.I filename
-is not found or cannot be read.
-.TP
-\fBalias\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
-\fBAlias\fP with no arguments or with the
-.B \-p
-option prints the list of aliases in the form
-\fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output.
-When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for
-each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given.
-A trailing space in  \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be
-checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
-For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP
-is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.
-\fBAlias\fP returns true unless a \fIname\fP is given for which
-no alias has been defined.
-.TP
-\fBbg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP ...]
-Resume each suspended job \fIjobspec\fP in the background, as if it
-had been started with
-.BR & .
-If
-.I jobspec
-is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
-.B bg
-.I jobspec
-returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with
-job control enabled, any specified \fIjobspec\fP was not found
-or was started without job control.
-.TP
-\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSVX\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-q\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIkeyseq\fP]
-.TP
-\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP
-.TP
-\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-x\fP \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP
-.TP
-\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP
-.TP
-\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIreadline\-command\fP
-.PD
-Display current
-.B readline
-key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a
-.B readline
-function or macro, or set a
-.B readline
-variable.
-Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in
-.IR .inputrc ,
-but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
-e.g., '"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file'.
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-m \fIkeymap\fP
-Use
-.I keymap
-as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings.
-Acceptable
-.I keymap
-names are
-\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
-vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and
-.IR vi\-insert .
-\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
-equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-l
-List the names of all \fBreadline\fP functions.
-.TP
-.B \-p
-Display \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings in such a way
-that they can be re-read.
-.TP
-.B \-P
-List current \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings.
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings
-they output in such a way that they can be re-read.
-.TP
-.B \-S
-Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings
-they output.
-.TP
-.B \-v
-Display \fBreadline\fP variable names and values in such a way that they
-can be re-read.
-.TP
-.B \-V
-List current \fBreadline\fP variable names and values.
-.TP
-.B \-f \fIfilename\fP
-Read key bindings from \fIfilename\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-q \fIfunction\fP
-Query about which keys invoke the named \fIfunction\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-u \fIfunction\fP
-Unbind all keys bound to the named \fIfunction\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-r \fIkeyseq\fP
-Remove any current binding for \fIkeyseq\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-x \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP
-Cause \fIshell\-command\fP to be executed whenever \fIkeyseq\fP is
-entered.
-When \fIshell\-command\fP is executed, the shell sets the
-.SM
-.B READLINE_LINE
-variable to the contents of the \fBreadline\fP line buffer and the
-.SM
-.B READLINE_POINT
-variable to the current location of the insertion point.
-If the executed command changes the value of
-.SM
-.B READLINE_LINE
-or
-.SM
-.BR READLINE_POINT ,
-those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
-.TP
-.B \-X
-List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
-in a format that can be reused as input.
-.PD
-.PP
-The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an
-error occurred.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBbreak\fP [\fIn\fP]
-Exit from within a
-.BR for ,
-.BR while ,
-.BR until ,
-or
-.B select
-loop.  If \fIn\fP is specified, break \fIn\fP levels.
-.I n
-must be \(>= 1.  If
-.I n
-is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops
-are exited.
-The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1.
-.TP
-\fBbuiltin\fP \fIshell\-builtin\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
-Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it
-.IR arguments ,
-and return its exit status.
-This is useful when defining a
-function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
-retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
-The \fBcd\fP builtin is commonly redefined this way.
-The return status is false if
-.I shell\-builtin
-is not a shell builtin command.
-.TP
-\fBcaller\fP [\fIexpr\fP]
-Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
-a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins).
-Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source
-filename of the current subroutine call.
-If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP 
-displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
-to that position in the current execution call stack.  This extra
-information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.  The
-current frame is frame 0.
-The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
-call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the
-call stack.
-.TP
-\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP|[\fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP]] [\-@]] [\fIdir\fP]
-Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP.
-if \fIdir\fP is not supplied, the value of the
-.SM
-.B HOME
-shell variable is the default.
-Any additional arguments following \fIdir\fP are ignored.
-The variable
-.SM
-.B CDPATH
-defines the search path for the directory containing
-.IR dir :
-each directory name in
-.SM
-.B CDPATH
-is searched for \fIdir\fP.
-Alternative directory names in
-.SM
-.B CDPATH
-are separated by a colon (:).  A null directory name in
-.SM
-.B CDPATH
-is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``\fB.\fP''.  If
-.I dir
-begins with a slash (/),
-then
-.SM
-.B CDPATH
-is not used. The
-.B \-P
-option causes \fBcd\fP to use the physical directory structure
-by resolving symbolic links while traversing \fIdir\fP and
-before processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP (see also the
-.B \-P
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin command); the
-.B \-L
-option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link
-after processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP.
-If \fI..\fP appears in \fIdir\fP, it is processed by removing the
-immediately previous pathname component from \fIdir\fP, back to a slash
-or the beginning of \fIdir\fP.
-If the
-.B \-e
-option is supplied with
-.BR \-P ,
-and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
-after a successful directory change, \fBcd\fP will return an unsuccessful
-status.
-On systems that support it, the \fB\-@\fP option presents the extended
-attributes associated with a file as a directory.
-An argument of
-.B \-
-is converted to
-.SM
-.B $OLDPWD
-before the directory change is attempted.
-If a non-empty directory name from
-.SM
-.B CDPATH
-is used, or if
-\fB\-\fP is the first argument, and the directory change is
-successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
-written to the standard output.
-The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
-false otherwise.
-.TP
-\fBcommand\fP [\fB\-pVv\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
-Run
-.I command
-with
-.I args
-suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin
-commands or commands found in the
-.SM
-.B PATH
-are executed.  If the
-.B \-p
-option is given, the search for
-.I command
-is performed using a default value for
-.SM
-.B PATH
-that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
-If either the
-.B \-V
-or
-.B \-v
-option is supplied, a description of
-.I command
-is printed.  The
-.B \-v
-option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
-used to invoke
-.I command
-to be displayed; the
-.B \-V
-option produces a more verbose description.
-If the
-.B \-V
-or
-.B \-v
-option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if
-.I command
-was found, and 1 if not.  If neither option is supplied and
-an error occurred or
-.I command
-cannot be found, the exit status is 127.  Otherwise, the exit status of the
-.B command
-builtin is the exit status of
-.IR command .
-.TP
-\fBcompgen\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIword\fP]
-Generate possible completion matches for \fIword\fP according to
-the \fIoption\fPs, which may be any option accepted by the
-.B complete
-builtin with the exception of \fB\-p\fP and \fB\-r\fP, and write
-the matches to the standard output.
-When using the \fB\-F\fP or \fB\-C\fP options, the various shell variables
-set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
-have useful values.
-.sp 1
-The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
-completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
-with the same flags.
-If \fIword\fP is specified, only those completions matching \fIword\fP
-will be displayed.
-.sp 1
-The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
-matches were generated.
-.TP
-\fBcomplete\fP [\fB\-abcdefgjksuv\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP] [\fB\-DE\fP] [\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP] [\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP] [\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP] [\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP]
-.br
-[\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP] [\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP] [\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname ...\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fB\-DE\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
-.PD
-Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed.
-If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options are supplied,
-existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
-them to be reused as input.
-The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for
-each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all
-completion specifications.
-The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
-apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
-on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
-apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-blank line.
-.sp 1
-The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
-is attempted is described above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP.
-.sp 1
-Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
-The arguments to the \fB\-G\fP, \fB\-W\fP, and \fB\-X\fP options
-(and, if necessary, the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options)
-should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
-.B complete
-builtin is invoked.
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP 8
-\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP
-The \fIcomp-option\fP controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior
-beyond the simple generation of completions.
-\fIcomp-option\fP may be one of:
-.RS
-.TP 8
-.B bashdefault
-Perform the rest of the default \fBbash\fP completions if the compspec
-generates no matches.
-.TP 8
-.B default
-Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates
-no matches.
-.TP 8
-.B dirnames
-Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
-.TP 8
-.B filenames
-Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
-filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
-quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
-Intended to be used with shell functions.
-.TP 8
-.B noquote
-Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
-(quoting filenames is the default).
-.TP 8
-.B nospace
-Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
-the end of the line.
-.TP 8
-.B plusdirs
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, 
-directory name completion is attempted and any
-matches are added to the results of the other actions.
-.RE
-.TP 8
-\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP
-The \fIaction\fP may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
-completions:
-.RS
-.TP 8
-.B alias
-Alias names.  May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B arrayvar
-Array variable names.
-.TP 8
-.B binding
-\fBReadline\fP key binding names.
-.TP 8
-.B builtin
-Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B command
-Command names.  May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B directory
-Directory names.  May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B disabled
-Names of disabled shell builtins.
-.TP 8
-.B enabled
-Names of enabled shell builtins.
-.TP 8
-.B export
-Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B file
-File names.  May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B function
-Names of shell functions.
-.TP 8
-.B group
-Group names.  May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B helptopic
-Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin.
-.TP 8
-.B hostname
-Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
-.SM
-.B HOSTFILE
-shell variable.
-.TP 8
-.B job
-Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B keyword
-Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B running
-Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
-.TP 8
-.B service
-Service names.  May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B setopt
-Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin.
-.TP 8
-.B shopt
-Shell option names as accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin.
-.TP 8
-.B signal
-Signal names.
-.TP 8
-.B stopped
-Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
-.TP 8
-.B user
-User names.  May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B variable
-Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP.
-.RE
-.TP 8
-\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP
-\fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
-used as the possible completions.
-.TP 8
-\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP
-The shell function \fIfunction\fP is executed in the current shell
-environment.
-When the function is executed,
-the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are
-being completed,
-the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed,
-and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being
-completed on the current command line.
-When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
-of the
-.SM
-.B COMPREPLY
-array variable.
-.TP 8
-\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP
-The pathname expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate
-the possible completions.
-.TP 8
-\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP
-\fIprefix\fP is added at the beginning of each possible completion
-after all other options have been applied.
-.TP 8
-\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP
-\fIsuffix\fP is appended to each possible completion
-after all other options have been applied.
-.TP 8
-\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP
-The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the
-.SM
-.B IFS
-special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
-The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
-.TP 8
-\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP
-\fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
-It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
-preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
-\fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list.
-A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this
-case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed.
-.PD
-.PP
-The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
-other than \fB\-p\fP or \fB\-r\fP is supplied without a \fIname\fP
-argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for
-a \fIname\fP for which no specification exists, or
-an error occurs adding a completion specification.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBcompopt\fP [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fB\-DE\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP]
-Modify completion options for each \fIname\fP according to the
-\fIoption\fPs, or for the
-currently-executing completion if no \fIname\fPs are supplied.
-If no \fIoption\fPs are given, display the completion options for each
-\fIname\fP or the current completion.
-The possible values of \fIoption\fP are those valid for the \fBcomplete\fP
-builtin described above.
-The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that the remaining options should
-apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
-on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that the remaining options should
-apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
-blank line.
-.sp 1
-The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
-is made to modify the options for a \fIname\fP for which no completion
-specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-.TP
-\fBcontinue\fP [\fIn\fP]
-Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
-.BR for ,
-.BR while ,
-.BR until ,
-or
-.B select
-loop.
-If
-.I n
-is specified, resume at the \fIn\fPth enclosing loop.
-.I n
-must be \(>= 1.  If
-.I n
-is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop
-(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed.
-The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1.
-.TP
-\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
-.PD
-Declare variables and/or give them attributes.
-If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables.
-The
-.B \-p
-option will display the attributes and values of each
-.IR name .
-When
-.B \-p
-is used with \fIname\fP arguments, additional options,
-other than \fB\-f\fP and \fB\-F\fP, are ignored.
-When
-.B \-p
-is supplied without \fIname\fP arguments, it will display the attributes
-and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the
-additional options.
-If no other options are supplied with \fB\-p\fP, \fBdeclare\fP will display
-the attributes and values of all shell variables.  The \fB\-f\fP option
-will restrict the display to shell functions.
-The
-.B \-F
-option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
-function name and attributes are printed.
-If the \fBextdebug\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP,
-the source file name and line number where the function is defined
-are displayed as well.  The
-.B \-F
-option implies
-.BR \-f .
-The
-.B \-g
-option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope,
-even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell function.
-It is ignored in all other cases.
-The following options can
-be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or
-to give variables attributes:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-a
-Each \fIname\fP is an indexed array variable (see
-.B Arrays
-above).
-.TP
-.B \-A
-Each \fIname\fP is an associative array variable (see
-.B Arrays
-above).
-.TP
-.B \-f
-Use function names only.
-.TP
-.B \-i
-The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see
-.SM
-.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
-above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value.
-.TP
-.B \-l
-When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
-converted to lower-case.
-The upper-case attribute is disabled.
-.TP
-.B \-n
-Give each \fIname\fP the \fInameref\fP attribute, making
-it a name reference to another variable.
-That other variable is defined by the value of \fIname\fP.
-All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
-to \fIname\fP, except for changing the
-\fB\-n\fP attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
-\fIname\fP's value.
-The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-.TP
-.B \-r
-Make \fIname\fPs readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned values
-by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-.TP
-.B \-t
-Give each \fIname\fP the \fItrace\fP attribute.
-Traced functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps from
-the calling shell.
-The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
-.TP
-.B \-u
-When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
-converted to upper-case.
-The lower-case attribute is disabled.
-.TP
-.B \-x
-Mark \fIname\fPs for export to subsequent commands via the environment.
-.PD
-.PP
-Using `+' instead of `\-'
-turns off the attribute instead,
-with the exceptions that \fB+a\fP
-may not be used to destroy an array variable and \fB+r\fP will not
-remove the readonly attribute.
-When used in a function,
-.B declare
-and
-.B typeset
-make each
-\fIname\fP local, as with the
-.B local
-command,
-unless the \fB\-g\fP option is supplied.
-If a variable name is followed by =\fIvalue\fP, the value of
-the variable is set to \fIvalue\fP.
-When using \fB\-a\fP or \fB\-A\fP and the compound assignment syntax to
-create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
-subsequent assignments.
-The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
-an attempt is made to define a function using
-.if n ``\-f foo=bar'',
-.if t \f(CW\-f foo=bar\fP,
-an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
-an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
-using the compound assignment syntax (see
-.B Arrays
-above), one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name,
-an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
-an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
-or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP.
-.RE
-.TP
-.B dirs [\fB\-clpv\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
-Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
-The default display is on a single line with directory names separated
-by spaces.
-Directories are added to the list with the 
-.B pushd
-command; the
-.B popd
-command removes entries from the list.
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-c
-Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.
-.TP
-.B \-l
-Produces a listing using full pathnames;
-the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-.TP
-.B \-p
-Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-.TP
-.B \-v
-Print the directory stack with one entry per line,
-prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
-.TP
-\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
-Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list
-shown by
-.B dirs
-when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-.TP
-\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
-Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list
-shown by
-.B dirs
-when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-.PD
-.PP
-The return value is 0 unless an
-invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end
-of the directory stack.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...]
-Without options, remove each
-.I jobspec
-from the table of active jobs.
-If
-.I jobspec
-is not present, and neither the \fB\-a\fP nor the \fB\-r\fP option
-is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
-If the \fB\-h\fP option is given, each
-.I jobspec
-is not removed from the table, but is marked so that
-.SM
-.B SIGHUP
-is not sent to the job if the shell receives a
-.SM
-.BR SIGHUP .
-If no
-.I jobspec
-is supplied, the
-.B \-a
-option means to remove or mark all jobs; the
-.B \-r
-option without a
-.I jobspec
-argument restricts operation to running jobs.
-The return value is 0 unless a
-.I jobspec
-does not specify a valid job.
-.TP
-\fBecho\fP [\fB\-neE\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
-Output the \fIarg\fPs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
-The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
-If \fB\-n\fP is specified, the trailing newline is
-suppressed.  If the \fB\-e\fP option is given, interpretation of
-the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.  The
-.B \-E
-option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
-even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
-The \fBxpg_echo\fP shell option may be used to
-dynamically determine whether or not \fBecho\fP expands these
-escape characters by default.
-.B echo
-does not interpret \fB\-\-\fP to mean the end of options.
-.B echo
-interprets the following escape sequences:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \ea
-alert (bell)
-.TP
-.B \eb
-backspace
-.TP
-.B \ec
-suppress further output
-.TP
-.B \ee
-.TP
-.B \eE
-an escape character
-.TP
-.B \ef
-form feed
-.TP
-.B \en
-new line
-.TP
-.B \er
-carriage return
-.TP
-.B \et
-horizontal tab
-.TP
-.B \ev
-vertical tab
-.TP
-.B \e\e
-backslash
-.TP
-.B \e0\fInnn\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
-(zero to three octal digits)
-.TP
-.B \ex\fIHH\fP
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
-(one or two hex digits)
-.TP
-.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
-.TP
-.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
-.PD
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBenable\fP [\fB\-a\fP] [\fB\-dnps\fP] [\fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
-Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
-Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
-as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
-even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
-If \fB\-n\fP is used, each \fIname\fP
-is disabled; otherwise,
-\fInames\fP are enabled.  For example, to use the
-.B test
-binary found via the
-.SM
-.B PATH
-instead of the shell builtin version, run
-.if t \f(CWenable -n test\fP.
-.if n ``enable -n test''.
-The
-.B \-f
-option means to load the new builtin command
-.I name
-from shared object
-.IR filename ,
-on systems that support dynamic loading.  The
-.B \-d
-option will delete a builtin previously loaded with
-.BR \-f .
-If no \fIname\fP arguments are given, or if the
-.B \-p
-option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed.
-With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled
-shell builtins.
-If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.
-If \fB\-a\fP is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an
-indication of whether or not each is enabled.
-If \fB\-s\fP is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX
-\fIspecial\fP builtins.
-The return value is 0 unless a
-.I name
-is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin
-from a shared object.
-.TP
-\fBeval\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
-The \fIarg\fPs are read and concatenated together into a single
-command.  This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
-its exit status is returned as the value of
-.BR eval .
-If there are no
-.IR args ,
-or only null arguments,
-.B eval
-returns 0.
-.TP
-\fBexec\fP [\fB\-cl\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIname\fP] [\fIcommand\fP [\fIarguments\fP]]
-If
-.I command
-is specified, it replaces the shell.
-No new process is created.  The
-.I arguments
-become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP.
-If the
-.B \-l
-option is supplied,
-the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to 
-.IR command .
-This is what
-.IR login (1)
-does.  The
-.B \-c
-option causes
-.I command
-to be executed with an empty environment.  If
-.B \-a
-is supplied, the shell passes
-.I name
-as the zeroth argument to the executed command.
-If
-.I command
-cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
-unless the
-.B execfail
-shell option
-is enabled.  In that case, it returns failure.
-An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
-If
-.I command
-is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell,
-and the return status is 0.  If there is a redirection error, the
-return status is 1.
-.TP
-\fBexit\fP [\fIn\fP]
-Cause the shell to exit
-with a status of \fIn\fP.  If
-.I n
-is omitted, the exit status
-is that of the last command executed.
-A trap on
-.SM
-.B EXIT
-is executed before the shell terminates.
-.TP
-\fBexport\fP [\fB\-fn\fP\^] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP]] ...
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B export \-p
-.PD
-The supplied
-.I names
-are marked for automatic export to the environment of
-subsequently executed commands.  If the 
-.B \-f
-option is given,
-the 
-.I names
-refer to functions.
-If no
-.I names
-are given, or if the
-.B \-p
-option is supplied, a list
-of names of all exported variables is printed.
-The
-.B \-n
-option causes the export property to be removed from each
-\fIname\fP.
-If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of
-the variable is set to \fIword\fP.
-.B export
-returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is
-encountered,
-one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, or
-.B \-f
-is supplied with a
-.I name
-that is not a function.
-.TP
-\fBfc\fP [\fB\-e\fP \fIename\fP] [\fB\-lnr\fP] [\fIfirst\fP] [\fIlast\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBfc\fP \fB\-s\fP [\fIpat\fP=\fIrep\fP] [\fIcmd\fP]
-.PD
-The first form selects a range of commands from
-.I first
-to
-.I last
-from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.
-.I First
-and
-.I last
-may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
-with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
-where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
-command number).  If 
-.I last
-is not specified it is set to
-the current command for listing (so that
-.if n ``fc \-l \-10''
-.if t \f(CWfc \-l \-10\fP
-prints the last 10 commands) and to
-.I first
-otherwise.
-If
-.I first
-is not specified it is set to the previous
-command for editing and \-16 for listing.
-.sp 1
-The
-.B \-n
-option suppresses
-the command numbers when listing.  The
-.B \-r
-option reverses the order of
-the commands.  If the
-.B \-l
-option is given,
-the commands are listed on
-standard output.  Otherwise, the editor given by
-.I ename
-is invoked
-on a file containing those commands.  If
-.I ename
-is not given, the
-value of the
-.SM
-.B FCEDIT
-variable is used, and
-the value of
-.SM
-.B EDITOR
-if
-.SM
-.B FCEDIT
-is not set.  If neither variable is set,
-.FN vi
-is used.  When editing is complete, the edited commands are
-echoed and executed.
-.sp 1
-In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance
-of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP.
-\fICommand\fP is intepreted the same as \fIfirst\fP above.
-A useful alias to use with this is
-.if n ``r="fc -s"'',
-.if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP,
-so that typing
-.if n ``r cc''
-.if t \f(CWr cc\fP
-runs the last command beginning with
-.if n ``cc''
-.if t \f(CWcc\fP
-and typing
-.if n ``r''
-.if t \f(CWr\fP
-re-executes the last command.
-.sp 1
-If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid
-option is encountered or
-.I first
-or
-.I last
-specify history lines out of range.
-If the
-.B \-e
-option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last
-command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary
-file of commands.  If the second form is used, the return status
-is that of the command re-executed, unless
-.I cmd
-does not specify a valid history line, in which case
-.B fc
-returns failure.
-.TP
-\fBfg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP]
-Resume
-.I jobspec
-in the foreground, and make it the current job.
-If
-.I jobspec
-is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
-The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground,
-or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
-job control enabled, if
-.I jobspec
-does not specify a valid job or
-.I jobspec
-specifies a job that was started without job control.
-.TP
-\fBgetopts\fP \fIoptstring\fP \fIname\fP [\fIargs\fP]
-.B getopts
-is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.
-.I optstring
-contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character
-is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
-argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
-The colon and question mark characters may not be used as
-option characters.
-Each time it is invoked,
-.B getopts
-places the next option in the shell variable
-.IR name ,
-initializing
-.I name
-if it does not exist,
-and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
-variable
-.SM
-.BR OPTIND .
-.SM
-.B OPTIND
-is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
-is invoked.  When an option requires an argument,
-.B getopts
-places that argument into the variable
-.SM
-.BR OPTARG .
-The shell does not reset
-.SM
-.B OPTIND
-automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple
-calls to
-.B getopts
-within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters
-is to be used.
-.sp 1
-When the end of options is encountered, \fBgetopts\fP exits with a
-return value greater than zero.
-.SM
-.B OPTIND
-is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
-and \fIname\fP is set to ?.
-.sp 1
-.B getopts
-normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
-given in
-.IR args ,
-.B getopts
-parses those instead.
-.sp 1
-.B getopts
-can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
-.I optstring
-is a colon,
-.I silent
-error reporting is used.  In normal operation, diagnostic messages
-are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
-encountered.
-If the variable
-.SM
-.B OPTERR
-is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of 
-.I optstring
-is not a colon.
-.sp 1
-If an invalid option is seen,
-.B getopts
-places ? into
-.I name
-and, if not silent,
-prints an error message and unsets
-.SM
-.BR OPTARG .
-If
-.B getopts
-is silent,
-the option character found is placed in
-.SM
-.B OPTARG
-and no diagnostic message is printed.
-.sp 1
-If a required argument is not found, and
-.B getopts
-is not silent,
-a question mark (\^\fB?\fP\^) is placed in
-.IR name ,
-.SM
-.B OPTARG
-is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
-If
-.B getopts
-is silent, then a colon (\^\fB:\fP\^) is placed in
-.I name
-and
-.SM
-.B OPTARG
-is set to the option character found.
-.sp 1
-.B getopts
-returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found.
-It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
-error occurs.
-.TP
-\fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP]
-Each time \fBhash\fP is invoked,
-the full pathname of the command 
-.I name
-is determined by searching
-the directories in
-.B $PATH
-and remembered.  Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
-If the
-.B \-p
-option is supplied, no path search is performed, and
-.I filename
-is used as the full filename of the command.
-The
-.B \-r
-option causes the shell to forget all
-remembered locations.
-The
-.B \-d
-option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each \fIname\fP.
-If the
-.B \-t
-option is supplied, the full pathname to which each \fIname\fP corresponds
-is printed.  If multiple \fIname\fP arguments are supplied with \fB\-t\fP,
-the \fIname\fP is printed before the hashed full pathname.
-The
-.B \-l
-option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
-If no arguments are given, or if only \fB\-l\fP is supplied,
-information about remembered commands is printed.
-The return status is true unless a
-.I name
-is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
-.TP
-\fBhelp\fP [\fB\-dms\fP] [\fIpattern\fP]
-Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If
-.I pattern
-is specified,
-.B help
-gives detailed help on all commands matching
-.IR pattern ;
-otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures
-is printed.
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-d
-Display a short description of each \fIpattern\fP
-.TP
-.B \-m
-Display the description of each \fIpattern\fP in a manpage-like format
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Display only a short usage synopsis for each \fIpattern\fP
-.PD
-.PP
-The return status is 0 unless no command matches
-.IR pattern .
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBhistory [\fIn\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBhistory\fP \fB\-c\fP
-.TP
-\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIoffset\fP
-.TP
-\fBhistory\fP \fB\-anrw\fP [\fIfilename\fP]
-.TP
-\fBhistory\fP \fB\-p\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP]
-.TP
-\fBhistory\fP \fB\-s\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP]
-.PD
-With no options, display the command
-history list with line numbers.  Lines listed
-with a 
-.B *
-have been modified.  An argument of
-.I n
-lists only the last
-.I n
-lines.
-If the shell variable
-.SM
-.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
-is set and not null,
-it is used as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to display
-the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
-No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
-and the history line.
-If \fIfilename\fP is supplied, it is used as the
-name of the history file; if not, the value of
-.SM
-.B HISTFILE
-is used.  Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-c
-Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-.TP
-\fB\-d\fP \fIoffset\fP
-Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-a
-Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the
-beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session) to the history file.
-.TP
-.B \-n
-Read the history lines not already read from the history
-file into the current history list.  These are lines
-appended to the history file since the beginning of the
-current \fBbash\fP session.
-.TP
-.B \-r
-Read the contents of the history file
-and append them to the current history list.
-.TP
-.B \-w
-Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the
-history file's contents.
-.TP
-.B \-p
-Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display
-the result on the standard output.
-Does not store the results in the history list.
-Each \fIarg\fP must be quoted to disable normal history expansion.
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Store the
-.I args
-in the history list as a single entry.  The last command in the
-history list is removed before the
-.I args
-are added.
-.PD
-.PP
-If the
-.SM
-.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
-variable is set, the time stamp information
-associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character.
-When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
-comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
-as timestamps for the previous history line.
-The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
-error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
-\fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the
-history expansion supplied as an argument to \fB\-p\fP fails.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBjobs\fP [\fB\-lnprs\fP] [ \fIjobspec\fP ... ]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBjobs\fP \fB\-x\fP \fIcommand\fP [ \fIargs\fP ... ]
-.PD
-The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the following
-meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-l
-List process IDs
-in addition to the normal information.
-.TP
-.B \-n
-Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
-the user was last notified of their status.
-.TP
-.B \-p
-List only the process ID of the job's process group
-leader.
-.TP
-.B \-r
-Display only running jobs.
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Display only stopped jobs.
-.PD
-.PP
-If
-.I jobspec
-is given, output is restricted to information about that job.
-The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered
-or an invalid
-.I jobspec
-is supplied.
-.PP
-If the
-.B \-x
-option is supplied,
-.B jobs
-replaces any
-.I jobspec
-found in
-.I command
-or
-.I args
-with the corresponding process group ID, and executes
-.I command
-passing it
-.IR args ,
-returning its exit status.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ...
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP]
-.PD
-Send the signal named by
-.I sigspec
-or
-.I signum
-to the processes named by
-.I pid
-or
-.IR jobspec .
-.I sigspec
-is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
-.SM
-.B SIGKILL
-(with or without the
-.SM
-.B SIG
-prefix) or a signal number;
-.I signum
-is a signal number.
-If
-.I sigspec
-is not present, then
-.SM
-.B SIGTERM
-is assumed.
-An argument of
-.B \-l
-lists the signal names.
-If any arguments are supplied when
-.B \-l
-is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
-listed, and the return status is 0.
-The \fIexit_status\fP argument to
-.B \-l
-is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of
-a process terminated by a signal.
-.B kill
-returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false
-if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
-.TP
-\fBlet\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
-Each
-.I arg
-is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see
-.SM
-.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
-above).
-If the last
-.I arg
-evaluates to 0,
-.B let
-returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
-.TP
-\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
-For each argument, a local variable named
-.I name 
-is created, and assigned
-.IR value .
-The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP.
-When
-.B local
-is used within a function, it causes the variable
-.I name
-to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
-With no operands,
-.B local
-writes a list of local variables to the standard output.  It is
-an error to use
-.B local
-when not within a function.  The return status is 0 unless
-.B local
-is used outside a function, an invalid
-.I name
-is supplied, or
-\fIname\fP is a readonly variable.
-.TP
-.B logout
-Exit a login shell.
-.TP
-\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
-.PD
-Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
-.IR array ,
-or from file descriptor 
-.IR fd
-if the 
-.B \-u
-option is supplied.
-The variable
-.SM
-.B MAPFILE
-is the default \fIarray\fP.
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-n
-Copy at most
-.I count
-lines.  If \fIcount\fP is 0, all lines are copied.
-.TP
-.B \-O
-Begin assigning to
-.I array
-at index
-.IR origin .
-The default index is 0.
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Discard the first \fIcount\fP lines read.
-.TP
-.B \-t
-Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-.TP
-.B \-u
-Read lines from file descriptor \fIfd\fP instead of the standard input.
-.TP
-.B \-C
-Evaluate
-.I callback
-each time \fIquantum\fP lines are read.  The \fB\-c\fP option specifies
-.IR quantum .
-.TP
-.B \-c
-Specify the number of lines read between each call to
-.IR callback .
-.PD
-.PP
-If
-.B \-C
-is specified without 
-.BR \-c ,
-the default quantum is 5000.
-When \fIcallback\fP is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
-array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
-as additional arguments.
-\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the 
-array element is assigned.
-.PP
-If not supplied with an explicit origin, \fBmapfile\fP will clear \fIarray\fP
-before assigning to it.
-.PP
-\fBmapfile\fP returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
-argument is supplied, \fIarray\fP is invalid or unassignable, or if
-\fIarray\fP is not an indexed array.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBpopd\fP [\-\fBn\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
-Removes entries from the directory stack.  With no arguments,
-removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a
-.B cd
-to the new top directory.
-Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-n
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
-from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
-.TP
-\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
-Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list
-shown by
-.BR dirs ,
-starting with zero.  For example:
-.if n ``popd +0''
-.if t \f(CWpopd +0\fP
-removes the first directory,
-.if n ``popd +1''
-.if t \f(CWpopd +1\fP
-the second.
-.TP
-\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
-Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list
-shown by
-.BR dirs ,
-starting with zero.  For example:
-.if n ``popd -0''
-.if t \f(CWpopd -0\fP
-removes the last directory,
-.if n ``popd -1''
-.if t \f(CWpopd -1\fP
-the next to last.
-.PD
-.PP
-If the
-.B popd
-command is successful, a 
-.B dirs
-is performed as well, and the return status is 0.
-.B popd
-returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
-is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the
-directory change fails.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBprintf\fP [\fB\-v\fP \fIvar\fP] \fIformat\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
-Write the formatted \fIarguments\fP to the standard output under the
-control of the \fIformat\fP.
-The \fB\-v\fP option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-\fIvar\fP rather than being printed to the standard output.
-.sp 1
-The \fIformat\fP is a character string which contains three types of objects:
-plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
-escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
-format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
-\fIargument\fP.
-In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) format specifications,
-\fBprintf\fP interprets the following extensions:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B %b
-causes
-\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
-\fIargument\fP (except that \fB\ec\fP terminates output, backslashes in
-\fB\e\(aq\fP, \fB\e"\fP, and \fB\e?\fP are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with \fB\e0\fP may contain up to four digits).
-.TP
-.B %q
-causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding
-\fIargument\fP in a format that can be reused as shell input.
-.TP
-.B %(\fIdatefmt\fP)T
-causes \fBprintf\fP to output the date-time string resulting from using
-\fIdatefmt\fP as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3).
-The corresponding \fIargument\fP is an integer representing the number of
-seconds since the epoch.
-Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
-time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
-If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
-This is an exception to the usual \fBprintf\fP behavior.
-.PD
-.PP
-Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants,
-except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
-character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
-the following character.
-.PP
-The \fIformat\fP is reused as necessary to consume all of the \fIarguments\fP.
-If the \fIformat\fP requires more \fIarguments\fP than are supplied, the
-extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
-appropriate, had been supplied.
-The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIdir\fP]
-.PD
-Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
-the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
-directory.  With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
-and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
-Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-n
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
-to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
-.TP
-\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
-Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory
-(counting from the left of the list shown by
-.BR dirs ,
-starting with zero)
-is at the top.
-.TP
-\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
-Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory
-(counting from the right of the list shown by
-.BR dirs ,
-starting with zero) is at the top.
-.TP
-.I dir
-Adds
-.I dir
-to the directory stack at the top, making it the
-new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument
-to the \fBcd\fP builtin.
-.PD
-.PP
-If the
-.B pushd
-command is successful, a 
-.B dirs
-is performed as well.
-If the first form is used,
-.B pushd
-returns 0 unless the cd to
-.I dir
-fails.  With the second form,
-.B pushd
-returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty,
-a non-existent directory stack element is specified,
-or the directory change to the specified new current directory
-fails.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBpwd\fP [\fB\-LP\fP]
-Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
-The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the
-.B \-P
-option is supplied or the 
-.B \-o physical
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin command is enabled.
-If the
-.B \-L
-option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.
-The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while
-reading the name of the current directory or an
-invalid option is supplied.
-.TP
-\fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-i\fP \fItext\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-N\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
-One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
-\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, and the first word
-is assigned to the first
-.IR name ,
-the second word to the second
-.IR name ,
-and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
-to the last
-.IR name .
-If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
-the remaining names are assigned empty values.
-The characters in 
-.SM
-.B IFS
-are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
-uses for expansion (described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP).
-The backslash character (\fB\e\fP) may be used to remove any special
-meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-a \fIaname\fP
-The words are assigned to sequential indices
-of the array variable
-.IR aname ,
-starting at 0.
-.I aname
-is unset before any new values are assigned.
-Other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored.
-.TP
-.B \-d \fIdelim\fP
-The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate the input line,
-rather than newline.
-.TP
-.B \-e
-If the standard input
-is coming from a terminal,
-.B readline
-(see
-.SM
-.B READLINE
-above) is used to obtain the line.
-Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
-active) editing settings.
-.TP
-.B \-i \fItext\fP
-If
-.B readline
-is being used to read the line, \fItext\fP is placed into the editing
-buffer before editing begins.
-.TP
-.B \-n \fInchars\fP
-\fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
-than \fInchars\fP characters are read before the delimiter.
-.TP
-.B \-N \fInchars\fP
-\fBread\fP returns after reading exactly \fInchars\fP characters rather
-than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
-\fBread\fP times out.
-Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
-not treated specially and do not cause \fBread\fP to return until
-\fInchars\fP characters are read.
-.TP
-.B \-p \fIprompt\fP
-Display \fIprompt\fP on standard error, without a
-trailing newline, before attempting to read any input.  The prompt
-is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-.TP
-.B \-r
-Backslash does not act as an escape character.
-The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
-In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
-continuation.
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
-not echoed.
-.TP
-.B \-t \fItimeout\fP
-Cause \fBread\fP to time out and return failure if a complete line of
-input (or a specified number of characters)
-is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds.
-\fItimeout\fP may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
-the decimal point.
-This option is only effective if \fBread\fP is reading input from a
-terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
-from regular files.
-If \fBread\fP times out, \fBread\fP saves any partial input read into
-the specified variable \fIname\fP.
-If \fItimeout\fP is 0, \fBread\fP returns immediately, without trying to
-read any data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
-the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
-The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
-.TP
-.B \-u \fIfd\fP
-Read input from file descriptor \fIfd\fP.
-.PD
-.PP
-If no
-.I names
-are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable
-.SM
-.BR REPLY .
-The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP
-times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128),
-a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
-or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-aAf\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...]
-.PD
-The given
-\fInames\fP are marked readonly; the values of these
-.I names
-may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
-If the
-.B \-f
-option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the
-\fInames\fP are so
-marked.
-The
-.B \-a
-option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the
-.B \-A
-option restricts the variables to associative arrays.
-If both options are supplied,
-.B \-A
-takes precedence.
-If no
-.I name
-arguments are given, or if the
-.B \-p
-option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
-The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
-the set of readonly names.
-The
-.B \-p
-option causes output to be displayed in a format that
-may be reused as input.
-If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of
-the variable is set to \fIword\fP.
-The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
-one of the
-.I names
-is not a valid shell variable name, or
-.B \-f
-is supplied with a
-.I name
-that is not a function.
-.TP
-\fBreturn\fP [\fIn\fP]
-Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by
-.I n
-to its caller.
-If 
-.I n
-is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
-executed in the function body.
-If \fBreturn\fP is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
-determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
-if \fBreturn\fP is executed during a \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the last command
-used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
-handler before \fBreturn\fP was invoked.
-If
-.B return
-is used outside a function,
-but during execution of a script by the 
-.B .
-(\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
-that script and return either
-.I n
-or the exit status of the last command executed within the
-script as the exit status of the script.
-If \fIn\fP is supplied, the return value is its least significant
-8 bits.
-The return status is non-zero if
-.B return
-is supplied a non-numeric argument, or
-is used outside a
-function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^ or \fBsource\fP.
-Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed
-before execution resumes after the function or script.
-.TP
-\fBset\fP [\fB\-\-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fBset\fP [\fB+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
-.PD
-Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed
-in a format that can be reused as input
-for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
-Read-only variables cannot be reset.
-In \fIposix\fP mode, only shell variables are listed.
-The output is sorted according to the current locale.
-When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.
-Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated
-as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to 
-.BR $1 ,
-.BR $2 ,
-.B ...
-.BR $\fIn\fP .
-Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP 8
-.B \-a
-Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or
-created for export to the environment of subsequent commands.
-.TP 8
-.B \-b
-Report the status of terminated background jobs
-immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt.  This is
-effective only when job control is enabled.
-.TP 8
-.B \-e
-Exit immediately if a
-\fIpipeline\fP (which may consist of a single \fIsimple command\fP),
-a \fIlist\fP,
-or a \fIcompound command\fP
-(see
-.SM
-.B SHELL GRAMMAR
-above),  exits with a non-zero status.
-The shell does not exit if the
-command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a
-.B while
-or
-.B until
-keyword, 
-part of the test following the
-.B if
-or
-.B elif
-reserved words, part of any command executed in a
-.B &&
-or
-.B ||
-list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP,
-any command in a pipeline but the last,
-or if the command's return value is
-being inverted with
-.BR ! .
-If a compound command other than a subshell
-returns a non-zero status because a command failed
-while \fB\-e\fP was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
-A trap on \fBERR\fP, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
-This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
-separately (see
-.SM
-.B "COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT"
-above), and may cause
-subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
-where \fB\-e\fP is being ignored,
-none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
-will be affected by the \fB\-e\fP setting, even if \fB\-e\fP is set
-and a command returns a failure status.
-If a compound command or shell function sets \fB\-e\fP while executing in
-a context where \fB\-e\fP is ignored, that setting will not have any
-effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
-call completes.
-.TP 8
-.B \-f
-Disable pathname expansion.
-.TP 8 
-.B \-h
-Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution.
-This is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B \-k
-All arguments in the form of assignment statements
-are placed in the environment for a command, not just
-those that precede the command name.
-.TP 8
-.B \-m
-Monitor mode.  Job control is enabled.  This option is on
-by default for interactive shells on systems that support
-it (see
-.SM
-.B JOB CONTROL
-above).
-All processes run in a separate process group.
-When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
-containing its exit status.
-.TP 8
-.B \-n
-Read commands but do not execute them.  This may be used to 
-check a shell script for syntax errors.  This is ignored by
-interactive shells.
-.TP 8
-.B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP
-The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following:
-.RS
-.TP 8
-.B allexport
-Same as
-.BR \-a .
-.TP 8
-.B braceexpand
-Same as
-.BR \-B .
-.TP 8
-.B emacs
-Use an emacs-style command line editing interface.  This is enabled
-by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started
-with the
-.B \-\-noediting
-option.
-This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B errexit
-Same as
-.BR \-e .
-.TP 8
-.B errtrace
-Same as
-.BR \-E .
-.TP 8
-.B functrace
-Same as
-.BR \-T .
-.TP 8
-.B hashall
-Same as
-.BR \-h .
-.TP 8
-.B histexpand
-Same as
-.BR \-H .
-.TP 8
-.B history
-Enable command history, as described above under
-.SM
-.BR HISTORY .
-This option is on by default in interactive shells.
-.TP 8
-.B ignoreeof
-The effect is as if the shell command
-.if t \f(CWIGNOREEOF=10\fP
-.if n ``IGNOREEOF=10''
-had been executed
-(see
-.B Shell Variables
-above).
-.TP 8
-.B keyword
-Same as
-.BR \-k .
-.TP 8
-.B monitor
-Same as
-.BR \-m .
-.TP 8
-.B noclobber
-Same as
-.BR \-C .
-.TP 8
-.B noexec
-Same as
-.BR \-n .
-.TP 8
-.B noglob
-Same as
-.BR \-f .
-.TP 8
-.B nolog
-Currently ignored.
-.TP 8
-.B notify
-Same as
-.BR \-b .
-.TP 8
-.B nounset
-Same as
-.BR \-u .
-.TP 8
-.B onecmd
-Same as
-.BR \-t .
-.TP 8
-.B physical
-Same as
-.BR \-P .
-.TP 8
-.B pipefail
-If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
-(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
-commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
-This option is disabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B posix
-Change the behavior of
-.B bash
-where the default operation differs
-from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP).
-See
-.SM
-.B "SEE ALSO"
-below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects
-bash's behavior.
-.TP 8
-.B privileged
-Same as
-.BR \-p .
-.TP 8
-.B verbose
-Same as
-.BR \-v .
-.TP 8
-.B vi
-Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
-This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP.
-.TP 8
-.B xtrace
-Same as
-.BR \-x .
-.sp .5
-.PP
-If
-.B \-o
-is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, the values of the current options are
-printed.
-If
-.B +o
-is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, a series of
-.B set
-commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on
-the standard output.
-.RE
-.TP 8
-.B \-p
-Turn on
-.I privileged
-mode.  In this mode, the
-.SM
-.B $ENV
-and
-.SM
-.B $BASH_ENV
-files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the
-environment, and the
-.SM
-.BR SHELLOPTS ,
-.SM
-.BR BASHOPTS ,
-.SM
-.BR CDPATH ,
-and
-.SM
-.B GLOBIGNORE
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
-If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, these actions
-are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
-If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
-not reset.
-Turning this option off causes the effective user
-and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-.TP 8
-.B \-t
-Exit after reading and executing one command.
-.TP 8
-.B \-u
-Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
-parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
-parameter expansion.  If expansion is attempted on an
-unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and,
-if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-.TP 8
-.B \-v
-Print shell input lines as they are read.
-.TP 8
-.B \-x
-After expanding each \fIsimple command\fP,
-\fBfor\fP command, \fBcase\fP command, \fBselect\fP command, or
-arithmetic \fBfor\fP command, display the expanded value of
-.SM
-.BR PS4 ,
-followed by the command and its expanded arguments
-or associated word list.
-.TP 8
-.B \-B
-The shell performs brace expansion (see
-.B Brace Expansion
-above).  This is on by default.
-.TP 8
-.B \-C
-If set,
-.B bash
-does not overwrite an existing file with the
-.BR > ,
-.BR >& ,
-and
-.B <>
-redirection operators.  This may be overridden when 
-creating output files by using the redirection operator
-.B >|
-instead of
-.BR > .
-.TP 8
-.B \-E
-If set, any trap on \fBERR\fP is inherited by shell functions, command
-substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
-The \fBERR\fP trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
-.TP 8
-.B \-H
-Enable
-.B !
-style history substitution.  This option is on by
-default when the shell is interactive.
-.TP 8
-.B \-P
-If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing
-commands such as
-.B cd
-that change the current working directory.  It uses the
-physical directory structure instead.  By default,
-.B bash
-follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands
-which change the current directory.
-.TP 8
-.B \-T
-If set, any traps on \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP are inherited by shell
-functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
-subshell environment.
-The \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps are normally not inherited
-in such cases.
-.TP 8
-.B \-\-
-If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
-unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
-\fIarg\fPs, even if some of them begin with a
-.BR \- .
-.TP 8
-.B \-
-Signal the end of options, cause all remaining \fIarg\fPs to be
-assigned to the positional parameters.  The
-.B \-x
-and
-.B \-v
-options are turned off.
-If there are no \fIarg\fPs,
-the positional parameters remain unchanged.
-.PD
-.PP
-The options are off by default unless otherwise noted.
-Using + rather than \- causes these options to be turned off.
-The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
-the shell.
-The current set of options may be found in
-.BR $\- .
-The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBshift\fP [\fIn\fP]
-The positional parameters from \fIn\fP+1 ... are renamed to
-.B $1
-.B ....
-Parameters represented by the numbers \fB$#\fP
-down to \fB$#\fP\-\fIn\fP+1 are unset.
-.I n
-must be a non-negative number less than or equal to \fB$#\fP.
-If
-.I n
-is 0, no parameters are changed.
-If
-.I n 
-is not given, it is assumed to be 1.
-If
-.I n
-is greater than \fB$#\fP, the positional parameters are not changed.
-The return status is greater than zero if
-.I n
-is greater than
-.B $#
-or less than zero; otherwise 0.
-.TP
-\fBshopt\fP [\fB\-pqsu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP] [\fIoptname\fP ...]
-Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
-The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-.B \-o
-option is used, those available with the
-.B \-o
-option to the \fBset\fP builtin command.
-With no options, or with the
-.B \-p
-option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with
-an indication of whether or not each is set.
-The \fB\-p\fP option causes output to be displayed in a form that
-may be reused as input.
-Other options have the following meanings:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-s
-Enable (set) each \fIoptname\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-u
-Disable (unset) each \fIoptname\fP.
-.TP
-.B \-q
-Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates
-whether the \fIoptname\fP is set or unset.
-If multiple \fIoptname\fP arguments are given with
-.BR \-q ,
-the return status is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP are enabled; non-zero
-otherwise.
-.TP
-.B \-o
-Restricts the values of \fIoptname\fP to be those defined for the
-.B \-o
-option to the
-.B set
-builtin.
-.PD
-.PP
-If either
-.B \-s
-or
-.B \-u
-is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments,
-.B shopt
-shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
-Unless otherwise noted, the \fBshopt\fP options are disabled (unset)
-by default.
-.PP
-The return status when listing options is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP
-are enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
-the return status is zero unless an \fIoptname\fP is not a valid shell
-option.
-.PP
-The list of \fBshopt\fP options is:
-.if t .sp .5v
-.if n .sp 1v
-.PD 0
-.TP 8
-.B autocd
-If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
-it were the argument to the \fBcd\fP command.
-This option is only used by interactive shells.
-.TP 8
-.B cdable_vars
-If set, an argument to the
-.B cd
-builtin command that
-is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
-value is the directory to change to.
-.TP 8
-.B cdspell
-If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
-.B cd
-command will be corrected.
-The errors checked for are transposed characters,
-a missing character, and one character too many.
-If a correction is found, the corrected filename is printed,
-and the command proceeds.
-This option is only used by interactive shells.
-.TP 8
-.B checkhash
-If set, \fBbash\fP checks that a command found in the hash
-table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command no
-longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
-.TP 8
-.B checkjobs
-If set, \fBbash\fP lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
-exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running, this causes
-the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
-intervening command (see
-.SM
-.B "JOB CONTROL"
-above).  The shell always
-postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
-.TP 8
-.B checkwinsize
-If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each command
-and, if necessary, updates the values of
-.SM
-.B LINES
-and
-.SM
-.BR COLUMNS .
-.TP 8
-.B cmdhist
-If set,
-.B bash
-attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
-command in the same history entry.  This allows
-easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
-.TP 8
-.B compat31
-If set,
-.B bash
-changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
-arguments to the \fB[[\fP conditional command's \fB=~\fP operator
-and locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
-conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators.
-Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
-.IR strcmp (3);
-bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and
-.IR strcoll (3).
-.TP 8
-.B compat32
-If set,
-.B bash
-changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to
-locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
-conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item).
-.TP 8
-.B compat40
-If set,
-.B bash
-changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
-conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see description of
-\fBcompat31\fP)
-and the effect of interrupting a command list.
-Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
-interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
-.TP 8
-.B compat41
-If set,
-.BR bash ,
-when in \fIposix\fP mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
-parameter expansion as a special character.  The single quotes must match
-(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
-quoted.  This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1.
-The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
-.TP 8
-.B compat42
-If set,
-.B bash
-does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
-expansion using quote removal.
-.TP 8
-.B complete_fullquote
-If set,
-.B bash
-quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
-performing completion.
-If not set,
-.B bash
-removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
-characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
-when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be
-completed.
-This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories
-will not be quoted;
-however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either.
-This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
-filenames.
-This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
-versions through 4.2.
-.TP 8
-.B direxpand
-If set,
-.B bash
-replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
-filename completion.  This changes the contents of the readline editing
-buffer.
-If not set,
-.B bash
-attempts to preserve what the user typed.
-.TP 8
-.B dirspell
-If set,
-.B bash
-attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion
-if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
-.TP 8
-.B dotglob
-If set, 
-.B bash
-includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname
-expansion.
-.TP 8
-.B execfail
-If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
-it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the
-.B exec
-builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if
-.B exec
-fails.
-.TP 8
-.B expand_aliases
-If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
-.SM
-.BR ALIASES .
-This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
-.TP 8
-.B extdebug
-If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
-.RS
-.TP
-.B 1.
-The \fB\-F\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP builtin displays the source
-file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied
-as an argument.
-.TP
-.B 2.
-If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a non-zero value, the
-next command is skipped and not executed.
-.TP
-.B 3.
-If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a value of 2, and the
-shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
-executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), the shell simulates
-a call to \fBreturn\fP.
-.TP
-.B 4.
-.SM
-.B BASH_ARGC
-and
-.SM
-.B BASH_ARGV
-are updated as described in their descriptions above.
-.TP
-.B 5.
-Function tracing is enabled:  command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
-\fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps.
-.TP
-.B 6.
-Error tracing is enabled:  command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
-\fBERR\fP trap.
-.RE
-.TP 8
-.B extglob
-If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under
-\fBPathname Expansion\fP are enabled.
-.TP 8
-.B extquote
-If set, \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq and \fB$\fP"\fIstring\fP" quoting is
-performed within \fB${\fP\fIparameter\fP\fB}\fP expansions
-enclosed in double quotes.  This option is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B failglob
-If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion
-result in an expansion error.
-.TP 8
-.B force_fignore
-If set, the suffixes specified by the
-.SM
-.B FIGNORE
-shell variable
-cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
-the ignored words are the only possible completions.
-See
-.SM
-\fBSHELL VARIABLES\fP
-above for a description of
-.SM
-.BR FIGNORE .
-This option is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B globasciiranges
-If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see
-.SM
-.B Pattern Matching
-above) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
-comparisons.  That is, the current locale's collating sequence
-is not taken into account, so
-.B b
-will not collate between
-.B A
-and
-.BR B ,
-and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
-.TP 8
-.B globstar
-If set, the pattern \fB**\fP used in a pathname expansion context will
-match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
-If the pattern is followed by a \fB/\fP, only directories and
-subdirectories match.
-.TP 8
-.B gnu_errfmt
-If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error
-message format.
-.TP 8
-.B histappend
-If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
-of the
-.SM
-.B HISTFILE
-variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
-.TP 8
-.B histreedit
-If set, and
-.B readline
-is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
-failed history substitution.
-.TP 8
-.B histverify
-If set, and 
-.B readline
-is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
-passed to the shell parser.  Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
-the \fBreadline\fP editing buffer, allowing further modification.
-.TP 8
-.B hostcomplete
-If set, and
-.B readline
-is being used, \fBbash\fP will attempt to perform hostname completion when a
-word containing a \fB@\fP is being completed (see
-.B Completing
-under
-.SM
-.B READLINE
-above).
-This is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B huponexit
-If set, \fBbash\fP will send
-.SM
-.B SIGHUP
-to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
-.TP 8
-.B interactive_comments
-If set, allow a word beginning with
-.B #
-to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
-line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see
-.SM
-.B COMMENTS
-above).  This option is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B lastpipe
-If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
-a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
-.TP 8
-.B lithist
-If set, and the
-.B cmdhist
-option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
-embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
-.TP 8
-.B login_shell
-The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see
-.SM
-.B "INVOCATION"
-above).
-The value may not be changed.
-.TP 8
-.B mailwarn
-If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been  
-accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in
-\fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed.
-.TP 8
-.B no_empty_cmd_completion
-If set, and
-.B readline
-is being used,
-.B bash
-will not attempt to search the
-.SM
-.B PATH
-for possible completions when
-completion is attempted on an empty line.
-.TP 8
-.B nocaseglob
-If set,
-.B bash
-matches filenames in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing pathname
-expansion (see
-.B Pathname Expansion
-above).
-.TP 8
-.B nocasematch
-If set,
-.B bash
-matches patterns in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing matching
-while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands.
-.TP 8
-.B nullglob
-If set,
-.B bash
-allows patterns which match no
-files (see
-.B Pathname Expansion
-above)
-to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
-.TP 8
-.B progcomp
-If set, the programmable completion facilities (see
-\fBProgrammable Completion\fP above) are enabled.
-This option is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B promptvars
-If set, prompt strings undergo
-parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in
-.SM
-.B PROMPTING
-above.  This option is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B restricted_shell
-The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see
-.SM
-.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
-below).
-The value may not be changed.
-This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
-the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
-.TP 8
-.B shift_verbose
-If set, the
-.B shift
-builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
-number of positional parameters.
-.TP 8
-.B sourcepath
-If set, the
-\fBsource\fP (\fB.\fP) builtin uses the value of
-.SM
-.B PATH
-to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
-This option is enabled by default.
-.TP 8
-.B xpg_echo
-If set, the \fBecho\fP builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
-by default.
-.RE
-.PD
-.TP
-\fBsuspend\fP [\fB\-f\fP]
-Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
-.SM
-.B SIGCONT
-signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the
-.B \-f
-option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
-The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and
-.B \-f
-is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.
-.TP
-\fBtest\fP \fIexpr\fP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fB[\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB]\fP
-Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
-the evaluation of the conditional expression
-.IR expr .
-Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
-Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under
-.SM
-.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" .
-\fBtest\fP does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
-an argument of \fB\-\-\fP as signifying the end of options.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
-in decreasing order of precedence.
-The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
-Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B ! \fIexpr\fP
-True if
-.I expr
-is false.
-.TP
-.B ( \fIexpr\fP )
-Returns the value of \fIexpr\fP.
-This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
-.TP
-\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBa\fP \fIexpr2\fP
-True if both
-.I expr1
-and
-.I expr2
-are true.
-.TP
-\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBo\fP \fIexpr2\fP
-True if either
-.I expr1
-or
-.I expr2
-is true.
-.PD
-.PP
-\fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP evaluate conditional
-expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-.PD 0
-.TP
-0 arguments
-The expression is false.
-.TP
-1 argument
-The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
-.TP
-2 arguments
-If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the expression is true if and
-only if the second argument is null.
-If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed above
-under
-.SM
-.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" ,
-the expression is true if the unary test is true.
-If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression
-is false.
-.TP
-3 arguments
-The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
-If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above
-under
-.SM
-.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" ,
-the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using
-the first and third arguments as operands.
-The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators
-when there are three arguments.  
-If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of
-the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
-If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is
-exactly \fB)\fP, the result is the one-argument test of the second
-argument.
-Otherwise, the expression is false.
-.TP
-4 arguments
-If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of
-the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
-Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to 
-precedence using the rules listed above.
-.TP
-5 or more arguments
-The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
-using the rules listed above.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-.LP
-When used with \fBtest\fP or \fB[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators
-sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-.RE
-.PD
-.TP
-.B times
-Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
-for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
-.TP
-\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lp\fP] [[\fIarg\fP] \fIsigspec\fP ...]
-The command
-.I arg
-is to be read and executed when the shell receives
-signal(s)
-.IR sigspec .
-If
-.I arg
-is absent (and there is a single \fIsigspec\fP) or
-.BR \- ,
-each specified signal is
-reset to its original disposition (the value it had
-upon entrance to the shell).
-If 
-.I arg
-is the null string the signal specified by each
-.I sigspec
-is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
-If
-.I arg
-is not present and
-.B \-p
-has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each
-.I sigspec
-are displayed.
-If no arguments are supplied or if only
-.B \-p
-is given,
-.B trap
-prints the list of commands associated with each signal.
-The
-.B \-l
-option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and
-their corresponding numbers.
-Each
-.I sigspec
-is either
-a signal name defined in <\fIsignal.h\fP>, or a signal number.
-Signal names are case insensitive and the
-.SM
-.B SIG
-prefix is optional.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-If a
-.I sigspec
-is
-.SM
-.B EXIT
-(0) the command
-.I arg
-is executed on exit from the shell.
-If a
-.I sigspec
-is
-.SM
-.BR DEBUG ,
-the command
-.I arg
-is executed before every \fIsimple command\fP, \fIfor\fP command,
-\fIcase\fP command, \fIselect\fP command, every arithmetic \fIfor\fP
-command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see
-.SM
-.B SHELL GRAMMAR
-above).
-Refer to the description of the \fBextdebug\fP option to the
-\fBshopt\fP builtin for details of its effect on the \fBDEBUG\fP trap.
-If a
-.I sigspec
-is
-.SM
-.BR RETURN ,
-the command
-.I arg
-is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with
-the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins finishes executing.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-If a
-.I sigspec
-is
-.SM
-.BR ERR ,
-the command
-.I arg
-is executed whenever a 
-a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
-command), a list, or a compound command returns a 
-non\-zero exit status,
-subject to the following conditions.
-The
-.SM
-.B ERR
-trap is not executed if the failed
-command is part of the command list immediately following a
-.B while
-or
-.B until
-keyword, 
-part of the test in an
-.I if
-statement, part of a command executed in a
-.B &&
-or
-.B ||
-list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP,
-any command in a pipeline but the last,
-or if the command's return value is
-being inverted using
-.BR ! .
-These are the same conditions obeyed by the \fBerrexit\fP (\fB\-e\fP) option.
-.if t .sp 0.5
-.if n .sp 1
-Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
-Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
-values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
-The return status is false if any
-.I sigspec
-is invalid; otherwise
-.B trap
-returns true.
-.TP
-\fBtype\fP [\fB\-aftpP\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...]
-With no options, 
-indicate how each
-.I name
-would be interpreted if used as a command name.
-If the
-.B \-t
-option is used,
-.B type
-prints a string which is one of
-.IR alias ,
-.IR keyword ,
-.IR function ,
-.IR builtin ,
-or
-.I file 
-if
-.I name
-is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file,
-respectively.
-If the
-.I name
-is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false
-is returned.
-If the
-.B \-p
-option is used,
-.B type
-either returns the name of the disk file
-that would be executed if
-.I name
-were specified as a command name,
-or nothing if
-.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP
-.if n ``type -t name''
-would not return
-.IR file .
-The
-.B \-P
-option forces a
-.SM
-.B PATH
-search for each \fIname\fP, even if
-.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP
-.if n ``type -t name''
-would not return
-.IR file .
-If a command is hashed,
-.B \-p
-and
-.B \-P
-print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
-first in 
-.SM
-.BR PATH .
-If the
-.B \-a
-option is used, 
-.B type
-prints all of the places that contain
-an executable named 
-.IR name .
-This includes aliases and functions,
-if and only if the 
-.B \-p
-option is not also used.
-The table of hashed commands is not consulted
-when using
-.BR \-a .
-The
-.B \-f
-option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the \fBcommand\fP builtin.
-.B type
-returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if
-any are not found.
-.TP
-\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx\fP [\fIlimit\fP]]
-Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
-processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
-The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is
-set for the given resource.
-A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
-a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
-If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified, both the soft and hard
-limits are set.
-The value of
-.I limit
-can be a number in the unit specified for the resource
-or one of the special values
-.BR hard ,
-.BR soft ,
-or
-.BR unlimited ,
-which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and
-no limit, respectively.
-If
-.I limit
-is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is
-printed, unless the \fB\-H\fP option is given.  When more than one
-resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value.
-Other options are interpreted as follows:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B \-a
-All current limits are reported
-.TP
-.B \-b
-The maximum socket buffer size
-.TP
-.B \-c
-The maximum size of core files created
-.TP
-.B \-d
-The maximum size of a process's data segment
-.TP
-.B \-e
-The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
-.TP
-.B \-f
-The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
-.TP
-.B \-i
-The maximum number of pending signals
-.TP
-.B \-l
-The maximum size that may be locked into memory
-.TP
-.B \-m
-The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit)
-.TP
-.B \-n
-The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
-allow this value to be set)
-.TP
-.B \-p
-The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-.TP
-.B \-q
-The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-.TP
-.B \-r
-The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-.TP
-.B \-s
-The maximum stack size
-.TP
-.B \-t
-The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-.TP
-.B \-u
-The maximum number of processes available to a single user
-.TP
-.B \-v
-The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on
-some systems, to its children
-.TP
-.B \-x
-The maximum number of file locks
-.TP
-.B \-T
-The maximum number of threads
-.PD
-.PP
-If
-.I limit
-is given, and the
-.B \-a
-option is not used,
-\fIlimit\fP is the new value of the specified resource.
-If no option is given, then
-.B \-f
-is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for
-.BR \-t ,
-which is in seconds;
-.BR \-p ,
-which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
-and
-.BR \-T ,
-.BR \-b ,
-.BR \-n ,
-and
-.BR \-u ,
-which are unscaled values.
-The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
-or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP]
-The user file-creation mask is set to 
-.IR mode .
-If
-.I mode
-begins with a digit, it
-is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise
-it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
-to that accepted by
-.IR chmod (1).
-If
-.I mode
-is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.
-The
-.B \-S
-option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the
-default output is an octal number.
-If the
-.B \-p
-option is supplied, and
-.I mode
-is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
-The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if
-no \fImode\fP argument was supplied, and false otherwise.
-.TP
-\fBunalias\fP [\-\fBa\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
-Remove each \fIname\fP from the list of defined aliases.  If
-.B \-a
-is supplied, all alias definitions are removed.  The return
-value is true unless a supplied
-.I name
-is not a defined alias.
-.TP
-\fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\-\fBn\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
-For each
-.IR name ,
-remove the corresponding variable or function.
-If the
-.B \-v
-option is given, each
-.I name
-refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed.
-Read-only variables may not be unset.
-If
-.B \-f
-is specified, each
-.I name
-refers to a shell function, and the function definition
-is removed.
-If the
-.B \-n
-option is supplied, and \fIname\fP is a variable with the \fInameref\fP
-attribute, \fIname\fP will be unset rather than the variable it
-references.
-\fB\-n\fP has no effect if the \fB\-f\fP option is supplied.
-If no options are supplied, each \fIname\fP refers to a variable; if
-there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
-unset.
-Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
-passed to subsequent commands.
-If any of
-.SM
-.BR COMP_WORDBREAKS ,
-.SM
-.BR RANDOM ,
-.SM
-.BR SECONDS ,
-.SM
-.BR LINENO ,
-.SM
-.BR HISTCMD ,
-.SM
-.BR FUNCNAME ,
-.SM
-.BR GROUPS ,
-or
-.SM
-.B DIRSTACK
-are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are
-subsequently reset.  The exit status is true unless a
-.I name
-is readonly.
-.TP
-\fBwait\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIn ...\fP]
-Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status.
-Each
-.I n
-may be a process
-ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes
-in that job's pipeline are waited for.  If
-.I n
-is not given, all currently active child processes
-are waited for, and the return status is zero.
-If the \fB\-n\fP option is supplied, \fBwait\fP waits for any job to
-terminate and returns its exit status.
-If
-.I n
-specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
-127.  Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last
-process or job waited for.
-.\" bash_builtins
-.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
-.SH "RESTRICTED SHELL"
-.\" rbash.1
-.zY
-.PP
-If
-.B bash
-is started with the name
-.BR rbash ,
-or the
-.B \-r
-option is supplied at invocation,
-the shell becomes restricted.
-A restricted shell is used to
-set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
-It behaves identically to
-.B bash
-with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
-.IP \(bu
-changing directories with \fBcd\fP
-.IP \(bu
-setting or unsetting the values of
-.SM
-.BR SHELL ,
-.SM
-.BR PATH ,
-.SM
-.BR ENV ,
-or
-.SM
-.B BASH_ENV
-.IP \(bu
-specifying command names containing
-.B /
-.IP \(bu
-specifying a filename containing a
-.B /
-as an argument to the
-.B .
-builtin command
-.IP \(bu
-specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-.B \-p
-option to the
-.B hash
-builtin command
-.IP \(bu
-importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup
-.IP \(bu
-parsing the value of
-.SM
-.B SHELLOPTS
-from the shell environment at startup
-.IP \(bu
-redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators
-.IP \(bu
-using the
-.B exec
-builtin command to replace the shell with another command
-.IP \(bu
-adding or deleting builtin commands with the
-.B \-f
-and
-.B \-d
-options to the
-.B enable
-builtin command
-.IP \(bu
-using the \fBenable\fP builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
-.IP \(bu
-specifying the
-.B \-p
-option to the
-.B command
-builtin command
-.IP \(bu
-turning off restricted mode with
-\fBset +r\fP or \fBset +o restricted\fP.
-.PP
-These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
-.PP
-.ie \n(zY=1 When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed,
-.el \{ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
-(see
-.SM
-.B "COMMAND EXECUTION"
-above),
-\}
-.B rbash
-turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the
-script.
-.\" end of rbash.1
-.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fIBash Reference Manual\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
-.TP
-\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
-.TP
-\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
-.TP
-\fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE --
-http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
-.TP
-http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode
-.TP
-\fIsh\fP(1), \fIksh\fP(1), \fIcsh\fP(1)
-.TP
-\fIemacs\fP(1), \fIvi\fP(1)
-.TP
-\fIreadline\fP(3)
-.PD
-.SH FILES
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.FN /bin/bash
-The \fBbash\fP executable
-.TP
-.FN /etc/profile
-The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
-.TP
-.FN ~/.bash_profile
-The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
-.TP
-.FN ~/.bashrc
-The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
-.TP
-.FN ~/.bash_logout
-The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits
-.TP
-.FN ~/.inputrc
-Individual \fIreadline\fP initialization file
-.PD
-.SH AUTHORS
-Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
-.br
-bfox@gnu.org
-.PP
-Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
-.br
-chet.ramey@case.edu
-.SH BUG REPORTS
-If you find a bug in
-.B bash,
-you should report it.  But first, you should
-make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
-version of
-.BR bash .
-The latest version is always available from
-\fIftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/\fP.
-.PP
-Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
-.I bashbug
-command to submit a bug report.
-If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
-Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
-to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
-newsgroup
-.BR gnu.bash.bug .
-.PP
-ALL bug reports should include:
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP 20
-The version number of \fBbash\fR
-.TP
-The hardware and operating system
-.TP
-The compiler used to compile
-.TP
-A description of the bug behaviour
-.TP
-A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
-.PD
-.PP
-.I bashbug
-inserts the first three items automatically into the template
-it provides for filing a bug report.
-.PP
-Comments and bug reports concerning
-this manual page should be directed to
-.IR chet.ramey@case.edu .
-.SH BUGS
-.PP
-It's too big and too slow.
-.PP
-There are some subtle differences between 
-.B bash
-and traditional versions of
-.BR sh ,
-mostly because of the
-.SM
-.B POSIX
-specification.
-.PP
-Aliases are confusing in some uses.
-.PP
-Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
-.PP
-Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c'
-are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted.
-When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next
-command in the sequence.
-It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
-parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as
-a unit.
-.PP
-Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-.PP
-There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
-.zZ
-.zY
diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi~ b/doc/bashref.texi~
deleted file mode 100644
index b5c0021a..00000000
--- a/doc/bashref.texi~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8756 +0,0 @@
-\input texinfo.tex @c -*- texinfo -*-
-@c %**start of header
-@setfilename bashref.info
-@settitle Bash Reference Manual
-
-@include version.texi
-@c %**end of header
-
-@copying
-This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}).
-
-This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
-of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
-for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
-
-Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-@quotation
-Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
-Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
-A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
-``GNU Free Documentation License''.
-@end quotation
-@end copying
-
-@defcodeindex bt
-@defcodeindex rw
-@set BashFeatures
-
-@dircategory Basics
-@direntry
-* Bash: (bash).                     The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
-@end direntry
-
-@finalout
-
-@titlepage
-@title Bash Reference Manual
-@subtitle Reference Documentation for Bash
-@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{Bash} Version @value{VERSION}.
-@subtitle @value{UPDATED-MONTH}
-@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
-@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
-
-@page
-@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-@insertcopying
-
-@end titlepage
-
-@contents
-
-@ifnottex
-@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
-@top Bash Features
-
-This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}).
-The Bash home page is @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/}.
-
-This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
-of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
-for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
-
-Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
-features that only appear in Bash.  Some of the shells that Bash has
-borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (@file{sh}), the Korn Shell
-(@file{ksh}), and the C-shell (@file{csh} and its successor,
-@file{tcsh}).  The following menu breaks the features up into
-categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
-which are specific to Bash.
-
-This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
-Bash.  The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
-reference on shell behavior.
-
-@menu
-* Introduction::		An introduction to the shell.
-* Definitions::			Some definitions used in the rest of this
-				manual.
-* Basic Shell Features::	The shell "building blocks".
-* Shell Builtin Commands::	Commands that are a part of the shell.
-* Shell Variables::		Variables used or set by Bash.
-* Bash Features::		Features found only in Bash.
-* Job Control::			What job control is and how Bash allows you
-				to use it.
-* Command Line Editing::	Chapter describing the command line
-				editing features.
-* Using History Interactively::	Command History Expansion
-* Installing Bash::		How to build and install Bash on your system.
-* Reporting Bugs::		How to report bugs in Bash.
-* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell::	A terse list of the differences
-						between Bash and historical
-						versions of /bin/sh.
-* GNU Free Documentation License::	Copying and sharing this documentation.
-* Indexes::			Various indexes for this manual.
-@end menu
-@end ifnottex
-
-@node Introduction
-@chapter Introduction
-@menu
-* What is Bash?::		A short description of Bash.
-* What is a shell?::		A brief introduction to shells.
-@end menu
-
-@node What is Bash?
-@section What is Bash?
-
-Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
-for the @sc{gnu} operating system.
-The name is an acronym for the @samp{Bourne-Again SHell},
-a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of
-the current Unix shell @code{sh}, 
-which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version
-of Unix.
-
-Bash is largely compatible with @code{sh} and incorporates useful
-features from the Korn shell @code{ksh} and the C shell @code{csh}.
-It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the @sc{ieee}
-@sc{posix} Shell and Tools portion of the @sc{ieee} @sc{posix}
-specification (@sc{ieee} Standard 1003.1).
-It offers functional improvements over @code{sh} for both interactive and
-programming use.
-
-While the @sc{gnu} operating system provides other shells, including
-a version of @code{csh}, Bash is the default shell.
-Like other @sc{gnu} software, Bash is quite portable.  It currently runs
-on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems @minus{}
-independently-supported ports exist for @sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2},
-and Windows platforms.
-
-@node What is a shell?
-@section What is a shell?
-
-At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
-commands.  The term macro processor means functionality where text
-and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
-
-A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
-language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
-interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities.  The programming
-language features allow these utilities to be combined.
-Files containing commands can be created, and become
-commands themselves.  These new commands have the same status as
-system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users
-or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common
-tasks.
-
-Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively.  In
-interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.
-When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read
-from a file.
-
-A shell allows execution of @sc{gnu} commands, both synchronously and
-asynchronously.
-The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting
-more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel
-with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands.
-The @dfn{redirection} constructs permit
-fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands.
-Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands'
-environments.
-
-Shells also provide a small set of built-in
-commands (@dfn{builtins}) implementing functionality impossible
-or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities.
-For example, @code{cd}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, and
-@code{exec} cannot be implemented outside of the shell because
-they directly manipulate the shell itself.
-The @code{history}, @code{getopts}, @code{kill}, or @code{pwd}
-builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities,
-but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.
-All of the shell builtins are described in
-subsequent sections.
-
-While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
-complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming
-languages.  Like any high-level language, the shell provides
-variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. 
-
-Shells offer features geared specifically for
-interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. 
-These interactive features include job control, command line
-editing, command history and aliases.  Each of these features is
-described in this manual.
-
-@node Definitions
-@chapter Definitions
-These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item POSIX
-@cindex POSIX
-A family of open system standards based on Unix.  Bash
-is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
-@sc{posix} 1003.1 standard. 
-
-@item blank
-A space or tab character.
-
-@item builtin
-@cindex builtin
-A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
-than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
-
-@item control operator
-@cindex control operator
-A @code{token} that performs a control function.  It is a @code{newline}
-or one of the following:
-@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;},
-@samp{|}, @samp{|&}, @samp{(}, or @samp{)}.
-
-@item exit status
-@cindex exit status
-The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is restricted
-to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
-
-@item field
-@cindex field
-A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.  After
-expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
-the command name and arguments.
-
-@item filename
-@cindex filename
-A string of characters used to identify a file.
-
-@item job
-@cindex job
-A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
-from it, that are all in the same process group.
-
-@item job control
-@cindex job control
-A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
-(resume) execution of processes.
-
-@item metacharacter
-@cindex metacharacter
-A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  A metacharacter is
-a @code{blank} or one of the following characters:
-@samp{|}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{(}, @samp{)}, @samp{<}, or
-@samp{>}.
-
-@item name
-@cindex name
-@cindex identifier
-A @code{word} consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
-and beginning with a letter or underscore.  @code{Name}s are used as
-shell variable and function names.
-Also referred to as an @code{identifier}.
-
-@item operator
-@cindex operator, shell
-A @code{control operator} or a @code{redirection operator}.
-@xref{Redirections}, for a list of redirection operators.
-Operators contain at least one unquoted @code{metacharacter}.
-
-@item process group
-@cindex process group
-A collection of related processes each having the same process
-group @sc{id}.
-
-@item process group ID
-@cindex process group ID
-A unique identifier that represents a @code{process group}
-during its lifetime.
-
-@item reserved word
-@cindex reserved word
-A @code{word} that has a special meaning to the shell.  Most reserved
-words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as @code{for} and
-@code{while}.
-
-@item return status
-@cindex return status
-A synonym for @code{exit status}.
-
-@item signal
-@cindex signal
-A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
-of an event occurring in the system.
-
-@item special builtin
-@cindex special builtin
-A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
-@sc{posix} standard.
-
-@item token
-@cindex token
-A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
-It is either a @code{word} or an @code{operator}.
-
-@item word
-@cindex word
-A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
-Words may not include unquoted @code{metacharacters}.
-@end table
-
-@node Basic Shell Features
-@chapter Basic Shell Features
-@cindex Bourne shell
-
-Bash is an acronym for @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}.
-The Bourne shell is
-the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
-All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
-The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
-specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
-
-This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
-commands, control structures, shell functions, shell @i{parameters},
-shell expansions,
-@i{redirections}, which are a way to direct input and output from
-and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
-
-@menu
-* Shell Syntax::		What your input means to the shell.
-* Shell Commands::		The types of commands you can use.
-* Shell Functions::		Grouping commands by name.
-* Shell Parameters::		How the shell stores values.
-* Shell Expansions::		How Bash expands parameters and the various
-				expansions available.
-* Redirections::		A way to control where input and output go.
-* Executing Commands::		What happens when you run a command.
-* Shell Scripts::		Executing files of shell commands.
-@end menu
-
-@node Shell Syntax
-@section Shell Syntax
-@menu
-* Shell Operation::	The basic operation of the shell.
-* Quoting::		How to remove the special meaning from characters.
-* Comments::		How to specify comments.
-@end menu
-
-When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
-sequence of operations.  If the input indicates the beginning of a
-comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (@samp{#}), and the rest
-of that line.
-                                
-Otherwise, roughly speaking,  the shell reads its input and
-divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules
-to select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
-
-The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs,
-removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands
-others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified
-command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status
-available for further inspection or processing.
-
-@node Shell Operation
-@subsection Shell Operation
-
-The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
-reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the
-following:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-Reads its input from a file (@pxref{Shell Scripts}), from a string
-supplied as an argument to the @option{-c} invocation option
-(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), or from the user's terminal.
-
-@item
-Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
-described in @ref{Quoting}.  These tokens are separated by
-@code{metacharacters}.  Alias expansion is performed by this step
-(@pxref{Aliases}).
-
-@item
-Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
-(@pxref{Shell Commands}).
-
-@item
-Performs the various shell expansions (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), breaking
-the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (@pxref{Filename Expansion})
-and commands and arguments.
-
-@item
-Performs any necessary redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) and removes
-the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list.
-
-@item
-Executes the command (@pxref{Executing Commands}).
-
-@item
-Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
-status (@pxref{Exit Status}).
-
-@end enumerate
-
-@node Quoting
-@subsection Quoting
-@cindex quoting
-@menu
-* Escape Character::	How to remove the special meaning from a single
-			character.
-* Single Quotes::	How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
-			of characters.
-* Double Quotes::	How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
-			sequence of characters.
-* ANSI-C Quoting::	How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
-* Locale Translation::	How to translate strings into different languages.
-@end menu
-
-Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
-characters or words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to
-disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
-reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
-parameter expansion.
-
-Each of the shell metacharacters (@pxref{Definitions})
-has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
-represent itself.
-When the command history expansion facilities are being used
-(@pxref{History Interaction}), the
-@var{history expansion} character, usually @samp{!}, must be quoted
-to prevent history expansion.  @xref{Bash History Facilities}, for
-more details concerning history expansion.
-
-There are three quoting mechanisms: the
-@var{escape character}, single quotes, and double quotes.
-
-@node Escape Character
-@subsubsection Escape Character
-A non-quoted backslash @samp{\} is the Bash escape character.
-It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
-with the exception of @code{newline}.  If a @code{\newline} pair
-appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the @code{\newline}
-is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from
-the input stream and effectively ignored).
-
-@node Single Quotes
-@subsubsection Single Quotes
-
-Enclosing characters in single quotes (@samp{'}) preserves the literal value
-of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
-between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
-
-@node Double Quotes
-@subsubsection Double Quotes
-
-Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value
-of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
-@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{\},
-and, when history expansion is enabled, @samp{!}.
-The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`}
-retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
-The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
-the following characters:
-@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{"}, @samp{\}, or @code{newline}.
-Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these
-characters are removed.  Backslashes preceding characters without a
-special meaning are left unmodified.
-A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
-a backslash.
-If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an @samp{!}
-appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
-The backslash preceding the @samp{!} is not removed.
-
-The special parameters @samp{*} and @samp{@@} have special meaning
-when in double quotes (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@node ANSI-C Quoting
-@subsubsection ANSI-C Quoting
-@cindex quoting, ANSI
-
-Words of the form @code{$'@var{string}'} are treated specially.  The
-word expands to @var{string}, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
-as specified by the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if
-present, are decoded as follows:
-
-@table @code
-@item \a
-alert (bell)
-@item \b
-backspace
-@item \e
-@itemx \E
-an escape character (not ANSI C)
-@item \f
-form feed
-@item \n
-newline
-@item \r
-carriage return
-@item \t
-horizontal tab
-@item \v
-vertical tab
-@item \\
-backslash
-@item \'
-single quote
-@item \"
-double quote
-@item \@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(one to three digits)
-@item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
-@item \u@var{HHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
-@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
-@item \c@var{x}
-a control-@var{x} character
-@end table
-
-@noindent
-The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
-been present.
-
-@node Locale Translation
-@subsubsection Locale-Specific Translation
-@cindex localization
-@cindex internationalization
-@cindex native languages
-@cindex translation, native languages
-
-A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (@samp{$}) will cause
-the string to be translated according to the current locale.
-If the current locale is @code{C} or @code{POSIX}, the dollar sign
-is ignored.
-If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
-double-quoted.
-
-@vindex LC_MESSAGES
-@vindex TEXTDOMAIN
-@vindex TEXTDOMAINDIR
-Some systems use the message catalog selected by the @env{LC_MESSAGES}
-shell variable.  Others create the name of the message catalog from the
-value of the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} shell variable, possibly adding a
-suffix of @samp{.mo}.  If you use the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} variable, you
-may need to set the @env{TEXTDOMAINDIR} variable to the location of
-the message catalog files.  Still others use both variables in this
-fashion:
-@env{TEXTDOMAINDIR}/@env{LC_MESSAGES}/LC_MESSAGES/@env{TEXTDOMAIN}.mo.
-
-@node Comments
-@subsection Comments
-@cindex comments, shell
-
-In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
-@code{interactive_comments} option to the @code{shopt}
-builtin is enabled (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}),
-a word beginning with @samp{#}
-causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
-be ignored.  An interactive shell without the @code{interactive_comments}
-option enabled does not allow comments.  The @code{interactive_comments}
-option is on by default in interactive shells.
-@xref{Interactive Shells}, for a description of what makes
-a shell interactive.
-
-@node Shell Commands
-@section Shell Commands
-@cindex commands, shell
-
-A simple shell command such as @code{echo a b c} consists of the command
-itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
-
-More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together
-in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command
-becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in
-some other grouping.
-
-@menu
-* Simple Commands::		The most common type of command.
-* Pipelines::			Connecting the input and output of several
-				commands.
-* Lists::			How to execute commands sequentially.
-* Compound Commands::		Shell commands for control flow.
-* Coprocesses::			Two-way communication between commands.
-* GNU Parallel::		Running commands in parallel.
-@end menu
-
-@node Simple Commands
-@subsection Simple Commands
-@cindex commands, simple
-
-A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
-It's just a sequence of words separated by @code{blank}s, terminated
-by one of the shell's control operators (@pxref{Definitions}).  The
-first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
-rest of the words being that command's arguments.
-
-The return status (@pxref{Exit Status}) of a simple command is
-its exit status as provided
-by the @sc{posix} 1003.1 @code{waitpid} function, or 128+@var{n} if
-the command was terminated by signal @var{n}.
-
-@node Pipelines
-@subsection Pipelines
-@cindex pipeline
-@cindex commands, pipelines
-
-A @code{pipeline} is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
-one of the control operators @samp{|} or @samp{|&}.
-
-@rwindex time
-@rwindex !
-@cindex command timing
-The format for a pipeline is
-@example
-[time [-p]] [!] @var{command1} [ | or |& @var{command2} ] @dots{}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
-to the input of the next command.
-That is, each command reads the previous command's output.  This
-connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
-command.
-
-If @samp{|&} is used, @var{command1}'s standard error, in addition to
-its standard output, is connected to
-@var{command2}'s standard input through the pipe;
-it is shorthand for @code{2>&1 |}.
-This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
-performed after any redirections specified by the command.
-
-The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics
-to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
-The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
-user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
-The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified
-by @sc{posix}.
-When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
-it does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a @samp{-}.
-The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be set to a format string that
-specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
-@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats.
-The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
-shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external
-@code{time} command cannot time these easily.
-
-When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), @code{time}
-may be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the
-total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
-The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be used to specify the format of
-the time information.
-
-If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the
-shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
-
-Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell
-(@pxref{Command Execution Environment}).  The exit
-status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
-pipeline, unless the @code{pipefail} option is enabled
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-If @code{pipefail} is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
-value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
-or zero if all commands exit successfully.
-If the reserved word @samp{!} precedes the pipeline, the
-exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described
-above.
-The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
-returning a value.
-
-@node Lists
-@subsection Lists of Commands
-@cindex commands, lists
-
-A @code{list} is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
-of the operators @samp{;}, @samp{&}, @samp{&&}, or @samp{||},
-and optionally terminated by one of @samp{;}, @samp{&}, or a
-@code{newline}.
-
-Of these list operators, @samp{&&} and @samp{||}
-have equal precedence, followed by @samp{;} and @samp{&},
-which have equal precedence.
-
-A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a @code{list}
-to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
-
-If a command is terminated by the control operator @samp{&},
-the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
-This is known as executing the command in the @var{background}.
-The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
-status is 0 (true).
-When job control is not active (@pxref{Job Control}),
-the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
-explicit redirections, is redirected from @code{/dev/null}.
-
-Commands separated by a @samp{;} are executed sequentially; the shell
-waits for each command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
-exit status of the last command executed.
-
-@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are sequences of one or more pipelines
-separated by the control operators @samp{&&} and @samp{||},
-respectively.  @sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are executed with left
-associativity.
-
-An @sc{and} list has the form
-@example
-@var{command1} && @var{command2}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1}
-returns an exit status of zero.
-
-An @sc{or} list has the form
-@example
-@var{command1} || @var{command2}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1}
-returns a non-zero exit status.
-
-The return status of
-@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists is the exit status of the last command
-executed in the list.
-
-@node Compound Commands
-@subsection Compound Commands
-@cindex commands, compound
-
-@menu
-* Looping Constructs::		Shell commands for iterative action.
-* Conditional Constructs::	Shell commands for conditional execution.
-* Command Grouping::		Ways to group commands.
-@end menu
-
-Compound commands are the shell programming constructs.
-Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
-terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.
-Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with a compound command
-apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
-
-In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be
-separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be
-followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
-
-Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
-to group commands and execute them as a unit.
-
-@node Looping Constructs
-@subsubsection Looping Constructs
-@cindex commands, looping
-
-Bash supports the following looping constructs.
-
-Note that wherever a @samp{;} appears in the description of a
-command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
-
-@table @code
-@item until
-@rwindex until
-@rwindex do
-@rwindex done
-The syntax of the @code{until} command is:
-
-@example
-until @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done
-@end example
-
-Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as
-@var{test-commands} has an exit status which is not zero.
-The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
-in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed.
-
-@item while
-@rwindex while
-The syntax of the @code{while} command is:
-
-@example
-while @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done
-@end example
-
-Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as
-@var{test-commands} has an exit status of zero.
-The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
-in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed.
-
-@item for
-@rwindex for
-The syntax of the @code{for} command is:
-
-@example
-for @var{name} [ [in [@var{words} @dots{}] ] ; ] do @var{commands}; done
-@end example
-
-Expand @var{words}, and execute @var{commands} once for each member
-in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member.
-If @samp{in @var{words}} is not present, the @code{for} command
-executes the @var{commands} once for each positional parameter that is
-set, as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified
-(@pxref{Special Parameters}).
-The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
-If there are no items in the expansion of @var{words}, no commands are
-executed, and the return status is zero.
-
-An alternate form of the @code{for} command is also supported:
-
-@example
-for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} )) ; do @var{commands} ; done
-@end example
-
-First, the arithmetic expression @var{expr1} is evaluated according
-to the rules described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
-The arithmetic expression @var{expr2} is then evaluated repeatedly
-until it evaluates to zero.   
-Each time @var{expr2} evaluates to a non-zero value, @var{commands} are
-executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated.       
-If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
-The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{commands}
-that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
-@end table
-
-The @code{break} and @code{continue} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
-may be used to control loop execution.
-
-@node Conditional Constructs
-@subsubsection Conditional Constructs
-@cindex commands, conditional
-
-@table @code
-@item if
-@rwindex if
-@rwindex then
-@rwindex else
-@rwindex elif
-@rwindex fi
-The syntax of the @code{if} command is:
-
-@example
-if @var{test-commands}; then
-  @var{consequent-commands};
-[elif @var{more-test-commands}; then
-  @var{more-consequents};]
-[else @var{alternate-consequents};]
-fi
-@end example
-
-The @var{test-commands} list is executed, and if its return status is zero,
-the @var{consequent-commands} list is executed.
-If @var{test-commands} returns a non-zero status, each @code{elif} list
-is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
-the corresponding @var{more-consequents} is executed and the   
-command completes.
-If @samp{else @var{alternate-consequents}} is present, and
-the final command in the final @code{if} or @code{elif} clause
-has a non-zero exit status, then @var{alternate-consequents} is executed.
-The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
-zero if no condition tested true.
-
-@item case
-@rwindex case
-@rwindex in
-@rwindex esac
-The syntax of the @code{case} command is:
-
-@example
-case @var{word} in [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-list} ;;]@dots{} esac
-@end example
-
-@code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to
-the first @var{pattern} that matches @var{word}.
-If the shell option @code{nocasematch}
-(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-The @samp{|} is used to separate multiple patterns, and the @samp{)}
-operator terminates a pattern list.
-A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
-as a @var{clause}.
-
-Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}.
-The @var{word} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
-substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is
-attempted.  Each @var{pattern} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
-expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
-
-There may be an arbitrary number of @code{case} clauses, each terminated
-by a @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}.
-The first pattern that matches determines the
-command-list that is executed.
-It's a common idiom to use @samp{*} as the final pattern to define the
-default case, since that pattern will always match.
-
-Here is an example using @code{case} in a script that could be used to
-describe one interesting feature of an animal:
-
-@example
-echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
-read ANIMAL
-echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
-case $ANIMAL in
-  horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
-  man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
-  *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
-esac
-echo " legs."
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-
-If the @samp{;;} operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
-the first pattern match.
-Using @samp{;&}  in place of @samp{;;} causes execution to continue with
-the @var{command-list} associated with the next clause, if any.
-Using @samp{;;&} in place of @samp{;;} causes the shell to test the patterns
-in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated @var{command-list}
-on a successful match.
-
-The return status is zero if no @var{pattern} is matched.  Otherwise, the
-return status is the exit status of the @var{command-list} executed.
-
-@item select
-@rwindex select
-
-The @code{select} construct allows the easy generation of menus.
-It has almost the same syntax as the @code{for} command:
-
-@example
-select @var{name} [in @var{words} @dots{}]; do @var{commands}; done
-@end example
-
-The list of words following @code{in} is expanded, generating a list
-of items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
-error output stream, each preceded by a number.  If the
-@samp{in @var{words}} is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
-as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified.
-The @env{PS3} prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the
-standard input.
-If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed
-words, then the value of @var{name} is set to that word.
-If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
-If @code{EOF} is read, the @code{select} command completes.
-Any other value read causes @var{name} to be set to null.
-The line read is saved in the variable @env{REPLY}.
-
-The @var{commands} are executed after each selection until a
-@code{break} command is executed, at which
-point the @code{select} command completes.
-
-Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
-current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
-selected.
-
-@example
-select fname in *;
-do
-	echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
-	break;
-done
-@end example
-
-@item ((@dots{}))
-@example
-(( @var{expression} ))
-@end example
-
-The arithmetic @var{expression} is evaluated according to the rules
-described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
-If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
-otherwise the return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
-@example
-let "@var{expression}"
-@end example
-@noindent
-@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a full description of the @code{let} builtin.
-
-@item [[@dots{}]]
-@rwindex [[
-@rwindex ]]
-@example
-[[ @var{expression} ]]
-@end example
-
-Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
-the conditional expression @var{expression}.
-Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
-@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}.
-Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
-between the @code{[[} and @code{]]}; tilde expansion, parameter and
-variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
-substitution, and quote removal are performed.
-Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized
-as primaries.
-
-When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale.
-
-When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the
-right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
-to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching},
-as if the @code{extglob} shell option were enabled.
-The @samp{=} operator is identical to @samp{==}.
-If the shell option @code{nocasematch}
-(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-The return value is 0 if the string matches (@samp{==}) or does not
-match (@samp{!=})the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
-Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
-to be matched as a string.
-
-An additional binary operator, @samp{=~}, is available, with the same
-precedence as @samp{==} and @samp{!=}.
-When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in @i{regex}3)).  
-The return value is 0 if the string matches
-the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
-If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
-expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option @code{nocasematch}
-(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
-of alphabetic characters.
-Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
-to be matched as a string.
-Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
-since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
-If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
-expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
-Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
-expression are saved in the array variable @code{BASH_REMATCH}.
-The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index 0 is the portion of the string
-matching the entire regular expression.
-The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index @var{n} is the portion of the
-string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
-
-For example, the following will match a line
-(stored in the shell variable @var{line})
-if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of
-any number, including zero, of 
-space characters, zero or one instances of @samp{a}, then a @samp{b}:
-@example
-[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-That means values like @samp{aab} and @samp{  aaaaaab} will match, as
-will a line containing a @samp{b} anywhere in its value.
-
-Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
-way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the
-shell.
-It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally
-without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular
-expressions while paying attention to the shell's quote removal.
-Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems.
-For example, the following is equivalent to the above:
-@example
-pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
-[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-If you want to match a character that's special to the regular expression
-grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning.
-This means that in the pattern @samp{xxx.txt}, the @samp{.} matches any
-character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the
-pattern @samp{"xxx.txt"} it can only match a literal @samp{.}.
-Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes
-are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special
-meaning from the following character.
-The following two sets of commands are @emph{not} equivalent:
-@example
-pattern='\.'
-
-[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
-[[ . =~ \. ]]
-
-[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
-[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
-in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched.
-In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from
-@samp{.}, so the literal @samp{.} matches.
-If the string in the first examples were anything other than @samp{.}, say
-@samp{a}, the pattern would not match, because the quoted @samp{.} in the
-pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
-
-Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
-in decreasing order of precedence:
-
-@table @code
-@item ( @var{expression} )
-Returns the value of @var{expression}.
-This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
-
-@item ! @var{expression}
-True if @var{expression} is false.
-
-@item @var{expression1} && @var{expression2}
-True if both @var{expression1} and @var{expression2} are true.
-
-@item @var{expression1} || @var{expression2}
-True if either @var{expression1} or @var{expression2} is true.
-@end table
-
-@noindent
-The @code{&&} and @code{||} operators do not evaluate @var{expression2} if the
-value of @var{expression1} is sufficient to determine the return
-value of the entire conditional expression.
-@end table
-
-@node Command Grouping
-@subsubsection Grouping Commands
-@cindex commands, grouping
-
-Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
-as a unit.  When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied
-to the entire command list.  For example, the output of all the
-commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
-
-@table @code
-@item ()
-@example
-( @var{list} )
-@end example
-
-Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
-environment to be created (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and each
-of the commands in @var{list} to be executed in that subshell.  Since the
-@var{list} is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
-effect after the subshell completes. 
-
-@item @{@}
-@rwindex @{
-@rwindex @}
-@example
-@{ @var{list}; @}
-@end example
-
-Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
-be executed in the current shell context.  No subshell is created.
-The semicolon (or newline) following @var{list} is required.
-@end table
-
-In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
-between these two constructs due to historical reasons.  The braces
-are @code{reserved words}, so they must be separated from the @var{list}
-by @code{blank}s or other shell metacharacters.
-The parentheses are @code{operators}, and are
-recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated
-from the @var{list} by whitespace.
-
-The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
-@var{list}.
-
-@node Coprocesses
-@subsection Coprocesses
-@cindex coprocess
-
-A @code{coprocess} is a shell command preceded by the @code{coproc}
-reserved word.
-A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
-had been terminated with the @samp{&} control operator, with a two-way pipe
-established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
-
-The format for a coprocess is:
-@example
-coproc [@var{NAME}] @var{command} [@var{redirections}]
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-This creates a coprocess named @var{NAME}.
-If @var{NAME} is not supplied, the default name is @var{COPROC}.
-@var{NAME} must not be supplied if @var{command} is a simple
-command (@pxref{Simple Commands}); otherwise, it is interpreted as
-the first word of the simple command.
-
-When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
-(@pxref{Arrays})
-named @env{NAME} in the context of the executing shell.
-The standard output of @var{command}
-is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to @env{NAME}[0].
-The standard input of @var{command}
-is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to @env{NAME}[1].
-This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
-command (@pxref{Redirections}).
-The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
-and redirections using standard word expansions.
-The file descriptors are not available in subshells.
-
-The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
-available as the value of the variable @env{NAME}_PID.
-The @code{wait}
-builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
-
-Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
-the @code{coproc} command always returns success.
-The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of @var{command}.
-
-@node GNU Parallel
-@subsection GNU Parallel
-
-There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
-GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
-
-GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
-in parallel.  You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
-they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files.  GNU
-Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations
-(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify
-the input source, and so on).  Parallel can replace @code{xargs} or feed
-commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash.
-
-For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.  A few
-examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
-
-For example, it is easy to replace @code{xargs} to gzip all html files in the
-current directory and its subdirectories:
-@example
-find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
-@end example
-@noindent
-If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names,
-use find's @option{-print0} option and parallel's @option{-0} option.
-
-You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
-number of files is too large to process with one @code{mv} invocation:
-@example
-ls | parallel mv @{@} destdir
-@end example
-
-As you can see, the @{@} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
-While using @code{ls} will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to
-deal with all filenames.
-If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use
-
-@example
-find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv @{@} destdir
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-as alluded to above.
-
-This will run as many @code{mv} commands as there are files in the current
-directory.
-You can emulate a parallel @code{xargs} by adding the @option{-X} option:
-@example
-find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv @{@} destdir
-@end example
-
-GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
-from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
-@example
-	while IFS= read -r x; do
-		do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
-		do-something2 < "$x"
-	done < file | process-output
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
-@example
-cat list | parallel "do-something1 @{@} config-@{@} ; do-something2 < @{@}" | process-output
-@end example
-
-Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
-lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
-@example
-ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}"
-@end example
-@noindent
-This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
-in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
-(We use @code{ls} for brevity here; using @code{find} as above is more
-robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)
-Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be
-written as
-
-@example
-parallel "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}" ::: *.gz
-@end example
-
-If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
-the output.  For instance, the following command
-@example
-@{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel traceroute
-@end example
-@noindent
-will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
-Adding the @option{-k} option 
-@example
-@{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel -k traceroute
-@end example
-@noindent
-will ensure that the output of @code{traceroute foss.org.my} is displayed first.
-
-Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel,
-similar to @samp{cat file | bash}.
-It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell
-commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell.
-Parallel can speed this up.  Assuming that @file{file} contains a list of
-shell commands, one per line,
-
-@example
-parallel -j 10 < file
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
-supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
-
-@node Shell Functions
-@section Shell Functions
-@cindex shell function
-@cindex functions, shell
-
-Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
-using a single name for the group.  They are executed just like
-a "regular" command.
-When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
-the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
-Shell functions are executed in the current
-shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
-
-Functions are declared using this syntax:
-@rwindex function
-@example
-@var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
-@end example
-
-or
-
-@example
-function @var{name} [()] @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
-@end example
-
-This defines a shell function named @var{name}.  The reserved
-word @code{function} is optional.
-If the @code{function} reserved
-word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
-The @var{body} of the function is the compound command
-@var{compound-command} (@pxref{Compound Commands}).
-That command is usually a @var{list} enclosed between @{ and @}, but
-may be any compound command listed above,
-with one exception: If the @code{function} reserved word is used, but the
-parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.                   
-@var{compound-command} is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the
-name of a command.
-When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
-@var{name} may not be the same as one of the special builtins
-(@pxref{Special Builtins}).
-Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with the shell function
-are performed when the function is executed.
-
-A function definition may be deleted using the @option{-f} option to the
-@code{unset} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-
-The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
-occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
-When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
-last command executed in the body.
-
-Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces
-that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by
-@code{blank}s or newlines.
-This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
-as such when they are separated from the command list
-by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
-Also, when using the braces, the @var{list} must be terminated by a semicolon,
-a @samp{&}, or a newline.
-
-When a function is executed, the arguments to the
-function become the positional parameters
-during its execution (@pxref{Positional Parameters}).
-The special parameter @samp{#} that expands to the number of
-positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
-Special parameter @code{0} is unchanged.
-The first element of the @env{FUNCNAME} variable is set to the
-name of the function while the function is executing.
-
-All other aspects of the shell execution
-environment are identical between a function and its caller
-with these exceptions:
-the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps
-are not inherited unless the function has been given the
-@code{trace} attribute using the @code{declare} builtin or
-the @code{-o functrace} option has been enabled with
-the @code{set} builtin,
-(in which case all functions inherit the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps),
-and the @env{ERR} trap is not inherited unless the @code{-o errtrace}
-shell option has been enabled.
-@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the
-@code{trap} builtin.
-
-The @env{FUNCNEST} variable, if set to a numeric value greater
-than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function
-invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
-abort.
-
-If the builtin command @code{return}
-is executed in a function, the function completes and
-execution resumes with the next command after the function
-call.
-Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed
-before execution resumes.
-When a function completes, the values of the
-positional parameters and the special parameter @samp{#}
-are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
-execution.  If a numeric argument is given to @code{return},
-that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's
-return status is the exit status of the last command executed
-before the @code{return}.
-
-Variables local to the function may be declared with the
-@code{local} builtin.  These variables are visible only to
-the function and the commands it invokes.
-
-Function names and definitions may be listed with the
-@option{-f} option to the @code{declare} (@code{typeset})
-builtin command (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-The @option{-F} option to @code{declare} or @code{typeset}
-will list the function names only
-(and optionally the source file and line number, if the @code{extdebug}
-shell option is enabled).
-Functions may be exported so that subshells
-automatically have them defined with the
-@option{-f} option to the @code{export} builtin
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result
-in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
-shell's children.
-Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
-
-Functions may be recursive.
-The @code{FUNCNEST} variable may be used to limit the depth of the
-function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
-By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive  calls.
-
-@node Shell Parameters
-@section Shell Parameters
-@cindex parameters
-@cindex variable, shell
-@cindex shell variable
-
-@menu
-* Positional Parameters::	The shell's command-line arguments.
-* Special Parameters::		Parameters denoted by special characters.
-@end menu
-
-A @var{parameter} is an entity that stores values.
-It can be a @code{name}, a number, or one of the special characters
-listed below.
-A @var{variable} is a parameter denoted by a @code{name}.
-A variable has a @var{value} and zero or more @var{attributes}.
-Attributes are assigned using the @code{declare} builtin command
-(see the description of the @code{declare} builtin in @ref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
-a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
-the @code{unset} builtin command.
-
-A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
-@example
-@var{name}=[@var{value}]
-@end example
-@noindent
-If @var{value}
-is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
-@var{value}s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
-removal (detailed below).  If the variable has its @code{integer}
-attribute set, then @var{value} 
-is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the @code{$((@dots{}))}
-expansion is not used (@pxref{Arithmetic Expansion}).
-Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
-of @code{"$@@"} as explained below.
-Filename expansion is not performed.
-Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
-@code{alias}, 
-@code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly},
-and @code{local} builtin commands (@var{declaration} commands).
-When in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), these builtins may appear
-in a command after one or more instances of the @code{command} builtin
-and retain these assignment statement properties.
-
-In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value  
-to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=}
-operator can be used to   
-append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-This includes arguments to builtin commands such as @code{declare} that
-accept assignment statements (@var{declaration} commands).
-When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the @var{integer} attribute
-has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
-added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
-When @samp{+=} is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
-(@pxref{Arrays}), the
-variable's value is not unset (as it is when using @samp{=}), and new
-values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
-maximum index (for indexed arrays),  or added as additional key-value pairs
-in an associative array.
-When applied to a string-valued variable, @var{value} is expanded and
-appended to the variable's value.
-
-A variable can be assigned the @var{nameref} attribute using the
-@option{-n} option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands
-(@pxref{Bash Builtins})
-to create a @var{nameref}, or a reference to another variable.
-This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
-Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
-its attributes modified (other than the nameref attribute itself), the
-operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
-variable's value.
-A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
-whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
-For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
-argument, running
-@example
-declare -n ref=$1
-@end example
-@noindent
-inside the function creates a nameref variable @var{ref} whose value is
-the variable name passed as the first argument.
-References and assignments to @var{ref}, and changes to its attributes,
-are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
-to the variable whose name was passed as @code{$1}.
-
-If the control variable in a @code{for} loop has the nameref attribute,
-the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
-will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
-executed.
-Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
-However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
-array variables.
-Namerefs can be unset using the @option{-n} option to the @code{unset} builtin
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-Otherwise, if @code{unset} is executed with the name of a nameref variable
-as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
-
-@node Positional Parameters
-@subsection Positional Parameters
-@cindex parameters, positional
-
-A @var{positional parameter} is a parameter denoted by one or more
-digits, other than the single digit @code{0}.  Positional parameters are
-assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
-and may be reassigned using the @code{set} builtin command.
-Positional parameter @code{N} may be referenced as @code{$@{N@}}, or
-as @code{$N} when @code{N} consists of a single digit.
-Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
-The @code{set} and @code{shift} builtins are used to set and
-unset them (@pxref{Shell Builtin Commands}).
-The positional parameters are
-temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
-(@pxref{Shell Functions}).
-
-When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
-digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
-
-@node Special Parameters
-@subsection Special Parameters
-@cindex parameters, special
-
-The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
-only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
-
-@vtable @code
-
-@item *
-@vindex $*
-($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
-When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
-expands to a separate word.
-In contexts where it is performed, those words
-are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
-When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
-with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
-of the @env{IFS}
-special variable.  That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent
-to @code{"$1@var{c}$2@var{c}@dots{}"}, where @var{c}
-is the first character of the value of the @code{IFS}
-variable.
-If @env{IFS} is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
-If @env{IFS} is null, the parameters are joined without intervening
-separators.
-
-@item @@
-@vindex $@@
-($@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When the
-expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
-separate word.  That is, @code{"$@@"} is equivalent to
-@code{"$1" "$2" @dots{}}.
-If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
-When there are no positional parameters, @code{"$@@"} and
-@code{$@@}
-expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
-
-@item #
-@vindex $#
-($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
-
-@item ?
-@vindex $?
-($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
-pipeline.
-
-@item -
-@vindex $-
-($-, a hyphen.)  Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
-invocation, by the @code{set}
-builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
-(such as the @option{-i} option).
-
-@item $
-@vindex $$
-($$) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the shell.  In a @code{()} subshell, it
-expands to the process @sc{id} of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
-
-@item !
-@vindex $!
-($!) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the job most recently placed into the
-background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
-the @code{bg} builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}).
-
-@item 0
-@vindex $0
-($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
-shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
-(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{$0} is set to the name of that file.
-If Bash is started with the @option{-c} option (@pxref{Invoking Bash}),
-then @code{$0} is set to the first argument after the string to be
-executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set
-to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
-
-@item _
-@vindex $_
-($_, an underscore.)
-At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
-shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
-or argument list.
-Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command,
-after expansion.   
-Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
-and placed in the environment exported to that command.
-When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
-@end vtable
-
-@node Shell Expansions
-@section Shell Expansions
-@cindex expansion
-
-Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
-@code{token}s.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item brace expansion
-@item tilde expansion
-@item parameter and variable expansion
-@item command substitution
-@item arithmetic expansion
-@item word splitting
-@item filename expansion
-@end itemize
-
-@menu
-* Brace Expansion::		Expansion of expressions within braces.
-* Tilde Expansion::		Expansion of the ~ character.
-* Shell Parameter Expansion::	How Bash expands variables to their values.
-* Command Substitution::	Using the output of a command as an argument.
-* Arithmetic Expansion::	How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
-* Process Substitution::	A way to write and read to and from a
-				command.
-* Word Splitting::	How the results of expansion are split into separate
-			arguments.
-* Filename Expansion::	A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
-* Quote Removal::	How and when quote characters are removed from
-			words.
-@end menu
-
-The order of expansions is:
-brace expansion;
-tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
-and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
-word splitting;
-and filename expansion.
-
-On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
-available: @var{process substitution}.
-This is performed at the
-same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
-command substitution.
-
-Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
-can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
-expand a single word to a single word.
-The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
-@code{"$@@"} (@pxref{Special Parameters}) and @code{"$@{@var{name}[@@]@}"}
-(@pxref{Arrays}).
-
-After all expansions, @code{quote removal} (@pxref{Quote Removal})
-is performed.
-
-@node Brace Expansion
-@subsection Brace Expansion
-@cindex brace expansion
-@cindex expansion, brace
-
-Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
-This mechanism is similar to
-@var{filename expansion} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}),
-but the filenames generated need not exist.
-Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional @var{preamble},
-followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression
-between a pair of braces,
-followed by an optional @var{postscript}.
-The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
-the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
-to right.
-
-Brace expansions may be nested.
-The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
-is preserved.
-For example,
-@example
-bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e
-ade ace abe
-@end example
-
-A sequence expression takes the form @code{@{@var{x}..@var{y}[..@var{incr}]@}},
-where @var{x} and @var{y} are either integers or single characters,
-and @var{incr}, an optional increment, is an integer.
-When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
-@var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive.
-Supplied integers may be prefixed with @samp{0} to force each term to have the
-same width.
-When either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero, the shell
-attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
-zero-padding where necessary.
-When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
-lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive,
-using the default C locale.
-Note that both @var{x} and @var{y} must be of the same type.
-When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
-each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
-
-Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
-and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
-in the result.  It is strictly textual.  Bash
-does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
-expansion or the text between the braces.
-To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{}
-is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
-
-A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
-and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
-sequence expression.
-Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
-
-A @{ or @samp{,} may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
-being considered part of a brace expression.
-To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{}
-is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
-
-This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
-prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
-above example:
-@example
-mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/@{old,new,dist,bugs@}
-@end example
-or
-@example
-chown root /usr/@{ucb/@{ex,edit@},lib/@{ex?.?*,how_ex@}@}
-@end example
-
-@node Tilde Expansion
-@subsection Tilde Expansion
-@cindex tilde expansion
-@cindex expansion, tilde
-
-If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (@samp{~}), all of the
-characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
-if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a @var{tilde-prefix}.
-If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
-characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
-possible @var{login name}.
-If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
-value of the @env{HOME} shell variable.
-If @env{HOME} is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
-shell is substituted instead.
-Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
-associated with the specified login name.
-
-If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~+}, the value of
-the shell variable @env{PWD} replaces the tilde-prefix.
-If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~-}, the value of the shell variable
-@env{OLDPWD}, if it is set, is substituted.
-
-If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
-number @var{N}, optionally prefixed by a @samp{+} or a @samp{-},
-the tilde-prefix is replaced with the
-corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed
-by the @code{dirs} builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
-in the tilde-prefix as an argument (@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
-If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
-leading @samp{+} or @samp{-}, @samp{+} is assumed.
-
-If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
-left unchanged.
-
-Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
-following a @samp{:} or the first @samp{=}.
-In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
-Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
-@env{PATH}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{CDPATH},
-and the shell assigns the expanded value.
-
-The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
-
-@table @code
-@item ~
-The value of @code{$HOME}
-@item ~/foo
-@file{$HOME/foo}
-
-@item ~fred/foo
-The subdirectory @code{foo} of the home directory of the user
-@code{fred}
-
-@item ~+/foo
-@file{$PWD/foo}
-
-@item ~-/foo
-@file{$@{OLDPWD-'~-'@}/foo}
-
-@item ~@var{N}
-The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}}
-
-@item ~+@var{N}
-The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}}
-
-@item ~-@var{N}
-The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs -@var{N}}
-@end table
-
-@node Shell Parameter Expansion
-@subsection Shell Parameter Expansion
-@cindex parameter expansion
-@cindex expansion, parameter
-
-The @samp{$} character introduces parameter expansion,
-command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
-or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
-are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
-characters immediately following it which could be
-interpreted as part of the name.
-
-When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first @samp{@}}
-not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
-embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
-expansion.
-
-The basic form of parameter expansion is $@{@var{parameter}@}.
-The value of @var{parameter} is substituted.
-The @var{parameter} is a shell parameter as described above
-(@pxref{Shell Parameters}) or an array reference (@pxref{Arrays}).
-The braces are required when @var{parameter}
-is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
-or when @var{parameter} is followed by a character that is not to be
-interpreted as part of its name.
-
-If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point (!),
-it introduces a level of variable indirection.
-Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
-@var{parameter} as the name of the variable; this variable is then
-expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
-than the value of @var{parameter} itself.
-This is known as @code{indirect expansion}.
-The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}*@}
-and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
-described below.
-The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
-introduce indirection.
-
-In each of the cases below, @var{word} is subject to tilde expansion,
-parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
-
-When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
-below (e.g., @samp{:-}), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
-Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
-Put another way, if the colon is included,
-the operator tests for both @var{parameter}'s existence and that its value
-is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}:@minus{}@var{word}@}
-If @var{parameter} is unset or null, the expansion of
-@var{word} is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
-@var{parameter} is substituted.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}:=@var{word}@}
-If @var{parameter}
-is unset or null, the expansion of @var{word}
-is assigned to @var{parameter}.
-The value of @var{parameter} is then substituted. 
-Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
-in this way.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}:?@var{word}@}
-If @var{parameter}
-is null or unset, the expansion of @var{word} (or a message
-to that effect if @var{word}
-is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
-is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of @var{parameter} is
-substituted.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}:+@var{word}@}
-If @var{parameter}
-is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
-@var{word} is substituted.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}@}
-@itemx $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}:@var{length}@}
-This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
-It expands to up to @var{length} characters of the value of @var{parameter}
-starting at the character specified by @var{offset}.
-If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, an indexed array subscripted by
-@samp{@@} or @samp{*}, or an associative array name, the results differ as
-described below.
-If @var{length} is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of
-@var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset}
-and extending to the end of the value.
-@var{length} and @var{offset} are arithmetic expressions
-(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
-
-If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
-is used as an offset in characters
-from the end of the value of @var{parameter}.
-If @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero,
-it is interpreted as an offset in characters
-from the end of the value of @var{parameter} rather than
-a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
-@var{offset} and that result.
-Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
-one space to avoid being confused with the @samp{:-} expansion.
-
-Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and
-subscripted arrays:
-
-@verbatim
-$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
-$ echo ${string:7}
-7890abcdefgh
-$ echo ${string:7:0}
-
-$ echo ${string:7:2}
-78
-$ echo ${string:7:-2}
-7890abcdef
-$ echo ${string: -7}
-bcdefgh
-$ echo ${string: -7:0}
-
-$ echo ${string: -7:2}
-bc
-$ echo ${string: -7:-2}
-bcdef
-$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
-$ echo ${1:7}
-7890abcdefgh
-$ echo ${1:7:0}
-
-$ echo ${1:7:2}
-78
-$ echo ${1:7:-2}
-7890abcdef
-$ echo ${1: -7}
-bcdefgh
-$ echo ${1: -7:0}
-
-$ echo ${1: -7:2}
-bc
-$ echo ${1: -7:-2}
-bcdef
-$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
-$ echo ${array[0]:7}
-7890abcdefgh
-$ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
-
-$ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
-78
-$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
-7890abcdef
-$ echo ${array[0]: -7}
-bcdefgh
-$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
-
-$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
-bc
-$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
-bcdef
-@end verbatim
-
-If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, the result is @var{length} positional
-parameters beginning at @var{offset}.
-A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
-positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional
-parameter.
-It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero.
-
-The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional
-parameters:
-
-@verbatim
-$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${@:7}
-7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${@:7:0}
-
-$ echo ${@:7:2}
-7 8
-$ echo ${@:7:-2}
-bash: -2: substring expression < 0
-$ echo ${@: -7:2}
-b c
-$ echo ${@:0}
-./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${@:0:2}
-./bash 1
-$ echo ${@: -7:0}
-
-@end verbatim
-
-If @var{parameter} is an indexed array name subscripted
-by @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the result is the @var{length}
-members of the array beginning with @code{$@{@var{parameter}[@var{offset}]@}}.
-A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
-index of the specified array.
-It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero.
-
-These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed
-arrays:
-
-@verbatim
-$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
-$ echo ${array[@]:7}
-7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
-7 8
-$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
-b c
-$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
-bash: -2: substring expression < 0
-$ echo ${array[@]:0}
-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
-0 1
-$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
-
-@end verbatim
-
-Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
-results.
-
-Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
-are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
-If @var{offset} is 0, and the positional parameters are used, @code{$@@} is
-prefixed to the list.
-
-@item $@{!@var{prefix}*@}
-@itemx $@{!@var{prefix}@@@}
-Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with @var{prefix},
-separated by the first character of the @env{IFS} special variable.
-When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
-variable name expands to a separate word.
-
-@item $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
-@itemx $@{!@var{name}[*]@}
-If @var{name} is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
-(keys) assigned in @var{name}.
-If @var{name} is not an array, expands to 0 if @var{name} is set and null
-otherwise.
-When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
-key expands to a separate word.
-
-@item $@{#@var{parameter}@}
-The length in characters of the expanded value of @var{parameter} is
-substituted.
-If @var{parameter} is @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, the value substituted
-is the number of positional parameters.
-If @var{parameter} is an array name subscripted by @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, 
-the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
-If @var{parameter}
-is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
-interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
-@var{parameter}, so negative indices count back from the end of the
-array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}#@var{word}@}
-@itemx $@{@var{parameter}##@var{word}@}
-The @var{word}
-is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
-expansion (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).  If the pattern matches
-the beginning of the expanded value of @var{parameter},
-then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @var{parameter}
-with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{#} case) or the
-longest matching pattern (the @samp{##} case) deleted.
-If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If @var{parameter} is an array variable subscripted with
-@samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}%@var{word}@}
-@itemx $@{@var{parameter}%%@var{word}@}
-The @var{word} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-filename expansion.
-If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
-@var{parameter}, then the result of the expansion is the value of
-@var{parameter} with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{%} case)
-or the longest matching pattern (the @samp{%%} case) deleted.
-If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If @var{parameter}
-is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}/@var{pattern}/@var{string}@} 
-
-The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-filename expansion.
-@var{Parameter} is expanded and the longest match of @var{pattern}
-against its value is replaced with @var{string}.
-If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{/}, all matches of @var{pattern} are
-replaced with @var{string}.  Normally only the first match is replaced.
-If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{#}, it must match at the beginning
-of the expanded value of @var{parameter}.
-If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{%}, it must match at the end
-of the expanded value of @var{parameter}.
-If @var{string} is null, matches of @var{pattern} are deleted
-and the @code{/} following @var{pattern} may be omitted.
-If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the substitution operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If @var{parameter}
-is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-
-@item $@{@var{parameter}^@var{pattern}@}
-@itemx $@{@var{parameter}^^@var{pattern}@}
-@itemx $@{@var{parameter},@var{pattern}@}
-@itemx $@{@var{parameter},,@var{pattern}@}
-This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in @var{parameter}.
-The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
-filename expansion.
-Each character in the expanded value of @var{parameter} is tested against
-@var{pattern}, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
-The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
-The @samp{^} operator converts lowercase letters matching @var{pattern}
-to uppercase; the @samp{,} operator converts matching uppercase letters
-to lowercase.
-The @samp{^^} and @samp{,,} expansions convert each matched character in the
-expanded value; the @samp{^} and @samp{,} expansions match and convert only
-the first character in the expanded value.
-If @var{pattern} is omitted, it is treated like a @samp{?}, which matches
-every character.
-If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the case modification operation is applied to each positional
-parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If @var{parameter}
-is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
-the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
-array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-@end table
-
-@node Command Substitution
-@subsection Command Substitution
-@cindex command substitution
-
-Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
-the command itself.
-Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows:
-@example
-$(@var{command})
-@end example
-@noindent
-or
-@example
-`@var{command}`
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} and
-replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
-command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
-Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
-word splitting.
-The command substitution @code{$(cat @var{file})} can be
-replaced by the equivalent but faster @code{$(< @var{file})}.
-
-When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
-backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
-@samp{$}, @samp{`}, or @samp{\}. 
-The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
-command substitution.
-When using the @code{$(@var{command})} form, all characters between
-the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
-
-Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted
-form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
-
-If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
-filename expansion are not performed on the results.
-
-@node Arithmetic Expansion
-@subsection Arithmetic Expansion
-@cindex expansion, arithmetic
-@cindex arithmetic expansion
-
-Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
-and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
-
-@example
-$(( @var{expression} ))
-@end example
-
-The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
-a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
-All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, and quote removal.
-The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
-Arithmetic expansions may be nested. 
-
-The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
-(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
-If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
-failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
-
-@node Process Substitution
-@subsection Process Substitution
-@cindex process substitution
-
-Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
-pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files.
-It takes the form of 
-@example
-<(@var{list})
-@end example
-@noindent
-or
-@example
->(@var{list})
-@end example
-@noindent
-The process @var{list} is run with its input or output connected to a
-@sc{fifo} or some file in @file{/dev/fd}.  The name of this file is
-passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
-expansion.  If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for @var{list}.  If the
-@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, the file passed as an
-argument should be read to obtain the output of @var{list}.
-Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>}
-and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
-as a redirection.
-
-When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
-parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
-expansion.
-
-@node Word Splitting
-@subsection Word Splitting
-@cindex word splitting
-
-The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
-and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for
-word splitting.
-
-The shell treats each character of @env{$IFS} as a delimiter, and splits
-the results of the other expansions into words using these characters
-as field terminators.
-If @env{IFS} is unset, or its value is exactly @code{<space><tab><newline>},
-the default, then sequences of
-@code{ <space>}, @code{<tab>}, and @code{<newline>}
-at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
-expansions are ignored, and any sequence of @env{IFS}
-characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
-If @env{IFS} has a value other than the default, then sequences of
-the whitespace characters @code{space} and @code{tab}
-are ignored at the beginning and end of the
-word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
-value of @env{IFS} (an @env{IFS} whitespace character).
-Any character in @env{IFS} that is not @env{IFS}
-whitespace, along with any adjacent @env{IFS}
-whitespace characters, delimits a field.  A sequence of @env{IFS}
-whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
-If the value of @env{IFS} is null, no word splitting occurs.
-
-Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained.
-Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
-parameters that have no values, are removed.
-If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
-null argument results and is retained.
-
-Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
-is performed.
-
-@node Filename Expansion
-@subsection Filename Expansion
-@menu
-* Pattern Matching::	How the shell matches patterns.
-@end menu
-@cindex expansion, filename
-@cindex expansion, pathname
-@cindex filename expansion
-@cindex pathname expansion
-
-After word splitting, unless the @option{-f} option has been set
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), Bash scans each word for the characters
-@samp{*}, @samp{?}, and @samp{[}.
-If one of these characters appears, then the word is
-regarded as a @var{pattern},
-and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
-filenames matching the pattern (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
-If no matching filenames are found,
-and the shell option @code{nullglob} is disabled, the word is left
-unchanged.
-If the @code{nullglob} option is set, and no matches are found, the word
-is removed.
-If the @code{failglob} shell option is set, and no matches are found,
-an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
-If the shell option @code{nocaseglob} is enabled, the match is performed
-without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
-
-When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.}
-at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
-must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set.
-When matching a filename, the slash character must always be
-matched explicitly.
-In other cases, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially.
-
-See the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin},
-for a description of the @code{nocaseglob}, @code{nullglob},
-@code{failglob}, and @code{dotglob} options.
-
-The @env{GLOBIGNORE}
-shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a
-pattern.  If @env{GLOBIGNORE}
-is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
-@env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches.  The filenames
-@file{.} and @file{..}
-are always ignored when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
-is set and not null.
-However, setting @env{GLOBIGNORE} to a non-null value has the effect of
-enabling the @code{dotglob}
-shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
-@samp{.} will match.
-To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
-@samp{.}, make @samp{.*} one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}.
-The @code{dotglob} option is disabled when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
-is unset.
-
-@node Pattern Matching
-@subsubsection Pattern Matching
-@cindex pattern matching
-@cindex matching, pattern
-
-Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
-characters described below, matches itself.
-The @sc{nul} character may not occur in a pattern.
-A backslash escapes the following character; the
-escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
-The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched
-literally.
-
-The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
-@table @code
-@item *
-Matches any string, including the null string.
-When the @code{globstar} shell option is enabled, and @samp{*} is used in
-a filename expansion context, two adjacent @samp{*}s used as a single
-pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
-subdirectories.
-If followed by a @samp{/}, two adjacent @samp{*}s will match only
-directories and subdirectories.
-@item ?
-Matches any single character.
-@item [@dots{}]
-Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
-separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression};
-any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
-using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
-is matched.  If the first character following the
-@samp{[} is a @samp{!}  or a @samp{^}
-then any character not enclosed is matched.  A @samp{@minus{}}
-may be matched by including it as the first or last character
-in the set.  A @samp{]} may be matched by including it as the first
-character in the set.
-The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
-the current locale and the values of the
-@env{LC_COLLATE} and @env{LC_ALL} shell variables, if set.
-
-For example, in the default C locale, @samp{[a-dx-z]} is equivalent to
-@samp{[abcdxyz]}.  Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
-these locales @samp{[a-dx-z]} is typically not equivalent to @samp{[abcdxyz]};
-it might be equivalent to @samp{[aBbCcDdxXyYz]}, for example.  To obtain
-the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can
-force the use of the C locale by setting the @env{LC_COLLATE} or
-@env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}, or enable the
-@code{globasciiranges} shell option.
-
-Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, @var{character classes} can be specified
-using the syntax
-@code{[:}@var{class}@code{:]}, where @var{class} is one of the
-following classes defined in the @sc{posix} standard:
-@example
-alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
-print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
-@end example
-@noindent
-A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
-The @code{word} character class matches letters, digits, and the character
-@samp{_}.
-
-Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, an @var{equivalence class} can be
-specified using the syntax @code{[=}@var{c}@code{=]}, which
-matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
-by the current locale) as the character @var{c}.
-
-Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, the syntax @code{[.}@var{symbol}@code{.]}
-matches the collating symbol @var{symbol}.
-@end table
-
-If the @code{extglob} shell option is enabled using the @code{shopt}
-builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
-In the following description, a @var{pattern-list} is a list of one
-or more patterns separated by a @samp{|}.
-Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
-sub-patterns:
-
-@table @code
-@item ?(@var{pattern-list})
-Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
-
-@item *(@var{pattern-list})
-Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-
-@item +(@var{pattern-list})
-Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-
-@item @@(@var{pattern-list})
-Matches one of the given patterns.
-
-@item !(@var{pattern-list})
-Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
-@end table
-
-@node Quote Removal
-@subsection Quote Removal
-
-After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
-characters @samp{\}, @samp{'}, and @samp{"} that did not
-result from one of the above expansions are removed.
-
-@node Redirections
-@section Redirections
-@cindex redirection
-
-Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be @var{redirected}
-using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
-Redirection allows commands' file handles to be
-duplicated, opened, closed,
-made to refer to different files,
-and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
-Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
-current shell execution environment.  The following redirection
-operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
-simple command or may follow a command.
-Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
-left to right.
-
-Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
-may instead be preceded by a word of the form @{@var{varname}@}.
-In this case, for each redirection operator except
->&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than 10 and assign it to @{@var{varname}@}.  If >&- or <&- is preceded
-by @{@var{varname}@}, the value of @var{varname} defines the file
-descriptor to close.
-
-In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
-omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
-@samp{<}, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
-descriptor 0).  If the first character of the redirection operator
-is @samp{>}, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
-descriptor 1).
-
-The word following the redirection operator in the following
-descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
-tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.
-If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
-
-Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example,
-the command
-@example
-ls > @var{dirlist} 2>&1
-@end example
-@noindent
-directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
-(file descriptor 2) to the file @var{dirlist}, while the command
-@example
-ls 2>&1 > @var{dirlist}
-@end example
-@noindent
-directs only the standard output to file @var{dirlist},
-because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output
-before the standard output was redirected to @var{dirlist}.
-
-Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
-redirections, as described in the following table:
-
-@table @code
-@item /dev/fd/@var{fd}
-If @var{fd} is a valid integer, file descriptor @var{fd} is duplicated.
-
-@item /dev/stdin
-File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
-
-@item /dev/stdout
-File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
-
-@item /dev/stderr
-File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
-
-@item /dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}
-If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port}
-is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
-the corresponding TCP socket.
-
-@item /dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}
-If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port}
-is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open 
-the corresponding UDP socket.
-@end table
-
-A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
-
-Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
-care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
-internally.
-
-@subsection Redirecting Input
-Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of @var{word}
-to be opened for reading on file descriptor @code{n},
-or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @code{n}
-is not specified.
-
-The general format for redirecting input is:
-@example
-[@var{n}]<@var{word}
-@end example
-
-@subsection Redirecting Output
-Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of @var{word}
-to be opened for writing on file descriptor @var{n},
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n}
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
-if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
-
-The general format for redirecting output is:
-@example
-[@var{n}]>[|]@var{word}
-@end example
-
-If the redirection operator is @samp{>}, and the @code{noclobber}
-option to the @code{set} builtin has been enabled, the redirection
-will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
-@var{word} exists and is a regular file.
-If the redirection operator is @samp{>|}, or the redirection operator is
-@samp{>} and the @code{noclobber} option is not enabled, the redirection
-is attempted even if the file named by @var{word} exists.
-
-@subsection Appending Redirected Output
-Redirection of output in this fashion
-causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of @var{word}
-to be opened for appending on file descriptor @var{n},
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n}
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
-
-The general format for appending output is:
-@example
-[@var{n}]>>@var{word}
-@end example
-
-@subsection Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
-This construct allows both the
-standard output (file descriptor 1) and
-the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
-to be redirected to the file whose name is the
-expansion of @var{word}.
-
-There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
-standard error:
-@example
-&>@var{word}
-@end example
-@noindent
-and
-@example
->&@var{word}
-@end example
-@noindent
-Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
-This is semantically equivalent to
-@example
->@var{word} 2>&1
-@end example
-When using the second form, @var{word} may not expand to a number or
-@samp{-}.  If it does, other redirection operators apply
-(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
-
-@subsection Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
-This construct allows both the
-standard output (file descriptor 1) and
-the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
-to be appended to the file whose name is the
-expansion of @var{word}.
-
-The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
-@example
-&>>@var{word}
-@end example
-@noindent
-This is semantically equivalent to
-@example
->>@var{word} 2>&1
-@end example
-(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
-
-@subsection Here Documents
-This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
-current source until a line containing only @var{word}
-(with no trailing blanks) is seen.  All of
-the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
-
-The format of here-documents is:
-@example
-<<[@minus{}]@var{word}
-        @var{here-document}
-@var{delimiter}
-@end example
-
-No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
-arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
-@var{word}.  If any characters in @var{word} are quoted, the
-@var{delimiter} is the result of quote removal on @var{word},
-and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
-If @var{word} is unquoted,
-all lines of the here-document are subjected to
-parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-the character sequence @code{\newline} is ignored, and @samp{\}
-must be used to quote the characters
-@samp{\}, @samp{$}, and @samp{`}.
-
-If the redirection operator is @samp{<<-},
-then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
-line containing @var{delimiter}.
-This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
-natural fashion.
-
-@subsection Here Strings
-A variant of here documents, the format is:
-@example
-<<< @var{word}
-@end example
-
-The @var{word} undergoes
-brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
-command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
-Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
-
-@subsection Duplicating File Descriptors
-The redirection operator
-@example
-[@var{n}]<&@var{word}
-@end example
-@noindent
-is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
-If @var{word}
-expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by @var{n}
-is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
-If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for
-input, a redirection error occurs.
-If @var{word}
-evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed.
-If @var{n} is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
-
-The operator
-@example
-[@var{n}]>&@var{word}
-@end example
-@noindent
-is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
-@var{n} is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
-If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for
-output, a redirection error occurs.
-If @var{word}
-evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed.
-As a special case, if @var{n} is omitted, and @var{word} does not
-expand to one or more digits or @samp{-}, the standard output and standard
-error are redirected as described previously.
-
-@subsection Moving File Descriptors
-The redirection operator
-@example
-[@var{n}]<&@var{digit}-
-@end example
-@noindent
-moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n},
-or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @var{n} is not specified.
-@var{digit} is closed after being duplicated to @var{n}.
-
-Similarly, the redirection operator
-@example
-[@var{n}]>&@var{digit}-
-@end example
-@noindent
-moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n},
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} is not specified.
-
-@subsection Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
-The redirection operator
-@example
-[@var{n}]<>@var{word}
-@end example
-@noindent
-causes the file whose name is the expansion of @var{word}
-to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
-@var{n}, or on file descriptor 0 if @var{n}
-is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
-
-@node Executing Commands
-@section Executing Commands
-
-@menu
-* Simple Command Expansion::	How Bash expands simple commands before
-				executing them.
-* Command Search and Execution::	How Bash finds commands and runs them.
-* Command Execution Environment::	The environment in which Bash
-					executes commands that are not
-					shell builtins.
-* Environment::		The environment given to a command.
-* Exit Status::		The status returned by commands and how Bash
-			interprets it.
-* Signals::		What happens when Bash or a command it runs
-			receives a signal.
-@end menu
-
-@node Simple Command Expansion
-@subsection Simple Command Expansion
-@cindex command expansion
-
-When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
-expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
-preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
-processing.
-
-@item
-The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
-expanded (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
-If any words remain after expansion, the first word
-is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
-the arguments.
-
-@item
-Redirections are performed as described above (@pxref{Redirections}).
-
-@item
-The text after the @samp{=} in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
-expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
-and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
-@end enumerate
-
-If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
-shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
-of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
-If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
-an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
-
-If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
-affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
-command to exit with a non-zero status.
-
-If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
-described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expansions
-contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
-the exit status of the last command substitution performed.  If there
-were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
-
-@node Command Search and Execution
-@subsection Command Search and Execution
-@cindex command execution
-@cindex command search
-
-After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
-simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
-actions are taken.
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
-locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
-function is invoked as described in @ref{Shell Functions}.
-
-@item
-If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
-it in the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that
-builtin is invoked.
-
-@item
-If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
-and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
-@env{$PATH} for a directory containing an executable file
-by that name.  Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
-pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple @env{PATH} searches
-(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-A full search of the directories in @env{$PATH}
-is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
-If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
-function named @code{command_not_found_handle}.
-If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and
-the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
-exit status becomes the exit status of the shell.
-If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
-message and returns an exit status of 127.
-
-@item
-If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
-one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in
-a separate execution environment.
-Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
-to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
-
-@item
-If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
-format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
-@var{shell script} and the shell executes it as described in
-@ref{Shell Scripts}.
-
-@item
-If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
-the command to complete and collects its exit status.
-
-@end enumerate
-
-@node Command Execution Environment
-@subsection Command Execution Environment
-@cindex execution environment
-
-The shell has an @var{execution environment}, which consists of the
-following:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin
-
-@item
-the current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or
-@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation
-
-@item
-the file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from
-the shell's parent
-
-@item
-current traps set by @code{trap}
-
-@item
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set}
-or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
-
-@item
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
-parent in the environment
-
-@item
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by @code{set}
-
-@item
-options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin})
-
-@item
-shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases})
-
-@item
-various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs
-(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of
-@env{$PPID}
-
-@end itemize
-
-When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
-is to be executed, it
-is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
-the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
-from the shell.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
-by redirections to the command
-
-@item
-the current working directory
-
-@item
-the file creation mode mask
-
-@item
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment})
-
-@item
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
-
-@end itemize
-
-A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
-shell's execution environment. 
-
-Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
-and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
-subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
-except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
-that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.  Builtin
-commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed
-in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell environment
-cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
-
-Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the @option{-e} option from the parent shell.  When not in @sc{posix} mode,
-Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells.
-
-If a command is followed by a @samp{&} and job control is not active, the
-default standard input for the command is the empty file @file{/dev/null}.
-Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
-shell as modified by redirections.
-
-@node Environment
-@subsection Environment
-@cindex environment
-
-When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
-called the @var{environment}.
-This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form @code{name=value}.
-
-Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
-On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
-creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
-it for @var{export}
-to child processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.
-The @code{export} and @samp{declare -x}
-commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
-deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter
-in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
-of the environment, replacing the old.  The environment
-inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
-initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
-less any pairs removed by the @code{unset} and @samp{export -n}
-commands, plus any additions via the @code{export} and
-@samp{declare -x} commands.
-
-The environment for any simple command
-or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
-parameter assignments, as described in @ref{Shell Parameters}.
-These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
-by that command.
-
-If the @option{-k} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}), then all
-parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
-not just those that precede the command name.
-
-When Bash invokes an external command, the variable @samp{$_}
-is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that
-command in its environment.
-
-@node Exit Status
-@subsection Exit Status
-@cindex exit status
-
-The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
-@var{waitpid} system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses    
-fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
-use values above 125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and
-compound commands are also limited to this range.  Under certain
-circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
-failure modes.
-
-For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
-zero exit status has succeeded.
-A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
-This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there
-is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of
-ways to indicate various failure modes.
-When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is @var{N},
-Bash uses the value 128+@var{N} as the exit status.
-
-If a command is not found, the child process created to
-execute it returns a status of 127.  If a command is found  
-but is not executable, the return status is 126.
-
-If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
-the exit status is greater than zero.
-
-The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) and some of the list
-constructs (@pxref{Lists}).
-
-All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
-and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
-conditional and list constructs.
-All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
-generally invalid options or missing arguments.
-
-@node Signals
-@subsection Signals
-@cindex signal handling
-
-When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
-@code{SIGTERM} (so that @samp{kill 0} does not kill an interactive shell),
-and @code{SIGINT}
-is caught and handled (so that the @code{wait} builtin is interruptible).
-When Bash receives a @code{SIGINT}, it breaks out of any executing loops.
-In all cases, Bash ignores @code{SIGQUIT}.
-If job control is in effect (@pxref{Job Control}), Bash
-ignores @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
-
-Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
-values inherited by the shell from its parent.
-When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
-ignore @code{SIGINT} and @code{SIGQUIT} in addition to these inherited
-handlers.
-Commands run as a result of
-command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
-@code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
-
-The shell exits by default upon receipt of a @code{SIGHUP}.
-Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the @code{SIGHUP} to
-all jobs, running or stopped.
-Stopped jobs are sent @code{SIGCONT} to ensure that they receive
-the @code{SIGHUP}.
-To prevent the shell from sending the @code{SIGHUP} signal to a
-particular job, it should be removed
-from the jobs table with the @code{disown}
-builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or marked
-to not receive @code{SIGHUP} using @code{disown -h}.
-
-If the  @code{huponexit} shell option has been set with @code{shopt}
-(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), Bash sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when
-an interactive login shell exits.
-
-If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
-for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
-the command completes. 
-When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
-command via the @code{wait} builtin, the reception of a signal for
-which a trap has been set will cause the @code{wait} builtin to return
-immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
-which the trap is executed.
-
-@node Shell Scripts
-@section Shell Scripts
-@cindex shell script
-
-A shell script is a text file containing shell commands.  When such
-a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
-and neither the @option{-c} nor @option{-s} option is supplied
-(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), 
-Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits.  This
-mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell.  The shell first
-searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
-directories in @env{$PATH} if not found there.
-
-When Bash runs
-a shell script, it sets the special parameter @code{0} to the name
-of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional
-parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given.
-If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters
-are unset.
-
-A shell script may be made executable by using the @code{chmod} command
-to turn on the execute bit.  When Bash finds such a file while
-searching the @env{$PATH} for a command, it spawns a subshell to
-execute it.  In other words, executing
-@example
-filename @var{arguments}
-@end example
-@noindent
-is equivalent to executing
-@example
-bash filename @var{arguments}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-if @code{filename} is an executable shell script.
-This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a
-new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the
-exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
-(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
-are retained by the child.
-
-Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command
-execution mechanism.  If the first line of a script begins with
-the two characters @samp{#!}, the remainder of the line specifies
-an interpreter for the program.
-Thus, you can specify Bash, @code{awk}, Perl, or some other
-interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language.
-
-The arguments to the interpreter
-consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter
-name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of
-the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments.  Bash
-will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it
-themselves.  Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter
-name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
-
-Bash scripts often begin with @code{#! /bin/bash} (assuming that
-Bash has been installed in @file{/bin}), since this ensures that
-Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed
-under another shell.
-
-@node Shell Builtin Commands
-@chapter Shell Builtin Commands
-
-@menu
-* Bourne Shell Builtins::	Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
-				Shell.
-* Bash Builtins::		Table of builtins specific to Bash.
-* Modifying Shell Behavior::	Builtins to modify shell attributes and
-				optional behavior.
-* Special Builtins::		Builtin commands classified specially by
-				POSIX.
-@end menu
-
-Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
-When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of
-a simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}), the shell executes
-the command directly, without invoking another program.
-Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible
-or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities.
-
-This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
-the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique
-to or have been extended in Bash.
-
-Several builtin commands are described in other chapters:  builtin
-commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
-facilities (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}), the directory stack
-(@pxref{Directory Stack Builtins}), the command history
-(@pxref{Bash History Builtins}), and the programmable completion
-facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}).
-
-Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash.
-
-Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
-options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--}
-to signify the end of the options.
-The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test}
-builtins do not accept options and do not treat @samp{--} specially.
-The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let},
-and @code{shift} builtins accept and process arguments beginning
-with @samp{-} without requiring @samp{--}.
-Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
-options interpret arguments beginning with @samp{-} as invalid options and
-require @samp{--} to prevent this interpretation.
-
-@node Bourne Shell Builtins
-@section Bourne Shell Builtins
-
-The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
-These commands are implemented as specified by the @sc{posix} standard.
-
-@table @code
-@item :    @r{(a colon)}
-@btindex :
-@example
-: [@var{arguments}]
-@end example
-
-Do nothing beyond expanding @var{arguments} and performing redirections.
-The return status is zero.
-
-@item .    @r{(a period)}
-@btindex .
-@example
-. @var{filename} [@var{arguments}]
-@end example
-
-Read and execute commands from the @var{filename} argument in the
-current shell context.  If @var{filename} does not contain a slash,
-the @env{PATH} variable is used to find @var{filename}.
-When Bash is not in @sc{posix} mode, the current directory is searched
-if @var{filename} is not found in @env{$PATH}.
-If any @var{arguments} are supplied, they become the positional
-parameters when @var{filename} is executed.  Otherwise the positional
-parameters are unchanged.
-The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
-zero if no commands are executed.  If @var{filename} is not found, or
-cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
-This builtin is equivalent to @code{source}.
-
-@item break
-@btindex break
-@example
-break [@var{n}]
-@end example
-
-Exit from a @code{for}, @code{while}, @code{until}, or @code{select} loop.
-If @var{n} is supplied, the @var{n}th enclosing loop is exited.
-@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1.
-The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
-
-@item cd
-@btindex cd
-@example
-cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@@] [@var{directory}]
-@end example
-
-Change the current working directory to @var{directory}.
-If @var{directory} is not supplied, the value of the @env{HOME}
-shell variable is used.
-Any additional arguments following @var{directory} are ignored.
-If the shell variable
-@env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path:
-each directory name in @env{CDPATH} is searched for
-@var{directory}, with alternative directory names in @env{CDPATH}
-separated by a colon (@samp{:}).
-If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used.
-
-The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
-are resolved while @code{cd} is traversing @var{directory} and before
-processing an instance of @samp{..} in @var{directory}.
-
-By default, or when the @option{-L} option is supplied, symbolic links
-in @var{directory} are resolved after @code{cd} processes an instance
-of @samp{..} in @var{directory}.
-
-If @samp{..} appears in @var{directory}, it is processed by removing the
-immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning
-of @var{directory}.
-
-If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P}
-and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
-after a successful directory change, @code{cd} will return an unsuccessful
-status.
-
-On systems that support it, the @option{-@@} option presents the extended
-attributes associated with a file as a directory.              
-
-If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is converted to @env{$OLDPWD}
-before the directory change is attempted.
-
-If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if
-@samp{-} is the first argument, and the directory change is
-successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
-written to the standard output.
-
-The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
-non-zero otherwise.
-
-@item continue
-@btindex continue
-@example
-continue [@var{n}]
-@end example
-
-Resume the next iteration of an enclosing @code{for}, @code{while},
-@code{until}, or @code{select} loop.
-If @var{n} is supplied, the execution of the @var{n}th enclosing loop
-is resumed.
-@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1.
-The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
-
-@item eval
-@btindex eval
-@example
-eval [@var{arguments}]
-@end example
-
-The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
-then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status
-of @code{eval}.
-If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is
-zero.
-
-@item exec
-@btindex exec
-@example
-exec [-cl] [-a @var{name}] [@var{command} [@var{arguments}]]
-@end example
-
-If @var{command}
-is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
-If the @option{-l} option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
-beginning of the zeroth argument passed to @var{command}.
-This is what the @code{login} program does.
-The @option{-c} option causes @var{command} to be executed with an empty
-environment.
-If @option{-a} is supplied, the shell passes @var{name} as the zeroth
-argument to @var{command}.
-If @var{command}
-cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
-unless the @code{execfail} shell option
-is enabled.  In that case, it returns failure.
-An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
-If no @var{command} is specified, redirections may be used to affect
-the current shell environment.  If there are no redirection errors, the
-return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
-
-@item exit
-@btindex exit
-@example
-exit [@var{n}]
-@end example
-
-Exit the shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's parent.
-If @var{n} is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
-Any trap on @code{EXIT} is executed before the shell terminates.
-
-@item export
-@btindex export
-@example
-export [-fn] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]]
-@end example
-
-Mark each @var{name} to be passed to child processes
-in the environment.  If the @option{-f} option is supplied, the @var{name}s
-refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
-The @option{-n} option means to no longer mark each @var{name} for export.
-If no @var{names} are supplied, or if the @option{-p} option is given, a
-list of names of all exported variables is displayed.
-The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
-If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
-the variable is set to @var{value}.
-
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
-the names is not a valid shell variable name, or @option{-f} is supplied
-with a name that is not a shell function.
-
-@item getopts
-@btindex getopts
-@example
-getopts @var{optstring} @var{name} [@var{args}]
-@end example
-
-@code{getopts} is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
-@var{optstring} contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
-character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
-argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.
-The colon (@samp{:}) and question mark (@samp{?}) may not be
-used as option characters.
-Each time it is invoked, @code{getopts}
-places the next option in the shell variable @var{name}, initializing
-@var{name} if it does not exist,
-and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
-variable @env{OPTIND}.
-@env{OPTIND} is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
-is invoked.
-When an option requires an argument,
-@code{getopts} places that argument into the variable @env{OPTARG}.
-The shell does not reset @env{OPTIND} automatically; it must be manually
-reset between multiple calls to @code{getopts} within the same shell
-invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
-
-When the end of options is encountered, @code{getopts} exits with a
-return value greater than zero.
-@env{OPTIND} is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
-and @var{name} is set to @samp{?}.
-
-@code{getopts}
-normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
-given in @var{args}, @code{getopts} parses those instead.
-
-@code{getopts} can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
-@var{optstring} is a colon, @var{silent}
-error reporting is used.  In normal operation, diagnostic messages
-are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
-encountered.
-If the variable @env{OPTERR}
-is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of @code{optstring} is not a colon.
-
-If an invalid option is seen,
-@code{getopts} places @samp{?} into @var{name} and, if not silent,
-prints an error message and unsets @env{OPTARG}.
-If @code{getopts} is silent, the option character found is placed in
-@env{OPTARG} and no diagnostic message is printed.
-
-If a required argument is not found, and @code{getopts}
-is not silent, a question mark (@samp{?}) is placed in @var{name},
-@code{OPTARG} is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
-If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in
-@var{name} and @env{OPTARG} is set to the option character found.
-
-@item hash
-@btindex hash
-@example
-hash [-r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}]
-@end example
-
-Each time @code{hash} is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
-commands specified as @var{name} arguments,
-so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
-The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
-@env{$PATH}.
-Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
-The @option{-p} option inhibits the path search, and @var{filename} is
-used as the location of @var{name}.
-The @option{-r} option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
-The @option{-d} option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
-of each @var{name}.
-If the @option{-t} option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
-@var{name} corresponds is printed.  If multiple @var{name} arguments are
-supplied with @option{-t} the @var{name} is printed before the hashed
-full pathname.
-The @option{-l} option causes output to be displayed in a format
-that may be reused as input.
-If no arguments are given, or if only @option{-l} is supplied,
-information about remembered commands is printed.
-The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not found or an invalid
-option is supplied.
-
-@item pwd
-@btindex pwd
-@example
-pwd [-LP]
-@end example
-
-Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
-If the @option{-P} option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
-contain symbolic links.
-If the @option{-L} option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
-symbolic links.
-The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while
-determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option
-is supplied.
-
-@item readonly
-@btindex readonly
-@example
-readonly [-aAf] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{}
-@end example
-
-Mark each @var{name} as readonly.
-The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
-If the @option{-f} option is supplied, each @var{name} refers to a shell
-function.
-The @option{-a} option means each @var{name} refers to an indexed
-array variable; the @option{-A} option means each @var{name} refers
-to an associative array variable.
-If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
-If no @var{name} arguments are given, or if the @option{-p}
-option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
-The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
-the set of readonly names.
-The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a format that
-may be reused as input.
-If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
-the variable is set to @var{value}.
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
-the @var{name} arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
-or the @option{-f} option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
-
-@item return
-@btindex return
-@example
-return [@var{n}]
-@end example
-
-Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value @var{n}
-to its caller.
-If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
-last command executed in the function.
-If @code{return} is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
-determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
-if @code{return} is executed during a @code{DEBUG} trap, the last command
-used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
-handler before @code{return} was invoked.
-@code{return} may also be used to terminate execution of a script
-being executed with the @code{.} (@code{source}) builtin,
-returning either @var{n} or
-the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
-status of the script.
-If @var{n} is supplied, the return value is its least significant
-8 bits.
-Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed
-before execution resumes after the function or script.
-The return status is non-zero if @code{return} is supplied a non-numeric
-argument or is used outside a function
-and not during the execution of a script by @code{.} or @code{source}.
-
-@item shift
-@btindex shift
-@example
-shift [@var{n}]
-@end example
-
-Shift the positional parameters to the left by @var{n}.
-The positional parameters from @var{n}+1 @dots{} @code{$#} are
-renamed to @code{$1} @dots{} @code{$#}-@var{n}.
-Parameters represented by the numbers @code{$#} to @code{$#}-@var{n}+1
-are unset.
-@var{n} must be a non-negative number less than or equal to @code{$#}.
-If @var{n} is zero or greater than @code{$#}, the positional parameters
-are not changed.
-If @var{n} is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
-The return status is zero unless @var{n} is greater than @code{$#} or
-less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
-
-@item test
-@itemx [
-@btindex test
-@btindex [
-@example
-test @var{expr}
-@end example
-
-Evaluate a conditional express
-ion @var{expr} and return a status of 0
-(true) or 1 (false).
-Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
-Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
-@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}.
-@code{test} does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
-an argument of @option{--} as signifying the end of options.
-
-When the @code{[} form is used, the last argument to the command must
-be a @code{]}.
-
-Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
-decreasing order of precedence.
-The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
-Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
-
-@table @code
-@item ! @var{expr}
-True if @var{expr} is false.
-
-@item ( @var{expr} )
-Returns the value of @var{expr}.
-This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
-
-@item @var{expr1} -a @var{expr2}
-True if both @var{expr1} and @var{expr2} are true.
-
-@item @var{expr1} -o @var{expr2}
-True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2} is true.
-@end table
-
-The @code{test} and @code{[} builtins evaluate conditional
-expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
-
-@table @asis
-@item 0 arguments
-The expression is false.
-
-@item 1 argument
-The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
-
-@item 2 arguments
-If the first argument is @samp{!}, the expression is true if and
-only if the second argument is null.
-If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
-(@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the expression
-is true if the unary test is true.
-If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
-false.
-
-@item 3 arguments
-The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
-If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
-operators (@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the
-result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
-first and third arguments as operands.
-The @samp{-a} and @samp{-o} operators are considered binary operators
-when there are three arguments.
-If the first argument is @samp{!}, the value is the negation of
-the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
-If the first argument is exactly @samp{(} and the third argument is
-exactly @samp{)}, the result is the one-argument test of the second
-argument.
-Otherwise, the expression is false.
-
-@item 4 arguments
-If the first argument is @samp{!}, the result is the negation of
-the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
-Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to 
-precedence using the rules listed above.
-
-@item 5 or more arguments
-The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
-using the rules listed above.
-@end table
-
-When used with @code{test} or @samp{[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>}
-operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-
-@item times
-@btindex times
-@example
-times
-@end example
-
-Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children.
-The return status is zero.
-
-@item trap
-@btindex trap
-@example
-trap [-lp] [@var{arg}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-The commands in @var{arg} are to be read and executed when the
-shell receives signal @var{sigspec}.  If @var{arg} is absent (and
-there is a single @var{sigspec}) or
-equal to @samp{-}, each specified signal's disposition is reset
-to the value it had when the shell was started.
-If @var{arg} is the null string, then the signal specified by
-each @var{sigspec} is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
-If @var{arg} is not present and @option{-p} has been supplied,
-the shell displays the trap commands associated with each @var{sigspec}.
-If no arguments are supplied, or
-only @option{-p} is given, @code{trap} prints the list of commands
-associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
-shell input.
-The @option{-l} option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
-and their corresponding numbers.
-Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name or a signal number.
-Signal names are case insensitive and the @code{SIG} prefix is optional.
-
-If a @var{sigspec}
-is @code{0} or @code{EXIT}, @var{arg} is executed when the shell exits.
-If a @var{sigspec} is @code{DEBUG}, the command @var{arg} is executed
-before every simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command,
-@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before
-the first command executes in a shell function.
-Refer to the description of the @code{extdebug} option to the
-@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) for details of its
-effect on the @code{DEBUG} trap.
-If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed
-each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or
-@code{source} builtins finishes executing.
-
-If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg} 
-is executed whenever
-a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
-command), a list, or a compound command returns a 
-non-zero exit status,
-subject to the following conditions.
-The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
-command list immediately following an @code{until} or @code{while} keyword,
-part of the test following the @code{if} or @code{elif} reserved words,
-part of a command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list
-except the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||},
-any command in a pipeline but the last,
-or if the command's return
-status is being inverted using @code{!}.
-These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} (@option{-e})
-option.
-
-Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
-Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
-values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
-
-The return status is zero unless a @var{sigspec} does not specify a
-valid signal.
-
-@item umask
-@btindex umask
-@example
-umask [-p] [-S] [@var{mode}]
-@end example
-
-Set the shell process's file creation mask to @var{mode}.  If
-@var{mode} begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
-if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
-to that accepted by the @code{chmod} command.  If @var{mode} is
-omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.  If the @option{-S}
-option is supplied without a @var{mode} argument, the mask is printed
-in a symbolic format.
-If the  @option{-p} option is supplied, and @var{mode}
-is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
-The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if
-no @var{mode} argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
-
-Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number
-of the umask is subtracted from @code{7}.  Thus, a umask of @code{022}
-results in permissions of @code{755}.
-
-@item unset
-@btindex unset
-@example
-unset [-fnv] [@var{name}]
-@end example
-
-Remove each variable or function @var{name}.
-If the @option{-v} option is given, each
-@var{name} refers to a shell variable and that variable is remvoved.
-If the @option{-f} option is given, the @var{name}s refer to shell
-functions, and the function definition is removed.
-If the @option{-n} option is supplied, and @var{name} is a variable with
-the @var{nameref} attribute, @var{name} will be unset rather than the
-variable it references.
-@option{-n} has no effect if the @option{-f} option is supplied.
-If no options are supplied, each @var{name} refers to a variable; if
-there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
-unset.
-Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
-The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is readonly.
-@end table
-
-@node Bash Builtins
-@section Bash Builtin Commands
-
-This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
-or have been extended in Bash.
-Some of these commands are specified in the @sc{posix} standard.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item alias
-@btindex alias
-@example
-alias [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Without arguments or with the @option{-p} option, @code{alias} prints
-the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows
-them to be reused as input.
-If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each @var{name}
-whose @var{value} is given.  If no @var{value} is given, the name
-and value of the alias is printed.
-Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}.
-
-@item bind
-@btindex bind
-@example
-bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-lpsvPSVX]
-bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-q @var{function}] [-u @var{function}] [-r @var{keyseq}]
-bind [-m @var{keymap}] -f @var{filename}
-bind [-m @var{keymap}] -x @var{keyseq:shell-command}
-bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:function-name}
-bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:readline-command}
-@end example
-
-Display current Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing})
-key and function bindings,
-bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
-or set a Readline variable.
-Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
-Readline initialization file (@pxref{Readline Init File}),
-but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;  e.g.,
-@samp{"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file}.
-
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-
-@table @code
-@item -m @var{keymap}
-Use @var{keymap} as the keymap to be affected by
-the subsequent bindings.  Acceptable @var{keymap}
-names are
-@code{emacs},
-@code{emacs-standard},
-@code{emacs-meta},
-@code{emacs-ctlx},
-@code{vi},
-@code{vi-move},
-@code{vi-command}, and
-@code{vi-insert}.
-@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command};
-@code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
-
-@item -l
-List the names of all Readline functions.
-
-@item -p
-Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
-can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
-
-@item -P
-List current Readline function names and bindings.
-
-@item -v
-Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
-can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
-
-@item -V
-List current Readline variable names and values.
-
-@item -s
-Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
-in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline
-initialization file.
-
-@item -S
-Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
-
-@item -f @var{filename}
-Read key bindings from @var{filename}.
-
-@item -q @var{function}
-Query about which keys invoke the named @var{function}.
-
-@item -u @var{function}
-Unbind all keys bound to the named @var{function}.
-
-@item -r @var{keyseq}
-Remove any current binding for @var{keyseq}.
-
-@item -x @var{keyseq:shell-command}
-Cause @var{shell-command} to be executed whenever @var{keyseq} is
-entered.
-When @var{shell-command} is executed, the shell sets the
-@code{READLINE_LINE} variable to the contents of the Readline line
-buffer and the @code{READLINE_POINT} variable to the current location
-of the insertion point.
-If the executed command changes the value of @code{READLINE_LINE} or
-@code{READLINE_POINT}, those new values will be reflected in the
-editing state.
-
-@item -X
-List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
-in a format that can be reused as input.
-@end table
-
-@noindent
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an
-error occurs.
-
-@item builtin
-@btindex builtin
-@example
-builtin [@var{shell-builtin} [@var{args}]]
-@end example
-
-Run a shell builtin, passing it @var{args}, and return its exit status.
-This is useful when defining a shell function with the same
-name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
-the function.
-The return status is non-zero if @var{shell-builtin} is not a shell
-builtin command.
-
-@item caller
-@btindex caller
-@example
-caller [@var{expr}]
-@end example
-
-Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
-a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).
-
-Without @var{expr}, @code{caller} displays the line number and source
-filename of the current subroutine call.
-If a non-negative integer is supplied as @var{expr}, @code{caller} 
-displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
-to that position in the current execution call stack.  This extra
-information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.  The
-current frame is frame 0.
-
-The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
-call or @var{expr} does not correspond to a valid position in the
-call stack.
-
-@item command
-@btindex command
-@example
-command [-pVv] @var{command} [@var{arguments} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Runs @var{command} with @var{arguments} ignoring any shell function
-named @var{command}.
-Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the
-@env{PATH} are executed.
-If there is a shell function named @code{ls}, running @samp{command ls}
-within the function will execute the external command @code{ls}
-instead of calling the function recursively.
-The @option{-p} option means to use a default value for @env{PATH}
-that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
-The return status in this case is 127 if @var{command} cannot be
-found or an error occurred, and the exit status of @var{command}
-otherwise.
-
-If either the @option{-V} or @option{-v} option is supplied, a
-description of @var{command} is printed.  The @option{-v} option
-causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to
-invoke @var{command} to be displayed; the @option{-V} option produces
-a more verbose description.  In this case, the return status is
-zero if @var{command} is found, and non-zero if not.
-
-@item declare
-@btindex declare
-@example
-declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no @var{name}s
-are given, then display the values of variables instead. 
-
-The @option{-p} option will display the attributes and values of each
-@var{name}.
-When @option{-p} is used with @var{name} arguments, additional options,
-other than @option{-f} and @option{-F}, are ignored.
-
-When @option{-p} is supplied without @var{name} arguments, @code{declare}
-will display the attributes and values of all variables having the
-attributes specified by the additional options.
-If no other options are supplied with @option{-p}, @code{declare} will
-display the attributes and values of all shell variables.  The @option{-f}
-option will restrict the display to shell functions.
-
-The @option{-F} option inhibits the display of function definitions;
-only the function name and attributes are printed.
-If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt}
-(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), the source file name and line number where
-the function is defined are displayed as well.
-@option{-F} implies @option{-f}.
-
-The @option{-g} option forces variables to be created or modified at
-the global scope, even when @code{declare} is executed in a shell function.
-It is ignored in all other cases.
-
-The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
-the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
-
-@table @code
-@item -a
-Each @var{name} is an indexed array variable (@pxref{Arrays}).
-
-@item -A
-Each @var{name} is an associative array variable (@pxref{Arrays}).
-
-@item -f
-Use function names only.
-
-@item -i
-The variable is to be treated as
-an integer; arithmetic evaluation (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}) is
-performed when the variable is assigned a value.
-
-@item -l
-When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
-converted to lower-case.
-The upper-case attribute is disabled.
-
-@item -n
-Give each @var{name} the @var{nameref} attribute, making
-it a name reference to another variable.
-That other variable is defined by the value of @var{name}.
-All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
-to @var{name}, except for changing the
-@option{-n} attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
-@var{name}'s value.
-The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-
-@item -r
-Make @var{name}s readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned values
-by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-
-@item -t
-Give each @var{name} the @code{trace} attribute.
-Traced functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps from
-the calling shell.
-The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
-
-@item -u
-When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
-converted to upper-case.
-The lower-case attribute is disabled.
-
-@item -x
-Mark each @var{name} for export to subsequent commands via
-the environment.
-@end table
-
-Using @samp{+} instead of @samp{-} turns off the attribute instead,
-with the exceptions that @samp{+a}
-may not be used to destroy an array variable and @samp{+r} will not
-remove the readonly attribute.
-When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local,
-as with the @code{local} command, unless the @option{-g} option is used.
-If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of the variable
-is set to @var{value}.
-
-When using @option{-a} or @option{-A} and the compound assignment syntax to 
-create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
-subsequent assignments.
-
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
-an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar},
-an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
-an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
-using the compound assignment syntax (@pxref{Arrays}),
-one of the @var{names} is not a valid shell variable name,
-an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
-an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
-or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with @option{-f}.
-
-@item echo
-@btindex echo
-@example
-echo [-neE] [@var{arg} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Output the @var{arg}s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
-newline.
-The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
-If @option{-n} is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
-If the @option{-e} option is given, interpretation of the following
-backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
-The @option{-E} option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
-even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
-The @code{xpg_echo} shell option may be used to
-dynamically determine whether or not @code{echo} expands these
-escape characters by default.
-@code{echo} does not interpret @option{--} to mean the end of options.
-
-@code{echo} interprets the following escape sequences:
-@table @code
-@item \a
-alert (bell)
-@item \b
-backspace
-@item \c
-suppress further output
-@item \e
-@itemx \E
-escape
-@item \f
-form feed
-@item \n
-new line
-@item \r
-carriage return
-@item \t 
-horizontal tab
-@item \v
-vertical tab
-@item \\
-backslash
-@item \0@var{nnn}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
-(zero to three octal digits)
-@item \x@var{HH}
-the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
-(one or two hex digits)
-@item \u@var{HHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
-@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
-the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
-@end table
-
-@item enable
-@btindex enable
-@example
-enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f @var{filename}] [@var{name} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
-Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
-as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
-even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
-If @option{-n} is used, the @var{name}s become disabled.  Otherwise
-@var{name}s are enabled.  For example, to use the @code{test} binary
-found via @env{$PATH} instead of the shell builtin version, type
-@samp{enable -n test}.
-
-If the @option{-p} option is supplied, or no @var{name} arguments appear,
-a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other arguments, the list
-consists of all enabled shell builtins.
-The @option{-a} option means to list
-each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. 
-
-The @option{-f} option means to load the new builtin command @var{name}
-from shared object @var{filename}, on systems that support dynamic loading.
-The @option{-d} option will delete a builtin loaded with @option{-f}.
-
-If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
-The @option{-s} option restricts @code{enable} to the @sc{posix} special
-builtins.  If @option{-s} is used with @option{-f}, the new builtin becomes
-a special builtin (@pxref{Special Builtins}).
-
-The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not a shell builtin
-or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
-
-@item help
-@btindex help
-@example
-help [-dms] [@var{pattern}]
-@end example
-
-Display helpful information about builtin commands.
-If @var{pattern} is specified, @code{help} gives detailed help
-on all commands matching @var{pattern}, otherwise a list of
-the builtins is printed.
-
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-
-@table @code
-@item -d
-Display a short description of each @var{pattern}
-@item -m
-Display the description of each @var{pattern} in a manpage-like format
-@item -s
-Display only a short usage synopsis for each @var{pattern}
-@end table
-
-The return status is zero unless no command matches @var{pattern}.
-
-@item let
-@btindex let
-@example
-let @var{expression} [@var{expression} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-The @code{let} builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
-variables.  Each @var{expression} is evaluated according to the
-rules given below in @ref{Shell Arithmetic}.  If the
-last @var{expression} evaluates to 0, @code{let} returns 1;
-otherwise 0 is returned.
-
-@item local
-@btindex local
-@example
-local [@var{option}] @var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}
-@end example
-
-For each argument, a local variable named @var{name} is created,
-and assigned @var{value}.
-The @var{option} can be any of the options accepted by @code{declare}.
-@code{local} can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
-@var{name} have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
-children.  The return status is zero unless @code{local} is used outside
-a function, an invalid @var{name} is supplied, or @var{name} is a
-readonly variable.
-
-@item logout
-@btindex logout
-@example
-logout [@var{n}]
-@end example
-
-Exit a login shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's
-parent.
-
-@item mapfile
-@btindex mapfile
-@example
-mapfile [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}]
-    [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
-@end example
-
-Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array},
-or from file descriptor @var{fd}
-if the @option{-u} option is supplied.
-The variable @code{MAPFILE} is the default @var{array}.
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-
-@table @code
-
-@item -n
-Copy at most @var{count} lines.  If @var{count} is 0, all lines are copied.
-@item -O
-Begin assigning to @var{array} at index @var{origin}.
-The default index is 0.
-@item -s
-Discard the first @var{count} lines read.
-@item -t
-Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-@item -u
-Read lines from file descriptor @var{fd} instead of the standard input.
-@item -C
-Evaluate @var{callback} each time @var{quantum}P lines are read.
-The @option{-c} option specifies @var{quantum}.
-@item -c
-Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}.
-@end table
-
-If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c}, 
-the default quantum is 5000.
-When @var{callback}  is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
-array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
-as additional arguments.
-@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the 
-array element is assigned.
-
-If not supplied with an explicit origin, @code{mapfile} will clear @var{array}
-before assigning to it.
-
-@code{mapfile} returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
-argument is supplied, @var{array} is invalid or unassignable, or @var{array}
-is not an indexed array.
-
-@item printf
-@btindex printf
-@example
-printf [-v @var{var}] @var{format} [@var{arguments}]
-@end example
-
-Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the
-control of the @var{format}.
-The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output.
-
-The @var{format} is a character string which contains three types of objects:
-plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
-escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
-format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
-@var{argument}.
-In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @code{printf}
-interprets the following extensions:
-
-@table @code
-@item %b
-Causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the
-corresponding @var{argument},
-except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in
-@samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits.
-@item %q
-Causes @code{printf} to output the
-corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
-@item %(@var{datefmt})T
-Causes @code{printf} to output the date-time string resulting from using
-@var{datefmt} as a format string for @code{strftime}(3).
-The corresponding @var{argument} is an integer representing the number of
-seconds since the epoch.
-Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
-time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
-If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
-This is an exception to the usual @code{printf} behavior.
-@end table
-
-@noindent
-Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
-except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
-character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
-the following character.
-
-The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}.
-If the @var{format} requires more @var{arguments} than are supplied, the
-extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
-appropriate, had been supplied.  The return value is zero on success,
-non-zero on failure.
-
-@item read
-@btindex read
-@example
-read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}]
-    [-N @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
-@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, and the first word
-is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name},
-and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
-to the last @var{name}.
-If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
-the remaining names are assigned empty values.
-The characters in the value of the @env{IFS} variable
-are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
-uses for expansion (described above in @ref{Word Splitting}).
-The backslash character @samp{\} may be used to remove any special
-meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
-If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the
-variable @env{REPLY}.
-The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read}
-times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128),
-a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
-or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to @option{-u}.
-
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-
-@table @code
-@item -a @var{aname}
-The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
-@var{aname}, starting at 0.
-All elements are removed from @var{aname} before the assignment.
-Other @var{name} arguments are ignored.
-
-@item -d @var{delim}
-The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate the input line,
-rather than newline.
-
-@item -e
-Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to obtain the line.
-Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
-active) editing settings.
-
-@item -i @var{text}
-If Readline is being used to read the line, @var{text} is placed into
-the editing buffer before editing begins.
-
-@item -n @var{nchars}
-@code{read} returns after reading @var{nchars} characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
-than @var{nchars} characters are read before the delimiter.
-
-@item -N @var{nchars}
-@code{read} returns after reading exactly @var{nchars} characters rather
-than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
-@code{read} times out.
-Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
-not treated specially and do not cause @code{read} to return until
-@var{nchars} characters are read.
-
-@item -p @var{prompt}
-Display @var{prompt}, without a trailing newline, before attempting
-to read any input.
-The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-
-@item -r
-If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
-The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
-In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
-continuation.
-
-@item -s
-Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
-not echoed.
-
-@item -t @var{timeout}
-Cause @code{read} to time out and return failure if a complete line of
-input (or a specified number of characters)
-is not read within @var{timeout} seconds.
-@var{timeout}  may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
-the decimal point.
-This option is only effective if @code{read} is reading input from a
-terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
-from regular files.
-If @code{read} times out, @code{read} saves any partial input read into
-the specified variable @var{name}.
-If @var{timeout} is 0, @code{read} returns immediately, without trying to
-read and data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
-the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
-The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
-
-@item -u @var{fd}
-Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}.
-@end table
-
-@item readarray
-@btindex readarray
-@example
-readarray [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}]
-    [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
-@end example
-
-Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array},
-or from file descriptor @var{fd}
-if the @option{-u} option is supplied.
-
-A synonym for @code{mapfile}.
-
-@item source
-@btindex source
-@example
-source @var{filename}
-@end example
-
-A synonym for @code{.} (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-
-@item type
-@btindex type
-@example
-type [-afptP] [@var{name} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-For each @var{name}, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
-command name.
-
-If the @option{-t} option is used, @code{type} prints a single word
-which is one of @samp{alias}, @samp{function}, @samp{builtin},
-@samp{file} or @samp{keyword},
-if @var{name} is an alias, shell function, shell builtin,
-disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively.
-If the @var{name} is not found, then nothing is printed, and
-@code{type} returns a failure status.
-
-If the @option{-p} option is used, @code{type} either returns the name
-of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if @option{-t}
-would not return @samp{file}.
-
-The @option{-P} option forces a path search for each @var{name}, even if
-@option{-t} would not return @samp{file}.
-
-If a command is hashed, @option{-p} and @option{-P} print the hashed value,
-which is not necessarily the file that appears first in @code{$PATH}.
-
-If the @option{-a} option is used, @code{type} returns all of the places
-that contain an executable named @var{file}.
-This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the @option{-p} option
-is not also used.
-
-If the @option{-f} option is used, @code{type} does not attempt to find
-shell functions, as with the @code{command} builtin.
-
-The return status is zero if all of the @var{names} are found, non-zero
-if any are not found.
-
-@item typeset
-@btindex typeset
-@example
-typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-The @code{typeset} command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
-shell.
-It is a synonym for the @code{declare} builtin command.
-
-@item ulimit
-@btindex ulimit
-@example
-ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [@var{limit}]
-@end example
-
-@code{ulimit} provides control over the resources available to processes
-started by the shell, on systems that allow such control.  If an
-option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
-
-@table @code
-@item -S
-Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
-
-@item -H
-Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
-
-@item -a
-All current limits are reported.
-
-@item -b
-The maximum socket buffer size.
-
-@item -c
-The maximum size of core files created.
-
-@item -d
-The maximum size of a process's data segment.
-
-@item -e
-The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
-
-@item -f
-The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
-
-@item -i
-The maximum number of pending signals.
-
-@item -l
-The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
-
-@item -m
-The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
-
-@item -n
-The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
-allow this value to be set).
-
-@item -p
-The pipe buffer size.
-
-@item -q
-The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
-
-@item -r
-The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
-
-@item -s
-The maximum stack size.
-
-@item -t
-The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
-
-@item -u
-The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
-
-@item -v
-The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
-some systems, to its children.
-
-@item -x
-The maximum number of file locks.
-
-@item -T
-The maximum number of threads.
-@end table
-
-If @var{limit} is given, and the @option{-a} option is not used,
-@var{limit} is the new value of the specified resource.
-The special @var{limit} values @code{hard}, @code{soft}, and
-@code{unlimited} stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
-and no limit, respectively.
-A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
-a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
-Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource
-is printed, unless the @option{-H} option is supplied.
-When setting new limits, if neither @option{-H} nor @option{-S} is supplied,
-both the hard and soft limits are set.
-If no option is given, then @option{-f} is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte
-increments, except for @option{-t}, which is in seconds; @option{-p},
-which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and @option{-T}, @option{-b},
-@option{-n} and @option{-u}, which are unscaled values.
-
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
-or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
-
-@item unalias
-@btindex unalias
-@example
-unalias [-a] [@var{name} @dots{} ]
-@end example
-
-Remove each @var{name} from the list of aliases.  If @option{-a} is
-supplied, all aliases are removed.
-Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}.
-@end table
-
-@node Modifying Shell Behavior
-@section Modifying Shell Behavior
- 
-@menu
-* The Set Builtin::		Change the values of shell attributes and
-				positional parameters.
-* The Shopt Builtin::		Modify shell optional behavior.
-@end menu
-
-@node The Set Builtin
-@subsection The Set Builtin
-
-This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section.  @code{set}
-allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
-parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
-
-@table @code
-@item set
-@btindex set
-@example
-set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
-set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names
-and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the
-current locale, in a format that may be reused as input
-for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
-Read-only variables cannot be reset.
-In @sc{posix} mode, only shell variables are listed.
-
-When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
-Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
-
-@table @code
-@item -a
-Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export
-to the environment of subsequent commands.
-
-@item -b
-Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
-immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
-
-@item -e
-Exit immediately if
-a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}), which may consist of a single simple command
-(@pxref{Simple Commands}),
-a list (@pxref{Lists}),
-or a compound command (@pxref{Compound Commands})
-returns a non-zero status.
-The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
-command list immediately following a @code{while} or @code{until} keyword,
-part of the test in an @code{if} statement,
-part of any command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list except
-the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||},
-any command in a pipeline but the last,
-or if the command's return status is being inverted with @code{!}.
-If a compound command other than a subshell
-returns a non-zero status because a command failed
-while @option{-e} was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
-A trap on @code{ERR}, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
-
-This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
-separately (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and may cause
-subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
-
-If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where
-@option{-e} is being ignored,
-none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
-will be affected by the @option{-e} setting, even if @option{-e} is set
-and a command returns a failure status.
-If a compound command or shell function sets @option{-e} while executing in
-a context where @option{-e} is ignored, that setting will not have any
-effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
-call completes.
-
-@item -f
-Disable filename expansion (globbing).
-
-@item -h
-Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
-This option is enabled by default.
-
-@item -k
-All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
-in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
-the command name.
-
-@item -m
-Job control is enabled (@pxref{Job Control}).
-All processes run in a separate process group.
-When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
-containing its exit status.
-
-@item -n
-Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a
-script for syntax errors.
-This option is ignored by interactive shells.
-
-@item -o @var{option-name}
-
-Set the option corresponding to @var{option-name}:
-
-@table @code
-@item allexport
-Same as @code{-a}.
-
-@item braceexpand
-Same as @code{-B}.
-
-@item emacs
-Use an @code{emacs}-style line editing interface (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
-This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}.
-
-@item errexit
-Same as @code{-e}.
-
-@item errtrace
-Same as @code{-E}.
-
-@item functrace
-Same as @code{-T}.
-
-@item hashall
-Same as @code{-h}.
-
-@item histexpand
-Same as @code{-H}.
-
-@item history
-Enable command history, as described in @ref{Bash History Facilities}.
-This option is on by default in interactive shells.
-
-@item ignoreeof
-An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
-
-@item keyword
-Same as @code{-k}.
-
-@item monitor
-Same as @code{-m}.
-
-@item noclobber
-Same as @code{-C}.
-
-@item noexec
-Same as @code{-n}.
-
-@item noglob
-Same as @code{-f}.
-
-@item nolog
-Currently ignored.
-
-@item notify
-Same as @code{-b}.
-
-@item nounset
-Same as @code{-u}.
-
-@item onecmd
-Same as @code{-t}.
-
-@item physical
-Same as @code{-P}.
-
-@item pipefail
-If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
-(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
-commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
-This option is disabled by default.
-
-@item posix
-Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
-from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard
-(@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
-This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
-standard.
-
-@item privileged
-Same as @code{-p}.
-
-@item verbose
-Same as @code{-v}.
-
-@item vi
-Use a @code{vi}-style line editing interface.
-This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}.
-
-@item xtrace
-Same as @code{-x}.
-@end table
-
-@item -p
-Turn on privileged mode.
-In this mode, the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files are not
-processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE}
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
-If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, these actions
-are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
-If the @option{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
-not reset.
-Turning this option off causes the effective user
-and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-
-@item -t
-Exit after reading and executing one command.
-
-@item -u
-Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters
-@samp{@@} or @samp{*} as an error when performing parameter expansion.
-An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive
-shell will exit.
-
-@item -v
-Print shell input lines as they are read.
-
-@item -x
-Print a trace of simple commands, @code{for} commands, @code{case}
-commands, @code{select} commands, and arithmetic @code{for} commands
-and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
-expanded and before they are executed.  The value of the @env{PS4}
-variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
-the command and its expanded arguments.
-
-@item -B
-The shell will perform brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}).
-This option is on by default.
-
-@item -C
-Prevent output redirection using @samp{>}, @samp{>&}, and @samp{<>}
-from overwriting existing files.
-
-@item -E
-If set, any trap on @code{ERR} is inherited by shell functions, command
-substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
-The @code{ERR} trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
-
-@item -H
-Enable @samp{!} style history substitution (@pxref{History Interaction}).
-This option is on by default for interactive shells.
-
-@item -P
-If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
-@code{cd} which change the current directory.  The physical directory
-is used instead.  By default, Bash follows
-the logical chain of directories when performing commands
-which change the current directory.
-
-For example, if @file{/usr/sys} is a symbolic link to @file{/usr/local/sys}
-then:
-@example
-$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
-/usr/sys
-$ cd ..; pwd
-/usr
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-If @code{set -P} is on, then:
-@example
-$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
-/usr/local/sys
-$ cd ..; pwd
-/usr/local
-@end example
-
-@item -T
-If set, any trap on @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} are inherited by
-shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
-in a subshell environment.
-The @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps are normally not inherited
-in such cases.
-
-@item --
-If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
-unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
-@var{arguments}, even if some of them begin with a @samp{-}.
-
-@item -
-Signal the end of options, cause all remaining @var{arguments}
-to be assigned to the positional parameters.  The @option{-x}
-and @option{-v}  options are turned off.
-If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged.
-@end table
-
-Using @samp{+} rather than @samp{-} causes these options to be
-turned off.  The options can also be used upon invocation of the
-shell.  The current set of options may be found in @code{$-}.
-
-The remaining N @var{arguments} are positional parameters and are
-assigned, in order, to @code{$1}, @code{$2}, @dots{}  @code{$N}.
-The special parameter @code{#} is set to N.
-
-The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
-@end table
-
-@node The Shopt Builtin
-@subsection The Shopt Builtin
-
-This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item shopt
-@btindex shopt
-@example
-shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [@var{optname} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
-The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-@option{-o} option is used, those available with the @option{-o}
-option to the @code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, a list of all settable
-options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.
-The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a form that
-may be reused as input.
-Other options have the following meanings:
-
-@table @code
-@item -s
-Enable (set) each @var{optname}.
-
-@item -u
-Disable (unset) each @var{optname}.
-
-@item -q
-Suppresses normal output; the return status
-indicates whether the @var{optname} is set or unset.
-If multiple @var{optname} arguments are given with @option{-q},
-the return status is zero if all @var{optnames} are enabled;
-non-zero otherwise.
-
-@item -o
-Restricts the values of
-@var{optname} to be those defined for the @option{-o} option to the
-@code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-@end table
-
-If either @option{-s} or @option{-u}
-is used with no @var{optname} arguments, @code{shopt} shows only
-those options which are set or unset, respectively.
-
-Unless otherwise noted, the @code{shopt} options are disabled (off)
-by default.
-
-The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames}
-are enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
-the return status is zero unless an @var{optname} is not a valid shell
-option.
-
-The list of @code{shopt} options is:
-@table @code
-
-@item autocd
-If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
-it were the argument to the @code{cd} command.
-This option is only used by interactive shells.
-
-@item cdable_vars
-If this is set, an argument to the @code{cd} builtin command that
-is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
-value is the directory to change to.
-
-@item cdspell
-If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
-@code{cd} command will be corrected.
-The errors checked for are transposed characters,
-a missing character, and a character too many.
-If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed,
-and the command proceeds.
-This option is only used by interactive shells.
-
-@item checkhash
-If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
-table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command no
-longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
-
-@item checkjobs
-If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
-exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running, this causes
-the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
-intervening command (@pxref{Job Control}).
-The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
-
-@item checkwinsize
-If set, Bash checks the window size after each command
- and, if necessary, updates the values of    
-@env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}.
-
-@item cmdhist
-If set, Bash
-attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
-command in the same history entry.  This allows
-easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
-
-@item compat31
-If set, Bash
-changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
-arguments to the conditional command's @samp{=~} operator
-and with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the @code{[[}
-conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators.
-Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
-bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
-
-@item compat32
-If set, Bash
-changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the @code{[[}
-conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item).
-
-@item compat40
-If set, Bash
-changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the @code{[[}
-conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see description
-of @code{compat31})
-and the effect of interrupting a command list.
-Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
-interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
-
-@item compat41
-If set, Bash, when in @sc{posix} mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
-parameter expansion as a special character.  The single quotes must match
-(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
-quoted.  This is the behavior of @sc{posix} mode through version 4.1.
-The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
-
-@item compat42
-If set, Bash
-does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
-expansion using quote removal.
-
-@item complete_fullquote
-If set, Bash
-quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
-performing completion.
-If not set, Bash
-removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
-characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
-when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be
-completed.
-This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories
-will not be quoted;
-however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either.
-This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
-filenames.
-This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in
-versions through 4.2.
-
-@item direxpand
-If set, Bash
-replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
-filename completion.  This changes the contents of the readline editing
-buffer.
-If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
-
-@item dirspell
-If set, Bash
-attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion 
-if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
-
-@item dotglob
-If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
-the results of filename expansion.
-
-@item execfail
-If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
-it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the @code{exec}
-builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if @code{exec}
-fails.
-
-@item expand_aliases
-If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
-@ref{Aliases}.
-This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
-
-@item extdebug
-If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-The @option{-F} option to the @code{declare} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
-displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
-name supplied as an argument.
-
-@item
-If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a non-zero value, the
-next command is skipped and not executed.
-
-@item
-If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a value of 2, and the
-shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
-executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), the shell simulates
-a call to @code{return}.
-
-@item
-@code{BASH_ARGC} and @code{BASH_ARGV} are updated as described in their
-descriptions (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
-
-@item
-Function tracing is enabled:  command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
-@code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps.
-
-@item
-Error tracing is enabled:  command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
-@code{ERR} trap.
-@end enumerate
-
-@item extglob
-If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
-(@pxref{Pattern Matching}) are enabled.
-
-@item extquote
-If set, @code{$'@var{string}'} and @code{$"@var{string}"} quoting is  
-performed within @code{$@{@var{parameter}@}} expansions                     
-enclosed in double quotes.  This option is enabled by default. 
-
-@item failglob
-If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
-result in an expansion error.
-
-@item force_fignore
-If set, the suffixes specified by the @env{FIGNORE} shell variable
-cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
-the ignored words are the only possible completions.
-@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}.
-This option is enabled by default.
-
-@item globasciiranges
-If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
-(@pxref{Pattern Matching})
-behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
-comparisons.  That is, the current locale's collating sequence
-is not taken into account, so
-@samp{b} will not collate between @samp{A} and @samp{B},
-and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.   
-
-@item globstar
-If set, the pattern @samp{**} used in a filename expansion context will
-match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
-If the pattern is followed by a @samp{/}, only directories and
-subdirectories match.
-
-@item gnu_errfmt
-If set, shell error messages are written in the standard @sc{gnu} error
-message format.
-
-@item histappend
-If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
-of the @env{HISTFILE}
-variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
-
-@item histreedit
-If set, and Readline
-is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
-failed history substitution.
-
-@item histverify
-If set, and Readline
-is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
-passed to the shell parser.  Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
-the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
-
-@item hostcomplete
-If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
-hostname completion when a word containing a @samp{@@} is being
-completed (@pxref{Commands For Completion}).  This option is enabled
-by default.
-
-@item huponexit
-If set, Bash will send @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when an interactive
-login shell exits (@pxref{Signals}).
-
-@item interactive_comments
-Allow a word beginning with @samp{#}
-to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
-line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
-This option is enabled by default.
-
-@item lastpipe
-If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
-a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
-
-@item lithist
-If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist}
-option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
-embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
-
-@item login_shell
-The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
-(@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
-The value may not be changed.
-
-@item mailwarn
-If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been  
-accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
-@code{"The mail in @var{mailfile} has been read"} is displayed.
-
-@item no_empty_cmd_completion
-If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
-the @env{PATH} for possible completions when completion is attempted
-on an empty line.
-
-@item nocaseglob
-If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
-performing filename expansion.
-
-@item nocasematch
-If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
-performing matching while executing @code{case} or @code{[[}
-conditional commands.
-
-@item nullglob
-If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
-files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
-
-@item progcomp
-If set, the programmable completion facilities
-(@pxref{Programmable Completion}) are enabled.
-This option is enabled by default.
-
-@item promptvars
-If set, prompt strings undergo
-parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
-as described below (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
-This option is enabled by default.
-
-@item restricted_shell
-The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
-(@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
-The value may not be changed.
-This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
-the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
-
-@item shift_verbose
-If this is set, the @code{shift}
-builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
-number of positional parameters.
-
-@item sourcepath
-If set, the @code{source} builtin uses the value of @env{PATH}
-to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
-This option is enabled by default.
-
-@item xpg_echo
-If set, the @code{echo} builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
-by default.
-
-@end table
-
-@noindent
-The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames}
-are enabled, non-zero otherwise.
-When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an
-@var{optname} is not a valid shell option.
-@end table
-
-@node Special Builtins
-@section Special Builtins
-@cindex special builtin
-
-For historical reasons, the @sc{posix} standard has classified
-several builtin commands as @emph{special}.
-When Bash is executing in @sc{posix} mode, the special builtins
-differ from other builtin commands in three respects:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup.
-
-@item
-If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits.
-
-@item
-Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell
-environment after the command completes.
-@end enumerate
-
-When Bash is not executing in @sc{posix} mode, these builtins behave no
-differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.
-The Bash @sc{posix} mode is described in @ref{Bash POSIX Mode}. 
-
-These are the @sc{posix} special builtins:
-@example
-@w{break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set}
-@w{shift trap unset}
-@end example
-
-@node Shell Variables
-@chapter Shell Variables
-
-@menu
-* Bourne Shell Variables::	Variables which Bash uses in the same way
-				as the Bourne Shell.
-* Bash Variables::		List of variables that exist in Bash.
-@end menu
-
-This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
-Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
-
-@node Bourne Shell Variables
-@section Bourne Shell Variables
-
-Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
-In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
-
-@vtable @code
-
-@item CDPATH
-A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
-the @code{cd} builtin command.
-
-@item HOME
-The current user's home directory; the default for the @code{cd} builtin
-command.
-The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
-(@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
-
-@item IFS
-A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
-words as part of expansion.
-
-@item MAIL
-If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
-and the @env{MAILPATH} variable
-is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
-the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
-
-@item MAILPATH
-A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
-for new mail.
-Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail
-arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with
-a @samp{?}.
-When used in the text of the message, @code{$_} expands to the name of
-the current mail file.
-
-@item OPTARG
-The value of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin.
-
-@item OPTIND
-The index of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin.
-
-@item PATH
-A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
-commands.
-A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of @code{PATH} indicates the
-current directory.
-A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
-or trailing colon.
-
-
-@item PS1
-The primary prompt string.  The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }.
-@xref{Controlling the Prompt}, for the complete list of escape
-sequences that are expanded before @env{PS1} is displayed.
-
-@item PS2
-The secondary prompt string.  The default value is @samp{> }.
-
-@end vtable
-
-@node Bash Variables
-@section Bash Variables
-
-These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
-do not normally treat them specially.
-
-A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
-variables for controlling the job control facilities
-(@pxref{Job Control Variables}).
-
-@vtable @code
-
-@item BASH
-The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
-
-@item BASHOPTS
-A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the @option{-s} option to the
-@code{shopt} builtin command (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
-The options appearing in @env{BASHOPTS} are those reported
-as @samp{on} by @samp{shopt}.
-If this variable is in the environment when Bash
-starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
-reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
-
-@item BASHPID
-Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
-This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells
-that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
-
-@item BASH_ALIASES
-An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin.
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
-elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
-
-@item BASH_ARGC
-An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
-frame of the current bash execution call stack.  The number of
-parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
-with @code{.} or @code{source}) is at the top of the stack.  When a
-subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
-@code{BASH_ARGC}.
-The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGC} only when in extended debugging mode
-(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
-for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
-builtin).
-
-@item BASH_ARGV
-An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
-execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last subroutine call
-is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
-at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
-are pushed onto @code{BASH_ARGV}.
-The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGV} only when in extended debugging mode
-(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
-for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
-builtin).
-
-@item BASH_CMDS
-An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-hash table of commands as maintained by the @code{hash} builtin
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
-elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
-
-@item BASH_COMMAND
-The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
-shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
-in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
-
-@item BASH_COMPAT
-The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.
-@xref{The Shopt Builtin}, for a description of the various compatibility
-levels and their effects.
-The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
-corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
-If @code{BASH_COMPAT} is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
-level is set to the default for the current version.
-If @code{BASH_COMPAT} is set to a value that is not one of the valid
-compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
-compatibility level to the default for the current version.
-The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
-accepted by the @code{shopt} builtin described above (for example,
-@var{compat42} means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
-The current version is also a valid value.
-
-@item BASH_ENV
-If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
-script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
-to read before executing the script.  @xref{Bash Startup Files}.
-
-@item BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
-The command argument to the @option{-c} invocation option.
-
-@item BASH_LINENO
-An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-where each corresponding member of @var{FUNCNAME} was invoked.
-@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file
-(@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}) where
-@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called (or @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i-1]@}} if
-referenced within another shell function). 
-Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number.
-
-@item BASH_REMATCH
-An array variable whose members are assigned by the @samp{=~} binary
-operator to the @code{[[} conditional command
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
-matching the entire regular expression.
-The element with index @var{n} is the portion of the
-string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
-This variable is read-only.
-
-@item BASH_SOURCE
-An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
-corresponding shell function names in the @code{FUNCNAME} array
-variable are defined.
-The shell function @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} is defined in the file
-@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}} and called from @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}
-
-@item BASH_SUBSHELL
-Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
-the shell begins executing in that environment.
-The initial value is 0.
-
-@item BASH_VERSINFO
-A readonly array variable (@pxref{Arrays})
-whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
-The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
-
-@table @code
-
-@item BASH_VERSINFO[0]
-The major version number (the @var{release}).
-
-@item BASH_VERSINFO[1]
-The minor version number (the @var{version}).
-
-@item BASH_VERSINFO[2]
-The patch level.
-
-@item BASH_VERSINFO[3]
-The build version.
-
-@item BASH_VERSINFO[4]
-The release status (e.g., @var{beta1}).
-
-@item BASH_VERSINFO[5]
-The value of @env{MACHTYPE}.
-@end table
-
-@item BASH_VERSION
-The version number of the current instance of Bash.
-
-@item BASH_XTRACEFD
-If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
-will write the trace output generated when @samp{set -x}
-is enabled to that file descriptor.
-This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
-messages.
-The file descriptor is closed when @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} is unset or assigned
-a new value.
-Unsetting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} or assigning it the empty string causes the
-trace output to be sent to the standard error.
-Note that setting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} to 2 (the standard error file
-descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
-being closed.
-
-@item CHILD_MAX
-Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
-Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a @sc{posix}-mandated
-minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
-not exceed.
-The minimum value is system-dependent.
-
-@item COLUMNS
-Used by the @code{select} command to determine the terminal width
-when printing selection lists.
-Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled
-(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
-@code{SIGWINCH}.
-
-@item COMP_CWORD
-An index into @env{$@{COMP_WORDS@}} of the word containing the current
-cursor position.
-This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-
-@item COMP_LINE
-The current command line.
-This variable is available only in shell functions and external
-commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-
-@item COMP_POINT
-The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
-the current command.
-If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
-the value of this variable is equal to @code{$@{#COMP_LINE@}}.
-This variable is available only in shell functions and external
-commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-
-@item COMP_TYPE
-Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
-that caused a completion function to be called:
-@var{TAB}, for normal completion,
-@samp{?}, for listing completions after successive tabs,
-@samp{!}, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
-@samp{@@}, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
-or
-@samp{%}, for menu completion.
-This variable is available only in shell functions and external
-commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-
-@item COMP_KEY
-The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
-completion function.
-
-@item COMP_WORDBREAKS
-The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
-separators when performing word completion.
-If @code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} is unset, it loses its special properties,
-even if it is subsequently reset.
-
-@item COMP_WORDS
-An array variable consisting of the individual
-words in the current command line.
-The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using
-@code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} as described above.
-This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-
-@item COMPREPLY
-An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
-generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
-facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-Each array element contains one possible completion.
-
-@item COPROC
-An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
-for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (@pxref{Coprocesses}).
-
-@item DIRSTACK
-An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
-Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
-@code{dirs} builtin.
-Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
-directories already in the stack, but the @code{pushd} and @code{popd}
-builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
-Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
-If @env{DIRSTACK} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
-it is subsequently reset.
-
-@item EMACS
-If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
-starts with value @samp{t}, it assumes that the shell is running in an
-Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
-
-@item ENV
-Similar to @code{BASH_ENV}; used when the shell is invoked in
-@sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
-
-@item EUID
-The numeric effective user id of the current user.  This variable
-is readonly.
-
-@item FCEDIT
-The editor used as a default by the @option{-e} option to the @code{fc}
-builtin command.
-
-@item FIGNORE
-A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
-filename completion.
-A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in 
-@env{FIGNORE}
-is excluded from the list of matched filenames.  A sample
-value is @samp{.o:~}
-
-@item FUNCNAME
-An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
-currently in the execution call stack.
-The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
-shell function.
-The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
-is @code{"main"}.
-This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
-Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect and return an error status.
-If @env{FUNCNAME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
-it is subsequently reset.
-
-This variable can be used with @code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE}.
-Each element of @code{FUNCNAME} has corresponding elements in
-@code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE} to describe the call stack.
-For instance, @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called from the file
-@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} at line number @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}}.
-The @code{caller} builtin displays the current call stack using this
-information.
-
-@item FUNCNEST
-If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
-nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
-will cause the current command to abort.
-
-@item GLOBIGNORE
-A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
-be ignored by filename expansion.
-If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
-of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list
-of matches.
-
-@item GROUPS
-An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current    
-user is a member.
-Assignments to @env{GROUPS} have no effect and return an error status.
-If @env{GROUPS} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
-subsequently reset.
-
-@item histchars
-Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
-substitution, and tokenization (@pxref{History Interaction}).
-The first character is the
-@var{history expansion} character, that is, the character which signifies the
-start of a history expansion, normally @samp{!}.  The second character is the
-character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first
-character on a line, normally @samp{^}.  The optional third character is the
-character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
-found as the first character of a word, usually @samp{#}.  The history
-comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
-remaining words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause the shell
-parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
-
-@item HISTCMD
-The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
-command.  If @env{HISTCMD} is unset, it loses its special properties,
-even if it is subsequently reset.
-
-@item HISTCONTROL
-A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
-the history list.
-If the list of values includes @samp{ignorespace}, lines which begin
-with a space character are not saved in the history list.
-A value of @samp{ignoredups} causes lines which match the previous
-history entry to not be saved.
-A value of @samp{ignoreboth} is shorthand for
-@samp{ignorespace} and @samp{ignoredups}.
-A value of @samp{erasedups} causes all previous lines matching the
-current line to be removed from the history list before that line
-is saved.
-Any value not in the above list is ignored.
-If @env{HISTCONTROL} is unset, or does not include a valid value, 
-all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, 
-subject to the value of @env{HISTIGNORE}.
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-@env{HISTCONTROL}.
-
-@item HISTFILE
-The name of the file to which the command history is saved.  The
-default value is @file{~/.bash_history}.
-
-@item HISTFILESIZE
-The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.
-When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
-if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines
-by removing the oldest entries.
-The history file is also truncated to this size after
-writing it when a shell exits.
-If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
-Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
-The shell sets the default value to the value of @env{HISTSIZE}
-after reading any startup files.
-
-@item HISTIGNORE
-A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
-lines should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is
-anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
-line (no implicit @samp{*} is appended).  Each pattern is tested
-against the line after the checks specified by @env{HISTCONTROL}
-are applied.  In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
-characters, @samp{&} matches the previous history line.  @samp{&}
-may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
-before attempting a match. 
-The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
-not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-@env{HISTIGNORE}.
-
-@env{HISTIGNORE} subsumes the function of @env{HISTCONTROL}.  A
-pattern of @samp{&} is identical to @code{ignoredups}, and a
-pattern of @samp{[ ]*} is identical to @code{ignorespace}. 
-Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
-provides the functionality of @code{ignoreboth}. 
-
-@item HISTSIZE
-The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
-If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
-Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
-on the history list (there is no limit).
-The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
-
-@item HISTTIMEFORMAT
-If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
-for @var{strftime} to print the time stamp associated with each history
-entry displayed by the @code{history} builtin.
-If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
-they may be preserved across shell sessions.
-This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
-other history lines.
-
-@item HOSTFILE
-Contains the name of a file in the same format as @file{/etc/hosts} that
-should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
-The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
-is running;
-the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
-value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
-existing list.
-If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
-Bash attempts to read 
-@file{/etc/hosts} to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
-When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
-
-@item HOSTNAME
-The name of the current host.
-
-@item HOSTTYPE
-A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
-
-@item IGNOREEOF
-Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an @code{EOF} character
-as the sole input.  If set, the value denotes the number
-of consecutive @code{EOF} characters that can be read as the
-first character on an input line
-before the shell will exit.  If the variable exists but does not
-have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10.
-If the variable does not exist, then @code{EOF} signifies the end of 
-input to the shell.  This is only in effect for interactive shells.
-
-@item INPUTRC
-The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
-of @file{~/.inputrc}.
-
-@item LANG  
-Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
-selected with a variable starting with @code{LC_}.
-
-@item LC_ALL
-This variable overrides the value of @env{LANG} and any other
-@code{LC_} variable specifying a locale category.
-
-@item LC_COLLATE
-This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
-results of filename expansion, and
-determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
-and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching
-(@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
-
-@item LC_CTYPE
-This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
-behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
-matching (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
-
-@item LC_MESSAGES
-This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
-strings preceded by a @samp{$} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
-
-@item LC_NUMERIC
-This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
-
-@item LINENO
-The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
-
-@item LINES
-Used by the @code{select} command to determine the column length
-for printing selection lists.
-Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled
-(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
-@code{SIGWINCH}.
-
-@item MACHTYPE
-A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
-is executing, in the standard @sc{gnu} @var{cpu-company-system} format.
-
-@item MAILCHECK
-How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
-files specified in the @env{MAILPATH} or @env{MAIL} variables.
-The default is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check
-for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
-If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
-greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
-
-@item MAPFILE
-An array variable created to hold the text read by the
-@code{mapfile} builtin when no variable name is supplied.
-
-@item OLDPWD
-The previous working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
-
-@item OPTERR
-If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
-generated by the @code{getopts} builtin command.
-
-@item OSTYPE
-A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
-
-@item PIPESTATUS
-An array variable (@pxref{Arrays})
-containing a list of exit status values from the processes
-in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
-contain only a single command).
-
-@item POSIXLY_CORRECT
-If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
-enters @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}) before reading the
-startup files, as if the @option{--posix} invocation option had been supplied.
-If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables @sc{posix} mode,
-as if the command
-@example
-@code{set -o posix}
-@end example
-@noindent
-had been executed.  
-
-@item PPID
-The process @sc{id} of the shell's parent process.  This variable
-is readonly.
-
-@item PROMPT_COMMAND
-If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
-before the printing of each primary prompt (@env{$PS1}).
-
-@item PROMPT_DIRTRIM
-If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
-trailing directory components to retain when expanding the @code{\w} and
-@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
-Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
-
-@item PS3
-The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
-@code{select} command.  If this variable is not set, the
-@code{select} command prompts with @samp{#? }
-
-@item PS4
-The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
-when the @option{-x} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-The first character of @env{PS4} is replicated multiple times, as
-necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.
-The default is @samp{+ }.
-
-@item PWD
-The current working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
-
-@item RANDOM
-Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
-between 0 and 32767 is generated.  Assigning a value to this
-variable seeds the random number generator.
-
-@item READLINE_LINE
-The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
-with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item READLINE_POINT
-The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
-with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item REPLY
-The default variable for the @code{read} builtin.
-
-@item SECONDS
-This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
-shell was started.  Assignment to this variable resets
-the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
-becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
-since the assignment.
-
-@item SHELL
-The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
-If it is not set when the shell starts,
-Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
-
-@item SHELLOPTS
-A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the @option{-o} option to the
-@code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-The options appearing in @env{SHELLOPTS} are those reported
-as @samp{on} by @samp{set -o}.
-If this variable is in the environment when Bash
-starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
-reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
-
-@item SHLVL
-Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.  This is
-intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
-
-@item TIMEFORMAT
-The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
-how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the @code{time}
-reserved word should be displayed.
-The @samp{%} character introduces an
-escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
-information.
-The escape sequences and their meanings are as
-follows; the braces denote optional portions. 
-
-@table @code
-
-@item %%
-A literal @samp{%}.
-
-@item %[@var{p}][l]R
-The elapsed time in seconds. 
-
-@item %[@var{p}][l]U
-The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. 
-
-@item %[@var{p}][l]S
-The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. 
-
-@item %P
-The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. 
-@end table
-
-The optional @var{p} is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
-fractional digits after a decimal point.
-A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
-At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values
-of @var{p} greater than 3 are changed to 3.
-If @var{p} is not specified, the value 3 is used. 
-
-The optional @code{l} specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
-the form @var{MM}m@var{SS}.@var{FF}s.
-The value of @var{p} determines whether or not the fraction is included. 
-
-If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
-@example
-@code{$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'}
-@end example
-If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
-A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
-
-@item TMOUT
-If set to a value greater than zero, @code{TMOUT} is treated as the
-default timeout for the @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-The @code{select} command (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) terminates
-if input does not arrive after @code{TMOUT} seconds when input is coming
-from a terminal.
-
-In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as
-the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing
-the primary prompt.
-Bash
-terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
-line of input does not arrive.
-
-@item TMPDIR
-If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
-Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
-
-@item UID
-The numeric real user id of the current user.  This variable is readonly.
-
-@end vtable
-
-@node Bash Features
-@chapter Bash Features
-
-This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
-
-@menu
-* Invoking Bash::		Command line options that you can give
-				to Bash.
-* Bash Startup Files::		When and how Bash executes scripts.
-* Interactive Shells::		What an interactive shell is.
-* Bash Conditional Expressions::	Primitives used in composing expressions for
-				the @code{test} builtin.
-* Shell Arithmetic::		Arithmetic on shell variables.
-* Aliases::			Substituting one command for another.
-* Arrays::			Array Variables.
-* The Directory Stack::		History of visited directories.
-* Controlling the Prompt::	Customizing the various prompt strings.
-* The Restricted Shell::	A more controlled mode of shell execution.
-* Bash POSIX Mode::		Making Bash behave more closely to what
-				the POSIX standard specifies.
-@end menu
-
-@node Invoking Bash
-@section Invoking Bash
-
-@example
-bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
-bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] -c @var{string} [@var{argument} @dots{}]
-bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-All of the single-character options used with the @code{set} builtin
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
-In addition, there are several multi-character
-options that you can use.  These options must appear on the command
-line before the single-character options to be recognized. 
-
-@table @code
-@item --debugger
-Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
-starts.  Turns on extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
-for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
-builtin).
-
-@item --dump-po-strings
-A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
-is printed on the standard output
-in the @sc{gnu} @code{gettext} PO (portable object) file format.
-Equivalent to @option{-D} except for the output format.
-
-@item --dump-strings
-Equivalent to @option{-D}.
-
-@item --help
-Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
-
-@item --init-file @var{filename}
-@itemx --rcfile @var{filename}
-Execute commands from @var{filename} (instead of @file{~/.bashrc})
-in an interactive shell.
-
-@item --login
-Equivalent to @option{-l}.
-
-@item --noediting
-Do not use the @sc{gnu} Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing})
-to read  command lines when the shell is interactive.
-
-@item --noprofile
-Don't load the system-wide startup file @file{/etc/profile}
-or any of the personal initialization files
-@file{~/.bash_profile}, @file{~/.bash_login}, or @file{~/.profile}
-when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
-
-@item --norc
-Don't read the @file{~/.bashrc} initialization file in an
-interactive shell.  This is on by default if the shell is
-invoked as @code{sh}.
-
-@item --posix
-Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
-from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard.  This
-is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
-standard.  @xref{Bash POSIX Mode}, for a description of the Bash
-@sc{posix} mode.
-
-@item --restricted
-Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
-
-@item --verbose
-Equivalent to @option{-v}.  Print shell input lines as they're read.
-
-@item --version
-Show version information for this instance of
-Bash on the standard output and exit successfully.
-@end table
-
-There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
-invocation which are not available with the @code{set} builtin.
-
-@table @code
-@item -c
-Read and execute commands from the first non-option @var{argument}
-after processing the options, then exit. 
-Any remaining arguments are assigned to the
-positional parameters, starting with @code{$0}.
-
-@item -i
-Force the shell to run interactively.  Interactive shells are
-described in @ref{Interactive Shells}.
-
-@item -l
-Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
-When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
-login shell with @samp{exec -l bash}.
-When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
-be executed.
-@samp{exec bash -l} or @samp{exec bash --login}
-will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
-@xref{Bash Startup Files}, for a description of the special behavior
-of a login shell.
-
-@item -r
-Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
-
-@item -s
-If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
-processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
-This option allows the positional parameters to be set
-when invoking an interactive shell.
-
-@item -D
-A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
-is printed on the standard output.
-These are the strings that
-are subject to language translation when the current locale
-is not @code{C} or @code{POSIX} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
-This implies the @option{-n} option; no commands will be executed.
-
-@item [-+]O [@var{shopt_option}]
-@var{shopt_option} is one of the shell options accepted by the
-@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
-If @var{shopt_option} is present, @option{-O} sets the value of that option;
-@option{+O} unsets it.  
-If @var{shopt_option} is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
-options accepted by @code{shopt} are printed on the standard output.
-If the invocation option is @option{+O}, the output is displayed in a format
-that may be reused as input.
-
-@item --
-A @code{--} signals the end of options and disables further option
-processing.
-Any arguments after the @code{--} are treated as filenames and arguments.
-@end table
-
-@cindex login shell
-A @emph{login} shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
-@samp{-}, or one invoked with the @option{--login} option.
-
-@cindex interactive shell
-An @emph{interactive} shell is one started without non-option arguments,
-unless @option{-s} is specified,
-without specifying the @option{-c} option, and whose input and output are both
-connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}), or one
-started with the @option{-i} option.  @xref{Interactive Shells}, for more
-information.
-
-If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
-@option{-c} nor the @option{-s}
-option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
-be the name of a file containing shell commands (@pxref{Shell Scripts}).
-When Bash is invoked in this fashion, @code{$0}
-is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
-are set to the remaining arguments.
-Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.   
-Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
-in the script.  If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
-
-@node Bash Startup Files
-@section Bash Startup Files
-@cindex startup files
-
-This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.
-If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.
-Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under
-Tilde Expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
-
-Interactive shells are described in @ref{Interactive Shells}.
-
-@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with @option{--login}
-
-When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
-non-interactive shell with the @option{--login} option, it first reads and
-executes commands from the file @file{/etc/profile}, if that file exists.
-After reading that file, it looks for @file{~/.bash_profile},
-@file{~/.bash_login}, and @file{~/.profile}, in that order, and reads
-and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
-The @option{--noprofile} option may be used when the shell is started to
-inhibit this behavior.
-
-When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from
-the file @file{~/.bash_logout}, if it exists.
-
-@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
-
-When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
-reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the @option{--norc} option.
-The @option{--rcfile @var{file}} option will force Bash to read and
-execute commands from @var{file} instead of @file{~/.bashrc}.
-
-So, typically, your @file{~/.bash_profile} contains the line
-@example
-@code{if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi}
-@end example
-@noindent
-after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
-
-@subsubheading Invoked non-interactively
-
-When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
-for example, it looks for the variable @env{BASH_ENV} in the environment,
-expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
-the name of a file to read and execute.  Bash behaves as if the
-following command were executed:
-@example
-@code{if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi}
-@end example
-@noindent
-but the value of the @env{PATH} variable is not used to search for the
-filename.
-
-As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
-@option{--login} option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
-login shell startup files. 
-
-@subsubheading Invoked with name @code{sh}
-
-If Bash is invoked with the name @code{sh}, it tries to mimic the
-startup behavior of historical versions of @code{sh} as closely as
-possible, while conforming to the @sc{posix} standard as well.
-
-When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
-shell with the @option{--login} option, it first attempts to read
-and execute commands from @file{/etc/profile} and @file{~/.profile}, in
-that order.
-The @option{--noprofile} option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
-When invoked as an interactive shell with the name @code{sh}, Bash
-looks for the variable @env{ENV}, expands its value if it is defined,
-and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
-Since a shell invoked as @code{sh} does not attempt to read and execute
-commands from any other startup files, the @option{--rcfile} option has
-no effect.
-A non-interactive shell invoked with the name @code{sh} does not attempt
-to read any other startup files.
-
-When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after
-the startup files are read.
-
-@subsubheading Invoked in @sc{posix} mode
-
-When Bash is started in @sc{posix} mode, as with the
-@option{--posix} command line option, it follows the @sc{posix} standard
-for startup files.
-In this mode, interactive shells expand the @env{ENV} variable
-and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the
-expanded value.
-No other startup files are read.
-
-@subsubheading Invoked by remote shell daemon
-
-Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
-connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
-daemon, usually @code{rshd}, or the secure shell daemon @code{sshd}.
-If Bash determines it is being run in
-this fashion, it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that
-file exists and is readable.
-It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}.
-The @option{--norc} option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
-@option{--rcfile} option may be used to force another file to be read, but
-neither @code{rshd} nor @code{sshd} generally invoke the shell with those
-options or allow them to be specified.
-
-@subsubheading Invoked with unequal effective and real @sc{uid/gid}s
-
-If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, no startup
-files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE}
-variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective
-user id is set to the real user id.
-If the @option{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
-the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
-
-@node Interactive Shells
-@section Interactive Shells
-@cindex interactive shell
-@cindex shell, interactive
-
-@menu
-* What is an Interactive Shell?::	What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
-* Is this Shell Interactive?::	How to tell if a shell is interactive.
-* Interactive Shell Behavior::	What changes in a interactive shell?
-@end menu
-
-@node What is an Interactive Shell?
-@subsection What is an Interactive Shell?
-
-An interactive shell
-is one started without non-option arguments, unless @option{-s} is
-specified, without specifying the @option{-c} option, and
-whose input and error output are both
-connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}),
-or one started with the @option{-i} option.
-
-An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
-terminal.
-
-The @option{-s} invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
-when an interactive shell is started.
-
-@node Is this Shell Interactive?
-@subsection Is this Shell Interactive?
-
-To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
-running interactively,
-test the value of the @samp{-} special parameter.
-It contains @code{i} when the shell is interactive.  For example:
-
-@example
-case "$-" in
-*i*)	echo This shell is interactive ;;
-*)	echo This shell is not interactive ;;
-esac
-@end example
-
-Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
-@env{PS1}; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
-interactive shells.  Thus:
-
-@example
-if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
-        echo This shell is not interactive
-else
-        echo This shell is interactive
-fi
-@end example
-
-@node Interactive Shell Behavior
-@subsection Interactive Shell Behavior
-
-When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
-several ways.
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-Startup files are read and executed as described in @ref{Bash Startup Files}.
-
-@item
-Job Control (@pxref{Job Control}) is enabled by default.  When job
-control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
-signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
-
-@item
-Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line
-of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the
-second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
-
-@item
-Bash executes the value of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} variable as a command
-before printing the primary prompt, @env{$PS1}
-(@pxref{Bash Variables}).
-
-@item
-Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to read commands from
-the user's terminal.
-
-@item
-Bash inspects the value of the @code{ignoreeof} option to @code{set -o}
-instead of exiting immediately when it receives an @code{EOF} on its
-standard input when reading a command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-
-@item
-Command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities})
-and history expansion (@pxref{History Interaction})
-are enabled by default.
-Bash will save the command history to the file named by @env{$HISTFILE}
-when a shell with history enabled exits.
-
-@item
-Alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}) is performed by default.
-
-@item
-In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores @code{SIGTERM}
-(@pxref{Signals}).
-
-@item
-In the absence of any traps, @code{SIGINT} is caught and handled
-((@pxref{Signals}).
-@code{SIGINT} will interrupt some shell builtins.
-
-@item
-An interactive login shell sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs on exit
-if the @code{huponexit} shell option has been enabled (@pxref{Signals}).
-
-@item
-The @option{-n} invocation option is ignored, and @samp{set -n} has
-no effect (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-
-@item
-Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
-@env{MAIL}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{MAILCHECK} shell variables
-(@pxref{Bash Variables}).
-
-@item
-Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
-@samp{set -u} has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-
-@item
-The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by @var{var} being unset
-or null in @code{$@{@var{var}:?@var{word}@}} expansions
-(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@item
-Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
-shell to exit.
-
-@item
-When running in @sc{posix} mode, a special builtin returning an error
-status will not cause the shell to exit (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
-
-@item
-A failed @code{exec} will not cause the shell to exit
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-
-@item
-Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
-
-@item
-Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the @code{cd}
-builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the @code{cdspell}
-option to the @code{shopt} builtin in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}).
-
-@item
-The shell will check the value of the @env{TMOUT} variable and exit
-if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
-printing @env{$PS1} (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
-
-@end enumerate
-
-@node Bash Conditional Expressions
-@section Bash Conditional Expressions
-@cindex expressions, conditional
-
-Conditional expressions are used by the @code{[[} compound command
-and the @code{test} and @code{[} builtin commands.
-
-Expressions may be unary or binary.
-Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
-There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
-If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form
-@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then file descriptor @var{N} is checked.
-If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of
-@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file
-descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
-
-When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale.
-The @code{test} command uses ASCII ordering.
-
-Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
-links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
-
-@table @code
-@item -a @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists.
-
-@item -b @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a block special file.
-
-@item -c @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a character special file.
-
-@item -d @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a directory.
-
-@item -e @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists.
-
-@item -f @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a regular file.
-
-@item -g @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
-
-@item -h @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
-
-@item -k @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
-
-@item -p @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
-
-@item -r @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is readable.
-
-@item -s @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and has a size greater than zero.
-
-@item -t @var{fd}
-True if file descriptor @var{fd} is open and refers to a terminal.
-
-@item -u @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
-
-@item -w @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is writable.
-
-@item -x @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is executable.
-
-@item -G @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective group id.
-
-@item -L @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
-
-@item -N @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read.
-
-@item -O @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-
-@item -S @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is a socket.
-
-@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2}
-True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and
-inode numbers.
-
-@item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2}
-True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date)
-than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not.
-
-@item @var{file1} -ot @var{file2}
-True if @var{file1} is older than @var{file2},
-or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not.
-
-@item -o @var{optname}
-True if the shell option @var{optname} is enabled.
-The list of options appears in the description of the @option{-o}
-option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-
-@item -v @var{varname}
-True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set (has been assigned a value).
-
-@item -R @var{varname}
-True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set and is a name reference.
-
-@item -z @var{string}
-True if the length of @var{string} is zero.
-
-@item -n @var{string}
-@itemx @var{string}
-True if the length of @var{string} is non-zero.
-
-@item @var{string1} == @var{string2}
-@itemx @var{string1} = @var{string2}
-True if the strings are equal.
-When used with the @code{[[} command, this performs pattern matching as
-described above (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-
-@samp{=} should be used with the @code{test} command for @sc{posix} conformance.
-
-@item @var{string1} != @var{string2}
-True if the strings are not equal.
-
-@item @var{string1} < @var{string2}
-True if @var{string1} sorts before @var{string2} lexicographically.
-
-@item @var{string1} > @var{string2}
-True if @var{string1} sorts after @var{string2} lexicographically.
-
-@item @var{arg1} OP @var{arg2}
-@code{OP} is one of 
-@samp{-eq}, @samp{-ne}, @samp{-lt}, @samp{-le}, @samp{-gt}, or @samp{-ge}.
-These arithmetic binary operators return true if @var{arg1}
-is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
-greater than, or greater than or equal to @var{arg2},
-respectively.  @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2}
-may be positive or negative integers.
-@end table
-
-@node Shell Arithmetic
-@section Shell Arithmetic
-@cindex arithmetic, shell
-@cindex shell arithmetic
-@cindex expressions, arithmetic
-@cindex evaluation, arithmetic
-@cindex arithmetic evaluation
-
-The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
-the shell expansions or by the @code{let} and the @option{-i} option
-to the @code{declare} builtins.
-
-Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
-though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
-The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
-are the same as in the C language.
-The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
-equal-precedence operators.
-The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. 
-
-@table @code
-
-@item @var{id}++ @var{id}--
-variable post-increment and post-decrement 
-
-@item ++@var{id} --@var{id}
-variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
-
-@item - +
-unary minus and plus
-
-@item ! ~
-logical and bitwise negation
-
-@item **
-exponentiation
-
-@item * / %
-multiplication, division, remainder
-
-@item + -
-addition, subtraction
-
-@item << >>
-left and right bitwise shifts
-
-@item <= >= < >
-comparison
-
-@item == !=
-equality and inequality
-
-@item &
-bitwise AND
-
-@item ^
-bitwise exclusive OR
-
-@item |
-bitwise OR
-
-@item &&
-logical AND
-
-@item ||
-logical OR
-
-@item expr ? expr : expr
-conditional operator
-
-@item = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
-assignment
-
-@item expr1 , expr2
-comma
-@end table
-
-Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
-performed before the expression is evaluated. 
-Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
-without using the parameter expansion syntax.
-A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
-by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
-The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
-when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the  
-@var{integer} attribute using @samp{declare -i} is assigned a value.
-A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its @var{integer} attribute turned on
-to be used in an expression.
-
-Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
-A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise,
-numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where the optional @var{base}
-is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
-base, and @var{n} is a number in that base.
-If @var{base}@code{#} is omitted, then base 10 is used.
-When specifying @var{n},
-he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
-the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order.
-If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
-letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
-and 35.
-
-Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
-parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
-rules above.
-
-@node Aliases
-@section Aliases
-@cindex alias expansion
-
-@var{Aliases} allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
-as the first word of a simple command.
-The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with
-the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} builtin commands.
-
-The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
-if it has an alias.
-If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
-The characters @samp{/}, @samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{=} and any of the
-shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear
-in an alias name.
-The replacement text may contain any valid
-shell input, including shell metacharacters.
-The first word of the replacement text is tested for
-aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
-is not expanded a second time.
-This means that one may alias @code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"},
-for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
-replacement text.
-If the last character of the alias value is a
-@var{blank}, then the next command word following the
-alias is also checked for alias expansion.
-
-Aliases are created and listed with the @code{alias}
-command, and removed with the @code{unalias} command.
-
-There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
-as in @code{csh}.
-If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
-(@pxref{Shell Functions}).
-
-Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
-unless the @code{expand_aliases} shell option is set using
-@code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
-
-The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
-somewhat confusing.  Bash
-always reads at least one complete line
-of input before executing any
-of the commands on that line.  Aliases are expanded when a
-command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
-alias definition appearing on the same line as another
-command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
-The commands following the alias definition
-on that line are not affected by the new alias.
-This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
-Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
-not when the function is executed, because a function definition
-is itself a command.  As a consequence, aliases
-defined in a function are not available until after that
-function is executed.  To be safe, always put
-alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @code{alias}
-in compound commands.
-
-For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
-
-@node Arrays
-@section Arrays
-@cindex arrays
-
-Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array;
-the @code{declare} builtin will explicitly declare an array.
-There is no maximum
-limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
-be indexed or assigned contiguously.
-Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic})) and are zero-based;
-associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
-Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
-
-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
-using the syntax
-@example
-@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The @var{subscript}
-is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
-To explicitly declare an array, use
-@example
-declare -a @var{name}
-@end example
-@noindent
-The syntax
-@example
-declare -a @var{name}[@var{subscript}]
-@end example
-@noindent
-is also accepted; the @var{subscript} is ignored.
-
-@noindent
-Associative arrays are created using
-@example
-declare -A @var{name}.
-@end example
-
-Attributes may be
-specified for an array variable using the @code{declare} and
-@code{readonly} builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of
-an array.
-
-Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
-@example
-@var{name}=(@var{value1} @var{value2} @dots{} )
-@end example
-@noindent
-where each
-@var{value} is of the form @code{[@var{subscript}]=}@var{string}.
-Indexed array assignments do not require anything but @var{string}.
-When assigning to indexed arrays, if
-the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
-otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
-to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
-
-When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
-
-This syntax is also accepted by the @code{declare}
-builtin.  Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
-@code{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}} syntax introduced above.
-
-When assigning to an indexed array, if @var{name}
-is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
-interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
-@var{name}, so negative indices count back from the end of the
-array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
-
-Any element of an array may be referenced using
-@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}.
-The braces are required to avoid
-conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators.  If the
-@var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the word expands to all members
-of the array @var{name}.  These subscripts differ only when the word
-appears within double quotes.
-If the word is double-quoted,
-@code{$@{@var{name}[*]@}} expands to a single word with
-the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
-@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands each element of
-@var{name} to a separate word.  When there are no array members,
-@code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands to nothing.
-If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
-the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
-word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
-part of the original word.
-This is analogous to the
-expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}. 
-@code{$@{#@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}} expands to the length of
-@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}.
-If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or
-@samp{*}, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. 
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing with a subscript of 0. 
-If the @var{subscript}
-used to reference an element of an indexed array
-evaluates to a number less than zero, it is 
-interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
-so negative indices count back from the end of the array,
-and an index of -1 refers to the last element.
-
-An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
-value.  The null string is a valid value.
-
-It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
-$@{!@var{name}[@@]@} and $@{!@var{name}[*]@} expand to the indices
-assigned in array variable @var{name}.
-The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
-special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*} within double quotes.
-
-The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays.
-@code{unset @var{name}[@var{subscript}]}
-destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}.
-Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
-Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename
-expansion.
-@code{unset @var{name}}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the
-entire array.  A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the
-entire array.
-
-The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly}
-builtins each accept a @option{-a} option to specify an indexed
-array and a @option{-A} option to specify an associative array.
-If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
-The @code{read} builtin accepts a @option{-a}
-option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
-to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
-individual array elements.  The @code{set} and @code{declare}
-builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
-reused as input.
-
-@node The Directory Stack
-@section The Directory Stack
-@cindex directory stack
-
-@menu
-* Directory Stack Builtins::		Bash builtin commands to manipulate
-					the directory stack.
-@end menu
-
-The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories.  The
-@code{pushd} builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
-the current directory, and the @code{popd} builtin removes specified
-directories from the stack and changes the current directory to
-the directory removed.  The @code{dirs} builtin displays the contents
-of the directory stack.
-
-The contents of the directory stack are also visible
-as the value of the @env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
-
-@node Directory Stack Builtins
-@subsection Directory Stack Builtins
-
-@table @code
-
-@item dirs
-@btindex dirs
-@example
-dirs [-clpv] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}]
-@end example
-
-Display the list of currently remembered directories.  Directories
-are added to the list with the @code{pushd} command; the
-@code{popd} command removes directories from the list.
-
-@table @code
-@item -c
-Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
-@item -l
-Produces a listing using full pathnames;
-the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-@item -p
-Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per
-line.
-@item -v
-Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per
-line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
-@item +@var{N}
-Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting
-with zero.
-@item -@var{N}
-Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting
-with zero.
-@end table
-
-@item popd
-@btindex popd
-@example
-popd [-n] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}]
-@end example
-
-Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and @code{cd}
-to the new top directory.
-When no arguments are given, @code{popd}
-removes the top directory from the stack and
-performs a @code{cd} to the new top directory.  The
-elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with
-@code{dirs}; that is, @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}.
-
-@table @code
-@item -n
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
-from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
-@item +@var{N}
-Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero.
-@item -@var{N}
-Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero.
-@end table
-
-@btindex pushd
-@item pushd
-@example
-pushd [-n] [@var{+N} | @var{-N} | @var{dir}]
-@end example
-
-Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
-and then @code{cd} to @var{dir}.
-With no arguments, @code{pushd} exchanges the top two directories.
-
-@table @code
-@item -n
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
-to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
-@item +@var{N}
-Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
-the list by rotating the stack.
-@item -@var{N}
-Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
-the list by rotating the stack.
-@item @var{dir}
-Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, making
-it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument
-to the @code{cd} builtin.
-@end table
-@end table
-
-@node Controlling the Prompt
-@section Controlling the Prompt
-@cindex prompting
-
-The value of the variable @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is examined just before
-Bash prints each primary prompt.  If @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is set and
-has a non-null value, then the
-value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line.
-
-In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
-can appear in the prompt variables @env{PS1} to @env{PS4}:
-
-@table @code
-@item \a
-A bell character.
-@item \d
-The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
-@item \D@{@var{format}@}
-The @var{format} is passed to @code{strftime}(3) and the result is inserted
-into the prompt string; an empty @var{format} results in a locale-specific
-time representation.  The braces are required.
-@item \e
-An escape character.
-@item \h
-The hostname, up to the first `.'.
-@item \H
-The hostname.
-@item \j
-The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
-@item \l
-The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
-@item \n
-A newline.
-@item \r
-A carriage return.
-@item \s
-The name of the shell, the basename of @code{$0} (the portion
-following the final slash).
-@item \t
-The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-@item \T
-The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-@item \@@
-The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
-@item \A
-The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
-@item \u
-The username of the current user.
-@item \v
-The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)          
-@item \V
-The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
-@item \w
-The current working directory, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde
-(uses the @env{$PROMPT_DIRTRIM} variable).
-@item \W
-The basename of @env{$PWD}, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde.
-@item \!
-The history number of this command.
-@item \#
-The command number of this command.
-@item \$
-If the effective uid is 0, @code{#}, otherwise @code{$}.
-@item \@var{nnn}
-The character whose ASCII code is the octal value @var{nnn}.
-@item \\
-A backslash.
-@item \[
-Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.  This could be used to
-embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
-@item \]
-End a sequence of non-printing characters.
-@end table
-
-The command number and the history number are usually different:
-the history number of a command is its position in the history
-list, which may include commands restored from the history file
-(@pxref{Bash History Facilities}), while the command number is
-the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current
-shell session.
-
-After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
-parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
-@code{promptvars} shell option (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@node The Restricted Shell
-@section The Restricted Shell
-@cindex restricted shell
-
-If Bash is started with the name @code{rbash}, or the
-@option{--restricted}
-or
-@option{-r}
-option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.
-A restricted shell is used to
-set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
-A restricted shell behaves identically to @code{bash}
-with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-Changing directories with the @code{cd} builtin.
-@item
-Setting or unsetting the values of the @env{SHELL}, @env{PATH},
-@env{ENV}, or @env{BASH_ENV} variables.
-@item
-Specifying command names containing slashes.
-@item
-Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @code{.}
-builtin command.
-@item
-Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @option{-p}
-option to the @code{hash} builtin command.
-@item
-Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
-@item
-Parsing the value of @env{SHELLOPTS} from the shell environment at startup.
-@item
-Redirecting output using the @samp{>}, @samp{>|}, @samp{<>}, @samp{>&},
-@samp{&>}, and @samp{>>} redirection operators.
-@item
-Using the @code{exec} builtin to replace the shell with another command.
-@item
-Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
-@option{-f} and @option{-d} options to the @code{enable} builtin.
-@item
-Using the @code{enable} builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
-@item
-Specifying the @option{-p} option to the @code{command} builtin.
-@item
-Turning off restricted mode with @samp{set +r} or @samp{set +o restricted}.
-@end itemize
-
-These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
-
-When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
-(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{rbash} turns off any restrictions in
-the shell spawned to execute the script.
-
-@node Bash POSIX Mode
-@section Bash POSIX Mode
-@cindex POSIX Mode
-
-Starting Bash with the @option{--posix} command-line option or executing
-@samp{set -o posix} while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
-closely to the @sc{posix} standard by changing the behavior to
-match that specified by @sc{posix} in areas where the Bash default differs.
-
-When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after reading the
-startup files.
-
-The following list is what's changed when `@sc{posix} mode' is in effect:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
-@env{$PATH} to find the new location.  This is also available with
-@samp{shopt -s checkhash}.
-
-@item
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
-
-@item
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
-example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
-
-@item
-The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
-in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
-is the current or previous job.
-
-@item
-Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
-do not undergo alias expansion.
-
-@item
-The @sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
-the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!} are enabled,
-and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and
-@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
-
-@item
-The @sc{posix} startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than
-the normal Bash files.
-
-@item
-Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
-name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
-
-@item
-The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
-statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
-when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
-statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
-
-@item
-The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
-default value of @env{$HISTFILE}).
-
-@item
-The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
-separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
-
-@item
-The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
-prefix.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
-is not found.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
-results in an invalid expression.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
-with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
-the @code{eval} builtin.
-
-@item
-Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
-in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
-
-@item
-Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
-redirection.
-
-@item
-Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s.  That is, they may not
-contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
-may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid name
-causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
-
-@item
-Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special
-builtins.
-
-@item
-@sc{posix} special builtins are found before shell functions
-during command lookup.
-
-@item
-The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
-used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
-completed children.  The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format
-of the timing information.
-
-@item
-When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
-double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
-quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
-one of those defined to perform pattern removal.  In this case, they do
-not have to appear as matched pairs.
-
-@item
-The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a @samp{-}.
-
-@item
-If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
-non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
-the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
-redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
-the command name, and so on.
-
-@item
-A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
-assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
-statements.
-A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
-a value to a readonly variable.
-
-@item
-A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
-assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
-builtin, but not with any other simple command.
-
-@item
-A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
-variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
-@code{select} statement is a readonly variable.
-
-@item
-Process substitution is not available.
-
-@item
-While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
-@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters.
-
-@item
-Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins
-persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
-
-@item
-Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
-shell environment after the function returns, as if a @sc{posix}
-special builtin command had been executed.
-
-@item
-The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
-output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
-
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
-@code{SIG}.
-
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
-signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
-disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
-is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the handler for a given
-signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the
-first argument.
-
-@item
-The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
-for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
-
-@item
-Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the @option{-e} option from the parent shell.  When not in @sc{posix} mode,
-Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells.
-
-@item
-Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
-
-@item
-When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
-display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option
-is supplied.
-
-@item
-When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
-shell function names and definitions.
-
-@item
-When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays
-variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
-even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
-
-@item
-When the @code{cd} builtin is invoked in @var{logical} mode, and the pathname
-constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument
-does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of
-falling back to @var{physical} mode.
-
-@item
-The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
-current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
-@option{-P} option.
-
-@item
-When listing the history, the @code{fc} builtin does not include an
-indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
-
-@item
-The default editor used by @code{fc} is @code{ed}.
-
-@item
-The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable
-file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
-file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}.
-
-@item
-The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when
-the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and
-@code{$EDITOR}.
-
-@item
-When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
-any arguments to @code{echo} as options.  Each argument is displayed, after
-escape characters are converted.
-
-@item
-The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c}
-and @option{-f} options.
-
-@item
-The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD}  when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does
-not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately.
-The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
-
-@item
-The @code{read} builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
-has been set.
-If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing @code{read}, the trap
-handler executes and @code{read} returns an exit status greater than 128.
-
-@end enumerate
-
-There is other @sc{posix} behavior that Bash does not implement by
-default even when in @sc{posix} mode.
-Specifically:
-
-@enumerate
-
-@item
-The @code{fc} builtin checks @code{$EDITOR} as a program to edit history
-entries if @code{FCEDIT} is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
-@code{ed}.  @code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset.
-
-@item
-As noted above, Bash requires the @code{xpg_echo} option to be enabled for
-the @code{echo} builtin to be fully conformant.
-
-@end enumerate
-
-Bash can be configured to be @sc{posix}-conformant by default, by specifying
-the @option{--enable-strict-posix-default} to @code{configure} when building
-(@pxref{Optional Features}).
-
-@node Job Control
-@chapter Job Control
-
-This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
-Bash allows you to access its facilities.
-
-@menu
-* Job Control Basics::		How job control works.
-* Job Control Builtins::	Bash builtin commands used to interact
-				with job control.
-* Job Control Variables::	Variables Bash uses to customize job
-				control.
-@end menu
-
-@node Job Control Basics
-@section Job Control Basics
-@cindex job control
-@cindex foreground
-@cindex background
-@cindex suspending jobs
-
-Job control
-refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend)
-the execution of processes and continue (resume)
-their execution at a later point.  A user typically employs
-this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
-by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash.
-
-The shell associates a @var{job} with each pipeline.  It keeps a
-table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the
-@code{jobs} command.  When Bash starts a job
-asynchronously, it prints a line that looks
-like:
-@example
-[1] 25647
-@end example
-@noindent
-indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process @sc{id}
-of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is
-25647.  All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of
-the same job.  Bash uses the @var{job} abstraction as the
-basis for job control. 
-
-To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
-control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
-process group @sc{id}.  Members of this process group (processes whose
-process group @sc{id} is equal to the current terminal process group
-@sc{id}) receive keyboard-generated signals such as @code{SIGINT}. 
-These processes are said to be in the foreground.  Background
-processes are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the
-terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
-signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
-the user so specifies with @code{stty tostop}, write to the terminal.
-Background processes which attempt to
-read from (write to when @code{stty tostop} is in effect) the
-terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU})
-signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
-which, unless caught, suspends the process. 
-
-If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
-job control, Bash contains facilities to use it.  Typing the
-@var{suspend} character (typically @samp{^Z}, Control-Z) while a
-process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns
-control to Bash.  Typing the @var{delayed suspend} character
-(typically @samp{^Y}, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
-when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
-be returned to Bash.  The user then manipulates the state of
-this job, using the @code{bg} command to continue it in the
-background, the @code{fg} command to continue it in the
-foreground, or the @code{kill} command to kill it.  A @samp{^Z}
-takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of
-causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. 
-
-There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The
-character @samp{%} introduces a job specification (@var{jobspec}).
-
-Job number @code{n} may be referred to as @samp{%n}.
-The symbols @samp{%%} and  @samp{%+} refer to the shell's notion of the
-current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground
-or started in the background.
-A single @samp{%} (with no accompanying job specification) also refers
-to the current job.
-The previous job may be referenced using @samp{%-}.
-If there is only a single job, @samp{%+} and @samp{%-} can both be used
-to refer to that job.
-In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the @code{jobs}
-command), the current job is always flagged with a @samp{+}, and the
-previous job with a @samp{-}. 
-
-A job may also be referred to
-using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring
-that appears in its command line.  For example, @samp{%ce} refers
-to a stopped @code{ce} job.  Using @samp{%?ce}, on the
-other hand, refers to any job containing the string @samp{ce} in
-its command line.  If the prefix or substring matches more than one job,
-Bash reports an error.
-
-Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
-@samp{%1} is a synonym for @samp{fg %1}, bringing job 1 from the
-background into the foreground.  Similarly, @samp{%1 &} resumes
-job 1 in the background, equivalent to @samp{bg %1}
-
-The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. 
-Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
-before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
-any other output.
-If the @option{-b} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled,
-Bash reports such changes immediately (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-Any trap on @code{SIGCHLD} is executed for each child process
-that exits.
-
-If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if
-the @code{checkjobs} option is enabled -- see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}), the
-shell prints a warning message, and if the @code{checkjobs} option is
-enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.
-The @code{jobs} command may then be used to inspect their status.
-If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
-Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
-
-@node Job Control Builtins
-@section Job Control Builtins
-
-@table @code
-
-@item bg
-@btindex bg
-@example
-bg [@var{jobspec} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Resume each suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it
-had been started with @samp{&}.
-If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used.
-The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not
-enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
-@var{jobspec} was not found or specifies a job
-that was started without job control.
-
-@item fg
-@btindex fg
-@example
-fg [@var{jobspec}]
-@end example
-
-Resume the job @var{jobspec} in the foreground and make it the current job.
-If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used.
-The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
-or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
-job control enabled, @var{jobspec} does not specify a valid job or
-@var{jobspec} specifies a job that was started without job control.
-
-@item jobs
-@btindex jobs
-@example
-jobs [-lnprs] [@var{jobspec}]
-jobs -x @var{command} [@var{arguments}]
-@end example
-
-The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the
-following meanings:
-
-@table @code
-@item -l
-List process @sc{id}s in addition to the normal information.
-
-@item -n
-Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
-the user was last notified of their status.
-
-@item -p
-List only the process @sc{id} of the job's process group leader.
-
-@item -r
-Display only running jobs.
-
-@item -s
-Display only stopped jobs.
-@end table
-
-If @var{jobspec} is given,
-output is restricted to information about that job. 
-If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
-listed.
-
-If the @option{-x} option is supplied, @code{jobs} replaces any
-@var{jobspec} found in @var{command} or @var{arguments} with the
-corresponding process group @sc{id}, and executes @var{command},
-passing it @var{argument}s, returning its exit status. 
-
-@item kill
-@btindex kill
-@example
-kill [-s @var{sigspec}] [-n @var{signum}] [-@var{sigspec}] @var{jobspec} or @var{pid}
-kill -l [@var{exit_status}]
-@end example
-
-Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process
-named by job specification @var{jobspec} or process @sc{id} @var{pid}.
-@var{sigspec} is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
-@code{SIGINT} (with or without the @code{SIG} prefix)
-or a signal number; @var{signum} is a signal number.
-If @var{sigspec} and @var{signum} are not present, @code{SIGTERM} is used.
-The @option{-l} option lists the signal names.
-If any arguments are supplied when @option{-l} is given, the names of the
-signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
-is zero.
-@var{exit_status} is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
-status of a process terminated by a signal.
-The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
-or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
-
-@item wait
-@btindex wait
-@example
-wait [-n] [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Wait until the child process specified by each process @sc{id} @var{pid}
-or job specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the
-last command waited for.
-If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for.
-If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are
-waited for, and the return status is zero.
-If the @option{-n} option is supplied, @code{wait} waits for any job to
-terminate and returns its exit status.
-If neither @var{jobspec} nor @var{pid} specifies an active child process
-of the shell, the return status is 127.
-
-@item disown
-@btindex disown
-@example
-disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{}]
-@end example
-
-Without options, remove each @var{jobspec} from the table of
-active jobs.
-If the @option{-h} option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
-but is marked so that @code{SIGHUP} is not sent to the job if the shell
-receives a @code{SIGHUP}.
-If @var{jobspec} is not present, and neither the @option{-a} nor the
-@option{-r} option is supplied, the current job is used.
-If no @var{jobspec} is supplied, the @option{-a} option means to remove or
-mark all jobs; the @option{-r} option without a @var{jobspec}
-argument restricts operation to running jobs.
-
-@item suspend
-@btindex suspend
-@example
-suspend [-f]
-@end example
-
-Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
-@code{SIGCONT} signal.
-A login shell cannot be suspended; the @option{-f}
-option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
-@end table
-
-When job control is not active, the @code{kill} and @code{wait}
-builtins do not accept @var{jobspec} arguments.  They must be
-supplied process @sc{id}s.
-
-@node Job Control Variables
-@section Job Control Variables
-
-@vtable @code
-
-@item auto_resume
-This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
-job control.  If this variable exists then single word simple
-commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
-of an existing job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
-more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
-the most recently accessed job will be selected.
-The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line
-used to start it.  If this variable is set to the value @samp{exact},
-the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
-if set to @samp{substring},
-the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
-stopped job.  The @samp{substring} value provides functionality
-analogous to the @samp{%?} job @sc{id} (@pxref{Job Control Basics}).
-If set to any other value, the supplied string must
-be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
-analogous to the @samp{%} job @sc{id}.
-
-@end vtable
-
-@set readline-appendix
-@set history-appendix
-@cindex Readline, how to use
-@include rluser.texi
-@cindex History, how to use
-@include hsuser.texi
-@clear readline-appendix
-@clear history-appendix
-
-@node Installing Bash
-@chapter Installing Bash
-
-This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
-the various supported platforms.  The distribution supports the
-@sc{gnu} operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
-non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
-Other independent ports exist for
-@sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, and Windows platforms.
-
-@menu
-* Basic Installation::	Installation instructions.
-* Compilers and Options::	How to set special options for various
-				systems.
-* Compiling For Multiple Architectures::	How to compile Bash for more
-						than one kind of system from
-						the same source tree.
-* Installation Names::	How to set the various paths used by the installation.
-* Specifying the System Type::	How to configure Bash for a particular system.
-* Sharing Defaults::	How to share default configuration values among GNU
-			programs.
-* Operation Controls::	Options recognized by the configuration program.
-* Optional Features::	How to enable and disable optional features when
-			building Bash.
-@end menu
-
-@node Basic Installation
-@section Basic Installation
-@cindex installation
-@cindex configuration
-@cindex Bash installation
-@cindex Bash configuration
-
-These are installation instructions for Bash.
-
-The simplest way to compile Bash is:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-@code{cd} to the directory containing the source code and type
-@samp{./configure} to configure Bash for your system.  If you're
-using @code{csh} on an old version of System V, you might need to
-type @samp{sh ./configure} instead to prevent @code{csh} from trying
-to execute @code{configure} itself.
-
-Running @code{configure} takes some time.
-While running, it prints messages telling which features it is
-checking for.
-
-@item
-Type @samp{make} to compile Bash and build the @code{bashbug} bug
-reporting script.
-
-@item
-Optionally, type @samp{make tests} to run the Bash test suite.
-
-@item
-Type @samp{make install} to install @code{bash} and @code{bashbug}.
-This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
-
-@end enumerate
-
-The @code{configure} shell script attempts to guess correct
-values for various system-dependent variables used during
-compilation.  It uses those values to create a @file{Makefile} in
-each directory of the package (the top directory, the
-@file{builtins}, @file{doc}, and @file{support} directories,
-each directory under @file{lib}, and several others).  It also creates a
-@file{config.h} file containing system-dependent definitions. 
-Finally, it creates a shell script named @code{config.status} that you
-can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
-file @file{config.cache} that saves the results of its tests to
-speed up reconfiguring, and a file @file{config.log} containing
-compiler output (useful mainly for debugging @code{configure}). 
-If at some point
-@file{config.cache} contains results you don't want to keep, you
-may remove or edit it. 
-
-To find out more about the options and arguments that the
-@code{configure} script understands, type 
-
-@example
-bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
-
-If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
-try to figure out how @code{configure} could check whether or not
-to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to
-@email{bash-maintainers@@gnu.org} so they can be
-considered for the next release.
-
-The file @file{configure.ac} is used to create @code{configure}
-by a program called Autoconf.  You only need
-@file{configure.ac} if you want to change it or regenerate
-@code{configure} using a newer version of Autoconf.  If
-you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or
-newer.
-
-You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
-source code directory by typing @samp{make clean}.  To also remove the
-files that @code{configure} created (so you can compile Bash for
-a different kind of computer), type @samp{make distclean}.
-
-@node Compilers and Options
-@section Compilers and Options
-
-Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
-that the @code{configure} script does not know about.  You can
-give @code{configure} initial values for variables by setting
-them in the environment.  Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
-can do that on the command line like this:
-
-@example
-CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
-@end example
-
-On systems that have the @code{env} program, you can do it like this:
-
-@example
-env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
-@end example
-
-The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it
-is available.
-
-@node Compiling For Multiple Architectures
-@section Compiling For Multiple Architectures
-
-You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
-same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
-own directory.  To do this, you must use a version of @code{make} that
-supports the @code{VPATH} variable, such as GNU @code{make}.
-@code{cd} to the
-directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
-the @code{configure} script from the source directory.  You may need to
-supply the @option{--srcdir=PATH} argument to tell @code{configure} where the
-source files are.  @code{configure} automatically checks for the
-source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in `..'.
-
-If you have to use a @code{make} that does not supports the @code{VPATH}
-variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
-time in the source code directory.  After you have installed
-Bash for one architecture, use @samp{make distclean} before
-reconfiguring for another architecture.
-
-Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
-@file{support/mkclone} script to create a build tree which has
-symbolic links back to each file in the source directory.  Here's an
-example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
-source directory @file{/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0}:
-
-@example
-bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The @code{mkclone} script requires Bash, so you must have already built
-Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build
-directories for other architectures.
-
-@node Installation Names
-@section Installation Names
-
-By default, @samp{make install} will install into
-@file{/usr/local/bin}, @file{/usr/local/man}, etc.  You can
-specify an installation prefix other than @file{/usr/local} by
-giving @code{configure} the option @option{--prefix=@var{PATH}},
-or by specifying a value for the @code{DESTDIR} @samp{make}
-variable when running @samp{make install}.
-
-You can specify separate installation prefixes for
-architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. 
-If you give @code{configure} the option
-@option{--exec-prefix=@var{PATH}}, @samp{make install} will use
-@var{PATH} as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
-Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. 
-
-@node Specifying the System Type
-@section Specifying the System Type
-
-There may be some features @code{configure} can not figure out
-automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash
-will run on.  Usually @code{configure} can figure that
-out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
-type, give it the @option{--host=TYPE} option.  @samp{TYPE} can
-either be a short name for the system type, such as @samp{sun4},
-or a canonical name with three fields: @samp{CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM}
-(e.g., @samp{i386-unknown-freebsd4.2}).
-
-See the file @file{support/config.sub} for the possible
-values of each field. 
-
-@node Sharing Defaults
-@section Sharing Defaults
-
-If you want to set default values for @code{configure} scripts to
-share, you can create a site shell script called
-@code{config.site} that gives default values for variables like
-@code{CC}, @code{cache_file}, and @code{prefix}.  @code{configure}
-looks for @file{PREFIX/share/config.site} if it exists, then
-@file{PREFIX/etc/config.site} if it exists.  Or, you can set the
-@code{CONFIG_SITE} environment variable to the location of the site
-script.  A warning: the Bash @code{configure} looks for a site script,
-but not all @code{configure} scripts do.
-
-@node Operation Controls
-@section Operation Controls
-
-@code{configure} recognizes the following options to control how it
-operates.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item --cache-file=@var{file}
-Use and save the results of the tests in
-@var{file} instead of @file{./config.cache}.  Set @var{file} to
-@file{/dev/null} to disable caching, for debugging
-@code{configure}. 
-
-@item --help
-Print a summary of the options to @code{configure}, and exit.
-
-@item --quiet
-@itemx --silent
-@itemx -q
-Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
-
-@item --srcdir=@var{dir}
-Look for the Bash source code in directory @var{dir}.  Usually
-@code{configure} can determine that directory automatically.
-
-@item --version
-Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the @code{configure}
-script, and exit.
-@end table
-
-@code{configure} also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
-options.  @samp{configure --help} prints the complete list.
-
-@node Optional Features
-@section Optional Features
-
-The Bash @code{configure} has a number of @option{--enable-@var{feature}}
-options, where @var{feature} indicates an optional part of Bash.
-There are also several @option{--with-@var{package}} options,
-where @var{package} is something like @samp{bash-malloc} or @samp{purify}.
-To turn off the default use of a package, use
-@option{--without-@var{package}}.  To configure Bash without a feature
-that is enabled by default, use @option{--disable-@var{feature}}.
-
-Here is a complete list of the @option{--enable-} and
-@option{--with-} options that the Bash @code{configure} recognizes. 
-
-@table @code
-@item --with-afs
-Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
-
-@item --with-bash-malloc
-Use the Bash version of
-@code{malloc} in the directory @file{lib/malloc}.  This is not the same
-@code{malloc} that appears in @sc{gnu} libc, but an older version
-originally derived from the 4.2 @sc{bsd} @code{malloc}.  This @code{malloc}
-is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
-This option is enabled by default.
-The @file{NOTES} file contains a list of systems for
-which this should be turned off, and @code{configure} disables this
-option automatically for a number of systems.
-
-@item --with-curses
-Use the curses library instead of the termcap library.  This should
-be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
-database.
-
-@item --with-gnu-malloc
-A synonym for @code{--with-bash-malloc}.
-
-@item --with-installed-readline[=@var{PREFIX}]
-Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
-rather than the version in @file{lib/readline}.  This works only with
-Readline 5.0 and later versions.  If @var{PREFIX} is @code{yes} or not
-supplied, @code{configure} uses the values of the make variables
-@code{includedir} and @code{libdir}, which are subdirectories of @code{prefix}
-by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
-the standard system include and library directories.
-If @var{PREFIX} is @code{no}, Bash links with the version in
-@file{lib/readline}.
-If @var{PREFIX} is set to any other value, @code{configure} treats it as
-a directory pathname and looks for
-the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory
-(include files in @var{PREFIX}/@code{include} and the library in
-@var{PREFIX}/@code{lib}).
-
-@item --with-purify
-Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational
-Software.
-
-@item --enable-minimal-config
-This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
-Bourne shell.
-@end table
-
-There are several @option{--enable-} options that alter how Bash is
-compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
-
-@table @code
-@item --enable-largefile
-Enable support for @uref{http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html,
-large files} if the operating system requires special compiler options
-to build programs which can access large files.  This is enabled by
-default, if the operating system provides large file support.
-
-@item --enable-profiling
-This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
-processed by @code{gprof} each time it is executed.
-
-@item --enable-static-link
-This causes Bash to be linked statically, if @code{gcc} is being used.
-This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
-@end table
-
-The @samp{minimal-config} option can be used to disable all of
-the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
-options may be enabled using @samp{enable-@var{feature}}. 
-
-All of the following options except for @samp{disabled-builtins},
-@samp{direxpand-default}, and
-@samp{xpg-echo-default} are
-enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
-necessary support.
-
-@table @code
-@item --enable-alias
-Allow alias expansion and include the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
-builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
-
-@item --enable-arith-for-command
-Include support for the alternate form of the @code{for} command
-that behaves like the C language @code{for} statement
-(@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
-
-@item --enable-array-variables
-Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
-(@pxref{Arrays}).
-
-@item --enable-bang-history
-Include support for @code{csh}-like history substitution
-(@pxref{History Interaction}).
-
-@item --enable-brace-expansion
-Include @code{csh}-like brace expansion
-( @code{b@{a,b@}c} @expansion{} @code{bac bbc} ).
-See @ref{Brace Expansion}, for a complete description.
-
-@item --enable-casemod-attributes
-Include support for case-modifying attributes in the @code{declare} builtin
-and assignment statements.  Variables with the @var{uppercase} attribute,
-for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
-
-@item --enable-casemod-expansion
-Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
-
-@item --enable-command-timing
-Include support for recognizing @code{time} as a reserved word and for
-displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following @code{time}
-(@pxref{Pipelines}).
-This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
-
-@item --enable-cond-command
-Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command.
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-
-@item --enable-cond-regexp
-Include support for matching @sc{posix} regular expressions using the
-@samp{=~} binary operator in the @code{[[} conditional command.
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-
-@item --enable-coprocesses
-Include support for coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word
-(@pxref{Pipelines}).
-
-@item --enable-debugger
-Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
-
-@item --enable-direxpand-default
-Cause the @code{direxpand} shell option (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin})
-to be enabled by default when the shell starts.
-It is normally disabled by default.
-
-@item --enable-directory-stack
-Include support for a @code{csh}-like directory stack and the
-@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins
-(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
-
-@item --enable-disabled-builtins
-Allow builtin commands to be invoked via @samp{builtin xxx}
-even after @code{xxx} has been disabled using @samp{enable -n xxx}.
-See @ref{Bash Builtins}, for details of the @code{builtin} and
-@code{enable} builtin commands.
-
-@item --enable-dparen-arithmetic
-Include support for the @code{((@dots{}))} command
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-
-@item --enable-extended-glob
-Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
-above under @ref{Pattern Matching}.
-
-@item --enable-extended-glob-default
-Set the default value of the @var{extglob} shell option described
-above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled.
-
-@item --enable-glob-asciirange-default
-Set the default value of the @var{globasciiranges} shell option described
-above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled.
-This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
-bracket expressions.
-
-@item --enable-help-builtin
-Include the @code{help} builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
-variables (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item --enable-history
-Include command history and the @code{fc} and @code{history}
-builtin commands (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}).
-
-@item --enable-job-control
-This enables the job control features (@pxref{Job Control}),
-if the operating system supports them.
-
-@item --enable-multibyte
-This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
-system provides the necessary support.
-
-@item --enable-net-redirections
-This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
-@code{/dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}} and
-@code{/dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}}
-when used in redirections (@pxref{Redirections}).
-
-@item --enable-process-substitution
-This enables process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}) if
-the operating system provides the necessary support.
-
-@item --enable-progcomp
-Enable the programmable completion facilities
-(@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
-If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
-
-@item --enable-prompt-string-decoding
-Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
-in the @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, @env{$PS3}, and @env{$PS4} prompt
-strings.  See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt
-string escape sequences.
-
-@item --enable-readline
-Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
-version of the Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
-
-@item --enable-restricted
-Include support for a @dfn{restricted shell}.  If this is enabled, Bash,
-when called as @code{rbash}, enters a restricted mode.  See
-@ref{The Restricted Shell}, for a description of restricted mode.
-
-@item --enable-select
-Include the @code{select} compound command, which allows the generation of
-simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-
-@item --enable-separate-helpfiles
-Use external files for the documentation displayed by the @code{help} builtin
-instead of storing the text internally.
-
-@item --enable-single-help-strings
-Store the text displayed by the @code{help} builtin as a single string for
-each help topic.  This aids in translating the text to different languages.
-You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
-literals.
-
-@item --enable-strict-posix-default
-Make Bash @sc{posix}-conformant by default (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
-
-@item --enable-usg-echo-default
-A synonym for @code{--enable-xpg-echo-default}.
-
-@item --enable-xpg-echo-default
-Make the @code{echo} builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
-without requiring the @option{-e} option.
-This sets the default value of the @code{xpg_echo} shell option to @code{on},
-which makes the Bash @code{echo} behave more like the version specified in
-the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
-@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of the escape sequences that
-@code{echo} recognizes.
-@end table
-
-The file @file{config-top.h} contains C Preprocessor
-@samp{#define} statements for options which are not settable from
-@code{configure}.
-Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if
-you do.
-Read the comments associated with each definition for more
-information about its effect.
-
-@node Reporting Bugs
-@appendix Reporting Bugs
-
-Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
-But first, you should
-make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
-version of Bash.
-The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
-@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/}.
-
-Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
-@code{bashbug} command to submit a bug report.
-If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
-Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
-to @email{bug-bash@@gnu.org} or posted to the Usenet
-newsgroup @code{gnu.bash.bug}.
-
-All bug reports should include:
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-The version number of Bash.
-@item
-The hardware and operating system.
-@item
-The compiler used to compile Bash.
-@item
-A description of the bug behaviour.
-@item
-A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
-to reproduce it.
-@end itemize
-
-@noindent
-@code{bashbug} inserts the first three items automatically into
-the template it provides for filing a bug report.
-
-Please send all reports concerning this manual to
-@email{bug-bash@@gnu.org}.
-
-@node Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
-@appendix Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
-
-Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
-variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. 
-Bash uses the @sc{posix} standard as the specification of
-how these features are to be implemented.  There are some
-differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
-section quickly details the differences of significance.  A
-number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
-previous sections.
-This section uses the version of @code{sh} included in SVR4.2 (the
-last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-Bash is @sc{posix}-conformant, even where the @sc{posix} specification
-differs from traditional @code{sh} behavior (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
-
-@item
-Bash has multi-character invocation options (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
-
-@item
-Bash has command-line editing (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) and
-the @code{bind} builtin.
-
-@item
-Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
-(@pxref{Programmable Completion}), and builtin commands
-@code{complete}, @code{compgen}, and @code{compopt}, to
-manipulate it.
-
-@item
-Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the
-@code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it.
-The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
-value of the @code{HISTTIMEFORMAT} variable to display it.
-
-@item
-Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion
-(@pxref{History Interaction}).
-
-@item
-Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the
-appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
-Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
-Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
-
-@item
-The @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
-backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
-is supported (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}).
-
-@item
-Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax to do
-locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
-quotes.  The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings}
-invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
-(@pxref{Locale Translation}).
-
-@item
-Bash implements the @code{!} keyword to negate the return value of
-a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}).
-Very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a test fails.
-The Bash @samp{-o pipefail} option to @code{set} will cause a pipeline to
-return a failure status if any command fails.
-
-@item
-Bash has the @code{time} reserved word and command timing (@pxref{Pipelines}).
-The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
-@env{TIMEFORMAT} variable.
-
-@item
-Bash implements the @code{for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} ))}
-arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{select} compound command, which allows the
-generation of simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{[[} compound command, which makes conditional
-testing part of the shell grammar (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}), including
-optional regular expression matching.
-
-@item
-Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the @code{case} and
-@code{[[} constructs.
-
-@item
-Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde
-expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
-
-@item
-Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
-builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
-
-@item
-Bash provides shell arithmetic, the @code{((} compound command
-(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}),
-and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
-
-@item
-Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically
-exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does not normally do
-this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the @code{export}
-command.
-
-@item
-Bash supports the @samp{+=} assignment operator, which appends to the value
-of the variable named on the left hand side.
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @sc{posix} pattern removal @samp{%}, @samp{#}, @samp{%%}
-and @samp{##} expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
-variable values (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@item
-The expansion @code{$@{#xx@}}, which returns the length of @code{$@{xx@}},
-is supported (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@item
-The expansion @code{$@{var:}@var{offset}@code{[:}@var{length}@code{]@}},
-which expands to the substring of @code{var}'s value of length
-@var{length}, beginning at @var{offset}, is present
-(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@item
-The expansion
-@code{$@{var/[/]}@var{pattern}@code{[/}@var{replacement}@code{]@}},
-which matches @var{pattern} and replaces it with @var{replacement} in
-the value of @code{var}, is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@item
-The expansion @code{$@{!@var{prefix}*@}} expansion, which expands to
-the names of all shell variables whose names begin with @var{prefix},
-is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@item
-Bash has @var{indirect} variable expansion using @code{$@{!word@}}
-(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
-
-@item
-Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using
-@code{$@{@var{num}@}}.
-
-@item
-The @sc{posix} @code{$()} form of command substitution
-is implemented (@pxref{Command Substitution}),
-and preferred to the Bourne shell's @code{``} (which
-is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
-
-@item
-Bash has process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}).
-
-@item
-Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
-current user (@env{UID}, @env{EUID}, and @env{GROUPS}), the current host
-(@env{HOSTTYPE}, @env{OSTYPE}, @env{MACHTYPE}, and @env{HOSTNAME}),
-and the instance of Bash that is running (@env{BASH},
-@env{BASH_VERSION}, and @env{BASH_VERSINFO}).  @xref{Bash Variables},
-for details.
-
-@item
-The @env{IFS} variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
-not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}).
-This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
-
-@item
-The filename expansion bracket expression code uses @samp{!} and @samp{^}
-to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
-The Bourne shell uses only @samp{!}.
-
-@item
-Bash implements the full set of @sc{posix} filename expansion operators,
-including @var{character classes}, @var{equivalence classes}, and
-@var{collating symbols} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
-
-@item
-Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the @code{extglob}
-shell option is enabled (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
-
-@item
-It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
-@code{sh} does not separate the two name spaces.
-
-@item
-Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-@code{local} builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
-(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item
-Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
-builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}).
-In @code{sh}, all variable assignments 
-preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
-file system.
-
-@item
-Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
-to input and output redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
-
-@item
-Bash contains the @samp{<>} redirection operator, allowing a file to be
-opened for both reading and writing, and the @samp{&>} redirection
-operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same
-file (@pxref{Redirections}).
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @samp{<<<} redirection operator, allowing a string to
-be used as the standard input to a command.
-
-@item
-Bash implements the @samp{[n]<&@var{word}} and @samp{[n]>&@var{word}}
-redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
-
-@item
-Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
-used in redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
-
-@item
-Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
-with the redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
-
-@item
-The @code{noclobber} option is available to avoid overwriting existing
-files with output redirection (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-The @samp{>|} redirection operator may be used to override @code{noclobber}.
-
-@item
-The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
-each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and
-physical modes.
-
-@item
-Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
-access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the
-@code{builtin} and @code{command} builtins (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item
-The @code{command} builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item
-Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the @code{enable}
-builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item
-The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users
-to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
-command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-
-@item
-Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
-using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}).
-
-@item
-The Bash @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{declare} builtins can
-take a @option{-f} option to act on shell functions, a @option{-p} option to
-display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
-used as shell input, a @option{-n} option to remove various variable
-attributes, and @samp{name=value} arguments to set variable attributes
-and values simultaneously.
-
-@item
-The Bash @code{hash} builtin allows a name to be associated with
-an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
-searching the @env{$PATH}, using @samp{hash -p}
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-
-@item
-Bash includes a @code{help} builtin for quick reference to shell
-facilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item
-The @code{printf} builtin is available to display formatted output
-(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item
-The Bash @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
-will read a line ending in @samp{\} with
-the @option{-r} option, and will use the @env{REPLY} variable as a
-default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
-The Bash @code{read} builtin
-also accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use
-Readline to obtain the line when given the @option{-e} option.
-The @code{read} builtin also has additional options to control input:
-the @option{-s} option will turn off echoing of input characters as
-they are read, the @option{-t} option will allow @code{read} to time out
-if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
-@option{-n} option will allow reading only a specified number of
-characters rather than a full line, and the @option{-d} option will read
-until a particular character rather than newline.
-
-@item
-The @code{return} builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
-executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins
-(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell
-optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options
-to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
-
-@item
-Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set}
-builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-
-@item
-The @samp{-x} (@option{xtrace}) option displays commands other than
-simple commands when performing an execution trace
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
-
-@item
-The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
-is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm,
-which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
-
-@item
-Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin, which displays the context of
-any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).  This supports the bash
-debugger.
-
-@item
-The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
-@code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}.
-Commands specified with a @code{DEBUG} trap are executed before every
-simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command,
-@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before
-the first command executes in a shell function.
-The @code{DEBUG} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
-function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the
-@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin.
-The @code{extdebug} shell option has additional effects on the
-@code{DEBUG} trap.
-
-The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows an
-@code{ERR} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}.
-Commands specified with an @code{ERR} trap are executed after a simple
-command fails, with a few exceptions.
-The @code{ERR} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
-@code{-o errtrace} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled.
-
-The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
-@code{RETURN} pseudo-signal specification, similar to
-@code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}.
-Commands specified with an @code{RETURN} trap are executed before
-execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with
-@code{.} or @code{source} returns.
-The @code{RETURN} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
-function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the
-@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin.
-
-@item
-The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information
-about the names it finds (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
-
-@item
-The Bash @code{umask} builtin permits a @option{-p} option to cause
-the output to be displayed in the form of a @code{umask} command
-that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-
-@item
-Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the
-@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it
-(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
-Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
-@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
-
-@item
-Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-strings when interactive (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
-
-@item
-The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell});
-the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
-
-@item
-The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
-job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress the sending
-of @code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
-@code{SIGHUP}.
-
-@item
-Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
-shell scripts.
-
-@item
-The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
-(@code{mldmode} and @code{priv}) not present in Bash.
-
-@item
-Bash does not have the @code{stop} or @code{newgrp} builtins.
-
-@item
-Bash does not use the @env{SHACCT} variable or perform shell accounting.
-
-@item
-The SVR4.2 @code{sh} uses a @env{TIMEOUT} variable like Bash uses
-@env{TMOUT}.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@noindent
-More features unique to Bash may be found in @ref{Bash Features}.
-
-
-@appendixsec Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
-
-Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
-many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
-a shell control structure such as  an @code{if} or @code{while}
-statement.
-
-@item
-Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes.  The SVR4.2 shell will silently
-insert a needed closing quote at @code{EOF} under certain circumstances.
-This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
-
-@item
-The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
-trapping @code{SIGSEGV}.  If the shell is started from a process with
-@code{SIGSEGV} blocked (e.g., by using the @code{system()} C library
-function call), it misbehaves badly.
-
-@item
-In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell,
-when invoked without the @option{-p} option, will alter its real
-and effective @sc{uid} and @sc{gid} if they are less than some
-magic threshold value, commonly 100.
-This can lead to unexpected results.
-
-@item
-The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap @code{SIGSEGV},
-@code{SIGALRM}, or @code{SIGCHLD}.
-
-@item
-The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the @env{IFS}, @env{MAILCHECK},
-@env{PATH}, @env{PS1}, or @env{PS2} variables to be unset.
-
-@item
-The SVR4.2 shell treats @samp{^} as the undocumented equivalent of
-@samp{|}.
-
-@item
-Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (@code{-x -v});
-the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (@code{-xv}).  In
-fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
-with a @samp{-}.
-
-@item
-The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
-a script only if one of the @sc{posix} special builtins fails, and
-only for certain failures, as enumerated in the @sc{posix} standard.
-
-@item 
-The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh}
-(it turns on job control).
-@end itemize
-
-@node GNU Free Documentation License
-@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
-
-@include fdl.texi
-
-@node Indexes
-@appendix Indexes
-
-@menu
-* Builtin Index::		Index of Bash builtin commands.
-* Reserved Word Index::		Index of Bash reserved words.
-* Variable Index::		Quick reference helps you find the
-				variable you want.
-* Function Index::		Index of bindable Readline functions.
-* Concept Index::		General index for concepts described in
-				this manual.
-@end menu
-
-@node Builtin Index
-@appendixsec Index of Shell Builtin Commands
-@printindex bt
-
-@node Reserved Word Index
-@appendixsec Index of Shell Reserved Words
-@printindex rw
-
-@node Variable Index
-@appendixsec Parameter and Variable Index
-@printindex vr
-
-@node Function Index
-@appendixsec Function Index
-@printindex fn
-
-@node Concept Index
-@appendixsec Concept Index
-@printindex cp
-
-@bye
diff --git a/doc/version.texi~ b/doc/version.texi~
deleted file mode 100644
index 155ee0ef..00000000
--- a/doc/version.texi~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-@ignore
-Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@end ignore
-
-@set LASTCHANGE Mon May 12 10:32:34 EDT 2014
-
-@set EDITION 4.3
-@set VERSION 4.3
-@set UPDATED 12 May 2014
-@set UPDATED-MONTH May 2014
diff --git a/examples/loadables/Makefile.in.save b/examples/loadables/Makefile.in.save
deleted file mode 100644
index f6208f5c..00000000
--- a/examples/loadables/Makefile.in.save
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Simple makefile for the sample loadable builtins
-#
-# Copyright (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.     
-
-# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
-# any later version.
-
-# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-# GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
-# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
-
-# Include some boilerplate Gnu makefile definitions.
-prefix = @prefix@
-
-exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
-bindir = @bindir@
-libdir = @libdir@
-infodir = @infodir@
-includedir = @includedir@
-
-topdir = @top_srcdir@
-BUILD_DIR = @BUILD_DIR@
-srcdir = @srcdir@
-VPATH = .:@srcdir@
-
-@SET_MAKE@
-CC = @CC@
-RM = rm -f
-
-SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@
-
-host_os = @host_os@
-host_cpu = @host_cpu@
-host_vendor = @host_vendor@
-
-CFLAGS = @CFLAGS@
-LOCAL_CFLAGS = @LOCAL_CFLAGS@
-DEFS = @DEFS@
-LOCAL_DEFS = @LOCAL_DEFS@
-
-CPPFLAGS = @CPPFLAGS@
-
-BASHINCDIR = ${topdir}/include
-
-LIBBUILD = ${BUILD_DIR}/lib
-
-INTL_LIBSRC = ${topdir}/lib/intl
-INTL_BUILDDIR = ${LIBBUILD}/intl
-INTL_INC = @INTL_INC@
-LIBINTL_H = @LIBINTL_H@
-
-CCFLAGS = $(DEFS) $(LOCAL_DEFS) $(LOCAL_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
-
-#
-# These values are generated for configure by ${topdir}/support/shobj-conf.
-# If your system is not supported by that script, but includes facilities for
-# dynamic loading of shared objects, please update the script and send the
-# changes to bash-maintainers@gnu.org.
-#
-SHOBJ_CC = @SHOBJ_CC@
-SHOBJ_CFLAGS = @SHOBJ_CFLAGS@
-SHOBJ_LD = @SHOBJ_LD@
-SHOBJ_LDFLAGS = @SHOBJ_LDFLAGS@
-SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS = @SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS@
-SHOBJ_LIBS = @SHOBJ_LIBS@
-SHOBJ_STATUS = @SHOBJ_STATUS@
-
-INC = -I. -I.. -I$(topdir) -I$(topdir)/lib -I$(topdir)/builtins \
-      -I$(BASHINCDIR) -I$(BUILD_DIR) -I$(LIBBUILD) \
-      -I$(BUILD_DIR)/builtins $(INTL_INC)
-
-.c.o:
-	$(SHOBJ_CC) $(SHOBJ_CFLAGS) $(CCFLAGS) $(INC) -c -o $@ $<
-
-
-ALLPROG = print truefalse sleep pushd finfo logname basename dirname \
-	  tty pathchk tee head mkdir rmdir printenv id whoami \
-	  uname sync push ln unlink cut realpath getconf strftime
-OTHERPROG = necho hello cat
-
-all:	$(SHOBJ_STATUS)
-
-supported:	$(ALLPROG)
-others:		$(OTHERPROG)
-
-unsupported:
-	@echo "Your system (${host_os}) is not supported by the"
-	@echo "${topdir}/support/shobj-conf script."
-	@echo "If your operating system provides facilities for dynamic"
-	@echo "loading of shared objects using the dlopen(3) interface,"
-	@echo "please update the script and re-run configure.
-	@echo "Please send the changes you made to bash-maintainers@gnu.org"
-	@echo "for inclusion in future bash releases."
-
-everything: supported others
-
-print:	print.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ print.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-necho:	necho.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ necho.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-getconf: getconf.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ getconf.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-hello:	hello.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ hello.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-truefalse: truefalse.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ truefalse.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-sleep:	sleep.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ sleep.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-finfo:	finfo.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ finfo.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-cat:	cat.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ cat.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-logname:	logname.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ logname.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-basename:	basename.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ basename.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-dirname:	dirname.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ dirname.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-tty:	tty.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ tty.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-pathchk:	pathchk.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ pathchk.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-tee:	tee.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ tee.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-mkdir:	mkdir.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ mkdir.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-rmdir:	rmdir.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ rmdir.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-head:	head.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ head.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-printenv:	printenv.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ printenv.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-id:	id.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ id.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-whoami:	whoami.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ whoami.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-uname:	uname.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ uname.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-sync:	sync.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ sync.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-push:	push.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ push.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-ln:	ln.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ ln.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-unlink:	unlink.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ unlink.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-cut:	cut.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ cut.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-realpath:	realpath.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ realpath.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-strftime:	strftime.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ strftime.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-# pushd is a special case.  We use the same source that the builtin version
-# uses, with special compilation options.
-#
-pushd.c:	${topdir}/builtins/pushd.def
-	$(RM) $@
-	${BUILD_DIR}/builtins/mkbuiltins -D ${topdir}/builtins ${topdir}/builtins/pushd.def
-
-pushd.o:	pushd.c
-	$(RM) $@
-	$(SHOBJ_CC) -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DPUSHD_AND_POPD -DLOADABLE_BUILTIN $(SHOBJ_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(INC) -c -o $@ $<
-
-pushd:	pushd.o
-	$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ pushd.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
-
-clean:
-	$(RM) $(ALLPROG) $(OTHERPROG) *.o
-	-( cd perl && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} $@ )
-
-mostlyclean:	clean
-	-( cd perl && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} $@ )
-
-distclean maintainer-clean: clean
-	$(RM) Makefile pushd.c
-	-( cd perl && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} $@ )
-
-print.o: print.c
-truefalse.o: truefalse.c
-sleep.o: sleep.c
-finfo.o: finfo.c
-logname.o: logname.c
-basename.o: basename.c
-dirname.o: dirname.c
-tty.o: tty.c
-pathchk.o: pathchk.c
-tee.o: tee.c
-head.o: head.c
-rmdir.o: rmdir.c
-necho.o: necho.c
-getconf.o: getconf.c
-hello.o: hello.c
-cat.o: cat.c
-printenv.o: printenv.c
-id.o: id.c
-whoami.o: whoami.c
-uname.o: uname.c
-sync.o: sync.c
-push.o: push.c
-mkdir.o: mkdir.c
-realpath.o: realpath.c
-strftime.o: strftime.c
diff --git a/execute_cmd.c~ b/execute_cmd.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index 83f5f4d3..00000000
--- a/execute_cmd.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5502 +0,0 @@
-/* execute_cmd.c -- Execute a COMMAND structure. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#include "config.h"
-
-#if !defined (__GNUC__) && !defined (HAVE_ALLOCA_H) && defined (_AIX)
-  #pragma alloca
-#endif /* _AIX && RISC6000 && !__GNUC__ */
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include "chartypes.h"
-#include "bashtypes.h"
-#if !defined (_MINIX) && defined (HAVE_SYS_FILE_H)
-#  include <sys/file.h>
-#endif
-#include "filecntl.h"
-#include "posixstat.h"
-#include <signal.h>
-#if defined (HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H)
-#  include <sys/param.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "posixtime.h"
-
-#if defined (HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H) && !defined (RLIMTYPE)
-#  include <sys/resource.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H) && defined (HAVE_TIMES)
-#  include <sys/times.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <errno.h>
-
-#if !defined (errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif
-
-#define NEED_FPURGE_DECL
-
-#include "bashansi.h"
-#include "bashintl.h"
-
-#include "memalloc.h"
-#include "shell.h"
-#include <y.tab.h>	/* use <...> so we pick it up from the build directory */
-#include "flags.h"
-#include "builtins.h"
-#include "hashlib.h"
-#include "jobs.h"
-#include "execute_cmd.h"
-#include "findcmd.h"
-#include "redir.h"
-#include "trap.h"
-#include "pathexp.h"
-#include "hashcmd.h"
-
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-#  include "test.h"
-#endif
-
-#include "builtins/common.h"
-#include "builtins/builtext.h"	/* list of builtins */
-
-#include <glob/strmatch.h>
-#include <tilde/tilde.h>
-
-#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
-#  include "input.h"
-#endif
-
-#if defined (ALIAS)
-#  include "alias.h"
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HISTORY)
-#  include "bashhist.h"
-#endif
-
-extern int dollar_dollar_pid;
-extern int posixly_correct;
-extern int expand_aliases;
-extern int autocd;
-extern int breaking, continuing, loop_level;
-extern int parse_and_execute_level, running_trap, sourcelevel;
-extern int command_string_index, line_number;
-extern int dot_found_in_search;
-extern int already_making_children;
-extern int tempenv_assign_error;
-extern char *the_printed_command, *shell_name;
-extern pid_t last_command_subst_pid;
-extern sh_builtin_func_t *last_shell_builtin, *this_shell_builtin;
-extern char **subshell_argv, **subshell_envp;
-extern int subshell_argc;
-extern time_t shell_start_time;
-#if 0
-extern char *glob_argv_flags;
-#endif
-
-extern int job_control;	/* XXX */
-
-extern int close __P((int));
-
-/* Static functions defined and used in this file. */
-static void close_pipes __P((int, int));
-static void do_piping __P((int, int));
-static void bind_lastarg __P((char *));
-static int shell_control_structure __P((enum command_type));
-static void cleanup_redirects __P((REDIRECT *));
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-static int restore_signal_mask __P((sigset_t *));
-#endif
-
-static void async_redirect_stdin __P((void));
-
-static int builtin_status __P((int));
-
-static int execute_for_command __P((FOR_COM *));
-#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
-static int displen __P((const char *));
-static int print_index_and_element __P((int, int, WORD_LIST *));
-static void indent __P((int, int));
-static void print_select_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int, int, int));
-static char *select_query __P((WORD_LIST *, int, char *, int));
-static int execute_select_command __P((SELECT_COM *));
-#endif
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-static int execute_arith_command __P((ARITH_COM *));
-#endif
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-static int execute_cond_node __P((COND_COM *));
-static int execute_cond_command __P((COND_COM *));
-#endif
-#if defined (COMMAND_TIMING)
-static int mkfmt __P((char *, int, int, time_t, int));
-static void print_formatted_time __P((FILE *, char *,
-				      time_t, int, time_t, int,
-				      time_t, int, int));
-static int time_command __P((COMMAND *, int, int, int, struct fd_bitmap *));
-#endif
-#if defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
-static intmax_t eval_arith_for_expr __P((WORD_LIST *, int *));
-static int execute_arith_for_command __P((ARITH_FOR_COM *));
-#endif
-static int execute_case_command __P((CASE_COM *));
-static int execute_while_command __P((WHILE_COM *));
-static int execute_until_command __P((WHILE_COM *));
-static int execute_while_or_until __P((WHILE_COM *, int));
-static int execute_if_command __P((IF_COM *));
-static int execute_null_command __P((REDIRECT *, int, int, int));
-static void fix_assignment_words __P((WORD_LIST *));
-static int execute_simple_command __P((SIMPLE_COM *, int, int, int, struct fd_bitmap *));
-static int execute_builtin __P((sh_builtin_func_t *, WORD_LIST *, int, int));
-static int execute_function __P((SHELL_VAR *, WORD_LIST *, int, struct fd_bitmap *, int, int));
-static int execute_builtin_or_function __P((WORD_LIST *, sh_builtin_func_t *,
-					    SHELL_VAR *,
-					    REDIRECT *, struct fd_bitmap *, int));
-static void execute_subshell_builtin_or_function __P((WORD_LIST *, REDIRECT *,
-						      sh_builtin_func_t *,
-						      SHELL_VAR *,
-						      int, int, int,
-						      struct fd_bitmap *,
-						      int));
-static int execute_disk_command __P((WORD_LIST *, REDIRECT *, char *,
-				      int, int, int, struct fd_bitmap *, int));
-
-static char *getinterp __P((char *, int, int *));
-static void initialize_subshell __P((void));
-static int execute_in_subshell __P((COMMAND *, int, int, int, struct fd_bitmap *));
-#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
-static int execute_coproc __P((COMMAND *, int, int, struct fd_bitmap *));
-#endif
-
-static int execute_pipeline __P((COMMAND *, int, int, int, struct fd_bitmap *));
-
-static int execute_connection __P((COMMAND *, int, int, int, struct fd_bitmap *));
-
-static int execute_intern_function __P((WORD_DESC *, FUNCTION_DEF *));
-
-/* Set to 1 if fd 0 was the subject of redirection to a subshell.  Global
-   so that reader_loop can set it to zero before executing a command. */
-int stdin_redir;
-
-/* The name of the command that is currently being executed.
-   `test' needs this, for example. */
-char *this_command_name;
-
-/* The printed representation of the currently-executing command (same as
-   the_printed_command), except when a trap is being executed.  Useful for
-   a debugger to know where exactly the program is currently executing. */
-char *the_printed_command_except_trap;
-
-/* For catching RETURN in a function. */
-int return_catch_flag;
-int return_catch_value;
-procenv_t return_catch;
-
-/* The value returned by the last synchronous command. */
-volatile int last_command_exit_value;
-
-/* Whether or not the last command (corresponding to last_command_exit_value)
-   was terminated by a signal, and, if so, which one. */
-int last_command_exit_signal;
-
-/* Are we currently ignoring the -e option for the duration of a builtin's
-   execution? */
-int builtin_ignoring_errexit = 0;
-
-/* The list of redirections to perform which will undo the redirections
-   that I made in the shell. */
-REDIRECT *redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-
-/* The list of redirections to perform which will undo the internal
-   redirections performed by the `exec' builtin.  These are redirections
-   that must be undone even when exec discards redirection_undo_list. */
-REDIRECT *exec_redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-
-/* When greater than zero, value is the `level' of builtins we are
-   currently executing (e.g. `eval echo a' would have it set to 2). */
-int executing_builtin = 0;
-
-/* Non-zero if we are executing a command list (a;b;c, etc.) */
-int executing_list = 0;
-
-/* Non-zero if failing commands in a command substitution should not exit the
-   shell even if -e is set.  Used to pass the CMD_IGNORE_RETURN flag down to
-   commands run in command substitutions by parse_and_execute. */
-int comsub_ignore_return = 0;
-
-/* Non-zero if we have just forked and are currently running in a subshell
-   environment. */
-int subshell_environment;
-
-/* Count of nested subshells, like SHLVL.  Available via $BASH_SUBSHELL */
-int subshell_level = 0;
-
-/* Currently-executing shell function. */
-SHELL_VAR *this_shell_function;
-
-/* If non-zero, matches in case and [[ ... ]] are case-insensitive */
-int match_ignore_case = 0;
-
-int executing_command_builtin = 0;
-
-struct stat SB;		/* used for debugging */
-
-static int special_builtin_failed;
-
-static COMMAND *currently_executing_command;
-
-/* The line number that the currently executing function starts on. */
-static int function_line_number;
-
-/* XXX - set to 1 if we're running the DEBUG trap and we want to show the line
-   number containing the function name.  Used by executing_line_number to
-   report the correct line number.  Kind of a hack. */
-static int showing_function_line;
-
-/* $LINENO ($BASH_LINENO) for use by an ERR trap.  Global so parse_and_execute
-   can save and restore it. */
-int line_number_for_err_trap;
-
-/* A sort of function nesting level counter */
-int funcnest = 0;
-int funcnest_max = 0;
-
-int evalnest = 0;		/* bash-4.4/bash-5.0 */
-int evalnest_max = 4096;
-
-volatile int from_return_trap = 0;
-
-int lastpipe_opt = 0;
-
-struct fd_bitmap *current_fds_to_close = (struct fd_bitmap *)NULL;
-
-#define FD_BITMAP_DEFAULT_SIZE 32
-
-/* Functions to allocate and deallocate the structures used to pass
-   information from the shell to its children about file descriptors
-   to close. */
-struct fd_bitmap *
-new_fd_bitmap (size)
-     int size;
-{
-  struct fd_bitmap *ret;
-
-  ret = (struct fd_bitmap *)xmalloc (sizeof (struct fd_bitmap));
-
-  ret->size = size;
-
-  if (size)
-    {
-      ret->bitmap = (char *)xmalloc (size);
-      memset (ret->bitmap, '\0', size);
-    }
-  else
-    ret->bitmap = (char *)NULL;
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-void
-dispose_fd_bitmap (fdbp)
-     struct fd_bitmap *fdbp;
-{
-  FREE (fdbp->bitmap);
-  free (fdbp);
-}
-
-void
-close_fd_bitmap (fdbp)
-     struct fd_bitmap *fdbp;
-{
-  register int i;
-
-  if (fdbp)
-    {
-      for (i = 0; i < fdbp->size; i++)
-	if (fdbp->bitmap[i])
-	  {
-	    close (i);
-	    fdbp->bitmap[i] = 0;
-	  }
-    }
-}
-
-/* Return the line number of the currently executing command. */
-int
-executing_line_number ()
-{
-  if (executing && showing_function_line == 0 &&
-      (variable_context == 0 || interactive_shell == 0) &&
-      currently_executing_command)
-    {
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-      if (currently_executing_command->type == cm_cond)
-	return currently_executing_command->value.Cond->line;
-#endif
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-      if (currently_executing_command->type == cm_arith)
-	return currently_executing_command->value.Arith->line;
-#endif
-#if defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
-      if (currently_executing_command->type == cm_arith_for)
-	return currently_executing_command->value.ArithFor->line;
-#endif
-
-	return line_number;
-    }
-  else
-    return line_number;
-}
-
-/* Execute the command passed in COMMAND.  COMMAND is exactly what
-   read_command () places into GLOBAL_COMMAND.  See "command.h" for the
-   details of the command structure.
-
-   EXECUTION_SUCCESS or EXECUTION_FAILURE are the only possible
-   return values.  Executing a command with nothing in it returns
-   EXECUTION_SUCCESS. */
-int
-execute_command (command)
-     COMMAND *command;
-{
-  struct fd_bitmap *bitmap;
-  int result;
-
-  current_fds_to_close = (struct fd_bitmap *)NULL;
-  bitmap = new_fd_bitmap (FD_BITMAP_DEFAULT_SIZE);
-  begin_unwind_frame ("execute-command");
-  add_unwind_protect (dispose_fd_bitmap, (char *)bitmap);
-
-  /* Just do the command, but not asynchronously. */
-  result = execute_command_internal (command, 0, NO_PIPE, NO_PIPE, bitmap);
-
-  dispose_fd_bitmap (bitmap);
-  discard_unwind_frame ("execute-command");
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-  /* don't unlink fifos if we're in a shell function; wait until the function
-     returns. */
-  if (variable_context == 0)
-    unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
-
-  QUIT;
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Return 1 if TYPE is a shell control structure type. */
-static int
-shell_control_structure (type)
-     enum command_type type;
-{
-  switch (type)
-    {
-#if defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
-    case cm_arith_for:
-#endif
-#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
-    case cm_select:
-#endif
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-    case cm_arith:
-#endif
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-    case cm_cond:
-#endif
-    case cm_case:
-    case cm_while:
-    case cm_until:
-    case cm_if:
-    case cm_for:
-    case cm_group:
-    case cm_function_def:
-      return (1);
-
-    default:
-      return (0);
-    }
-}
-
-/* A function to use to unwind_protect the redirection undo list
-   for loops. */
-static void
-cleanup_redirects (list)
-     REDIRECT *list;
-{
-  do_redirections (list, RX_ACTIVE);
-  dispose_redirects (list);
-}
-
-#if 0
-/* Function to unwind_protect the redirections for functions and builtins. */
-static void
-cleanup_func_redirects (list)
-     REDIRECT *list;
-{
-  do_redirections (list, RX_ACTIVE);
-}
-#endif
-
-void
-dispose_exec_redirects ()
-{
-  if (exec_redirection_undo_list)
-    {
-      dispose_redirects (exec_redirection_undo_list);
-      exec_redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-/* A function to restore the signal mask to its proper value when the shell
-   is interrupted or errors occur while creating a pipeline. */
-static int
-restore_signal_mask (set)
-     sigset_t *set;
-{
-  return (sigprocmask (SIG_SETMASK, set, (sigset_t *)NULL));
-}
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-#ifdef DEBUG
-/* A debugging function that can be called from gdb, for instance. */
-void
-open_files ()
-{
-  register int i;
-  int f, fd_table_size;
-
-  fd_table_size = getdtablesize ();
-
-  fprintf (stderr, "pid %ld open files:", (long)getpid ());
-  for (i = 3; i < fd_table_size; i++)
-    {
-      if ((f = fcntl (i, F_GETFD, 0)) != -1)
-	fprintf (stderr, " %d (%s)", i, f ? "close" : "open");
-    }
-  fprintf (stderr, "\n");
-}
-#endif
-
-static void
-async_redirect_stdin ()
-{
-  int fd;
-
-  fd = open ("/dev/null", O_RDONLY);
-  if (fd > 0)
-    {
-      dup2 (fd, 0);
-      close (fd);
-    }
-  else if (fd < 0)
-    internal_error (_("cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s"), strerror (errno));
-}
-
-#define DESCRIBE_PID(pid) do { if (interactive) describe_pid (pid); } while (0)
-
-/* Execute the command passed in COMMAND, perhaps doing it asynchronously.
-   COMMAND is exactly what read_command () places into GLOBAL_COMMAND.
-   ASYNCHROUNOUS, if non-zero, says to do this command in the background.
-   PIPE_IN and PIPE_OUT are file descriptors saying where input comes
-   from and where it goes.  They can have the value of NO_PIPE, which means
-   I/O is stdin/stdout.
-   FDS_TO_CLOSE is a list of file descriptors to close once the child has
-   been forked.  This list often contains the unusable sides of pipes, etc.
-
-   EXECUTION_SUCCESS or EXECUTION_FAILURE are the only possible
-   return values.  Executing a command with nothing in it returns
-   EXECUTION_SUCCESS. */
-int
-execute_command_internal (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out,
-			  fds_to_close)
-     COMMAND *command;
-     int asynchronous;
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-{
-  int exec_result, user_subshell, invert, ignore_return, was_error_trap;
-  REDIRECT *my_undo_list, *exec_undo_list;
-  char *tcmd;
-  volatile int last_pid;
-  volatile int save_line_number;
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-  volatile int ofifo, nfifo, osize, saved_fifo;
-  volatile char *ofifo_list;
-#endif
-
-  if (breaking || continuing)
-    return (last_command_exit_value);
-  if (command == 0 || read_but_dont_execute)
-    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
-  QUIT;
-  run_pending_traps ();
-
-#if 0
-  if (running_trap == 0)
-#endif
-    currently_executing_command = command;
-
-  invert = (command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) != 0;
-
-  /* If we're inverting the return value and `set -e' has been executed,
-     we don't want a failing command to inadvertently cause the shell
-     to exit. */
-  if (exit_immediately_on_error && invert)	/* XXX */
-    command->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;	/* XXX */
-
-  exec_result = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-
-  /* If a command was being explicitly run in a subshell, or if it is
-     a shell control-structure, and it has a pipe, then we do the command
-     in a subshell. */
-  if (command->type == cm_subshell && (command->flags & CMD_NO_FORK))
-    return (execute_in_subshell (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close));
-
-#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
-  if (command->type == cm_coproc)
-    return (execute_coproc (command, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close));
-#endif
-
-  user_subshell = command->type == cm_subshell || ((command->flags & CMD_WANT_SUBSHELL) != 0);
-
-  if (command->type == cm_subshell ||
-      (command->flags & (CMD_WANT_SUBSHELL|CMD_FORCE_SUBSHELL)) ||
-      (shell_control_structure (command->type) &&
-       (pipe_out != NO_PIPE || pipe_in != NO_PIPE || asynchronous)))
-    {
-      pid_t paren_pid;
-      int s;
-
-      /* Fork a subshell, turn off the subshell bit, turn off job
-	 control and call execute_command () on the command again. */
-      line_number_for_err_trap = line_number;
-      tcmd = make_command_string (command);
-      paren_pid = make_child (savestring (tcmd), asynchronous);
-
-      if (user_subshell && signal_is_trapped (ERROR_TRAP) && 
-	  signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && running_trap == 0)
-	{
-	  FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-	  the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
-	}
-
-      if (paren_pid == 0)
-        {
-	  /* We want to run the exit trap for forced {} subshells, and we
-	     want to note this before execute_in_subshell modifies the
-	     COMMAND struct.  Need to keep in mind that execute_in_subshell
-	     runs the exit trap for () subshells itself. */
-	  /* This handles { command; } & */
-	  s = user_subshell == 0 && command->type == cm_group && pipe_in == NO_PIPE && pipe_out == NO_PIPE && asynchronous;
-	  /* run exit trap for : | { ...; } and { ...; } | : */
-	  /* run exit trap for : | ( ...; ) and ( ...; ) | : */
-	  s += user_subshell == 0 && command->type == cm_group && (pipe_in != NO_PIPE || pipe_out != NO_PIPE) && asynchronous == 0;
-
-	  last_command_exit_value = execute_in_subshell (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-	  if (s)
-	    subshell_exit (last_command_exit_value);
-	  else
-	    exit (last_command_exit_value);
-	  /* NOTREACHED */
-        }
-      else
-	{
-	  close_pipes (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION) && defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-	  if (variable_context == 0)	/* wait until shell function completes */
-	    unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif
-	  /* If we are part of a pipeline, and not the end of the pipeline,
-	     then we should simply return and let the last command in the
-	     pipe be waited for.  If we are not in a pipeline, or are the
-	     last command in the pipeline, then we wait for the subshell
-	     and return its exit status as usual. */
-	  if (pipe_out != NO_PIPE)
-	    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
-	  stop_pipeline (asynchronous, (COMMAND *)NULL);
-
-	  if (asynchronous == 0)
-	    {
-	      was_error_trap = signal_is_trapped (ERROR_TRAP) && signal_is_ignored (ERROR_TRAP) == 0;
-	      invert = (command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) != 0;
-	      ignore_return = (command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) != 0;
-
-	      exec_result = wait_for (paren_pid);
-
-	      /* If we have to, invert the return value. */
-	      if (invert)
-		exec_result = ((exec_result == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-				? EXECUTION_FAILURE
-				: EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
-	      last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	      if (user_subshell && was_error_trap && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-		{
-		  save_line_number = line_number;
-		  line_number = line_number_for_err_trap;
-		  run_error_trap ();
-		  line_number = save_line_number;
-		}
-
-	      if (user_subshell && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exit_immediately_on_error && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-		{
-		  run_pending_traps ();
-		  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-		}
-
-	      return (last_command_exit_value);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      DESCRIBE_PID (paren_pid);
-
-	      run_pending_traps ();
-
-	      /* Posix 2013 2.9.3.1: "the exit status of an asynchronous list
-		 shall be zero." */
-	      last_command_exit_value = 0;
-	      return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-
-#if defined (COMMAND_TIMING)
-  if (command->flags & CMD_TIME_PIPELINE)
-    {
-      if (asynchronous)
-	{
-	  command->flags |= CMD_FORCE_SUBSHELL;
-	  exec_result = execute_command_internal (command, 1, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  exec_result = time_command (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-#if 0
-	  if (running_trap == 0)
-#endif
-	    currently_executing_command = (COMMAND *)NULL;
-	}
-      return (exec_result);
-    }
-#endif /* COMMAND_TIMING */
-
-  if (shell_control_structure (command->type) && command->redirects)
-    stdin_redir = stdin_redirects (command->redirects);
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-  if (variable_context != 0)
-    {
-      ofifo = num_fifos ();
-      ofifo_list = copy_fifo_list ((int *)&osize);
-      saved_fifo = 1;
-    }
-  else
-    saved_fifo = 0;
-#endif
-
-  /* Handle WHILE FOR CASE etc. with redirections.  (Also '&' input
-     redirection.)  */
-  if (do_redirections (command->redirects, RX_ACTIVE|RX_UNDOABLE) != 0)
-    {
-      cleanup_redirects (redirection_undo_list);
-      redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-      dispose_exec_redirects ();
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-      if (saved_fifo)
-	free ((void *)ofifo_list);
-#endif
-      return (last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-  if (redirection_undo_list)
-    {
-      /* XXX - why copy here? */
-      my_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)copy_redirects (redirection_undo_list);
-      dispose_redirects (redirection_undo_list);
-      redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-    }
-  else
-    my_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-
-  if (exec_redirection_undo_list)
-    {
-      /* XXX - why copy here? */
-      exec_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)copy_redirects (exec_redirection_undo_list);
-      dispose_redirects (exec_redirection_undo_list);
-      exec_redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-    }
-  else
-    exec_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-
-  if (my_undo_list || exec_undo_list)
-    begin_unwind_frame ("loop_redirections");
-
-  if (my_undo_list)
-    add_unwind_protect ((Function *)cleanup_redirects, my_undo_list);
-
-  if (exec_undo_list)
-    add_unwind_protect ((Function *)dispose_redirects, exec_undo_list);
-
-  ignore_return = (command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) != 0;
-
-  QUIT;
-
-  switch (command->type)
-    {
-    case cm_simple:
-      {
-	save_line_number = line_number;
-	/* We can't rely on variables retaining their values across a
-	   call to execute_simple_command if a longjmp occurs as the
-	   result of a `return' builtin.  This is true for sure with gcc. */
-#if defined (RECYCLES_PIDS)
-	last_made_pid = NO_PID;
-#endif
-	last_pid = last_made_pid;
-	was_error_trap = signal_is_trapped (ERROR_TRAP) && signal_is_ignored (ERROR_TRAP) == 0;
-
-	if (ignore_return && command->value.Simple)
-	  command->value.Simple->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-	if (command->flags & CMD_STDIN_REDIR)
-	  command->value.Simple->flags |= CMD_STDIN_REDIR;
-
-	line_number_for_err_trap = line_number = command->value.Simple->line;
-	exec_result =
-	  execute_simple_command (command->value.Simple, pipe_in, pipe_out,
-				  asynchronous, fds_to_close);
-	line_number = save_line_number;
-
-	/* The temporary environment should be used for only the simple
-	   command immediately following its definition. */
-	dispose_used_env_vars ();
-
-#if (defined (ultrix) && defined (mips)) || defined (C_ALLOCA)
-	/* Reclaim memory allocated with alloca () on machines which
-	   may be using the alloca emulation code. */
-	(void) alloca (0);
-#endif /* (ultrix && mips) || C_ALLOCA */
-
-	/* If we forked to do the command, then we must wait_for ()
-	   the child. */
-
-	/* XXX - this is something to watch out for if there are problems
-	   when the shell is compiled without job control.  Don't worry about
-	   whether or not last_made_pid == last_pid; already_making_children
-	   tells us whether or not there are unwaited-for children to wait
-	   for and reap. */
-	if (already_making_children && pipe_out == NO_PIPE)
-	  {
-	    stop_pipeline (asynchronous, (COMMAND *)NULL);
-
-	    if (asynchronous)
-	      {
-		DESCRIBE_PID (last_made_pid);
-	      }
-	    else
-#if !defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-	      /* Do not wait for asynchronous processes started from
-		 startup files. */
-	    if (last_made_pid != last_asynchronous_pid)
-#endif
-	    /* When executing a shell function that executes other
-	       commands, this causes the last simple command in
-	       the function to be waited for twice.  This also causes
-	       subshells forked to execute builtin commands (e.g., in
-	       pipelines) to be waited for twice. */
-	      exec_result = wait_for (last_made_pid);
-	  }
-      }
-
-      /* 2009/02/13 -- pipeline failure is processed elsewhere.  This handles
-	 only the failure of a simple command. */
-      if (was_error_trap && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && pipe_in == NO_PIPE && pipe_out == NO_PIPE && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  line_number = line_number_for_err_trap;
-	  run_error_trap ();
-	  line_number = save_line_number;
-	}
-
-      if (ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 &&
-	  ((posixly_correct && interactive == 0 && special_builtin_failed) ||
-	   (exit_immediately_on_error && pipe_in == NO_PIPE && pipe_out == NO_PIPE && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)))
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  run_pending_traps ();
-
-#if 0	  /* XXX - bash-4.4 or bash-5.0 */
-	  /* Undo redirections before running exit trap on the way out of
-	     set -e. Report by Mark Farrell 5/19/2014 */
-	  if (exit_immediately_on_error && signal_is_trapped (0) &&
-		unwind_protect_tag_on_stack ("saved-redirects"))
-	    run_unwind_frame ("saved-redirects");
-#endif
-  
-	  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-	}
-
-      break;
-
-    case cm_for:
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.For->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      exec_result = execute_for_command (command->value.For);
-      break;
-
-#if defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
-    case cm_arith_for:
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.ArithFor->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      exec_result = execute_arith_for_command (command->value.ArithFor);
-      break;
-#endif
-
-#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
-    case cm_select:
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.Select->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      exec_result = execute_select_command (command->value.Select);
-      break;
-#endif
-
-    case cm_case:
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.Case->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      exec_result = execute_case_command (command->value.Case);
-      break;
-
-    case cm_while:
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.While->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      exec_result = execute_while_command (command->value.While);
-      break;
-
-    case cm_until:
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.While->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      exec_result = execute_until_command (command->value.While);
-      break;
-
-    case cm_if:
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.If->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      exec_result = execute_if_command (command->value.If);
-      break;
-
-    case cm_group:
-
-      /* This code can be executed from either of two paths: an explicit
-	 '{}' command, or via a function call.  If we are executed via a
-	 function call, we have already taken care of the function being
-	 executed in the background (down there in execute_simple_command ()),
-	 and this command should *not* be marked as asynchronous.  If we
-	 are executing a regular '{}' group command, and asynchronous == 1,
-	 we must want to execute the whole command in the background, so we
-	 need a subshell, and we want the stuff executed in that subshell
-	 (this group command) to be executed in the foreground of that
-	 subshell (i.e. there will not be *another* subshell forked).
-
-	 What we do is to force a subshell if asynchronous, and then call
-	 execute_command_internal again with asynchronous still set to 1,
-	 but with the original group command, so the printed command will
-	 look right.
-
-	 The code above that handles forking off subshells will note that
-	 both subshell and async are on, and turn off async in the child
-	 after forking the subshell (but leave async set in the parent, so
-	 the normal call to describe_pid is made).  This turning off
-	 async is *crucial*; if it is not done, this will fall into an
-	 infinite loop of executions through this spot in subshell after
-	 subshell until the process limit is exhausted. */
-
-      if (asynchronous)
-	{
-	  command->flags |= CMD_FORCE_SUBSHELL;
-	  exec_result =
-	    execute_command_internal (command, 1, pipe_in, pipe_out,
-				      fds_to_close);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  if (ignore_return && command->value.Group->command)
-	    command->value.Group->command->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-	  exec_result =
-	    execute_command_internal (command->value.Group->command,
-				      asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out,
-				      fds_to_close);
-	}
-      break;
-
-    case cm_connection:
-      exec_result = execute_connection (command, asynchronous,
-					pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-      break;
-
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-    case cm_arith:
-      was_error_trap = signal_is_trapped (ERROR_TRAP) && signal_is_ignored (ERROR_TRAP) == 0;
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.Arith->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      line_number_for_err_trap = save_line_number = line_number;
-      exec_result = execute_arith_command (command->value.Arith);
-      line_number = save_line_number;
-
-      if (was_error_trap && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  save_line_number = line_number;
-	  line_number = line_number_for_err_trap;
-	  run_error_trap ();
-	  line_number = save_line_number;
-	}
-
-      if (ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exit_immediately_on_error && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  run_pending_traps ();
-	  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-	}
-
-      break;
-#endif
-
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-    case cm_cond:
-      was_error_trap = signal_is_trapped (ERROR_TRAP) && signal_is_ignored (ERROR_TRAP) == 0;
-      if (ignore_return)
-	command->value.Cond->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-      line_number_for_err_trap = save_line_number = line_number;
-      exec_result = execute_cond_command (command->value.Cond);
-      line_number = save_line_number;
-
-      if (was_error_trap && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  save_line_number = line_number;
-	  line_number = line_number_for_err_trap;
-	  run_error_trap ();
-	  line_number = save_line_number;
-	}
-
-      if (ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exit_immediately_on_error && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  run_pending_traps ();
-	  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-	}
-
-      break;
-#endif
-    
-    case cm_function_def:
-      exec_result = execute_intern_function (command->value.Function_def->name,
-					     command->value.Function_def);
-      break;
-
-    default:
-      command_error ("execute_command", CMDERR_BADTYPE, command->type, 0);
-    }
-
-  if (my_undo_list)
-    {
-      do_redirections (my_undo_list, RX_ACTIVE);
-      dispose_redirects (my_undo_list);
-    }
-
-  if (exec_undo_list)
-    dispose_redirects (exec_undo_list);
-
-  if (my_undo_list || exec_undo_list)
-    discard_unwind_frame ("loop_redirections");
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-  if (saved_fifo)
-    {
-      nfifo = num_fifos ();
-      if (nfifo > ofifo)
-	close_new_fifos ((char *)ofifo_list, osize);
-      free ((void *)ofifo_list);
-    }
-#endif
-
-  /* Invert the return value if we have to */
-  if (invert)
-    exec_result = (exec_result == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-		    ? EXECUTION_FAILURE
-		    : EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC) || defined (COND_COMMAND)
-  /* This is where we set PIPESTATUS from the exit status of the appropriate
-     compound commands (the ones that look enough like simple commands to
-     cause confusion).  We might be able to optimize by not doing this if
-     subshell_environment != 0. */
-  switch (command->type)
-    {
-#  if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-    case cm_arith:
-#  endif
-#  if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-    case cm_cond:
-#  endif
-      set_pipestatus_from_exit (exec_result);
-      break;
-    }
-#endif
-
-  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-  run_pending_traps ();
-#if 0
-  if (running_trap == 0)
-#endif
-    currently_executing_command = (COMMAND *)NULL;
-
-  return (last_command_exit_value);
-}
-
-#if defined (COMMAND_TIMING)
-
-#if defined (HAVE_GETRUSAGE) && defined (HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY)
-extern struct timeval *difftimeval __P((struct timeval *, struct timeval *, struct timeval *));
-extern struct timeval *addtimeval __P((struct timeval *, struct timeval *, struct timeval *));
-extern int timeval_to_cpu __P((struct timeval *, struct timeval *, struct timeval *));
-#endif
-
-#define POSIX_TIMEFORMAT "real %2R\nuser %2U\nsys %2S"
-#define BASH_TIMEFORMAT  "\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS"
-
-static const int precs[] = { 0, 100, 10, 1 };
-
-#if defined (HAVE_LOCALE_H) && defined (HAVE_LOCALECONV)
-static int
-decpoint ()
-{
-  struct lconv *lv;
-
-  lv = localeconv ();
-  return (lv && lv->decimal_point && lv->decimal_point[0]) ? lv->decimal_point[0] : '.';
-}
-#else
-#  define decpoint() '.'
-#endif
-
-/* Expand one `%'-prefixed escape sequence from a time format string. */
-static int
-mkfmt (buf, prec, lng, sec, sec_fraction)
-     char *buf;
-     int prec, lng;
-     time_t sec;
-     int sec_fraction;
-{
-  time_t min;
-  char abuf[INT_STRLEN_BOUND(time_t) + 1];
-  int ind, aind;
-
-  ind = 0;
-  abuf[sizeof(abuf) - 1] = '\0';
-
-  /* If LNG is non-zero, we want to decompose SEC into minutes and seconds. */
-  if (lng)
-    {
-      min = sec / 60;
-      sec %= 60;
-      aind = sizeof(abuf) - 2;
-      do
-	abuf[aind--] = (min % 10) + '0';
-      while (min /= 10);
-      aind++;
-      while (abuf[aind])
-	buf[ind++] = abuf[aind++];
-      buf[ind++] = 'm';
-    }
-
-  /* Now add the seconds. */
-  aind = sizeof (abuf) - 2;
-  do
-    abuf[aind--] = (sec % 10) + '0';
-  while (sec /= 10);
-  aind++;
-  while (abuf[aind])
-    buf[ind++] = abuf[aind++];
-
-  /* We want to add a decimal point and PREC places after it if PREC is
-     nonzero.  PREC is not greater than 3.  SEC_FRACTION is between 0
-     and 999. */
-  if (prec != 0)
-    {
-      buf[ind++] = decpoint ();
-      for (aind = 1; aind <= prec; aind++)
-	{
-	  buf[ind++] = (sec_fraction / precs[aind]) + '0';
-	  sec_fraction %= precs[aind];
-	}
-    }
-
-  if (lng)
-    buf[ind++] = 's';
-  buf[ind] = '\0';
-
-  return (ind);
-}
-
-/* Interpret the format string FORMAT, interpolating the following escape
-   sequences:
-		%[prec][l][RUS]
-
-   where the optional `prec' is a precision, meaning the number of
-   characters after the decimal point, the optional `l' means to format
-   using minutes and seconds (MMmNN[.FF]s), like the `times' builtin',
-   and the last character is one of
-   
-		R	number of seconds of `real' time
-		U	number of seconds of `user' time
-		S	number of seconds of `system' time
-
-   An occurrence of `%%' in the format string is translated to a `%'.  The
-   result is printed to FP, a pointer to a FILE.  The other variables are
-   the seconds and thousandths of a second of real, user, and system time,
-   resectively. */
-static void
-print_formatted_time (fp, format, rs, rsf, us, usf, ss, ssf, cpu)
-     FILE *fp;
-     char *format;
-     time_t rs;
-     int rsf;
-     time_t us;
-     int usf;
-     time_t ss;
-     int ssf, cpu;
-{
-  int prec, lng, len;
-  char *str, *s, ts[INT_STRLEN_BOUND (time_t) + sizeof ("mSS.FFFF")];
-  time_t sum;
-  int sum_frac;
-  int sindex, ssize;
-
-  len = strlen (format);
-  ssize = (len + 64) - (len % 64);
-  str = (char *)xmalloc (ssize);
-  sindex = 0;
-
-  for (s = format; *s; s++)
-    {
-      if (*s != '%' || s[1] == '\0')
-	{
-	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (str, sindex, 1, ssize, 64);
-	  str[sindex++] = *s;
-	}
-      else if (s[1] == '%')
-	{
-	  s++;
-	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (str, sindex, 1, ssize, 64);
-	  str[sindex++] = *s;
-	}
-      else if (s[1] == 'P')
-	{
-	  s++;
-#if 0
-	  /* clamp CPU usage at 100% */
-	  if (cpu > 10000)
-	    cpu = 10000;
-#endif
-	  sum = cpu / 100;
-	  sum_frac = (cpu % 100) * 10;
-	  len = mkfmt (ts, 2, 0, sum, sum_frac);
-	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (str, sindex, len, ssize, 64);
-	  strcpy (str + sindex, ts);
-	  sindex += len;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  prec = 3;	/* default is three places past the decimal point. */
-	  lng = 0;	/* default is to not use minutes or append `s' */
-	  s++;
-	  if (DIGIT (*s))		/* `precision' */
-	    {
-	      prec = *s++ - '0';
-	      if (prec > 3) prec = 3;
-	    }
-	  if (*s == 'l')		/* `length extender' */
-	    {
-	      lng = 1;
-	      s++;
-	    }
-	  if (*s == 'R' || *s == 'E')
-	    len = mkfmt (ts, prec, lng, rs, rsf);
-	  else if (*s == 'U')
-	    len = mkfmt (ts, prec, lng, us, usf);
-	  else if (*s == 'S')
-	    len = mkfmt (ts, prec, lng, ss, ssf);
-	  else
-	    {
-	      internal_error (_("TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format character"), *s);
-	      free (str);
-	      return;
-	    }
-	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (str, sindex, len, ssize, 64);
-	  strcpy (str + sindex, ts);
-	  sindex += len;
-	}
-    }
-
-  str[sindex] = '\0';
-  fprintf (fp, "%s\n", str);
-  fflush (fp);
-
-  free (str);
-}
-
-static int
-time_command (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close)
-     COMMAND *command;
-     int asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-{
-  int rv, posix_time, old_flags, nullcmd;
-  time_t rs, us, ss;
-  int rsf, usf, ssf;
-  int cpu;
-  char *time_format;
-
-#if defined (HAVE_GETRUSAGE) && defined (HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY)
-  struct timeval real, user, sys;
-  struct timeval before, after;
-#  if defined (HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE)
-  struct timezone dtz;				/* posix doesn't define this */
-#  endif
-  struct rusage selfb, selfa, kidsb, kidsa;	/* a = after, b = before */
-#else
-#  if defined (HAVE_TIMES)
-  clock_t tbefore, tafter, real, user, sys;
-  struct tms before, after;
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HAVE_GETRUSAGE) && defined (HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY)
-#  if defined (HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE)
-  gettimeofday (&before, &dtz);
-#  else
-  gettimeofday (&before, (void *)NULL);
-#  endif /* !HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE */
-  getrusage (RUSAGE_SELF, &selfb);
-  getrusage (RUSAGE_CHILDREN, &kidsb);
-#else
-#  if defined (HAVE_TIMES)
-  tbefore = times (&before);
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-  posix_time = command && (command->flags & CMD_TIME_POSIX);
-
-  nullcmd = (command == 0) || (command->type == cm_simple && command->value.Simple->words == 0 && command->value.Simple->redirects == 0);
-  if (posixly_correct && nullcmd)
-    {
-#if defined (HAVE_GETRUSAGE)
-      selfb.ru_utime.tv_sec = kidsb.ru_utime.tv_sec = selfb.ru_stime.tv_sec = kidsb.ru_stime.tv_sec = 0;
-      selfb.ru_utime.tv_usec = kidsb.ru_utime.tv_usec = selfb.ru_stime.tv_usec = kidsb.ru_stime.tv_usec = 0;
-      before.tv_sec = shell_start_time;
-      before.tv_usec = 0;
-#else
-      before.tms_utime = before.tms_stime = before.tms_cutime = before.tms_cstime = 0;
-      tbefore = shell_start_time;
-#endif
-    }
-
-  old_flags = command->flags;
-  command->flags &= ~(CMD_TIME_PIPELINE|CMD_TIME_POSIX);
-  rv = execute_command_internal (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-  command->flags = old_flags;
-
-  rs = us = ss = 0;
-  rsf = usf = ssf = cpu = 0;
-
-#if defined (HAVE_GETRUSAGE) && defined (HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY)
-#  if defined (HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE)
-  gettimeofday (&after, &dtz);
-#  else
-  gettimeofday (&after, (void *)NULL);
-#  endif /* !HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE */
-  getrusage (RUSAGE_SELF, &selfa);
-  getrusage (RUSAGE_CHILDREN, &kidsa);
-
-  difftimeval (&real, &before, &after);
-  timeval_to_secs (&real, &rs, &rsf);
-
-  addtimeval (&user, difftimeval(&after, &selfb.ru_utime, &selfa.ru_utime),
-		     difftimeval(&before, &kidsb.ru_utime, &kidsa.ru_utime));
-  timeval_to_secs (&user, &us, &usf);
-
-  addtimeval (&sys, difftimeval(&after, &selfb.ru_stime, &selfa.ru_stime),
-		    difftimeval(&before, &kidsb.ru_stime, &kidsa.ru_stime));
-  timeval_to_secs (&sys, &ss, &ssf);
-
-  cpu = timeval_to_cpu (&real, &user, &sys);
-#else
-#  if defined (HAVE_TIMES)
-  tafter = times (&after);
-
-  real = tafter - tbefore;
-  clock_t_to_secs (real, &rs, &rsf);
-
-  user = (after.tms_utime - before.tms_utime) + (after.tms_cutime - before.tms_cutime);
-  clock_t_to_secs (user, &us, &usf);
-
-  sys = (after.tms_stime - before.tms_stime) + (after.tms_cstime - before.tms_cstime);
-  clock_t_to_secs (sys, &ss, &ssf);
-
-  cpu = (real == 0) ? 0 : ((user + sys) * 10000) / real;
-
-#  else
-  rs = us = ss = 0;
-  rsf = usf = ssf = cpu = 0;
-#  endif
-#endif
-
-  if (posix_time)
-    time_format = POSIX_TIMEFORMAT;
-  else if ((time_format = get_string_value ("TIMEFORMAT")) == 0)
-    {
-      if (posixly_correct && nullcmd)
-	time_format = "user\t%2lU\nsys\t%2lS";
-      else
-	time_format = BASH_TIMEFORMAT;
-    }
-  if (time_format && *time_format)
-    print_formatted_time (stderr, time_format, rs, rsf, us, usf, ss, ssf, cpu);
-
-  return rv;
-}
-#endif /* COMMAND_TIMING */
-
-/* Execute a command that's supposed to be in a subshell.  This must be
-   called after make_child and we must be running in the child process.
-   The caller will return or exit() immediately with the value this returns. */
-static int
-execute_in_subshell (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close)
-     COMMAND *command;
-     int asynchronous;
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-{
-  int user_subshell, return_code, function_value, should_redir_stdin, invert;
-  int ois, user_coproc;
-  int result;
-  volatile COMMAND *tcom;
-
-  USE_VAR(user_subshell);
-  USE_VAR(user_coproc);
-  USE_VAR(invert);
-  USE_VAR(tcom);
-  USE_VAR(asynchronous);
-
-  subshell_level++;
-  should_redir_stdin = (asynchronous && (command->flags & CMD_STDIN_REDIR) &&
-			  pipe_in == NO_PIPE &&
-			  stdin_redirects (command->redirects) == 0);
-
-  invert = (command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) != 0;
-  user_subshell = command->type == cm_subshell || ((command->flags & CMD_WANT_SUBSHELL) != 0);
-  user_coproc = command->type == cm_coproc;
-
-  command->flags &= ~(CMD_FORCE_SUBSHELL | CMD_WANT_SUBSHELL | CMD_INVERT_RETURN);
-
-  /* If a command is asynchronous in a subshell (like ( foo ) & or
-     the special case of an asynchronous GROUP command where the
-     the subshell bit is turned on down in case cm_group: below),
-     turn off `asynchronous', so that two subshells aren't spawned.
-     XXX - asynchronous used to be set to 0 in this block, but that
-     means that setup_async_signals was never run.  Now it's set to
-     0 after subshell_environment is set appropriately and setup_async_signals
-     is run.
-
-     This seems semantically correct to me.  For example,
-     ( foo ) & seems to say ``do the command `foo' in a subshell
-     environment, but don't wait for that subshell to finish'',
-     and "{ foo ; bar ; } &" seems to me to be like functions or
-     builtins in the background, which executed in a subshell
-     environment.  I just don't see the need to fork two subshells. */
-
-  /* Don't fork again, we are already in a subshell.  A `doubly
-     async' shell is not interactive, however. */
-  if (asynchronous)
-    {
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-      /* If a construct like ( exec xxx yyy ) & is given while job
-	 control is active, we want to prevent exec from putting the
-	 subshell back into the original process group, carefully
-	 undoing all the work we just did in make_child. */
-      original_pgrp = -1;
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-      ois = interactive_shell;
-      interactive_shell = 0;
-      /* This test is to prevent alias expansion by interactive shells that
-	 run `(command) &' but to allow scripts that have enabled alias
-	 expansion with `shopt -s expand_alias' to continue to expand
-	 aliases. */
-      if (ois != interactive_shell)
-	expand_aliases = 0;
-    }
-
-  /* Subshells are neither login nor interactive. */
-  login_shell = interactive = 0;
-
-  if (user_subshell)
-    subshell_environment = SUBSHELL_PAREN;
-  else
-    {
-      subshell_environment = 0;			/* XXX */
-      if (asynchronous)
-	subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_ASYNC;
-      if (pipe_in != NO_PIPE || pipe_out != NO_PIPE)
-	subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_PIPE;
-      if (user_coproc)
-	subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_COPROC;
-    }
-
-  reset_terminating_signals ();		/* in sig.c */
-  /* Cancel traps, in trap.c. */
-  /* Reset the signal handlers in the child, but don't free the
-     trap strings.  Set a flag noting that we have to free the
-     trap strings if we run trap to change a signal disposition. */
-  reset_signal_handlers ();
-  subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_RESETTRAP;
-
-  /* Make sure restore_original_signals doesn't undo the work done by
-     make_child to ensure that asynchronous children are immune to SIGINT
-     and SIGQUIT.  Turn off asynchronous to make sure more subshells are
-     not spawned. */
-  if (asynchronous)
-    {
-      setup_async_signals ();
-      asynchronous = 0;
-    }
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  set_sigchld_handler ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  set_sigint_handler ();
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  /* Delete all traces that there were any jobs running.  This is
-     only for subshells. */
-  without_job_control ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  if (fds_to_close)
-    close_fd_bitmap (fds_to_close);
-
-  do_piping (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-
-#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
-  coproc_closeall ();
-#endif
-
-  /* If this is a user subshell, set a flag if stdin was redirected.
-     This is used later to decide whether to redirect fd 0 to
-     /dev/null for async commands in the subshell.  This adds more
-     sh compatibility, but I'm not sure it's the right thing to do. */
-  if (user_subshell)
-    {
-      stdin_redir = stdin_redirects (command->redirects);
-      restore_default_signal (EXIT_TRAP);
-    }
-
-  /* If this is an asynchronous command (command &), we want to
-     redirect the standard input from /dev/null in the absence of
-     any specific redirection involving stdin. */
-  if (should_redir_stdin && stdin_redir == 0)
-    async_redirect_stdin ();
-
-  /* Do redirections, then dispose of them before recursive call. */
-  if (command->redirects)
-    {
-      if (do_redirections (command->redirects, RX_ACTIVE) != 0)
-	exit (invert ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-
-      dispose_redirects (command->redirects);
-      command->redirects = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  if (command->type == cm_subshell)
-    tcom = command->value.Subshell->command;
-  else if (user_coproc)
-    tcom = command->value.Coproc->command;
-  else
-    tcom = command;
-
-  if (command->flags & CMD_TIME_PIPELINE)
-    tcom->flags |= CMD_TIME_PIPELINE;
-  if (command->flags & CMD_TIME_POSIX)
-    tcom->flags |= CMD_TIME_POSIX;
-  
-  /* Make sure the subshell inherits any CMD_IGNORE_RETURN flag. */
-  if ((command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) && tcom != command)
-    tcom->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  /* If this is a simple command, tell execute_disk_command that it
-     might be able to get away without forking and simply exec.
-     This means things like ( sleep 10 ) will only cause one fork.
-     If we're timing the command or inverting its return value, however,
-     we cannot do this optimization. */
-  if ((user_subshell || user_coproc) && (tcom->type == cm_simple || tcom->type == cm_subshell) &&
-      ((tcom->flags & CMD_TIME_PIPELINE) == 0) &&
-      ((tcom->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) == 0))
-    {
-      tcom->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK;
-      if (tcom->type == cm_simple)
-	tcom->value.Simple->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK;
-    }
-
-  invert = (tcom->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) != 0;
-  tcom->flags &= ~CMD_INVERT_RETURN;
-
-  result = setjmp_nosigs (top_level);
-
-  /* If we're inside a function while executing this subshell, we
-     need to handle a possible `return'. */
-  function_value = 0;
-  if (return_catch_flag)
-    function_value = setjmp_nosigs (return_catch);
-
-  /* If we're going to exit the shell, we don't want to invert the return
-     status. */
-  if (result == EXITPROG)
-    invert = 0, return_code = last_command_exit_value;
-  else if (result)
-    return_code = (last_command_exit_value == EXECUTION_SUCCESS) ? EXECUTION_FAILURE : last_command_exit_value;
-  else if (function_value)
-    return_code = return_catch_value;
-  else
-    return_code = execute_command_internal ((COMMAND *)tcom, asynchronous, NO_PIPE, NO_PIPE, fds_to_close);
-
-  /* If we are asked to, invert the return value. */
-  if (invert)
-    return_code = (return_code == EXECUTION_SUCCESS) ? EXECUTION_FAILURE
-						     : EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-
-  /* If we were explicitly placed in a subshell with (), we need
-     to do the `shell cleanup' things, such as running traps[0]. */
-  if (user_subshell && signal_is_trapped (0))
-    {
-      last_command_exit_value = return_code;
-      return_code = run_exit_trap ();
-    }
-
-  subshell_level--;
-  return (return_code);
-  /* NOTREACHED */
-}
-
-#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
-#define COPROC_MAX	16
-
-typedef struct cpelement
-  {
-    struct cpelement *next;
-    struct coproc *coproc;
-  }
-cpelement_t;
-    
-typedef struct cplist
-  {
-    struct cpelement *head;
-    struct cpelement *tail;
-    int ncoproc;
-    int lock;
-  }
-cplist_t;
-
-static struct cpelement *cpe_alloc __P((struct coproc *));
-static void cpe_dispose __P((struct cpelement *));
-static struct cpelement *cpl_add __P((struct coproc *));
-static struct cpelement *cpl_delete __P((pid_t));
-static void cpl_reap __P((void));
-static void cpl_flush __P((void));
-static void cpl_closeall __P((void));
-static struct cpelement *cpl_search __P((pid_t));
-static struct cpelement *cpl_searchbyname __P((const char *));
-static void cpl_prune __P((void));
-
-static void coproc_free __P((struct coproc *));
-
-/* Will go away when there is fully-implemented support for multiple coprocs. */
-Coproc sh_coproc = { 0, NO_PID, -1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-
-cplist_t coproc_list = {0, 0, 0};
-
-/* Functions to manage the list of coprocs */
-
-static struct cpelement *
-cpe_alloc (cp)
-     Coproc *cp;
-{
-  struct cpelement *cpe;
-
-  cpe = (struct cpelement *)xmalloc (sizeof (struct cpelement));
-  cpe->coproc = cp;
-  cpe->next = (struct cpelement *)0;
-  return cpe;
-}
-
-static void
-cpe_dispose (cpe)
-      struct cpelement *cpe;
-{
-  free (cpe);
-}
-
-static struct cpelement *
-cpl_add (cp)
-     Coproc *cp;
-{
-  struct cpelement *cpe;
-
-  cpe = cpe_alloc (cp);
-
-  if (coproc_list.head == 0)
-    {
-      coproc_list.head = coproc_list.tail = cpe;
-      coproc_list.ncoproc = 0;			/* just to make sure */
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      coproc_list.tail->next = cpe;
-      coproc_list.tail = cpe;
-    }
-  coproc_list.ncoproc++;
-
-  return cpe;
-}
-
-static struct cpelement *
-cpl_delete (pid)
-     pid_t pid;
-{
-  struct cpelement *prev, *p;
-
-  for (prev = p = coproc_list.head; p; prev = p, p = p->next)
-    if (p->coproc->c_pid == pid)
-      {
-        prev->next = p->next;	/* remove from list */
-        break;
-      }
-
-  if (p == 0)
-    return 0;		/* not found */
-
-#if defined (DEBUG)
-  itrace("cpl_delete: deleting %d", pid);
-#endif
-
-  /* Housekeeping in the border cases. */
-  if (p == coproc_list.head)
-    coproc_list.head = coproc_list.head->next;
-  else if (p == coproc_list.tail)
-    coproc_list.tail = prev;
-
-  coproc_list.ncoproc--;
-  if (coproc_list.ncoproc == 0)
-    coproc_list.head = coproc_list.tail = 0;
-  else if (coproc_list.ncoproc == 1)
-    coproc_list.tail = coproc_list.head;		/* just to make sure */
-
-  return (p);
-}
-
-static void
-cpl_reap ()
-{
-  struct cpelement *p, *next, *nh, *nt;
-
-  /* Build a new list by removing dead coprocs and fix up the coproc_list
-     pointers when done. */
-  nh = nt = next = (struct cpelement *)0;
-  for (p = coproc_list.head; p; p = next)
-    {
-      next = p->next;
-      if (p->coproc->c_flags & COPROC_DEAD)
-	{
-	  coproc_list.ncoproc--;	/* keep running count, fix up pointers later */
-
-#if defined (DEBUG)
-	  itrace("cpl_reap: deleting %d", p->coproc->c_pid);
-#endif
-
-	  coproc_dispose (p->coproc);
-	  cpe_dispose (p);
-	}
-      else if (nh == 0)
-	nh = nt = p;
-      else
-	{
-	  nt->next = p;
-	  nt = nt->next;
-	}
-    }
-
-  if (coproc_list.ncoproc == 0)
-    coproc_list.head = coproc_list.tail = 0;
-  else
-    {
-      if (nt)
-        nt->next = 0;
-      coproc_list.head = nh;
-      coproc_list.tail = nt;
-      if (coproc_list.ncoproc == 1)
-	coproc_list.tail = coproc_list.head;		/* just to make sure */  
-    }
-}
-
-/* Clear out the list of saved statuses */
-static void
-cpl_flush ()
-{
-  struct cpelement *cpe, *p;
-
-  for (cpe = coproc_list.head; cpe; )
-    {
-      p = cpe;
-      cpe = cpe->next;
-
-      coproc_dispose (p->coproc);
-      cpe_dispose (p);
-    }
-
-  coproc_list.head = coproc_list.tail = 0;
-  coproc_list.ncoproc = 0;
-}
-
-static void
-cpl_closeall ()
-{
-  struct cpelement *cpe;
-
-  for (cpe = coproc_list.head; cpe; cpe = cpe->next)
-    coproc_close (cpe->coproc);
-}
-
-static void
-cpl_fdchk (fd)
-     int fd;
-{
-  struct cpelement *cpe;
-
-  for (cpe = coproc_list.head; cpe; cpe = cpe->next)
-    coproc_checkfd (cpe->coproc, fd);
-}
-
-/* Search for PID in the list of coprocs; return the cpelement struct if
-   found.  If not found, return NULL. */
-static struct cpelement *
-cpl_search (pid)
-     pid_t pid;
-{
-  struct cpelement *cpe;
-
-  for (cpe = coproc_list.head ; cpe; cpe = cpe->next)
-    if (cpe->coproc->c_pid == pid)
-      return cpe;
-  return (struct cpelement *)NULL;
-}
-
-/* Search for the coproc named NAME in the list of coprocs; return the
-   cpelement struct if found.  If not found, return NULL. */
-static struct cpelement *
-cpl_searchbyname (name)
-     const char *name;
-{
-  struct cpelement *cp;
-
-  for (cp = coproc_list.head ; cp; cp = cp->next)
-    if (STREQ (cp->coproc->c_name, name))
-      return cp;
-  return (struct cpelement *)NULL;
-}
-
-#if 0
-static void
-cpl_prune ()
-{
-  struct cpelement *cp;
-
-  while (coproc_list.head && coproc_list.ncoproc > COPROC_MAX)
-    {
-      cp = coproc_list.head;
-      coproc_list.head = coproc_list.head->next;
-      coproc_dispose (cp->coproc);
-      cpe_dispose (cp);
-      coproc_list.ncoproc--;
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
-/* These currently use a single global "shell coproc" but are written in a
-   way to not preclude additional coprocs later (using the list management
-   package above). */
-
-struct coproc *
-getcoprocbypid (pid)
-     pid_t pid;
-{
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  struct cpelement *p;
-
-  p = cpl_search (pid);
-  return (p ? p->coproc : 0);
-#else
-  return (pid == sh_coproc.c_pid ? &sh_coproc : 0);
-#endif
-}
-
-struct coproc *
-getcoprocbyname (name)
-     const char *name;
-{
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  struct cpelement *p;
-
-  p = cpl_searchbyname (name);
-  return (p ? p->coproc : 0);
-#else
-  return ((sh_coproc.c_name && STREQ (sh_coproc.c_name, name)) ? &sh_coproc : 0);
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-coproc_init (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  cp->c_name = 0;
-  cp->c_pid = NO_PID;
-  cp->c_rfd = cp->c_wfd = -1;
-  cp->c_rsave = cp->c_wsave = -1;
-  cp->c_flags = cp->c_status = cp->c_lock = 0;
-}
-
-struct coproc *
-coproc_alloc (name, pid)
-     char *name;
-     pid_t pid;
-{
-  struct coproc *cp;
-
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  cp = (struct coproc *)xmalloc (sizeof (struct coproc));
-#else
-  cp = &sh_coproc;
-#endif
-  coproc_init (cp);
-  cp->c_lock = 2;
-
-  cp->c_pid = pid;
-  cp->c_name = savestring (name);
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  cpl_add (cp);
-#endif
-  cp->c_lock = 0;
-  return (cp);
-}
-
-static void
-coproc_free (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  free (cp);
-}
-
-void
-coproc_dispose (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  sigset_t set, oset;
-
-  if (cp == 0)
-    return;
-
-  BLOCK_SIGNAL (SIGCHLD, set, oset);
-  cp->c_lock = 3;
-  coproc_unsetvars (cp);
-  FREE (cp->c_name);
-  coproc_close (cp);
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  coproc_free (cp);
-#else
-  coproc_init (cp);
-  cp->c_lock = 0;
-#endif
-  UNBLOCK_SIGNAL (oset);
-}
-
-/* Placeholder for now.  Will require changes for multiple coprocs */
-void
-coproc_flush ()
-{
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  cpl_flush ();
-#else
-  coproc_dispose (&sh_coproc);
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-coproc_close (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  if (cp->c_rfd >= 0)
-    {
-      close (cp->c_rfd);
-      cp->c_rfd = -1;
-    }
-  if (cp->c_wfd >= 0)
-    {
-      close (cp->c_wfd);
-      cp->c_wfd = -1;
-    }
-  cp->c_rsave = cp->c_wsave = -1;
-}
-
-void
-coproc_closeall ()
-{
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  cpl_closeall ();
-#else
-  coproc_close (&sh_coproc);	/* XXX - will require changes for multiple coprocs */
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-coproc_reap ()
-{
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  cpl_reap ();
-#else
-  struct coproc *cp;
-
-  cp = &sh_coproc;		/* XXX - will require changes for multiple coprocs */
-  if (cp && (cp->c_flags & COPROC_DEAD))
-    coproc_dispose (cp);
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-coproc_rclose (cp, fd)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-     int fd;
-{
-  if (cp->c_rfd >= 0 && cp->c_rfd == fd)
-    {
-      close (cp->c_rfd);
-      cp->c_rfd = -1;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-coproc_wclose (cp, fd)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-     int fd;
-{
-  if (cp->c_wfd >= 0 && cp->c_wfd == fd)
-    {
-      close (cp->c_wfd);
-      cp->c_wfd = -1;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-coproc_checkfd (cp, fd)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-     int fd;
-{
-  int update;
-
-  update = 0;
-  if (cp->c_rfd >= 0 && cp->c_rfd == fd)
-    update = cp->c_rfd = -1;
-  if (cp->c_wfd >= 0 && cp->c_wfd == fd)
-    update = cp->c_wfd = -1;
-  if (update)
-    coproc_setvars (cp);
-}
-
-void
-coproc_fdchk (fd)
-     int fd;
-{
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  cpl_fdchk (fd);
-#else
-  coproc_checkfd (&sh_coproc, fd);
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-coproc_fdclose (cp, fd)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-     int fd;
-{
-  coproc_rclose (cp, fd);
-  coproc_wclose (cp, fd);
-  coproc_setvars (cp);
-}
-
-void
-coproc_fdsave (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  cp->c_rsave = cp->c_rfd;
-  cp->c_wsave = cp->c_wfd;
-}
-
-void
-coproc_fdrestore (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  cp->c_rfd = cp->c_rsave;
-  cp->c_wfd = cp->c_wsave;
-}
-
-void
-coproc_pidchk (pid, status)
-     pid_t pid;
-{
-  struct coproc *cp;
-
-#if MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  struct cpelement *cpe;
-
-  cpe = cpl_delete (pid);
-  cp = cpe ? cpe->coproc : 0;
-#else
-  cp = getcoprocbypid (pid);
-#endif
-  if (cp)
-    {
-      cp->c_lock = 4;
-      cp->c_status = status;
-      cp->c_flags |= COPROC_DEAD;
-      cp->c_flags &= ~COPROC_RUNNING;
-      /* Don't dispose the coproc or unset the COPROC_XXX variables because
-	 this is executed in a signal handler context.  Wait until coproc_reap
-	 takes care of it. */
-      cp->c_lock = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-coproc_setvars (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-  char *namevar, *t;
-  int l;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  arrayind_t ind;
-#endif
-
-  if (cp->c_name == 0)
-    return;
-
-  l = strlen (cp->c_name);
-  namevar = xmalloc (l + 16);
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  v = find_variable (cp->c_name);
-  if (v == 0)
-    v = make_new_array_variable (cp->c_name);
-  if (array_p (v) == 0)
-    v = convert_var_to_array (v);
-
-  t = itos (cp->c_rfd);
-  ind = 0;
-  v = bind_array_variable (cp->c_name, ind, t, 0);
-  free (t);
-
-  t = itos (cp->c_wfd);
-  ind = 1;
-  bind_array_variable (cp->c_name, ind, t, 0);
-  free (t);
-#else
-  sprintf (namevar, "%s_READ", cp->c_name);
-  t = itos (cp->c_rfd);
-  bind_variable (namevar, t, 0);
-  free (t);
-  sprintf (namevar, "%s_WRITE", cp->c_name);
-  t = itos (cp->c_wfd);
-  bind_variable (namevar, t, 0);
-  free (t);
-#endif
-
-  sprintf (namevar, "%s_PID", cp->c_name);
-  t = itos (cp->c_pid);
-  bind_variable (namevar, t, 0);
-  free (t);
-
-  free (namevar);
-}
-
-void
-coproc_unsetvars (cp)
-     struct coproc *cp;
-{
-  int l;
-  char *namevar;
-
-  if (cp->c_name == 0)
-    return;
-
-  l = strlen (cp->c_name);
-  namevar = xmalloc (l + 16);
-
-  sprintf (namevar, "%s_PID", cp->c_name);
-  unbind_variable (namevar);  
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  unbind_variable (cp->c_name);
-#else
-  sprintf (namevar, "%s_READ", cp->c_name);
-  unbind_variable (namevar);
-  sprintf (namevar, "%s_WRITE", cp->c_name);
-  unbind_variable (namevar);
-#endif  
-
-  free (namevar);
-}
-
-static int
-execute_coproc (command, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close)
-     COMMAND *command;
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-{
-  int rpipe[2], wpipe[2], estat, invert;
-  pid_t coproc_pid;
-  Coproc *cp;
-  char *tcmd;
-  sigset_t set, oset;
-
-  /* XXX -- can be removed after changes to handle multiple coprocs */
-#if !MULTIPLE_COPROCS
-  if (sh_coproc.c_pid != NO_PID)
-    internal_warning ("execute_coproc: coproc [%d:%s] still exists", sh_coproc.c_pid, sh_coproc.c_name);
-  coproc_init (&sh_coproc);
-#endif
-
-  invert = (command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) != 0;
-  command_string_index = 0;
-  tcmd = make_command_string (command);
-
-  sh_openpipe ((int *)&rpipe);	/* 0 = parent read, 1 = child write */
-  sh_openpipe ((int *)&wpipe); /* 0 = child read, 1 = parent write */
-
-  BLOCK_SIGNAL (SIGCHLD, set, oset);
-
-  coproc_pid = make_child (savestring (tcmd), 1);
-
-  if (coproc_pid == 0)
-    {
-      close (rpipe[0]);
-      close (wpipe[1]);
-
-      UNBLOCK_SIGNAL (oset);
-      estat = execute_in_subshell (command, 1, wpipe[0], rpipe[1], fds_to_close);
-
-      fflush (stdout);
-      fflush (stderr);
-
-      exit (estat);
-    }
-
-  close (rpipe[1]);
-  close (wpipe[0]);
-
-  /* XXX - possibly run Coproc->name through word expansion? */
-  cp = coproc_alloc (command->value.Coproc->name, coproc_pid);
-  cp->c_rfd = rpipe[0];
-  cp->c_wfd = wpipe[1];
-
-  SET_CLOSE_ON_EXEC (cp->c_rfd);
-  SET_CLOSE_ON_EXEC (cp->c_wfd);
-
-  coproc_setvars (cp);
-
-  UNBLOCK_SIGNAL (oset);
-
-#if 0
-  itrace ("execute_coproc: [%d] %s", coproc_pid, the_printed_command);
-#endif
-
-  close_pipes (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION) && defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-  unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif
-  stop_pipeline (1, (COMMAND *)NULL);
-  DESCRIBE_PID (coproc_pid);
-  run_pending_traps ();
-
-  return (invert ? EXECUTION_FAILURE : EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-}
-#endif
-
-static void
-restore_stdin (s)
-     int s;
-{
-  dup2 (s, 0);
-  close (s);
-}
-
-/* Catch-all cleanup function for lastpipe code for unwind-protects */
-static void
-lastpipe_cleanup (s)
-     int s;
-{
-  unfreeze_jobs_list ();
-}
-
-static int
-execute_pipeline (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close)
-     COMMAND *command;
-     int asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-{
-  int prev, fildes[2], new_bitmap_size, dummyfd, ignore_return, exec_result;
-  int lstdin, lastpipe_flag, lastpipe_jid;
-  COMMAND *cmd;
-  struct fd_bitmap *fd_bitmap;
-  pid_t lastpid;
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  sigset_t set, oset;
-  BLOCK_CHILD (set, oset);
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  ignore_return = (command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) != 0;
-
-  prev = pipe_in;
-  cmd = command;
-
-  while (cmd && cmd->type == cm_connection &&
-	 cmd->value.Connection && cmd->value.Connection->connector == '|')
-    {
-      /* Make a pipeline between the two commands. */
-      if (pipe (fildes) < 0)
-	{
-	  sys_error (_("pipe error"));
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-	  terminate_current_pipeline ();
-	  kill_current_pipeline ();
-	  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  /* The unwind-protects installed below will take care
-	     of closing all of the open file descriptors. */
-	  throw_to_top_level ();
-	  return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);	/* XXX */
-	}
-
-      /* Here is a problem: with the new file close-on-exec
-	 code, the read end of the pipe (fildes[0]) stays open
-	 in the first process, so that process will never get a
-	 SIGPIPE.  There is no way to signal the first process
-	 that it should close fildes[0] after forking, so it
-	 remains open.  No SIGPIPE is ever sent because there
-	 is still a file descriptor open for reading connected
-	 to the pipe.  We take care of that here.  This passes
-	 around a bitmap of file descriptors that must be
-	 closed after making a child process in execute_simple_command. */
-
-      /* We need fd_bitmap to be at least as big as fildes[0].
-	 If fildes[0] is less than fds_to_close->size, then
-	 use fds_to_close->size. */
-      new_bitmap_size = (fildes[0] < fds_to_close->size)
-				? fds_to_close->size
-				: fildes[0] + 8;
-
-      fd_bitmap = new_fd_bitmap (new_bitmap_size);
-
-      /* Now copy the old information into the new bitmap. */
-      xbcopy ((char *)fds_to_close->bitmap, (char *)fd_bitmap->bitmap, fds_to_close->size);
-
-      /* And mark the pipe file descriptors to be closed. */
-      fd_bitmap->bitmap[fildes[0]] = 1;
-
-      /* In case there are pipe or out-of-processes errors, we
-	 want all these file descriptors to be closed when
-	 unwind-protects are run, and the storage used for the
-	 bitmaps freed up. */
-      begin_unwind_frame ("pipe-file-descriptors");
-      add_unwind_protect (dispose_fd_bitmap, fd_bitmap);
-      add_unwind_protect (close_fd_bitmap, fd_bitmap);
-      if (prev >= 0)
-	add_unwind_protect (close, prev);
-      dummyfd = fildes[1];
-      add_unwind_protect (close, dummyfd);
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-      add_unwind_protect (restore_signal_mask, &oset);
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-      if (ignore_return && cmd->value.Connection->first)
-	cmd->value.Connection->first->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      execute_command_internal (cmd->value.Connection->first, asynchronous,
-				prev, fildes[1], fd_bitmap);
-
-      if (prev >= 0)
-	close (prev);
-
-      prev = fildes[0];
-      close (fildes[1]);
-
-      dispose_fd_bitmap (fd_bitmap);
-      discard_unwind_frame ("pipe-file-descriptors");
-
-      cmd = cmd->value.Connection->second;
-    }
-
-  lastpid = last_made_pid;
-
-  /* Now execute the rightmost command in the pipeline.  */
-  if (ignore_return && cmd)
-    cmd->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  lastpipe_flag = 0;
-
-  begin_unwind_frame ("lastpipe-exec");
-  lstdin = -1;
-  /* If the `lastpipe' option is set with shopt, and job control is not
-     enabled, execute the last element of non-async pipelines in the
-     current shell environment. */
-  if (lastpipe_opt && job_control == 0 && asynchronous == 0 && pipe_out == NO_PIPE && prev > 0)
-    {
-      lstdin = move_to_high_fd (0, 1, -1);
-      if (lstdin > 0)
-	{
-	  do_piping (prev, pipe_out);
-	  prev = NO_PIPE;
-	  add_unwind_protect (restore_stdin, lstdin);
-	  lastpipe_flag = 1;
-	  freeze_jobs_list ();
-	  lastpipe_jid = stop_pipeline (0, (COMMAND *)NULL);	/* XXX */
-	  add_unwind_protect (lastpipe_cleanup, lastpipe_jid);
-	}
-      if (cmd)
-	cmd->flags |= CMD_LASTPIPE;
-    }	  
-  if (prev >= 0)
-    add_unwind_protect (close, prev);
-
-  exec_result = execute_command_internal (cmd, asynchronous, prev, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-
-  if (lstdin > 0)
-    restore_stdin (lstdin);
-
-  if (prev >= 0)
-    close (prev);
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  UNBLOCK_CHILD (oset);
-#endif
-
-  QUIT;
-
-  if (lastpipe_flag)
-    {
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-      append_process (savestring (the_printed_command), dollar_dollar_pid, exec_result, lastpipe_jid);
-#endif
-      lstdin = wait_for (lastpid);
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-      /* If wait_for removes the job from the jobs table, use result of last
-	 command as pipeline's exit status as usual.  The jobs list can get
-	 frozen and unfrozen at inconvenient times if there are multiple pipelines
-	 running simultaneously. */
-      if (INVALID_JOB (lastpipe_jid) == 0)
-	exec_result = job_exit_status (lastpipe_jid);
-      else if (pipefail_opt)
-	exec_result = exec_result | lstdin;	/* XXX */
-      /* otherwise we use exec_result */
-        
-#endif
-      unfreeze_jobs_list ();
-    }
-
-  discard_unwind_frame ("lastpipe-exec");
-
-  return (exec_result);
-}
-
-static int
-execute_connection (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close)
-     COMMAND *command;
-     int asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-{
-  COMMAND *tc, *second;
-  int ignore_return, exec_result, was_error_trap, invert;
-  volatile int save_line_number;
-
-  ignore_return = (command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) != 0;
-
-  switch (command->value.Connection->connector)
-    {
-    /* Do the first command asynchronously. */
-    case '&':
-      tc = command->value.Connection->first;
-      if (tc == 0)
-	return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
-      if (ignore_return)
-	tc->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      tc->flags |= CMD_AMPERSAND;
-
-      /* If this shell was compiled without job control support,
-	 if we are currently in a subshell via `( xxx )', or if job
-	 control is not active then the standard input for an
-	 asynchronous command is forced to /dev/null. */
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-      if ((subshell_environment || !job_control) && !stdin_redir)
-#else
-      if (!stdin_redir)
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-	tc->flags |= CMD_STDIN_REDIR;
-
-      exec_result = execute_command_internal (tc, 1, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-      QUIT;
-
-      if (tc->flags & CMD_STDIN_REDIR)
-	tc->flags &= ~CMD_STDIN_REDIR;
-
-      second = command->value.Connection->second;
-      if (second)
-	{
-	  if (ignore_return)
-	    second->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-	  exec_result = execute_command_internal (second, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-	}
-
-      break;
-
-    /* Just call execute command on both sides. */
-    case ';':
-      if (ignore_return)
-	{
-	  if (command->value.Connection->first)
-	    command->value.Connection->first->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-	  if (command->value.Connection->second)
-	    command->value.Connection->second->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-	}
-      executing_list++;
-      QUIT;
-      execute_command (command->value.Connection->first);
-      QUIT;
-      exec_result = execute_command_internal (command->value.Connection->second,
-				      asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out,
-				      fds_to_close);
-      executing_list--;
-      break;
-
-    case '|':
-      was_error_trap = signal_is_trapped (ERROR_TRAP) && signal_is_ignored (ERROR_TRAP) == 0;
-      invert = (command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) != 0;
-      ignore_return = (command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) != 0;
-
-      line_number_for_err_trap = line_number;
-      exec_result = execute_pipeline (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-
-      if (was_error_trap && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  save_line_number = line_number;
-	  line_number = line_number_for_err_trap;
-	  run_error_trap ();
-	  line_number = save_line_number;
-	}
-
-      if (ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exit_immediately_on_error && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = exec_result;
-	  run_pending_traps ();
-	  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-	}
-
-      break;
-
-    case AND_AND:
-    case OR_OR:
-      if (asynchronous)
-	{
-	  /* If we have something like `a && b &' or `a || b &', run the
-	     && or || stuff in a subshell.  Force a subshell and just call
-	     execute_command_internal again.  Leave asynchronous on
-	     so that we get a report from the parent shell about the
-	     background job. */
-	  command->flags |= CMD_FORCE_SUBSHELL;
-	  exec_result = execute_command_internal (command, 1, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      /* Execute the first command.  If the result of that is successful
-	 and the connector is AND_AND, or the result is not successful
-	 and the connector is OR_OR, then execute the second command,
-	 otherwise return. */
-
-      executing_list++;
-      if (command->value.Connection->first)
-	command->value.Connection->first->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-      exec_result = execute_command (command->value.Connection->first);
-      QUIT;
-      if (((command->value.Connection->connector == AND_AND) &&
-	   (exec_result == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)) ||
-	  ((command->value.Connection->connector == OR_OR) &&
-	   (exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)))
-	{
-	  if (ignore_return && command->value.Connection->second)
-	    command->value.Connection->second->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-	  exec_result = execute_command (command->value.Connection->second);
-	}
-      executing_list--;
-      break;
-
-    default:
-      command_error ("execute_connection", CMDERR_BADCONN, command->value.Connection->connector, 0);
-      jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-      exec_result = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-  return exec_result;
-}
-
-#define REAP() \
-  do \
-    { \
-      if (!interactive_shell) \
-	reap_dead_jobs (); \
-    } \
-  while (0)
-
-/* Execute a FOR command.  The syntax is: FOR word_desc IN word_list;
-   DO command; DONE */
-static int
-execute_for_command (for_command)
-     FOR_COM *for_command;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *releaser, *list;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-  char *identifier;
-  int retval, save_line_number;
-#if 0
-  SHELL_VAR *old_value = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL; /* Remember the old value of x. */
-#endif
-
-  save_line_number = line_number;
-  if (check_identifier (for_command->name, 1) == 0)
-    {
-      if (posixly_correct && interactive_shell == 0)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = EX_BADUSAGE;
-	  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-	}
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-  loop_level++;
-  identifier = for_command->name->word;
-
-  line_number = for_command->line;	/* for expansion error messages */
-  list = releaser = expand_words_no_vars (for_command->map_list);
-
-  begin_unwind_frame ("for");
-  add_unwind_protect (dispose_words, releaser);
-
-#if 0
-  if (lexical_scoping)
-    {
-      old_value = copy_variable (find_variable (identifier));
-      if (old_value)
-	add_unwind_protect (dispose_variable, old_value);
-    }
-#endif
-
-  if (for_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN)
-    for_command->action->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  for (retval = EXECUTION_SUCCESS; list; list = list->next)
-    {
-      QUIT;
-
-      line_number = for_command->line;
-
-      /* Remember what this command looks like, for debugger. */
-      command_string_index = 0;
-      print_for_command_head (for_command);
-
-      if (echo_command_at_execute)
-	xtrace_print_for_command_head (for_command);
-
-      /* Save this command unless it's a trap command and we're not running
-	 a debug trap. */
-      if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && running_trap == 0)
-	{
-	  FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-	  the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
-	}
-
-      retval = run_debug_trap ();
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-      /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-	 skip the command. */
-      if (debugging_mode && retval != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-        continue;
-#endif
-
-      this_command_name = (char *)NULL;
-      /* XXX - special ksh93 for command index variable handling */
-      v = find_variable_last_nameref (identifier);
-      if (v && nameref_p (v))
-        {
-          v = bind_variable_value (v, list->word->word, 0);
-        }
-      else
-        v = bind_variable (identifier, list->word->word, 0);
-      if (readonly_p (v) || noassign_p (v))
-	{
-	  line_number = save_line_number;
-	  if (readonly_p (v) && interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
-	    {
-	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	      jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      dispose_words (releaser);
-	      discard_unwind_frame ("for");
-	      loop_level--;
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	}
-      retval = execute_command (for_command->action);
-      REAP ();
-      QUIT;
-
-      if (breaking)
-	{
-	  breaking--;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      if (continuing)
-	{
-	  continuing--;
-	  if (continuing)
-	    break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  loop_level--;
-  line_number = save_line_number;
-
-#if 0
-  if (lexical_scoping)
-    {
-      if (!old_value)
-        unbind_variable (identifier);
-      else
-	{
-	  SHELL_VAR *new_value;
-
-	  new_value = bind_variable (identifier, value_cell(old_value), 0);
-	  new_value->attributes = old_value->attributes;
-	  dispose_variable (old_value);
-	}
-    }
-#endif
-
-  dispose_words (releaser);
-  discard_unwind_frame ("for");
-  return (retval);
-}
-
-#if defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
-/* Execute an arithmetic for command.  The syntax is
-
-	for (( init ; step ; test ))
-	do
-		body
-	done
-
-   The execution should be exactly equivalent to
-
-	eval \(\( init \)\)
-	while eval \(\( test \)\) ; do
-		body;
-		eval \(\( step \)\)
-	done
-*/
-static intmax_t
-eval_arith_for_expr (l, okp)
-     WORD_LIST *l;
-     int *okp;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *new;
-  intmax_t expresult;
-  int r;
-
-  new = expand_words_no_vars (l);
-  if (new)
-    {
-      if (echo_command_at_execute)
-	xtrace_print_arith_cmd (new);
-      this_command_name = "((";		/* )) for expression error messages */
-
-      command_string_index = 0;
-      print_arith_command (new);
-      if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0)
-	{
-	  FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-	  the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
-	}
-
-      r = run_debug_trap ();
-      /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-	 skip the command. */
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-      if (debugging_mode == 0 || r == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	expresult = evalexp (new->word->word, okp);
-      else
-	{
-	  expresult = 0;
-	  if (okp)
-	    *okp = 1;
-	}
-#else
-      expresult = evalexp (new->word->word, okp);
-#endif
-      dispose_words (new);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      expresult = 0;
-      if (okp)
-	*okp = 1;
-    }
-  return (expresult);
-}
-
-static int
-execute_arith_for_command (arith_for_command)
-     ARITH_FOR_COM *arith_for_command;
-{
-  intmax_t expresult;
-  int expok, body_status, arith_lineno, save_lineno;
-
-  body_status = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-  loop_level++;
-  save_lineno = line_number;
-
-  if (arith_for_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN)
-    arith_for_command->action->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  this_command_name = "((";	/* )) for expression error messages */
-
-  /* save the starting line number of the command so we can reset
-     line_number before executing each expression -- for $LINENO
-     and the DEBUG trap. */
-  line_number = arith_lineno = arith_for_command->line;
-  if (variable_context && interactive_shell)
-    line_number -= function_line_number;
-
-  /* Evaluate the initialization expression. */
-  expresult = eval_arith_for_expr (arith_for_command->init, &expok);
-  if (expok == 0)
-    {
-      line_number = save_lineno;
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-  while (1)
-    {
-      /* Evaluate the test expression. */
-      line_number = arith_lineno;
-      expresult = eval_arith_for_expr (arith_for_command->test, &expok);
-      line_number = save_lineno;
-
-      if (expok == 0)
-	{
-	  body_status = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  break;
-	}
-      REAP ();
-      if (expresult == 0)
-	break;
-
-      /* Execute the body of the arithmetic for command. */
-      QUIT;
-      body_status = execute_command (arith_for_command->action);
-      QUIT;
-
-      /* Handle any `break' or `continue' commands executed by the body. */
-      if (breaking)
-	{
-	  breaking--;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      if (continuing)
-	{
-	  continuing--;
-	  if (continuing)
-	    break;
-	}
-
-      /* Evaluate the step expression. */
-      line_number = arith_lineno;
-      expresult = eval_arith_for_expr (arith_for_command->step, &expok);
-      line_number = save_lineno;
-
-      if (expok == 0)
-	{
-	  body_status = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  loop_level--;
-  line_number = save_lineno;
-
-  return (body_status);
-}
-#endif
-
-#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
-static int LINES, COLS, tabsize;
-
-#define RP_SPACE ") "
-#define RP_SPACE_LEN 2
-
-/* XXX - does not handle numbers > 1000000 at all. */
-#define NUMBER_LEN(s) \
-((s < 10) ? 1 \
-	  : ((s < 100) ? 2 \
-		      : ((s < 1000) ? 3 \
-				   : ((s < 10000) ? 4 \
-						 : ((s < 100000) ? 5 \
-								: 6)))))
-
-static int
-displen (s)
-     const char *s;
-{
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  wchar_t *wcstr;
-  size_t slen;
-  int wclen;
-
-  wcstr = 0;
-  slen = mbstowcs (wcstr, s, 0);
-  if (slen == -1)
-    slen = 0;
-  wcstr = (wchar_t *)xmalloc (sizeof (wchar_t) * (slen + 1));
-  mbstowcs (wcstr, s, slen + 1);
-  wclen = wcswidth (wcstr, slen);
-  free (wcstr);
-  return (wclen < 0 ? STRLEN(s) : wclen);
-#else
-  return (STRLEN (s));
-#endif
-}
-
-static int
-print_index_and_element (len, ind, list)
-      int len, ind;
-      WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *l;
-  register int i;
-
-  if (list == 0)
-    return (0);
-  for (i = ind, l = list; l && --i; l = l->next)
-    ;
-  if (l == 0)		/* don't think this can happen */
-    return (0);
-  fprintf (stderr, "%*d%s%s", len, ind, RP_SPACE, l->word->word);
-  return (displen (l->word->word));
-}
-
-static void
-indent (from, to)
-     int from, to;
-{
-  while (from < to)
-    {
-      if ((to / tabsize) > (from / tabsize))
-	{
-	  putc ('\t', stderr);
-	  from += tabsize - from % tabsize;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  putc (' ', stderr);
-	  from++;
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-print_select_list (list, list_len, max_elem_len, indices_len)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     int list_len, max_elem_len, indices_len;
-{
-  int ind, row, elem_len, pos, cols, rows;
-  int first_column_indices_len, other_indices_len;
-
-  if (list == 0)
-    {
-      putc ('\n', stderr);
-      return;
-    }
-
-  cols = max_elem_len ? COLS / max_elem_len : 1;
-  if (cols == 0)
-    cols = 1;
-  rows = list_len ? list_len / cols + (list_len % cols != 0) : 1;
-  cols = list_len ? list_len / rows + (list_len % rows != 0) : 1;
-
-  if (rows == 1)
-    {
-      rows = cols;
-      cols = 1;
-    }
-
-  first_column_indices_len = NUMBER_LEN (rows);
-  other_indices_len = indices_len;
-
-  for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
-    {
-      ind = row;
-      pos = 0;
-      while (1)
-	{
-	  indices_len = (pos == 0) ? first_column_indices_len : other_indices_len;
-	  elem_len = print_index_and_element (indices_len, ind + 1, list);
-	  elem_len += indices_len + RP_SPACE_LEN;
-	  ind += rows;
-	  if (ind >= list_len)
-	    break;
-	  indent (pos + elem_len, pos + max_elem_len);
-	  pos += max_elem_len;
-	}
-      putc ('\n', stderr);
-    }
-}
-
-/* Print the elements of LIST, one per line, preceded by an index from 1 to
-   LIST_LEN.  Then display PROMPT and wait for the user to enter a number.
-   If the number is between 1 and LIST_LEN, return that selection.  If EOF
-   is read, return a null string.  If a blank line is entered, or an invalid
-   number is entered, the loop is executed again. */
-static char *
-select_query (list, list_len, prompt, print_menu)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     int list_len;
-     char *prompt;
-     int print_menu;
-{
-  int max_elem_len, indices_len, len;
-  intmax_t reply;
-  WORD_LIST *l;
-  char *repl_string, *t;
-
-#if 0
-  t = get_string_value ("LINES");
-  LINES = (t && *t) ? atoi (t) : 24;
-#endif
-  t = get_string_value ("COLUMNS");
-  COLS =  (t && *t) ? atoi (t) : 80;
-
-#if 0
-  t = get_string_value ("TABSIZE");
-  tabsize = (t && *t) ? atoi (t) : 8;
-  if (tabsize <= 0)
-    tabsize = 8;
-#else
-  tabsize = 8;
-#endif
-
-  max_elem_len = 0;
-  for (l = list; l; l = l->next)
-    {
-      len = displen (l->word->word);
-      if (len > max_elem_len)
-	max_elem_len = len;
-    }
-  indices_len = NUMBER_LEN (list_len);
-  max_elem_len += indices_len + RP_SPACE_LEN + 2;
-
-  while (1)
-    {
-      if (print_menu)
-	print_select_list (list, list_len, max_elem_len, indices_len);
-      fprintf (stderr, "%s", prompt);
-      fflush (stderr);
-      QUIT;
-
-      if (read_builtin ((WORD_LIST *)NULL) != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  putchar ('\n');
-	  return ((char *)NULL);
-	}
-      repl_string = get_string_value ("REPLY");
-      if (*repl_string == 0)
-	{
-	  print_menu = 1;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      if (legal_number (repl_string, &reply) == 0)
-	return "";
-      if (reply < 1 || reply > list_len)
-	return "";
-
-      for (l = list; l && --reply; l = l->next)
-	;
-      return (l->word->word);		/* XXX - can't be null? */
-    }
-}
-
-/* Execute a SELECT command.  The syntax is:
-   SELECT word IN list DO command_list DONE
-   Only `break' or `return' in command_list will terminate
-   the command. */
-static int
-execute_select_command (select_command)
-     SELECT_COM *select_command;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *releaser, *list;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-  char *identifier, *ps3_prompt, *selection;
-  int retval, list_len, show_menu, save_line_number;
-
-  if (check_identifier (select_command->name, 1) == 0)
-    return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-
-  save_line_number = line_number;
-  line_number = select_command->line;
-
-  command_string_index = 0;
-  print_select_command_head (select_command);
-
-  if (echo_command_at_execute)
-    xtrace_print_select_command_head (select_command);
-
-#if 0
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && (this_command_name == 0 || (STREQ (this_command_name, "trap") == 0)))
-#else
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && running_trap == 0)
-#endif
-    {
-      FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-      the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
-    }
-
-  retval = run_debug_trap ();
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-  /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-     skip the command. */
-  if (debugging_mode && retval != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-#endif
-
-  loop_level++;
-  identifier = select_command->name->word;
-
-  /* command and arithmetic substitution, parameter and variable expansion,
-     word splitting, pathname expansion, and quote removal. */
-  list = releaser = expand_words_no_vars (select_command->map_list);
-  list_len = list_length (list);
-  if (list == 0 || list_len == 0)
-    {
-      if (list)
-	dispose_words (list);
-      line_number = save_line_number;
-      return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-    }
-
-  begin_unwind_frame ("select");
-  add_unwind_protect (dispose_words, releaser);
-
-  if (select_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN)
-    select_command->action->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  retval = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-  show_menu = 1;
-
-  while (1)
-    {
-      line_number = select_command->line;
-      ps3_prompt = get_string_value ("PS3");
-      if (ps3_prompt == 0)
-	ps3_prompt = "#? ";
-
-      QUIT;
-      selection = select_query (list, list_len, ps3_prompt, show_menu);
-      QUIT;
-      if (selection == 0)
-	{
-	  /* select_query returns EXECUTION_FAILURE if the read builtin
-	     fails, so we want to return failure in this case. */
-	  retval = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      v = bind_variable (identifier, selection, 0);
-      if (readonly_p (v) || noassign_p (v))
-	{
-	  if (readonly_p (v) && interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
-	    {
-	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	      jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      dispose_words (releaser);
-	      discard_unwind_frame ("select");
-	      loop_level--;
-	      line_number = save_line_number;
-	      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	    }
-	}
-
-      retval = execute_command (select_command->action);
-
-      REAP ();
-      QUIT;
-
-      if (breaking)
-	{
-	  breaking--;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      if (continuing)
-	{
-	  continuing--;
-	  if (continuing)
-	    break;
-	}
-
-#if defined (KSH_COMPATIBLE_SELECT)
-      show_menu = 0;
-      selection = get_string_value ("REPLY");
-      if (selection && *selection == '\0')
-        show_menu = 1;
-#endif
-    }
-
-  loop_level--;
-  line_number = save_line_number;
-
-  dispose_words (releaser);
-  discard_unwind_frame ("select");
-  return (retval);
-}
-#endif /* SELECT_COMMAND */
-
-/* Execute a CASE command.  The syntax is: CASE word_desc IN pattern_list ESAC.
-   The pattern_list is a linked list of pattern clauses; each clause contains
-   some patterns to compare word_desc against, and an associated command to
-   execute. */
-static int
-execute_case_command (case_command)
-     CASE_COM *case_command;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *list;
-  WORD_LIST *wlist, *es;
-  PATTERN_LIST *clauses;
-  char *word, *pattern;
-  int retval, match, ignore_return, save_line_number;
-
-  save_line_number = line_number;
-  line_number = case_command->line;
-
-  command_string_index = 0;
-  print_case_command_head (case_command);
-
-  if (echo_command_at_execute)
-    xtrace_print_case_command_head (case_command);
-
-#if 0
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && (this_command_name == 0 || (STREQ (this_command_name, "trap") == 0)))
-#else
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && running_trap == 0)
-#endif
-    {
-      FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-      the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
-    }
-
-  retval = run_debug_trap();
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-  /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-     skip the command. */
-  if (debugging_mode && retval != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-    {
-      line_number = save_line_number;
-      return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-    }
-#endif
-
-  wlist = expand_word_unsplit (case_command->word, 0);
-  word = wlist ? string_list (wlist) : savestring ("");
-  dispose_words (wlist);
-
-  retval = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-  ignore_return = case_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  begin_unwind_frame ("case");
-  add_unwind_protect (xfree, word);
-
-#define EXIT_CASE()  goto exit_case_command
-
-  for (clauses = case_command->clauses; clauses; clauses = clauses->next)
-    {
-      QUIT;
-      for (list = clauses->patterns; list; list = list->next)
-	{
-	  es = expand_word_leave_quoted (list->word, 0);
-
-	  if (es && es->word && es->word->word && *(es->word->word))
-	    pattern = quote_string_for_globbing (es->word->word, QGLOB_CVTNULL);
-	  else
-	    {
-	      pattern = (char *)xmalloc (1);
-	      pattern[0] = '\0';
-	    }
-
-	  /* Since the pattern does not undergo quote removal (as per
-	     Posix.2, section 3.9.4.3), the strmatch () call must be able
-	     to recognize backslashes as escape characters. */
-	  match = strmatch (pattern, word, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG|FNMATCH_IGNCASE) != FNM_NOMATCH;
-	  free (pattern);
-
-	  dispose_words (es);
-
-	  if (match)
-	    {
-	      do
-		{
-		  if (clauses->action && ignore_return)
-		    clauses->action->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-		  retval = execute_command (clauses->action);
-		}
-	      while ((clauses->flags & CASEPAT_FALLTHROUGH) && (clauses = clauses->next));
-	      if (clauses == 0 || (clauses->flags & CASEPAT_TESTNEXT) == 0)
-		EXIT_CASE ();
-	      else
-		break;
-	    }
-
-	  QUIT;
-	}
-    }
-
-exit_case_command:
-  free (word);
-  discard_unwind_frame ("case");
-  line_number = save_line_number;
-  return (retval);
-}
-
-#define CMD_WHILE 0
-#define CMD_UNTIL 1
-
-/* The WHILE command.  Syntax: WHILE test DO action; DONE.
-   Repeatedly execute action while executing test produces
-   EXECUTION_SUCCESS. */
-static int
-execute_while_command (while_command)
-     WHILE_COM *while_command;
-{
-  return (execute_while_or_until (while_command, CMD_WHILE));
-}
-
-/* UNTIL is just like WHILE except that the test result is negated. */
-static int
-execute_until_command (while_command)
-     WHILE_COM *while_command;
-{
-  return (execute_while_or_until (while_command, CMD_UNTIL));
-}
-
-/* The body for both while and until.  The only difference between the
-   two is that the test value is treated differently.  TYPE is
-   CMD_WHILE or CMD_UNTIL.  The return value for both commands should
-   be EXECUTION_SUCCESS if no commands in the body are executed, and
-   the status of the last command executed in the body otherwise. */
-static int
-execute_while_or_until (while_command, type)
-     WHILE_COM *while_command;
-     int type;
-{
-  int return_value, body_status;
-
-  body_status = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-  loop_level++;
-
-  while_command->test->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-  if (while_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN)
-    while_command->action->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  while (1)
-    {
-      return_value = execute_command (while_command->test);
-      REAP ();
-
-      /* Need to handle `break' in the test when we would break out of the
-         loop.  The job control code will set `breaking' to loop_level
-         when a job in a loop is stopped with SIGTSTP.  If the stopped job
-         is in the loop test, `breaking' will not be reset unless we do
-         this, and the shell will cease to execute commands. */
-      if (type == CMD_WHILE && return_value != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  if (breaking)
-	    breaking--;
-	  break;
-	}
-      if (type == CMD_UNTIL && return_value == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  if (breaking)
-	    breaking--;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      QUIT;
-      body_status = execute_command (while_command->action);
-      QUIT;
-
-      if (breaking)
-	{
-	  breaking--;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      if (continuing)
-	{
-	  continuing--;
-	  if (continuing)
-	    break;
-	}
-    }
-  loop_level--;
-
-  return (body_status);
-}
-
-/* IF test THEN command [ELSE command].
-   IF also allows ELIF in the place of ELSE IF, but
-   the parser makes *that* stupidity transparent. */
-static int
-execute_if_command (if_command)
-     IF_COM *if_command;
-{
-  int return_value, save_line_number;
-
-  save_line_number = line_number;
-  if_command->test->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-  return_value = execute_command (if_command->test);
-  line_number = save_line_number;
-
-  if (return_value == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-    {
-      QUIT;
-
-      if (if_command->true_case && (if_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN))
-	if_command->true_case->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-      return (execute_command (if_command->true_case));
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      QUIT;
-
-      if (if_command->false_case && (if_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN))
-	if_command->false_case->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-      return (execute_command (if_command->false_case));
-    }
-}
-
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-static int
-execute_arith_command (arith_command)
-     ARITH_COM *arith_command;
-{
-  int expok, save_line_number, retval;
-  intmax_t expresult;
-  WORD_LIST *new;
-  char *exp;
-
-  expresult = 0;
-
-  save_line_number = line_number;
-  this_command_name = "((";	/* )) */
-  line_number = arith_command->line;
-  /* If we're in a function, update the line number information. */
-  if (variable_context && interactive_shell)
-    line_number -= function_line_number;
-
-  command_string_index = 0;
-  print_arith_command (arith_command->exp);
-
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0)
-    {
-      FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-      the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
-    }
-
-  /* Run the debug trap before each arithmetic command, but do it after we
-     update the line number information and before we expand the various
-     words in the expression. */
-  retval = run_debug_trap ();
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-  /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-     skip the command. */
-  if (debugging_mode && retval != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-    {
-      line_number = save_line_number;
-      return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-    }
-#endif
-
-  new = expand_words_no_vars (arith_command->exp);
-
-  /* If we're tracing, make a new word list with `((' at the front and `))'
-     at the back and print it. */
-  if (echo_command_at_execute)
-    xtrace_print_arith_cmd (new);
-
-  if (new)
-    {
-      exp = new->next ? string_list (new) : new->word->word;
-      expresult = evalexp (exp, &expok);
-      line_number = save_line_number;
-      if (exp != new->word->word)
-	free (exp);
-      dispose_words (new);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      expresult = 0;
-      expok = 1;
-    }
-
-  if (expok == 0)
-    return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-
-  return (expresult == 0 ? EXECUTION_FAILURE : EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-}
-#endif /* DPAREN_ARITHMETIC */
-
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-
-static char * const nullstr = "";
-
-/* XXX - can COND ever be NULL when this is called? */
-static int
-execute_cond_node (cond)
-     COND_COM *cond;
-{
-  int result, invert, patmatch, rmatch, mflags, ignore;
-  char *arg1, *arg2;
-#if 0
-  char *t1, *t2;
-#endif
-
-  invert = (cond->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN);
-  ignore = (cond->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN);
-  if (ignore)
-    {
-      if (cond->left)
-	cond->left->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-      if (cond->right)
-	cond->right->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-    }
-      
-  if (cond->type == COND_EXPR)
-    result = execute_cond_node (cond->left);
-  else if (cond->type == COND_OR)
-    {
-      result = execute_cond_node (cond->left);
-      if (result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	result = execute_cond_node (cond->right);
-    }
-  else if (cond->type == COND_AND)
-    {
-      result = execute_cond_node (cond->left);
-      if (result == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	result = execute_cond_node (cond->right);
-    }
-  else if (cond->type == COND_UNARY)
-    {
-      if (ignore)
-	comsub_ignore_return++;
-      arg1 = cond_expand_word (cond->left->op, 0);
-      if (ignore)
-	comsub_ignore_return--;
-      if (arg1 == 0)
-	arg1 = nullstr;
-      if (echo_command_at_execute)
-	xtrace_print_cond_term (cond->type, invert, cond->op, arg1, (char *)NULL);
-      result = unary_test (cond->op->word, arg1) ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      if (arg1 != nullstr)
-	free (arg1);
-    }
-  else if (cond->type == COND_BINARY)
-    {
-      rmatch = 0;
-      patmatch = (((cond->op->word[1] == '=') && (cond->op->word[2] == '\0') &&
-		   (cond->op->word[0] == '!' || cond->op->word[0] == '=')) ||
-		  (cond->op->word[0] == '=' && cond->op->word[1] == '\0'));
-#if defined (COND_REGEXP)
-      rmatch = (cond->op->word[0] == '=' && cond->op->word[1] == '~' &&
-		cond->op->word[2] == '\0');
-#endif
-
-      if (ignore)
-	comsub_ignore_return++;
-      arg1 = cond_expand_word (cond->left->op, 0);
-      if (ignore)
-	comsub_ignore_return--;
-      if (arg1 == 0)
-	arg1 = nullstr;
-      if (ignore)
-	comsub_ignore_return++;
-      arg2 = cond_expand_word (cond->right->op,
-			       (rmatch && shell_compatibility_level > 31) ? 2 : (patmatch ? 1 : 0));
-      if (ignore)
-	comsub_ignore_return--;
-      if (arg2 == 0)
-	arg2 = nullstr;
-
-      if (echo_command_at_execute)
-	xtrace_print_cond_term (cond->type, invert, cond->op, arg1, arg2);
-
-#if defined (COND_REGEXP)
-      if (rmatch)
-	{
-	  mflags = SHMAT_PWARN;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	  mflags |= SHMAT_SUBEXP;
-#endif
-
-#if 0
-	  t1 = strescape(arg1);
-	  t2 = strescape(arg2);
-	  itrace("execute_cond_node: sh_regmatch on `%s' and `%s'", t1, t2);
-	  free(t1);
-	  free(t2);
-#endif
-
-	  result = sh_regmatch (arg1, arg2, mflags);
-	}
-      else
-#endif /* COND_REGEXP */
-	{
-	  int oe;
-	  oe = extended_glob;
-	  extended_glob = 1;
-	  result = binary_test (cond->op->word, arg1, arg2, TEST_PATMATCH|TEST_ARITHEXP|TEST_LOCALE)
-				  ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS
-				  : EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  extended_glob = oe;
-	}
-      if (arg1 != nullstr)
-	free (arg1);
-      if (arg2 != nullstr)
-	free (arg2);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      command_error ("execute_cond_node", CMDERR_BADTYPE, cond->type, 0);
-      jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-      result = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-  if (invert)
-    result = (result == EXECUTION_SUCCESS) ? EXECUTION_FAILURE : EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-static int
-execute_cond_command (cond_command)
-     COND_COM *cond_command;
-{
-  int retval, save_line_number;
-
-  retval = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-  save_line_number = line_number;
-
-  this_command_name = "[[";
-  line_number = cond_command->line;
-  /* If we're in a function, update the line number information. */
-  if (variable_context && interactive_shell)
-    line_number -= function_line_number;
-  command_string_index = 0;
-  print_cond_command (cond_command);
-
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0)
-    {
-      FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-      the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command);
-    }
-
-  /* Run the debug trap before each conditional command, but do it after we
-     update the line number information. */
-  retval = run_debug_trap ();
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-  /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-     skip the command. */
-  if (debugging_mode && retval != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-    {
-      line_number = save_line_number;
-      return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-    }
-#endif
-
-#if 0
-  debug_print_cond_command (cond_command);
-#endif
-
-  last_command_exit_value = retval = execute_cond_node (cond_command);
-  line_number = save_line_number;
-  return (retval);
-}
-#endif /* COND_COMMAND */
-
-static void
-bind_lastarg (arg)
-     char *arg;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-
-  if (arg == 0)
-    arg = "";
-  var = bind_variable ("_", arg, 0);
-  VUNSETATTR (var, att_exported);
-}
-
-/* Execute a null command.  Fork a subshell if the command uses pipes or is
-   to be run asynchronously.  This handles all the side effects that are
-   supposed to take place. */
-static int
-execute_null_command (redirects, pipe_in, pipe_out, async)
-     REDIRECT *redirects;
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out, async;
-{
-  int r;
-  int forcefork;
-  REDIRECT *rd;
-
-  for (forcefork = 0, rd = redirects; rd; rd = rd->next)
-    forcefork += rd->rflags & REDIR_VARASSIGN;
-
-  if (forcefork || pipe_in != NO_PIPE || pipe_out != NO_PIPE || async)
-    {
-      /* We have a null command, but we really want a subshell to take
-	 care of it.  Just fork, do piping and redirections, and exit. */
-      if (make_child ((char *)NULL, async) == 0)
-	{
-	  /* Cancel traps, in trap.c. */
-	  restore_original_signals ();		/* XXX */
-
-	  do_piping (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-
-#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
-	  coproc_closeall ();
-#endif
-
-	  subshell_environment = 0;
-	  if (async)
-	    subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_ASYNC;
-	  if (pipe_in != NO_PIPE || pipe_out != NO_PIPE)
-	    subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_PIPE;
-
-	  if (do_redirections (redirects, RX_ACTIVE) == 0)
-	    exit (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-	  else
-	    exit (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  close_pipes (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION) && defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-	  if (pipe_out == NO_PIPE)
-	    unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif
-	  return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-	}
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      /* Even if there aren't any command names, pretend to do the
-	 redirections that are specified.  The user expects the side
-	 effects to take place.  If the redirections fail, then return
-	 failure.  Otherwise, if a command substitution took place while
-	 expanding the command or a redirection, return the value of that
-	 substitution.  Otherwise, return EXECUTION_SUCCESS. */
-
-      r = do_redirections (redirects, RX_ACTIVE|RX_UNDOABLE);
-      cleanup_redirects (redirection_undo_list);
-      redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-
-      if (r != 0)
-	return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-      else if (last_command_subst_pid != NO_PID)
-	return (last_command_exit_value);
-      else
-	return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-    }
-}
-
-/* This is a hack to suppress word splitting for assignment statements
-   given as arguments to builtins with the ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN flag set. */
-static void
-fix_assignment_words (words)
-     WORD_LIST *words;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *w, *wcmd;
-  struct builtin *b;
-  int assoc, global, array, integer;
-
-  if (words == 0)
-    return;
-
-  b = 0;
-  assoc = global = array = integer = 0;
-
-  /* Skip over assignment statements preceding a command name */
-  wcmd = words;
-  for (wcmd = words; wcmd; wcmd = wcmd->next)
-    if ((wcmd->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT) == 0)
-      break;
-
-  for (w = wcmd; w; w = w->next)
-    if (w->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT)
-      {
-	if (b == 0)
-	  {
-	    /* Posix (post-2008) says that `command' doesn't change whether
-	       or not the builtin it shadows is a `declaration command', even
-	       though it removes other special builtin properties.  In Posix
-	       mode, we skip over one or more instances of `command' and
-	       deal with the next word as the assignment builtin. */
-	    while (posixly_correct && wcmd && wcmd->word && wcmd->word->word && STREQ (wcmd->word->word, "command"))
-	      wcmd = wcmd->next;
-	    b = builtin_address_internal (wcmd->word->word, 0);
-	    if (b == 0 || (b->flags & ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN) == 0)
-	      return;
-	    else if (b && (b->flags & ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN))
-	      wcmd->word->flags |= W_ASSNBLTIN;
-	  }
-	w->word->flags |= (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOGLOB|W_TILDEEXP|W_ASSIGNARG);
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	if (assoc)
-	  w->word->flags |= W_ASSIGNASSOC;
-	if (array)
-	  w->word->flags |= W_ASSIGNARRAY;
-#endif
-	if (global)
-	  w->word->flags |= W_ASSNGLOBAL;
-	if (integer)
-	  w->word->flags |= W_ASSIGNINT;
-      }
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-    /* Note that we saw an associative array option to a builtin that takes
-       assignment statements.  This is a bit of a kludge. */
-    else if (w->word->word[0] == '-' && (strchr (w->word->word+1, 'A') || strchr (w->word->word+1, 'a') || strchr (w->word->word+1, 'g')))
-#else
-    else if (w->word->word[0] == '-' && strchr (w->word->word+1, 'g'))
-#endif
-      {
-	if (b == 0)
-	  {
-	    while (posixly_correct && wcmd && wcmd->word && wcmd->word->word && STREQ (wcmd->word->word, "command"))
-	      wcmd = wcmd->next;
-	    b = builtin_address_internal (wcmd->word->word, 0);
-	    if (b == 0 || (b->flags & ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN) == 0)
-	      return;
-	    else if (b && (b->flags & ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN))
-	      wcmd->word->flags |= W_ASSNBLTIN;
-	  }
-	if ((wcmd->word->flags & W_ASSNBLTIN) && strchr (w->word->word+1, 'A'))
-	  assoc = 1;
-	else if ((wcmd->word->flags & W_ASSNBLTIN) && strchr (w->word->word+1, 'a'))
-	  array = 1;
-	if ((wcmd->word->flags & W_ASSNBLTIN) && strchr (w->word->word+1, 'g'))
-	  global = 1;
-	if ((wcmd->word->flags & W_ASSNBLTIN) && strchr (w->word->word+1, 'i'))
-	  integer = 1;
-      }
-}
-
-/* Return 1 if the file found by searching $PATH for PATHNAME, defaulting
-   to PATHNAME, is a directory.  Used by the autocd code below. */
-static int
-is_dirname (pathname)
-     char *pathname;
-{
-  char *temp;
-  int ret;
-
-  temp = search_for_command (pathname, 0);
-  ret = (temp ? file_isdir (temp) : file_isdir (pathname));
-  free (temp);
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* The meaty part of all the executions.  We have to start hacking the
-   real execution of commands here.  Fork a process, set things up,
-   execute the command. */
-static int
-execute_simple_command (simple_command, pipe_in, pipe_out, async, fds_to_close)
-     SIMPLE_COM *simple_command;
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out, async;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *words, *lastword;
-  char *command_line, *lastarg, *temp;
-  int first_word_quoted, result, builtin_is_special, already_forked, dofork;
-  pid_t old_last_async_pid;
-  sh_builtin_func_t *builtin;
-  SHELL_VAR *func;
-  volatile int old_builtin, old_command_builtin;
-
-  result = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-  special_builtin_failed = builtin_is_special = 0;
-  command_line = (char *)0;
-
-  QUIT;
-
-  /* If we're in a function, update the line number information. */
-  if (variable_context && interactive_shell && sourcelevel == 0)
-    line_number -= function_line_number;
-
-  /* Remember what this command line looks like at invocation. */
-  command_string_index = 0;
-  print_simple_command (simple_command);
-
-#if 0
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && (this_command_name == 0 || (STREQ (this_command_name, "trap") == 0)))
-#else
-  if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && running_trap == 0)
-#endif
-    {
-      FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap);
-      the_printed_command_except_trap = the_printed_command ? savestring (the_printed_command) : (char *)0;
-    }
-
-  /* Run the debug trap before each simple command, but do it after we
-     update the line number information. */
-  result = run_debug_trap ();
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-  /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-     skip the command. */
-  if (debugging_mode && result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-#endif
-
-  first_word_quoted =
-    simple_command->words ? (simple_command->words->word->flags & W_QUOTED) : 0;
-
-  last_command_subst_pid = NO_PID;
-  old_last_async_pid = last_asynchronous_pid;
-
-  already_forked = dofork = 0;
-
-  /* If we're in a pipeline or run in the background, set DOFORK so we
-     make the child early, before word expansion.  This keeps assignment
-     statements from affecting the parent shell's environment when they
-     should not. */
-  dofork = pipe_in != NO_PIPE || pipe_out != NO_PIPE || async;
-
-  /* Something like `%2 &' should restart job 2 in the background, not cause
-     the shell to fork here. */
-  if (dofork && pipe_in == NO_PIPE && pipe_out == NO_PIPE &&
-	simple_command->words && simple_command->words->word &&
-	simple_command->words->word->word &&
-	(simple_command->words->word->word[0] == '%'))
-    dofork = 0;
-
-  if (dofork)
-    {
-      /* Do this now, because execute_disk_command will do it anyway in the
-	 vast majority of cases. */
-      maybe_make_export_env ();
-
-      /* Don't let a DEBUG trap overwrite the command string to be saved with
-	 the process/job associated with this child. */
-      if (make_child (savestring (the_printed_command_except_trap), async) == 0)
-	{
-	  already_forked = 1;
-	  simple_command->flags |= CMD_NO_FORK;
-
-	  subshell_environment = SUBSHELL_FORK;
-	  if (pipe_in != NO_PIPE || pipe_out != NO_PIPE)
-	    subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_PIPE;
-	  if (async)
-	    subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_ASYNC;
-
-	  /* We need to do this before piping to handle some really
-	     pathological cases where one of the pipe file descriptors
-	     is < 2. */
-	  if (fds_to_close)
-	    close_fd_bitmap (fds_to_close);
-
-	  do_piping (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-	  pipe_in = pipe_out = NO_PIPE;
-#if defined (COPROCESS_SUPPORT)
-	  coproc_closeall ();
-#endif
-
-	  last_asynchronous_pid = old_last_async_pid;
-
-	  CHECK_SIGTERM;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  /* Don't let simple commands that aren't the last command in a
-	     pipeline change $? for the rest of the pipeline (or at all). */
-	  if (pipe_out != NO_PIPE)
-	    result = last_command_exit_value;
-	  close_pipes (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION) && defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-	  /* Close /dev/fd file descriptors in the parent after forking the
-	     last child in a (possibly one-element) pipeline.  Defer this
-	     until any running shell function completes. */
-	  if (pipe_out == NO_PIPE && variable_context == 0)	/* XXX */
-	    unlink_fifo_list ();		/* XXX */
-#endif
-	  command_line = (char *)NULL;      /* don't free this. */
-	  bind_lastarg ((char *)NULL);
-	  return (result);
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* If we are re-running this as the result of executing the `command'
-     builtin, do not expand the command words a second time. */
-  if ((simple_command->flags & CMD_INHIBIT_EXPANSION) == 0)
-    {
-      current_fds_to_close = fds_to_close;
-      fix_assignment_words (simple_command->words);
-      /* Pass the ignore return flag down to command substitutions */
-      if (simple_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN)	/* XXX */
-	comsub_ignore_return++;
-      words = expand_words (simple_command->words);
-      if (simple_command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN)
-	comsub_ignore_return--;
-      current_fds_to_close = (struct fd_bitmap *)NULL;
-    }
-  else
-    words = copy_word_list (simple_command->words);
-
-  /* It is possible for WORDS not to have anything left in it.
-     Perhaps all the words consisted of `$foo', and there was
-     no variable `$foo'. */
-  if (words == 0)
-    {
-      this_command_name = 0;
-      result = execute_null_command (simple_command->redirects,
-				     pipe_in, pipe_out,
-				     already_forked ? 0 : async);
-      if (already_forked)
-	exit (result);
-      else
-	{
-	  bind_lastarg ((char *)NULL);
-	  set_pipestatus_from_exit (result);
-	  return (result);
-	}
-    }
-
-  lastarg = (char *)NULL;
-
-  begin_unwind_frame ("simple-command");
-
-  if (echo_command_at_execute)
-    xtrace_print_word_list (words, 1);
-
-  builtin = (sh_builtin_func_t *)NULL;
-  func = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
-  if ((simple_command->flags & CMD_NO_FUNCTIONS) == 0)
-    {
-      /* Posix.2 says special builtins are found before functions.  We
-	 don't set builtin_is_special anywhere other than here, because
-	 this path is followed only when the `command' builtin is *not*
-	 being used, and we don't want to exit the shell if a special
-	 builtin executed with `command builtin' fails.  `command' is not
-	 a special builtin. */
-      if (posixly_correct)
-	{
-	  builtin = find_special_builtin (words->word->word);
-	  if (builtin)
-	    builtin_is_special = 1;
-	}
-      if (builtin == 0)
-	func = find_function (words->word->word);
-    }
-
-  /* In POSIX mode, assignment errors in the temporary environment cause a
-     non-interactive shell to exit. */
-  if (posixly_correct && builtin_is_special && interactive_shell == 0 && tempenv_assign_error)
-    {
-      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-    }
-  tempenv_assign_error = 0;	/* don't care about this any more */
-
-  add_unwind_protect (dispose_words, words);
-  QUIT;
-
-  /* Bind the last word in this command to "$_" after execution. */
-  for (lastword = words; lastword->next; lastword = lastword->next)
-    ;
-  lastarg = lastword->word->word;
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  /* Is this command a job control related thing? */
-  if (words->word->word[0] == '%' && already_forked == 0)
-    {
-      this_command_name = async ? "bg" : "fg";
-      last_shell_builtin = this_shell_builtin;
-      this_shell_builtin = builtin_address (this_command_name);
-      result = (*this_shell_builtin) (words);
-      goto return_result;
-    }
-
-  /* One other possibililty.  The user may want to resume an existing job.
-     If they do, find out whether this word is a candidate for a running
-     job. */
-  if (job_control && already_forked == 0 && async == 0 &&
-	!first_word_quoted &&
-	!words->next &&
-	words->word->word[0] &&
-	!simple_command->redirects &&
-	pipe_in == NO_PIPE &&
-	pipe_out == NO_PIPE &&
-	(temp = get_string_value ("auto_resume")))
-    {
-      int job, jflags, started_status;
-
-      jflags = JM_STOPPED|JM_FIRSTMATCH;
-      if (STREQ (temp, "exact"))
-	jflags |= JM_EXACT;
-      else if (STREQ (temp, "substring"))
-	jflags |= JM_SUBSTRING;
-      else
-	jflags |= JM_PREFIX;
-      job = get_job_by_name (words->word->word, jflags);
-      if (job != NO_JOB)
-	{
-	  run_unwind_frame ("simple-command");
-	  this_command_name = "fg";
-	  last_shell_builtin = this_shell_builtin;
-	  this_shell_builtin = builtin_address ("fg");
-
-	  started_status = start_job (job, 1);
-	  return ((started_status < 0) ? EXECUTION_FAILURE : started_status);
-	}
-    }
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-run_builtin:
-  /* Remember the name of this command globally. */
-  this_command_name = words->word->word;
-
-  QUIT;
-
-  /* This command could be a shell builtin or a user-defined function.
-     We have already found special builtins by this time, so we do not
-     set builtin_is_special.  If this is a function or builtin, and we
-     have pipes, then fork a subshell in here.  Otherwise, just execute
-     the command directly. */
-  if (func == 0 && builtin == 0)
-    builtin = find_shell_builtin (this_command_name);
-
-  last_shell_builtin = this_shell_builtin;
-  this_shell_builtin = builtin;
-
-  if (builtin || func)
-    {
-      if (builtin)
-        {
-	  old_builtin = executing_builtin;
-	  old_command_builtin = executing_command_builtin;
-	  unwind_protect_int (executing_builtin);	/* modified in execute_builtin */
-	  unwind_protect_int (executing_command_builtin);	/* ditto */
-        }
-      if (already_forked)
-	{
-	  /* reset_terminating_signals (); */	/* XXX */
-	  /* Reset the signal handlers in the child, but don't free the
-	     trap strings.  Set a flag noting that we have to free the
-	     trap strings if we run trap to change a signal disposition. */
-	  reset_signal_handlers ();
-	  subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_RESETTRAP;
-
-	  if (async)
-	    {
-	      if ((simple_command->flags & CMD_STDIN_REDIR) &&
-		    pipe_in == NO_PIPE &&
-		    (stdin_redirects (simple_command->redirects) == 0))
-		async_redirect_stdin ();
-	      setup_async_signals ();
-	    }
-
-	  subshell_level++;
-	  execute_subshell_builtin_or_function
-	    (words, simple_command->redirects, builtin, func,
-	     pipe_in, pipe_out, async, fds_to_close,
-	     simple_command->flags);
-	  subshell_level--;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  result = execute_builtin_or_function
-	    (words, builtin, func, simple_command->redirects, fds_to_close,
-	     simple_command->flags);
-	  if (builtin)
-	    {
-	      if (result > EX_SHERRBASE)
-		{
-		  switch (result)
-		    {
-		    case EX_REDIRFAIL:
-		    case EX_BADASSIGN:
-		    case EX_EXPFAIL:
-		      /* These errors cause non-interactive posix mode shells to exit */
-		      if (posixly_correct && builtin_is_special && interactive_shell == 0)
-			{
-			  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-			  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-			}
-		    }
-		  result = builtin_status (result);
-		  if (builtin_is_special)
-		    special_builtin_failed = 1;
-		}
-	      /* In POSIX mode, if there are assignment statements preceding
-		 a special builtin, they persist after the builtin
-		 completes. */
-	      if (posixly_correct && builtin_is_special && temporary_env)
-		merge_temporary_env ();
-	    }
-	  else		/* function */
-	    {
-	      if (result == EX_USAGE)
-		result = EX_BADUSAGE;
-	      else if (result > EX_SHERRBASE)
-		result = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	    }
-
-	  set_pipestatus_from_exit (result);
-
-	  goto return_result;
-	}
-    }
-
-  if (autocd && interactive && words->word && is_dirname (words->word->word))
-    {
-      words = make_word_list (make_word ("cd"), words);
-      xtrace_print_word_list (words, 0);
-      goto run_builtin;
-    }
-
-  if (command_line == 0)
-    command_line = savestring (the_printed_command_except_trap ? the_printed_command_except_trap : "");
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-  if ((subshell_environment & SUBSHELL_COMSUB) && (simple_command->flags & CMD_NO_FORK) && fifos_pending() > 0)
-    simple_command->flags &= ~CMD_NO_FORK;
-#endif
-
-  result = execute_disk_command (words, simple_command->redirects, command_line,
-			pipe_in, pipe_out, async, fds_to_close,
-			simple_command->flags);
-
- return_result:
-  bind_lastarg (lastarg);
-  FREE (command_line);
-  dispose_words (words);
-  if (builtin)
-    {
-      executing_builtin = old_builtin;
-      executing_command_builtin = old_command_builtin;
-    }
-  discard_unwind_frame ("simple-command");
-  this_command_name = (char *)NULL;	/* points to freed memory now */
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Translate the special builtin exit statuses.  We don't really need a
-   function for this; it's a placeholder for future work. */
-static int
-builtin_status (result)
-     int result;
-{
-  int r;
-
-  switch (result)
-    {
-    case EX_USAGE:
-      r = EX_BADUSAGE;
-      break;
-    case EX_REDIRFAIL:
-    case EX_BADSYNTAX:
-    case EX_BADASSIGN:
-    case EX_EXPFAIL:
-      r = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      break;
-    default:
-      r = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-      break;
-    }
-  return (r);
-}
-
-static int
-execute_builtin (builtin, words, flags, subshell)
-     sh_builtin_func_t *builtin;
-     WORD_LIST *words;
-     int flags, subshell;
-{
-  int old_e_flag, result, eval_unwind;
-  int isbltinenv;
-  char *error_trap;
-
-  error_trap = 0;
-  old_e_flag = exit_immediately_on_error;
-
-  /* The eval builtin calls parse_and_execute, which does not know about
-     the setting of flags, and always calls the execution functions with
-     flags that will exit the shell on an error if -e is set.  If the
-     eval builtin is being called, and we're supposed to ignore the exit
-     value of the command, we turn the -e flag off ourselves and disable
-     the ERR trap, then restore them when the command completes.  This is
-     also a problem (as below) for the command and source/. builtins. */
-  if (subshell == 0 && (flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) &&
-	(builtin == eval_builtin || builtin == command_builtin || builtin == source_builtin))
-    {
-      begin_unwind_frame ("eval_builtin");
-      unwind_protect_int (exit_immediately_on_error);
-      unwind_protect_int (builtin_ignoring_errexit);
-      error_trap = TRAP_STRING (ERROR_TRAP);
-      if (error_trap)
-	{
-	  error_trap = savestring (error_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (xfree, error_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (set_error_trap, error_trap);
-	  restore_default_signal (ERROR_TRAP);
-	}
-      exit_immediately_on_error = 0;
-      builtin_ignoring_errexit = 1;
-      eval_unwind = 1;
-    }
-  else
-    eval_unwind = 0;
-
-  /* The temporary environment for a builtin is supposed to apply to
-     all commands executed by that builtin.  Currently, this is a
-     problem only with the `unset', `source' and `eval' builtins.
-     `mapfile' is a special case because it uses evalstring (same as
-     eval or source) to run its callbacks. */
-  isbltinenv = (builtin == source_builtin || builtin == eval_builtin || builtin == unset_builtin || builtin == mapfile_builtin);
-
-  if (isbltinenv)
-    {
-      if (subshell == 0)
-	begin_unwind_frame ("builtin_env");
-
-      if (temporary_env)
-	{
-	  push_scope (VC_BLTNENV, temporary_env);
-	  if (subshell == 0)
-	    add_unwind_protect (pop_scope, (flags & CMD_COMMAND_BUILTIN) ? 0 : "1");
-          temporary_env = (HASH_TABLE *)NULL;	  
-	}
-    }
-
-  if (subshell == 0 && builtin == eval_builtin)
-    {
-      if (evalnest_max > 0 && evalnest >= evalnest_max)
-	{
-	  internal_error (_("eval: maximum eval nesting level exceeded (%d)"), evalnest);
-	  evalnest = 0;
-	  jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-	}
-      unwind_protect_int (evalnest);
-      /* The test for subshell == 0 doesn't make a difference */
-      evalnest++;	/* execute_subshell_builtin_or_function sets this to 0 */
-    }
-
-  /* `return' does a longjmp() back to a saved environment in execute_function.
-     If a variable assignment list preceded the command, and the shell is
-     running in POSIX mode, we need to merge that into the shell_variables
-     table, since `return' is a POSIX special builtin. */
-  if (posixly_correct && subshell == 0 && builtin == return_builtin && temporary_env)
-    {
-      begin_unwind_frame ("return_temp_env");
-      add_unwind_protect (merge_temporary_env, (char *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  executing_builtin++;
-  executing_command_builtin |= builtin == command_builtin;
-  result = ((*builtin) (words->next));
-
-  /* This shouldn't happen, but in case `return' comes back instead of
-     longjmp'ing, we need to unwind. */
-  if (posixly_correct && subshell == 0 && builtin == return_builtin && temporary_env)
-    discard_unwind_frame ("return_temp_env");
-
-  if (subshell == 0 && isbltinenv)
-    run_unwind_frame ("builtin_env");
-
-  if (eval_unwind)
-    {
-      exit_immediately_on_error = errexit_flag;
-      builtin_ignoring_errexit = 0;
-      if (error_trap)
-	{
-	  set_error_trap (error_trap);
-	  xfree (error_trap);
-	}
-      discard_unwind_frame ("eval_builtin");
-    }
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-static int
-execute_function (var, words, flags, fds_to_close, async, subshell)
-     SHELL_VAR *var;
-     WORD_LIST *words;
-     int flags;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-     int async, subshell;
-{
-  int return_val, result;
-  COMMAND *tc, *fc, *save_current;
-  char *debug_trap, *error_trap, *return_trap;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  SHELL_VAR *funcname_v, *nfv, *bash_source_v, *bash_lineno_v;
-  ARRAY *funcname_a;
-  volatile ARRAY *bash_source_a;
-  volatile ARRAY *bash_lineno_a;
-#endif
-  FUNCTION_DEF *shell_fn;
-  char *sfile, *t;
-
-  USE_VAR(fc);
-
-  if (funcnest_max > 0 && funcnest >= funcnest_max)
-    {
-      internal_error (_("%s: maximum function nesting level exceeded (%d)"), var->name, funcnest);
-      funcnest = 0;	/* XXX - should we reset it somewhere else? */
-      jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-    }
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("FUNCNAME", funcname_v, funcname_a);
-  GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("BASH_SOURCE", bash_source_v, bash_source_a);
-  GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("BASH_LINENO", bash_lineno_v, bash_lineno_a);
-#endif
-
-  tc = (COMMAND *)copy_command (function_cell (var));
-  if (tc && (flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN))
-    tc->flags |= CMD_IGNORE_RETURN;
-
-  if (subshell == 0)
-    {
-      begin_unwind_frame ("function_calling");
-      push_context (var->name, subshell, temporary_env);
-      add_unwind_protect (pop_context, (char *)NULL);
-      unwind_protect_int (line_number);
-      unwind_protect_int (return_catch_flag);
-      unwind_protect_jmp_buf (return_catch);
-      add_unwind_protect (dispose_command, (char *)tc);
-      unwind_protect_pointer (this_shell_function);
-      unwind_protect_int (loop_level);
-      unwind_protect_int (funcnest);
-    }
-  else
-    push_context (var->name, subshell, temporary_env);	/* don't unwind-protect for subshells */
-
-  temporary_env = (HASH_TABLE *)NULL;
-
-  this_shell_function = var;
-  make_funcname_visible (1);
-
-  debug_trap = TRAP_STRING(DEBUG_TRAP);
-  error_trap = TRAP_STRING(ERROR_TRAP);
-  return_trap = TRAP_STRING(RETURN_TRAP);
-  
-  /* The order of the unwind protects for debug_trap, error_trap and
-     return_trap is important here!  unwind-protect commands are run
-     in reverse order of registration.  If this causes problems, take
-     out the xfree unwind-protect calls and live with the small memory leak. */
-
-  /* function_trace_mode != 0 means that all functions inherit the DEBUG trap.
-     if the function has the trace attribute set, it inherits the DEBUG trap */
-  if (debug_trap && ((trace_p (var) == 0) && function_trace_mode == 0))
-    {
-      if (subshell == 0)
-	{
-	  debug_trap = savestring (debug_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (xfree, debug_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (set_debug_trap, debug_trap);
-	}
-      restore_default_signal (DEBUG_TRAP);
-    }
-
-  /* error_trace_mode != 0 means that functions inherit the ERR trap. */
-  if (error_trap && error_trace_mode == 0)
-    {
-      if (subshell == 0)
-	{
-	  error_trap = savestring (error_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (xfree, error_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (set_error_trap, error_trap);
-	}
-      restore_default_signal (ERROR_TRAP);
-    }
-
-  /* Shell functions inherit the RETURN trap if function tracing is on
-     globally or on individually for this function. */
-#if 0
-  if (return_trap && ((trace_p (var) == 0) && function_trace_mode == 0))
-#else
-  if (return_trap && (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) || ((trace_p (var) == 0) && function_trace_mode == 0)))
-#endif
-    {
-      if (subshell == 0)
-	{
-	  return_trap = savestring (return_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (xfree, return_trap);
-	  add_unwind_protect (set_return_trap, return_trap);
-	}
-      restore_default_signal (RETURN_TRAP);
-    }
-  
-  funcnest++;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  /* This is quite similar to the code in shell.c and elsewhere. */
-  shell_fn = find_function_def (this_shell_function->name);
-  sfile = shell_fn ? shell_fn->source_file : "";
-  array_push ((ARRAY *)funcname_a, this_shell_function->name);
-
-  array_push ((ARRAY *)bash_source_a, sfile);
-  t = itos (executing_line_number ());
-  array_push ((ARRAY *)bash_lineno_a, t);
-  free (t);
-#endif
-
-  /* The temporary environment for a function is supposed to apply to
-     all commands executed within the function body. */
-
-  remember_args (words->next, 1);
-
-  /* Update BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC */
-  if (debugging_mode)
-    push_args (words->next);
-
-  /* Number of the line on which the function body starts. */
-  line_number = function_line_number = tc->line;
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  if (subshell)
-    stop_pipeline (async, (COMMAND *)NULL);
-#endif
-
-  fc = tc;
-
-  from_return_trap = 0;
-
-  return_catch_flag++;
-  return_val = setjmp_nosigs (return_catch);
-
-  if (return_val)
-    {
-      result = return_catch_value;
-      /* Run the RETURN trap in the function's context. */
-      save_current = currently_executing_command;
-      if (from_return_trap == 0)
-	run_return_trap ();
-      currently_executing_command = save_current;
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      /* Run the debug trap here so we can trap at the start of a function's
-	 execution rather than the execution of the body's first command. */
-      showing_function_line = 1;
-      save_current = currently_executing_command;
-      result = run_debug_trap ();
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-      /* In debugging mode, if the DEBUG trap returns a non-zero status, we
-	 skip the command. */
-      if (debugging_mode == 0 || result == EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
-	{
-	  showing_function_line = 0;
-	  currently_executing_command = save_current;
-	  result = execute_command_internal (fc, 0, NO_PIPE, NO_PIPE, fds_to_close);
-
-	  /* Run the RETURN trap in the function's context */
-	  save_current = currently_executing_command;
-	  run_return_trap ();
-	  currently_executing_command = save_current;
-	}
-#else
-      result = execute_command_internal (fc, 0, NO_PIPE, NO_PIPE, fds_to_close);
-
-      save_current = currently_executing_command;
-      run_return_trap ();
-      currently_executing_command = save_current;
-#endif
-      showing_function_line = 0;
-    }
-
-  /* Restore BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV */
-  if (debugging_mode)
-    pop_args ();
-
-  if (subshell == 0)
-    run_unwind_frame ("function_calling");
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  /* These two variables cannot be unset, and cannot be affected by the
-     function. */
-  array_pop ((ARRAY *)bash_source_a);
-  array_pop ((ARRAY *)bash_lineno_a);
-
-  /* FUNCNAME can be unset, and so can potentially be changed by the
-     function. */
-  GET_ARRAY_FROM_VAR ("FUNCNAME", nfv, funcname_a);
-  if (nfv == funcname_v)
-    array_pop (funcname_a);
-#endif
-  
-  if (variable_context == 0 || this_shell_function == 0)
-    {
-      make_funcname_visible (0);
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-      unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif
-    }
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* A convenience routine for use by other parts of the shell to execute
-   a particular shell function. */
-int
-execute_shell_function (var, words)
-     SHELL_VAR *var;
-     WORD_LIST *words;
-{
-  int ret;
-  struct fd_bitmap *bitmap;
-
-  bitmap = new_fd_bitmap (FD_BITMAP_DEFAULT_SIZE);
-  begin_unwind_frame ("execute-shell-function");
-  add_unwind_protect (dispose_fd_bitmap, (char *)bitmap);
-      
-  ret = execute_function (var, words, 0, bitmap, 0, 0);
-
-  dispose_fd_bitmap (bitmap);
-  discard_unwind_frame ("execute-shell-function");
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Execute a shell builtin or function in a subshell environment.  This
-   routine does not return; it only calls exit().  If BUILTIN is non-null,
-   it points to a function to call to execute a shell builtin; otherwise
-   VAR points at the body of a function to execute.  WORDS is the arguments
-   to the command, REDIRECTS specifies redirections to perform before the
-   command is executed. */
-static void
-execute_subshell_builtin_or_function (words, redirects, builtin, var,
-				      pipe_in, pipe_out, async, fds_to_close,
-				      flags)
-     WORD_LIST *words;
-     REDIRECT *redirects;
-     sh_builtin_func_t *builtin;
-     SHELL_VAR *var;
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out, async;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-     int flags;
-{
-  int result, r, funcvalue;
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  int jobs_hack;
-
-  jobs_hack = (builtin == jobs_builtin) &&
-		((subshell_environment & SUBSHELL_ASYNC) == 0 || pipe_out != NO_PIPE);
-#endif
-
-  /* A subshell is neither a login shell nor interactive. */
-  login_shell = interactive = 0;
-  if (builtin == eval_builtin)
-    evalnest = 0;
-
-  if (async)
-    subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_ASYNC;
-  if (pipe_in != NO_PIPE || pipe_out != NO_PIPE)
-    subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_PIPE;
-
-  maybe_make_export_env ();	/* XXX - is this needed? */
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  /* Eradicate all traces of job control after we fork the subshell, so
-     all jobs begun by this subshell are in the same process group as
-     the shell itself. */
-
-  /* Allow the output of `jobs' to be piped. */
-  if (jobs_hack)
-    kill_current_pipeline ();
-  else
-    without_job_control ();
-
-  set_sigchld_handler ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  set_sigint_handler ();
-
-  if (fds_to_close)
-    close_fd_bitmap (fds_to_close);
-
-  do_piping (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-
-  if (do_redirections (redirects, RX_ACTIVE) != 0)
-    exit (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-
-  if (builtin)
-    {
-      /* Give builtins a place to jump back to on failure,
-	 so we don't go back up to main(). */
-      result = setjmp_nosigs (top_level);
-
-      /* Give the return builtin a place to jump to when executed in a subshell
-         or pipeline */
-      funcvalue = 0;
-      if (return_catch_flag && builtin == return_builtin)
-        funcvalue = setjmp_nosigs (return_catch);
-
-      if (result == EXITPROG)
-	exit (last_command_exit_value);
-      else if (result)
-	exit (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-      else if (funcvalue)
-	exit (return_catch_value);
-      else
-	{
-	  r = execute_builtin (builtin, words, flags, 1);
-	  fflush (stdout);
-	  if (r == EX_USAGE)
-	    r = EX_BADUSAGE;
-	  exit (r);
-	}
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      r = execute_function (var, words, flags, fds_to_close, async, 1);
-      fflush (stdout);
-      exit (r);
-    }
-}
-
-/* Execute a builtin or function in the current shell context.  If BUILTIN
-   is non-null, it is the builtin command to execute, otherwise VAR points
-   to the body of a function.  WORDS are the command's arguments, REDIRECTS
-   are the redirections to perform.  FDS_TO_CLOSE is the usual bitmap of
-   file descriptors to close.
-
-   If BUILTIN is exec_builtin, the redirections specified in REDIRECTS are
-   not undone before this function returns. */
-static int
-execute_builtin_or_function (words, builtin, var, redirects,
-			     fds_to_close, flags)
-     WORD_LIST *words;
-     sh_builtin_func_t *builtin;
-     SHELL_VAR *var;
-     REDIRECT *redirects;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-     int flags;
-{
-  int result;
-  REDIRECT *saved_undo_list;
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-  int ofifo, nfifo, osize;
-  char *ofifo_list;
-#endif
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)  
-  ofifo = num_fifos ();
-  ofifo_list = copy_fifo_list (&osize);
-#endif
-
-  if (do_redirections (redirects, RX_ACTIVE|RX_UNDOABLE) != 0)
-    {
-      cleanup_redirects (redirection_undo_list);
-      redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-      dispose_exec_redirects ();
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-      free (ofifo_list);
-#endif
-      return (EX_REDIRFAIL);	/* was EXECUTION_FAILURE */
-    }
-
-  saved_undo_list = redirection_undo_list;
-
-  /* Calling the "exec" builtin changes redirections forever. */
-  if (builtin == exec_builtin)
-    {
-      dispose_redirects (saved_undo_list);
-      saved_undo_list = exec_redirection_undo_list;
-      exec_redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-    }
-  else
-    dispose_exec_redirects ();
-
-  if (saved_undo_list)
-    {
-      begin_unwind_frame ("saved-redirects");
-      add_unwind_protect (cleanup_redirects, (char *)saved_undo_list);
-    }
-
-  redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-
-  if (builtin)
-    result = execute_builtin (builtin, words, flags, 0);
-  else
-    result = execute_function (var, words, flags, fds_to_close, 0, 0);
-
-  /* We do this before undoing the effects of any redirections. */
-  fflush (stdout);
-  fpurge (stdout);
-  if (ferror (stdout))
-    clearerr (stdout);  
-
-  /* If we are executing the `command' builtin, but this_shell_builtin is
-     set to `exec_builtin', we know that we have something like
-     `command exec [redirection]', since otherwise `exec' would have
-     overwritten the shell and we wouldn't get here.  In this case, we
-     want to behave as if the `command' builtin had not been specified
-     and preserve the redirections. */
-  if (builtin == command_builtin && this_shell_builtin == exec_builtin)
-    {
-      int discard;
-
-      discard = 0;
-      if (saved_undo_list)
-	{
-	  dispose_redirects (saved_undo_list);
-	  discard = 1;
-	}
-      redirection_undo_list = exec_redirection_undo_list;
-      saved_undo_list = exec_redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;      
-      if (discard)
-	discard_unwind_frame ("saved-redirects");
-    }
-
-  if (saved_undo_list)
-    {
-      redirection_undo_list = saved_undo_list;
-      discard_unwind_frame ("saved-redirects");
-    }
-
-  if (redirection_undo_list)
-    {
-      cleanup_redirects (redirection_undo_list);
-      redirection_undo_list = (REDIRECT *)NULL;
-    }
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-  /* Close any FIFOs created by this builtin or function. */
-  nfifo = num_fifos ();
-  if (nfifo > ofifo)
-    close_new_fifos (ofifo_list, osize);
-  free (ofifo_list);
-#endif
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-void
-setup_async_signals ()
-{
-#if defined (__BEOS__)
-  set_signal_handler (SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);	/* they want csh-like behavior */
-#endif
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  if (job_control == 0)
-#endif
-    {
-      /* Make sure we get the original signal dispositions now so we don't
-	 confuse the trap builtin later if the subshell tries to use it to
-	 reset SIGINT/SIGQUIT.  Don't call set_signal_ignored; that sets
-	 the value of original_signals to SIG_IGN. Posix interpretation 751. */
-      get_original_signal (SIGINT);
-      set_signal_handler (SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
-
-      get_original_signal (SIGQUIT);
-      set_signal_handler (SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
-    }
-}
-
-/* Execute a simple command that is hopefully defined in a disk file
-   somewhere.
-
-   1) fork ()
-   2) connect pipes
-   3) look up the command
-   4) do redirections
-   5) execve ()
-   6) If the execve failed, see if the file has executable mode set.
-   If so, and it isn't a directory, then execute its contents as
-   a shell script.
-
-   Note that the filename hashing stuff has to take place up here,
-   in the parent.  This is probably why the Bourne style shells
-   don't handle it, since that would require them to go through
-   this gnarly hair, for no good reason.
-
-   NOTE: callers expect this to fork or exit(). */
-
-/* Name of a shell function to call when a command name is not found. */
-#ifndef NOTFOUND_HOOK
-#  define NOTFOUND_HOOK "command_not_found_handle"
-#endif
-
-static int
-execute_disk_command (words, redirects, command_line, pipe_in, pipe_out,
-		      async, fds_to_close, cmdflags)
-     WORD_LIST *words;
-     REDIRECT *redirects;
-     char *command_line;
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out, async;
-     struct fd_bitmap *fds_to_close;
-     int cmdflags;
-{
-  char *pathname, *command, **args;
-  int nofork, result;
-  pid_t pid;
-  SHELL_VAR *hookf;
-  WORD_LIST *wl;
-
-  nofork = (cmdflags & CMD_NO_FORK);  /* Don't fork, just exec, if no pipes */
-  pathname = words->word->word;
-
-  result = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-#if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL)
-  command = (char *)NULL;
-  if (restricted && mbschr (pathname, '/'))
-    {
-      internal_error (_("%s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names"),
-		    pathname);
-      result = last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-
-      /* If we're not going to fork below, we must already be in a child
-         process or a context in which it's safe to call exit(2).  */
-      if (nofork && pipe_in == NO_PIPE && pipe_out == NO_PIPE)
-	exit (last_command_exit_value);
-      else
-	goto parent_return;
-    }
-#endif /* RESTRICTED_SHELL */
-
-  command = search_for_command (pathname, 1);
-
-  if (command)
-    {
-      maybe_make_export_env ();
-      put_command_name_into_env (command);
-    }
-
-  /* We have to make the child before we check for the non-existence
-     of COMMAND, since we want the error messages to be redirected. */
-  /* If we can get away without forking and there are no pipes to deal with,
-     don't bother to fork, just directly exec the command. */
-  if (nofork && pipe_in == NO_PIPE && pipe_out == NO_PIPE)
-    pid = 0;
-  else
-    pid = make_child (savestring (command_line), async);
-
-  if (pid == 0)
-    {
-      int old_interactive;
-
-      reset_terminating_signals ();	/* XXX */
-      /* Cancel traps, in trap.c. */
-      restore_original_signals ();
-
-      CHECK_SIGTERM;
-
-      /* restore_original_signals may have undone the work done
-	 by make_child to ensure that SIGINT and SIGQUIT are ignored
-	 in asynchronous children. */
-      if (async)
-	{
-	  if ((cmdflags & CMD_STDIN_REDIR) &&
-		pipe_in == NO_PIPE &&
-		(stdin_redirects (redirects) == 0))
-	    async_redirect_stdin ();
-	  setup_async_signals ();
-	}
-
-      /* This functionality is now provided by close-on-exec of the
-	 file descriptors manipulated by redirection and piping.
-	 Some file descriptors still need to be closed in all children
-	 because of the way bash does pipes; fds_to_close is a
-	 bitmap of all such file descriptors. */
-      if (fds_to_close)
-	close_fd_bitmap (fds_to_close);
-
-      do_piping (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-
-      old_interactive = interactive;
-      if (async)
-	interactive = 0;
-
-      subshell_environment = SUBSHELL_FORK;
-
-      if (redirects && (do_redirections (redirects, RX_ACTIVE) != 0))
-	{
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-	  /* Try to remove named pipes that may have been created as the
-	     result of redirections. */
-	  unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
-	  exit (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	}
-
-      if (async)
-	interactive = old_interactive;
-
-      if (command == 0)
-	{
-	  hookf = find_function (NOTFOUND_HOOK);
-	  if (hookf == 0)
-	    {
-	      /* Make sure filenames are displayed using printable characters */
-	      if (ansic_shouldquote (pathname))
-		pathname = ansic_quote (pathname, 0, NULL);
-	      internal_error (_("%s: command not found"), pathname);
-	      exit (EX_NOTFOUND);	/* Posix.2 says the exit status is 127 */
-	    }
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-	  /* May need to reinitialize more of the job control state here. */
-	  kill_current_pipeline ();
-#endif
-
-	  wl = make_word_list (make_word (NOTFOUND_HOOK), words);
-	  exit (execute_shell_function (hookf, wl));
-	}
-
-      CHECK_SIGTERM;
-
-      /* Execve expects the command name to be in args[0].  So we
-	 leave it there, in the same format that the user used to
-	 type it in. */
-      args = strvec_from_word_list (words, 0, 0, (int *)NULL);
-      exit (shell_execve (command, args, export_env));
-    }
-  else
-    {
-parent_return:
-      QUIT;
-
-      /* Make sure that the pipes are closed in the parent. */
-      close_pipes (pipe_in, pipe_out);
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION) && defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-      if (variable_context == 0)
-        unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif
-      FREE (command);
-      return (result);
-    }
-}
-
-/* CPP defines to decide whether a particular index into the #! line
-   corresponds to a valid interpreter name or argument character, or
-   whitespace.  The MSDOS define is to allow \r to be treated the same
-   as \n. */
-
-#if !defined (MSDOS)
-#  define STRINGCHAR(ind) \
-    (ind < sample_len && !whitespace (sample[ind]) && sample[ind] != '\n')
-#  define WHITECHAR(ind) \
-    (ind < sample_len && whitespace (sample[ind]))
-#else	/* MSDOS */
-#  define STRINGCHAR(ind) \
-    (ind < sample_len && !whitespace (sample[ind]) && sample[ind] != '\n' && sample[ind] != '\r')
-#  define WHITECHAR(ind) \
-    (ind < sample_len && whitespace (sample[ind]))
-#endif	/* MSDOS */
-
-static char *
-getinterp (sample, sample_len, endp)
-     char *sample;
-     int sample_len, *endp;
-{
-  register int i;
-  char *execname;
-  int start;
-
-  /* Find the name of the interpreter to exec. */
-  for (i = 2; i < sample_len && whitespace (sample[i]); i++)
-    ;
-
-  for (start = i; STRINGCHAR(i); i++)
-    ;
-
-  execname = substring (sample, start, i);
-
-  if (endp)
-    *endp = i;
-  return execname;
-}
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_HASH_BANG_EXEC)
-/* If the operating system on which we're running does not handle
-   the #! executable format, then help out.  SAMPLE is the text read
-   from the file, SAMPLE_LEN characters.  COMMAND is the name of
-   the script; it and ARGS, the arguments given by the user, will
-   become arguments to the specified interpreter.  ENV is the environment
-   to pass to the interpreter.
-
-   The word immediately following the #! is the interpreter to execute.
-   A single argument to the interpreter is allowed. */
-
-static int
-execute_shell_script (sample, sample_len, command, args, env)
-     char *sample;
-     int sample_len;
-     char *command;
-     char **args, **env;
-{
-  char *execname, *firstarg;
-  int i, start, size_increment, larry;
-
-  /* Find the name of the interpreter to exec. */
-  execname = getinterp (sample, sample_len, &i);
-  size_increment = 1;
-
-  /* Now the argument, if any. */
-  for (firstarg = (char *)NULL, start = i; WHITECHAR(i); i++)
-    ;
-
-  /* If there is more text on the line, then it is an argument for the
-     interpreter. */
-
-  if (STRINGCHAR(i))  
-    {
-      for (start = i; STRINGCHAR(i); i++)
-	;
-      firstarg = substring ((char *)sample, start, i);
-      size_increment = 2;
-    }
-
-  larry = strvec_len (args) + size_increment;
-  args = strvec_resize (args, larry + 1);
-
-  for (i = larry - 1; i; i--)
-    args[i] = args[i - size_increment];
-
-  args[0] = execname;
-  if (firstarg)
-    {
-      args[1] = firstarg;
-      args[2] = command;
-    }
-  else
-    args[1] = command;
-
-  args[larry] = (char *)NULL;
-
-  return (shell_execve (execname, args, env));
-}
-#undef STRINGCHAR
-#undef WHITECHAR
-
-#endif /* !HAVE_HASH_BANG_EXEC */
-
-static void
-initialize_subshell ()
-{
-#if defined (ALIAS)
-  /* Forget about any aliases that we knew of.  We are in a subshell. */
-  delete_all_aliases ();
-#endif /* ALIAS */
-
-#if defined (HISTORY)
-  /* Forget about the history lines we have read.  This is a non-interactive
-     subshell. */
-  history_lines_this_session = 0;
-#endif
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  /* Forget about the way job control was working. We are in a subshell. */
-  without_job_control ();
-  set_sigchld_handler ();
-  init_job_stats ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  /* Reset the values of the shell flags and options. */
-  reset_shell_flags ();
-  reset_shell_options ();
-  reset_shopt_options ();
-
-  /* Zero out builtin_env, since this could be a shell script run from a
-     sourced file with a temporary environment supplied to the `source/.'
-     builtin.  Such variables are not supposed to be exported (empirical
-     testing with sh and ksh).  Just throw it away; don't worry about a
-     memory leak. */
-  if (vc_isbltnenv (shell_variables))
-    shell_variables = shell_variables->down;
-
-  clear_unwind_protect_list (0);
-  /* XXX -- are there other things we should be resetting here? */
-  parse_and_execute_level = 0;		/* nothing left to restore it */
-
-  /* We're no longer inside a shell function. */
-  variable_context = return_catch_flag = funcnest = evalnest = 0;
-
-  executing_list = 0;		/* XXX */
-
-  /* If we're not interactive, close the file descriptor from which we're
-     reading the current shell script. */
-  if (interactive_shell == 0)
-    unset_bash_input (0);
-}
-
-#if defined (HAVE_SETOSTYPE) && defined (_POSIX_SOURCE)
-#  define SETOSTYPE(x)	__setostype(x)
-#else
-#  define SETOSTYPE(x)
-#endif
-
-#define READ_SAMPLE_BUF(file, buf, len) \
-  do \
-    { \
-      fd = open(file, O_RDONLY); \
-      if (fd >= 0) \
-	{ \
-	  len = read (fd, buf, 80); \
-	  close (fd); \
-	} \
-      else \
-	len = -1; \
-    } \
-  while (0)
-      
-/* Call execve (), handling interpreting shell scripts, and handling
-   exec failures. */
-int
-shell_execve (command, args, env)
-     char *command;
-     char **args, **env;
-{
-  int larray, i, fd;
-  char sample[80];
-  int sample_len;
-
-  SETOSTYPE (0);		/* Some systems use for USG/POSIX semantics */
-  execve (command, args, env);
-  i = errno;			/* error from execve() */
-  CHECK_TERMSIG;
-  SETOSTYPE (1);
-
-  /* If we get to this point, then start checking out the file.
-     Maybe it is something we can hack ourselves. */
-  if (i != ENOEXEC)
-    {
-      /* make sure this is set correctly for file_error/report_error */
-      last_command_exit_value = (i == ENOENT) ?  EX_NOTFOUND : EX_NOEXEC; /* XXX Posix.2 says that exit status is 126 */
-      if (file_isdir (command))
-#if defined (EISDIR)
-	internal_error (_("%s: %s"), command, strerror (EISDIR));
-#else
-	internal_error (_("%s: is a directory"), command);
-#endif
-      else if (executable_file (command) == 0)
-	{
-	  errno = i;
-	  file_error (command);
-	}
-      /* errors not involving the path argument to execve. */
-      else if (i == E2BIG || i == ENOMEM)
-	{
-	  errno = i;
-	  file_error (command);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  /* The file has the execute bits set, but the kernel refuses to
-	     run it for some reason.  See why. */
-#if defined (HAVE_HASH_BANG_EXEC)
-	  READ_SAMPLE_BUF (command, sample, sample_len);
-	  sample[sample_len - 1] = '\0';
-	  if (sample_len > 2 && sample[0] == '#' && sample[1] == '!')
-	    {
-	      char *interp;
-	      int ilen;
-
-	      interp = getinterp (sample, sample_len, (int *)NULL);
-	      ilen = strlen (interp);
-	      errno = i;
-	      if (interp[ilen - 1] == '\r')
-		{
-		  interp = xrealloc (interp, ilen + 2);
-		  interp[ilen - 1] = '^';
-		  interp[ilen] = 'M';
-		  interp[ilen + 1] = '\0';
-		}
-	      sys_error (_("%s: %s: bad interpreter"), command, interp ? interp : "");
-	      FREE (interp);
-	      return (EX_NOEXEC);
-	    }
-#endif
-	  errno = i;
-	  file_error (command);
-	}
-      return (last_command_exit_value);
-    }
-
-  /* This file is executable.
-     If it begins with #!, then help out people with losing operating
-     systems.  Otherwise, check to see if it is a binary file by seeing
-     if the contents of the first line (or up to 80 characters) are in the
-     ASCII set.  If it's a text file, execute the contents as shell commands,
-     otherwise return 126 (EX_BINARY_FILE). */
-  READ_SAMPLE_BUF (command, sample, sample_len);
-
-  if (sample_len == 0)
-    return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
-  /* Is this supposed to be an executable script?
-     If so, the format of the line is "#! interpreter [argument]".
-     A single argument is allowed.  The BSD kernel restricts
-     the length of the entire line to 32 characters (32 bytes
-     being the size of the BSD exec header), but we allow 80
-     characters. */
-  if (sample_len > 0)
-    {
-#if !defined (HAVE_HASH_BANG_EXEC)
-      if (sample_len > 2 && sample[0] == '#' && sample[1] == '!')
-	return (execute_shell_script (sample, sample_len, command, args, env));
-      else
-#endif
-      if (check_binary_file (sample, sample_len))
-	{
-	  internal_error (_("%s: cannot execute binary file: %s"), command, strerror (i));
-	  return (EX_BINARY_FILE);
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* We have committed to attempting to execute the contents of this file
-     as shell commands. */
-
-  initialize_subshell ();
-
-  set_sigint_handler ();
-
-  /* Insert the name of this shell into the argument list. */
-  larray = strvec_len (args) + 1;
-  args = strvec_resize (args, larray + 1);
-
-  for (i = larray - 1; i; i--)
-    args[i] = args[i - 1];
-
-  args[0] = shell_name;
-  args[1] = command;
-  args[larray] = (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (args[0][0] == '-')
-    args[0]++;
-
-#if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL)
-  if (restricted)
-    change_flag ('r', FLAG_OFF);
-#endif
-
-  if (subshell_argv)
-    {
-      /* Can't free subshell_argv[0]; that is shell_name. */
-      for (i = 1; i < subshell_argc; i++)
-	free (subshell_argv[i]);
-      free (subshell_argv);
-    }
-
-  dispose_command (currently_executing_command);	/* XXX */
-  currently_executing_command = (COMMAND *)NULL;
-
-  subshell_argc = larray;
-  subshell_argv = args;
-  subshell_envp = env;
-
-  unbind_args ();	/* remove the positional parameters */
-
-  clear_fifo_list ();	/* pipe fds are what they are now */
-
-  longjmp (subshell_top_level, 1);
-  /*NOTREACHED*/
-}
-
-static int
-execute_intern_function (name, funcdef)
-     WORD_DESC *name;
-     FUNCTION_DEF *funcdef;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-
-  if (check_identifier (name, posixly_correct) == 0)
-    {
-      if (posixly_correct && interactive_shell == 0)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = EX_BADUSAGE;
-	  jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT);
-	}
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-  /* Posix interpretation 383 */
-  if (posixly_correct && find_special_builtin (name->word))
-    {
-      internal_error (_("`%s': is a special builtin"), name->word);
-      last_command_exit_value = EX_BADUSAGE;
-      jump_to_top_level (interactive_shell ? DISCARD : ERREXIT);
-    }
-
-  var = find_function (name->word);
-  if (var && (readonly_p (var) || noassign_p (var)))
-    {
-      if (readonly_p (var))
-	internal_error (_("%s: readonly function"), var->name);
-      return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-#if defined (DEBUGGER)
-  bind_function_def (name->word, funcdef);
-#endif
-
-  bind_function (name->word, funcdef->command);
-  return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-}
-
-#if defined (INCLUDE_UNUSED)
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-void
-close_all_files ()
-{
-  register int i, fd_table_size;
-
-  fd_table_size = getdtablesize ();
-  if (fd_table_size > 256)	/* clamp to a reasonable value */
-    fd_table_size = 256;
-
-  for (i = 3; i < fd_table_size; i++)
-    close (i);
-}
-#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
-#endif
-
-static void
-close_pipes (in, out)
-     int in, out;
-{
-  if (in >= 0)
-    close (in);
-  if (out >= 0)
-    close (out);
-}
-
-static void
-dup_error (oldd, newd)
-     int oldd, newd;
-{
-  sys_error (_("cannot duplicate fd %d to fd %d"), oldd, newd);
-}
-
-/* Redirect input and output to be from and to the specified pipes.
-   NO_PIPE and REDIRECT_BOTH are handled correctly. */
-static void
-do_piping (pipe_in, pipe_out)
-     int pipe_in, pipe_out;
-{
-  if (pipe_in != NO_PIPE)
-    {
-      if (dup2 (pipe_in, 0) < 0)
-	dup_error (pipe_in, 0);
-      if (pipe_in > 0)
-	close (pipe_in);
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-      /* Let stdio know the fd may have changed from text to binary mode. */
-      freopen (NULL, "r", stdin);
-#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
-    }
-  if (pipe_out != NO_PIPE)
-    {
-      if (pipe_out != REDIRECT_BOTH)
-	{
-	  if (dup2 (pipe_out, 1) < 0)
-	    dup_error (pipe_out, 1);
-	  if (pipe_out == 0 || pipe_out > 1)
-	    close (pipe_out);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  if (dup2 (1, 2) < 0)
-	    dup_error (1, 2);
-	}
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-      /* Let stdio know the fd may have changed from text to binary mode, and
-	 make sure to preserve stdout line buffering. */
-      freopen (NULL, "w", stdout);
-      sh_setlinebuf (stdout);
-#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
-    }
-}
diff --git a/externs.h~ b/externs.h~
deleted file mode 100644
index 8db43f28..00000000
--- a/externs.h~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,517 +0,0 @@
-/* externs.h -- extern function declarations which do not appear in their
-   own header file. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1993-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-/* Make sure that this is included *after* config.h! */
-
-#if !defined (_EXTERNS_H_)
-#  define _EXTERNS_H_
-
-#include "stdc.h"
-
-/* Functions from expr.c. */
-extern intmax_t evalexp __P((char *, int *));
-
-/* Functions from print_cmd.c. */
-#define FUNC_MULTILINE	0x01
-#define FUNC_EXTERNAL	0x02
-
-extern char *make_command_string __P((COMMAND *));
-extern char *named_function_string __P((char *, COMMAND *, int));
-
-extern void print_command __P((COMMAND *));
-extern void print_simple_command __P((SIMPLE_COM *));
-extern void print_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, char *));
-
-/* debugger support */
-extern void print_for_command_head __P((FOR_COM *));
-#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
-extern void print_select_command_head __P((SELECT_COM *));
-#endif
-extern void print_case_command_head __P((CASE_COM *));
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-extern void print_arith_command __P((WORD_LIST *));
-#endif
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-extern void print_cond_command __P((COND_COM *));
-#endif
-
-/* set -x support */
-extern void xtrace_init __P((void));
-#ifdef NEED_XTRACE_SET_DECL
-extern void xtrace_set __P((int, FILE *));
-#endif
-extern void xtrace_fdchk __P((int));
-extern void xtrace_reset __P((void));
-extern char *indirection_level_string __P((void));
-extern void xtrace_print_assignment __P((char *, char *, int, int));
-extern void xtrace_print_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
-extern void xtrace_print_for_command_head __P((FOR_COM *));
-#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
-extern void xtrace_print_select_command_head __P((SELECT_COM *));
-#endif
-extern void xtrace_print_case_command_head __P((CASE_COM *));
-#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
-extern void xtrace_print_arith_cmd __P((WORD_LIST *));
-#endif
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-extern void xtrace_print_cond_term __P((int, int, WORD_DESC *, char *, char *));
-#endif
-
-/* Functions from shell.c. */
-extern void exit_shell __P((int)) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
-extern void sh_exit __P((int)) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
-extern void subshell_exit __P((int)) __attribute__((__noreturn__));
-extern void disable_priv_mode __P((void));
-extern void unbind_args __P((void));
-
-#if defined (RESTRICTED_SHELL)
-extern int shell_is_restricted __P((char *));
-extern int maybe_make_restricted __P((char *));
-#endif
-
-extern void unset_bash_input __P((int));
-extern void get_current_user_info __P((void));
-
-/* Functions from eval.c. */
-extern int reader_loop __P((void));
-extern int parse_command __P((void));
-extern int read_command __P((void));
-
-/* Functions from braces.c. */
-#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
-extern char **brace_expand __P((char *));
-#endif
-
-/* Miscellaneous functions from parse.y */
-extern int yyparse __P((void));
-extern int return_EOF __P((void));
-extern char *xparse_dolparen __P((char *, char *, int *, int));
-extern void reset_parser __P((void));
-extern WORD_LIST *parse_string_to_word_list __P((char *, int, const char *));
-
-extern int parser_in_command_position __P((void));
-
-extern void free_pushed_string_input __P((void));
-
-extern int parser_expanding_alias __P((void));
-extern void parser_save_alias __P((void));
-extern void parser_restore_alias __P((void));
-
-extern char *decode_prompt_string __P((char *));
-
-extern int get_current_prompt_level __P((void));
-extern void set_current_prompt_level __P((int));
-
-#if defined (HISTORY)
-extern char *history_delimiting_chars __P((const char *));
-#endif
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in locale.c */
-extern void set_default_locale __P((void));
-extern void set_default_locale_vars __P((void));
-extern int set_locale_var __P((char *, char *));
-extern int set_lang __P((char *, char *));
-extern void set_default_lang __P((void));
-extern char *get_locale_var __P((char *));
-extern char *localetrans __P((char *, int, int *));
-extern char *mk_msgstr __P((char *, int *));
-extern char *localeexpand __P((char *, int, int, int, int *));
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in list.c. */
-extern void list_walk __P((GENERIC_LIST *, sh_glist_func_t *));
-extern void wlist_walk __P((WORD_LIST *, sh_icpfunc_t *));
-extern GENERIC_LIST *list_reverse ();
-extern int list_length ();
-extern GENERIC_LIST *list_append ();
-extern GENERIC_LIST *list_remove ();
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in stringlib.c */
-extern int find_string_in_alist __P((char *, STRING_INT_ALIST *, int));
-extern char *find_token_in_alist __P((int, STRING_INT_ALIST *, int));
-extern int find_index_in_alist __P((char *, STRING_INT_ALIST *, int));
-
-extern char *substring __P((const char *, int, int));
-extern char *strsub __P((char *, char *, char *, int));
-extern char *strcreplace __P((char *, int, char *, int));
-extern void strip_leading __P((char *));
-extern void strip_trailing __P((char *, int, int));
-extern void xbcopy __P((char *, char *, int));
-
-/* Functions from version.c. */
-extern char *shell_version_string __P((void));
-extern void show_shell_version __P((int));
-
-/* Functions from the bash library, lib/sh/libsh.a.  These should really
-   go into a separate include file. */
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/casemod.c */
-extern char *sh_modcase __P((const char *, char *, int));
-
-/* Defines for flags argument to sh_modcase.  These need to agree with what's
-   in lib/sh/casemode.c */
-#define CASE_LOWER	0x0001
-#define CASE_UPPER	0x0002
-#define CASE_CAPITALIZE	0x0004
-#define CASE_UNCAP	0x0008
-#define CASE_TOGGLE	0x0010
-#define CASE_TOGGLEALL	0x0020
-#define CASE_UPFIRST	0x0040
-#define CASE_LOWFIRST	0x0080
-
-#define CASE_USEWORDS	0x1000
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/clktck.c */
-extern long get_clk_tck __P((void));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/clock.c */
-extern void clock_t_to_secs ();
-extern void print_clock_t ();
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/dprintf.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_DPRINTF)
-extern void dprintf __P((int, const char *, ...))  __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 3)));
-#endif
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/fmtulong.c */
-#define FL_PREFIX     0x01    /* add 0x, 0X, or 0 prefix as appropriate */
-#define FL_ADDBASE    0x02    /* add base# prefix to converted value */
-#define FL_HEXUPPER   0x04    /* use uppercase when converting to hex */
-#define FL_UNSIGNED   0x08    /* don't add any sign */
-
-extern char *fmtulong __P((unsigned long int, int, char *, size_t, int));
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/fmtulong.c */
-#if defined (HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-extern char *fmtullong __P((unsigned long long int, int, char *, size_t, int));
-#endif
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/fmtumax.c */
-extern char *fmtumax __P((uintmax_t, int, char *, size_t, int));
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/fnxform.c */
-extern char *fnx_fromfs __P((char *, size_t));
-extern char *fnx_tofs __P((char *, size_t));
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/fpurge.c */
-
-#if defined NEED_FPURGE_DECL
-#if !HAVE_DECL_FPURGE
-
-#if HAVE_FPURGE
-#  define fpurge _bash_fpurge
-#endif
-extern int fpurge __P((FILE *stream));
-
-#endif /* HAVE_DECL_FPURGE */
-#endif /* NEED_FPURGE_DECL */
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/getcwd.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_GETCWD)
-extern char *getcwd __P((char *, size_t));
-#endif
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/input_avail.c */
-extern int input_avail __P((int));
-
-/* Declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/itos.c */
-extern char *inttostr __P((intmax_t, char *, size_t));
-extern char *itos __P((intmax_t));
-extern char *mitos __P((intmax_t));
-extern char *uinttostr __P((uintmax_t, char *, size_t));
-extern char *uitos __P((uintmax_t));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/makepath.c */
-#define MP_DOTILDE	0x01
-#define MP_DOCWD	0x02
-#define MP_RMDOT	0x04
-#define MP_IGNDOT	0x08
-
-extern char *sh_makepath __P((const char *, const char *, int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/mbscasecmp.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_MBSCASECMP)
-extern char *mbscasecmp __P((const char *, const char *));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/mbschr.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_MBSCHR)
-extern char *mbschr __P((const char *, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/mbscmp.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_MBSCMP)
-extern char *mbscmp __P((const char *, const char *));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/netconn.c */
-extern int isnetconn __P((int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/netopen.c */
-extern int netopen __P((char *));
-
-/* Declarations for  functions defined in lib/sh/oslib.c */
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_DUP2) || defined (DUP2_BROKEN)
-extern int dup2 __P((int, int));
-#endif
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_GETDTABLESIZE)
-extern int getdtablesize __P((void));
-#endif /* !HAVE_GETDTABLESIZE */
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_GETHOSTNAME)
-extern int gethostname __P((char *, int));
-#endif /* !HAVE_GETHOSTNAME */
-
-extern int getmaxgroups __P((void));
-extern long getmaxchild __P((void));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/pathcanon.c */
-#define PATH_CHECKDOTDOT	0x0001
-#define PATH_CHECKEXISTS	0x0002
-#define PATH_HARDPATH		0x0004
-#define PATH_NOALLOC		0x0008
-
-extern char *sh_canonpath __P((char *, int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/pathphys.c */
-extern char *sh_physpath __P((char *, int));
-extern char *sh_realpath __P((const char *, char *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/setlinebuf.c */
-#ifdef NEED_SH_SETLINEBUF_DECL
-extern int sh_setlinebuf __P((FILE *));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/shaccess.c */
-extern int sh_eaccess __P((char *, int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/shmatch.c */
-extern int sh_regmatch __P((const char *, const char *, int));
-
-/* defines for flags argument to sh_regmatch. */
-#define SHMAT_SUBEXP		0x001	/* save subexpressions in SH_REMATCH */
-#define SHMAT_PWARN		0x002	/* print a warning message on invalid regexp */
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/shmbchar.c */
-extern size_t mbstrlen __P((const char *));
-extern char *mbsmbchar __P((const char *));
-extern int sh_mbsnlen __P((const char *, size_t, int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/shquote.c */
-extern char *sh_single_quote __P((const char *));
-extern char *sh_double_quote __P((const char *));
-extern char *sh_mkdoublequoted __P((const char *, int, int));
-extern char *sh_un_double_quote __P((char *));
-extern char *sh_backslash_quote __P((char *, const char *, int));
-extern char *sh_backslash_quote_for_double_quotes __P((char *));
-extern int sh_contains_shell_metas __P((char *));
-extern int sh_contains_quotes __P((char *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/spell.c */
-extern int spname __P((char *, char *));
-extern char *dirspell __P((char *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strcasecmp.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_STRCASECMP)
-extern int strncasecmp __P((const char *, const char *, int));
-extern int strcasecmp __P((const char *, const char *));
-#endif /* HAVE_STRCASECMP */
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strcasestr.c */
-#if ! HAVE_STRCASESTR
-extern char *strcasestr __P((const char *, const char *));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strchrnul.c */
-#if ! HAVE_STRCHRNUL
-extern char *strchrnul __P((const char *, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strerror.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_STRERROR) && !defined (strerror)
-extern char *strerror __P((int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strftime.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_STRFTIME) && defined (NEED_STRFTIME_DECL)
-extern size_t strftime __P((char *, size_t, const char *, const struct tm *));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions and structures defined in lib/sh/stringlist.c */
-
-/* This is a general-purpose argv-style array struct. */
-typedef struct _list_of_strings {
-  char **list;
-  int list_size;
-  int list_len;
-} STRINGLIST;
-
-typedef int sh_strlist_map_func_t __P((char *));
-
-extern STRINGLIST *strlist_create __P((int));
-extern STRINGLIST *strlist_resize __P((STRINGLIST *, int));
-extern void strlist_flush __P((STRINGLIST *));
-extern void strlist_dispose __P((STRINGLIST *));
-extern int strlist_remove __P((STRINGLIST *, char *));
-extern STRINGLIST *strlist_copy __P((STRINGLIST *));
-extern STRINGLIST *strlist_merge __P((STRINGLIST *, STRINGLIST *));
-extern STRINGLIST *strlist_append __P((STRINGLIST *, STRINGLIST *));
-extern STRINGLIST *strlist_prefix_suffix __P((STRINGLIST *, char *, char *));
-extern void strlist_print __P((STRINGLIST *, char *));
-extern void strlist_walk __P((STRINGLIST *, sh_strlist_map_func_t *));
-extern void strlist_sort __P((STRINGLIST *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/stringvec.c */
-
-extern char **strvec_create __P((int));
-extern char **strvec_resize __P((char **, int));
-extern char **strvec_mcreate __P((int));
-extern char **strvec_mresize __P((char **, int));
-extern void strvec_flush __P((char **));
-extern void strvec_dispose __P((char **));
-extern int strvec_remove __P((char **, char *));
-extern int strvec_len __P((char **));
-extern int strvec_search __P((char **, char *));
-extern char **strvec_copy __P((char **));
-extern int strvec_strcmp __P((char **, char **));
-extern void strvec_sort __P((char **));
-
-extern char **strvec_from_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int, int, int *));
-extern WORD_LIST *strvec_to_word_list __P((char **, int, int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strnlen.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_STRNLEN)
-extern size_t strnlen __P((const char *, size_t));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strpbrk.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_STRPBRK)
-extern char *strpbrk __P((const char *, const char *));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strtod.c */
-#if !defined (HAVE_STRTOD)
-extern double strtod __P((const char *, char **));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strtol.c */
-#if !HAVE_DECL_STRTOL
-extern long strtol __P((const char *, char **, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strtoll.c */
-#if defined (HAVE_LONG_LONG) && !HAVE_DECL_STRTOLL
-extern long long strtoll __P((const char *, char **, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strtoul.c */
-#if !HAVE_DECL_STRTOUL
-extern unsigned long strtoul __P((const char *, char **, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strtoull.c */
-#if defined (HAVE_LONG_LONG) && !HAVE_DECL_STRTOULL
-extern unsigned long long strtoull __P((const char *, char **, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strimax.c */
-#if !HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX
-extern intmax_t strtoimax __P((const char *, char **, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strumax.c */
-#if !HAVE_DECL_STRTOUMAX
-extern uintmax_t strtoumax __P((const char *, char **, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/strtrans.c */
-extern char *ansicstr __P((char *, int, int, int *, int *));
-extern char *ansic_quote __P((char *, int, int *));
-extern int ansic_shouldquote __P((const char *));
-extern char *ansiexpand __P((char *, int, int, int *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/timeval.c.  No prototypes
-   so we don't have to count on having a definition of struct timeval in
-   scope when this file is included. */
-extern void timeval_to_secs ();
-extern void print_timeval ();
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/tmpfile.c */
-#define MT_USETMPDIR		0x0001
-#define MT_READWRITE		0x0002
-#define MT_USERANDOM		0x0004
-
-extern char *sh_mktmpname __P((char *, int));
-extern int sh_mktmpfd __P((char *, int, char **));
-/* extern FILE *sh_mktmpfp __P((char *, int, char **)); */
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/uconvert.c */
-extern int uconvert __P((char *, long *, long *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/ufuncs.c */
-extern unsigned int falarm __P((unsigned int, unsigned int));
-extern unsigned int fsleep __P((unsigned int, unsigned int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/unicode.c */
-extern int u32cconv __P((unsigned long, char *));
-extern void u32reset __P((void));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/wcsnwidth.c */
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-extern int wcsnwidth __P((const wchar_t *, size_t, int));
-#endif
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/winsize.c */
-extern void get_new_window_size __P((int, int *, int *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/zcatfd.c */
-extern int zcatfd __P((int, int, char *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/zgetline.c */
-extern ssize_t zgetline __P((int, char **, size_t *, int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/zmapfd.c */
-extern int zmapfd __P((int, char **, char *));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/zread.c */
-extern ssize_t zread __P((int, char *, size_t));
-extern ssize_t zreadretry __P((int, char *, size_t));
-extern ssize_t zreadintr __P((int, char *, size_t));
-extern ssize_t zreadc __P((int, char *));
-extern ssize_t zreadcintr __P((int, char *));
-extern ssize_t zreadn __P((int, char *, size_t));
-extern void zreset __P((void));
-extern void zsyncfd __P((int));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/sh/zwrite.c */
-extern int zwrite __P((int, char *, size_t));
-
-/* declarations for functions defined in lib/glob/gmisc.c */
-extern int match_pattern_char __P((char *, char *));
-extern int umatchlen __P((char *, size_t));
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-extern int match_pattern_wchar __P((wchar_t *, wchar_t *));
-extern int wmatchlen __P((wchar_t *, size_t));
-#endif
-
-#endif /* _EXTERNS_H_ */
diff --git a/findcmd.c~ b/findcmd.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f3d954f..00000000
--- a/findcmd.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,623 +0,0 @@
-/* findcmd.c -- Functions to search for commands by name. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1997-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#include "config.h"
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include "chartypes.h"
-#include "bashtypes.h"
-#if !defined (_MINIX) && defined (HAVE_SYS_FILE_H)
-#  include <sys/file.h>
-#endif
-#include "filecntl.h"
-#include "posixstat.h"
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-#include <errno.h>
-
-#include "bashansi.h"
-
-#include "memalloc.h"
-#include "shell.h"
-#include "flags.h"
-#include "hashlib.h"
-#include "pathexp.h"
-#include "hashcmd.h"
-#include "findcmd.h"	/* matching prototypes and declarations */
-
-#if !defined (errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif
-
-extern int posixly_correct;
-extern int last_command_exit_value;
-
-/* Static functions defined and used in this file. */
-static char *_find_user_command_internal __P((const char *, int));
-static char *find_user_command_internal __P((const char *, int));
-static char *find_user_command_in_path __P((const char *, char *, int));
-static char *find_in_path_element __P((const char *, char *, int, int, struct stat *));
-static char *find_absolute_program __P((const char *, int));
-
-static char *get_next_path_element __P((char *, int *));
-
-/* The file name which we would try to execute, except that it isn't
-   possible to execute it.  This is the first file that matches the
-   name that we are looking for while we are searching $PATH for a
-   suitable one to execute.  If we cannot find a suitable executable
-   file, then we use this one. */
-static char *file_to_lose_on;
-
-/* Non-zero if we should stat every command found in the hash table to
-   make sure it still exists. */
-int check_hashed_filenames;
-
-/* DOT_FOUND_IN_SEARCH becomes non-zero when find_user_command ()
-   encounters a `.' as the directory pathname while scanning the
-   list of possible pathnames; i.e., if `.' comes before the directory
-   containing the file of interest. */
-int dot_found_in_search = 0;
-
-/* Return some flags based on information about this file.
-   The EXISTS bit is non-zero if the file is found.
-   The EXECABLE bit is non-zero the file is executble.
-   Zero is returned if the file is not found. */
-int
-file_status (name)
-     const char *name;
-{
-  struct stat finfo;
-  int r;
-
-  /* Determine whether this file exists or not. */
-  if (stat (name, &finfo) < 0)
-    return (0);
-
-  /* If the file is a directory, then it is not "executable" in the
-     sense of the shell. */
-  if (S_ISDIR (finfo.st_mode))
-    return (FS_EXISTS|FS_DIRECTORY);
-
-  r = FS_EXISTS;
-
-#if defined (HAVE_EACCESS)
-  /* Use eaccess(2) if we have it to take things like ACLs and other
-     file access mechanisms into account.  eaccess uses the effective
-     user and group IDs, not the real ones.  We could use sh_eaccess,
-     but we don't want any special treatment for /dev/fd. */
-  if (eaccess (name, X_OK) == 0)
-    r |= FS_EXECABLE;
-  if (eaccess (name, R_OK) == 0)
-    r |= FS_READABLE;
-
-  return r;
-#elif defined (AFS)
-  /* We have to use access(2) to determine access because AFS does not
-     support Unix file system semantics.  This may produce wrong
-     answers for non-AFS files when ruid != euid.  I hate AFS. */
-  if (access (name, X_OK) == 0)
-    r |= FS_EXECABLE;
-  if (access (name, R_OK) == 0)
-    r |= FS_READABLE;
-
-  return r;
-#else /* !HAVE_EACCESS && !AFS */
-
-  /* Find out if the file is actually executable.  By definition, the
-     only other criteria is that the file has an execute bit set that
-     we can use.  The same with whether or not a file is readable. */
-
-  /* Root only requires execute permission for any of owner, group or
-     others to be able to exec a file, and can read any file. */
-  if (current_user.euid == (uid_t)0)
-    {
-      r |= FS_READABLE;
-      if (finfo.st_mode & S_IXUGO)
-	r |= FS_EXECABLE;
-      return r;
-    }
-
-  /* If we are the owner of the file, the owner bits apply. */
-  if (current_user.euid == finfo.st_uid)
-    {
-      if (finfo.st_mode & S_IXUSR)
-	r |= FS_EXECABLE;
-      if (finfo.st_mode & S_IRUSR)
-	r |= FS_READABLE;
-    }
-
-  /* If we are in the owning group, the group permissions apply. */
-  else if (group_member (finfo.st_gid))
-    {
-      if (finfo.st_mode & S_IXGRP)
-	r |= FS_EXECABLE;
-      if (finfo.st_mode & S_IRGRP)
-	r |= FS_READABLE;
-    }
-
-  /* Else we check whether `others' have permission to execute the file */
-  else
-    {
-      if (finfo.st_mode & S_IXOTH)
-	r |= FS_EXECABLE;
-      if (finfo.st_mode & S_IROTH)
-	r |= FS_READABLE;
-    }
-
-  return r;
-#endif /* !AFS */
-}
-
-/* Return non-zero if FILE exists and is executable.
-   Note that this function is the definition of what an
-   executable file is; do not change this unless YOU know
-   what an executable file is. */
-int
-executable_file (file)
-     const char *file;
-{
-  int s;
-
-  s = file_status (file);
-#if defined EISDIR
-  if (s & FS_DIRECTORY)
-    errno = EISDIR;	/* let's see if we can improve error messages */
-#endif
-  return ((s & FS_EXECABLE) && ((s & FS_DIRECTORY) == 0));
-}
-
-int
-is_directory (file)
-     const char *file;
-{
-  return (file_status (file) & FS_DIRECTORY);
-}
-
-int
-executable_or_directory (file)
-     const char *file;
-{
-  int s;
-
-  s = file_status (file);
-  return ((s & FS_EXECABLE) || (s & FS_DIRECTORY));
-}
-
-/* Locate the executable file referenced by NAME, searching along
-   the contents of the shell PATH variable.  Return a new string
-   which is the full pathname to the file, or NULL if the file
-   couldn't be found.  If a file is found that isn't executable,
-   and that is the only match, then return that. */
-char *
-find_user_command (name)
-     const char *name;
-{
-  return (find_user_command_internal (name, FS_EXEC_PREFERRED|FS_NODIRS));
-}
-
-/* Locate the file referenced by NAME, searching along the contents
-   of the shell PATH variable.  Return a new string which is the full
-   pathname to the file, or NULL if the file couldn't be found.  This
-   returns the first readable file found; designed to be used to look
-   for shell scripts or files to source. */
-char *
-find_path_file (name)
-     const char *name;
-{
-  return (find_user_command_internal (name, FS_READABLE));
-}
-
-static char *
-_find_user_command_internal (name, flags)
-     const char *name;
-     int flags;
-{
-  char *path_list, *cmd;
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-
-  /* Search for the value of PATH in both the temporary environments and
-     in the regular list of variables. */
-  if (var = find_variable_tempenv ("PATH"))	/* XXX could be array? */
-    path_list = value_cell (var);
-  else
-    path_list = (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (path_list == 0 || *path_list == '\0')
-    return (savestring (name));
-
-  cmd = find_user_command_in_path (name, path_list, flags);
-
-  return (cmd);
-}
-
-static char *
-find_user_command_internal (name, flags)
-     const char *name;
-     int flags;
-{
-#ifdef __WIN32__
-  char *res, *dotexe;
-
-  dotexe = (char *)xmalloc (strlen (name) + 5);
-  strcpy (dotexe, name);
-  strcat (dotexe, ".exe");
-  res = _find_user_command_internal (dotexe, flags);
-  free (dotexe);
-  if (res == 0)
-    res = _find_user_command_internal (name, flags);
-  return res;
-#else
-  return (_find_user_command_internal (name, flags));
-#endif
-}
-
-/* Return the next element from PATH_LIST, a colon separated list of
-   paths.  PATH_INDEX_POINTER is the address of an index into PATH_LIST;
-   the index is modified by this function.
-   Return the next element of PATH_LIST or NULL if there are no more. */
-static char *
-get_next_path_element (path_list, path_index_pointer)
-     char *path_list;
-     int *path_index_pointer;
-{
-  char *path;
-
-  path = extract_colon_unit (path_list, path_index_pointer);
-
-  if (path == 0)
-    return (path);
-
-  if (*path == '\0')
-    {
-      free (path);
-      path = savestring (".");
-    }
-
-  return (path);
-}
-
-/* Look for PATHNAME in $PATH.  Returns either the hashed command
-   corresponding to PATHNAME or the first instance of PATHNAME found
-   in $PATH.  If (FLAGS&1) is non-zero, insert the instance of PATHNAME
-   found in $PATH into the command hash table.  Returns a newly-allocated
-   string. */
-char *
-search_for_command (pathname, flags)
-     const char *pathname;
-     int flags;
-{
-  char *hashed_file, *command;
-  int temp_path, st;
-  SHELL_VAR *path;
-
-  hashed_file = command = (char *)NULL;
-
-  /* If PATH is in the temporary environment for this command, don't use the
-     hash table to search for the full pathname. */
-  path = find_variable_tempenv ("PATH");
-  temp_path = path && tempvar_p (path);
-  if (temp_path == 0 && path)
-    path = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
-
-  /* Don't waste time trying to find hashed data for a pathname
-     that is already completely specified or if we're using a command-
-     specific value for PATH. */
-  if (path == 0 && absolute_program (pathname) == 0)
-    hashed_file = phash_search (pathname);
-
-  /* If a command found in the hash table no longer exists, we need to
-     look for it in $PATH.  Thank you Posix.2.  This forces us to stat
-     every command found in the hash table. */
-
-  if (hashed_file && (posixly_correct || check_hashed_filenames))
-    {
-      st = file_status (hashed_file);
-      if ((st & (FS_EXISTS|FS_EXECABLE)) != (FS_EXISTS|FS_EXECABLE))
-	{
-	  phash_remove (pathname);
-	  free (hashed_file);
-	  hashed_file = (char *)NULL;
-	}
-    }
-
-  if (hashed_file)
-    command = hashed_file;
-  else if (absolute_program (pathname))
-    /* A command containing a slash is not looked up in PATH or saved in
-       the hash table. */
-    command = savestring (pathname);
-  else
-    {
-      /* If $PATH is in the temporary environment, we've already retrieved
-	 it, so don't bother trying again. */
-      if (temp_path)
-	{
-	  command = find_user_command_in_path (pathname, value_cell (path),
-					       FS_EXEC_PREFERRED|FS_NODIRS);
-	}
-      else
-	command = find_user_command (pathname);
-      if (command && hashing_enabled && temp_path == 0 && (flags & 1))
-	phash_insert ((char *)pathname, command, dot_found_in_search, 1);	/* XXX fix const later */
-    }
-  return (command);
-}
-
-char *
-user_command_matches (name, flags, state)
-     const char *name;
-     int flags, state;
-{
-  register int i;
-  int  path_index, name_len;
-  char *path_list, *path_element, *match;
-  struct stat dotinfo;
-  static char **match_list = NULL;
-  static int match_list_size = 0;
-  static int match_index = 0;
-
-  if (state == 0)
-    {
-      /* Create the list of matches. */
-      if (match_list == 0)
-	{
-	  match_list_size = 5;
-	  match_list = strvec_create (match_list_size);
-	}
-
-      /* Clear out the old match list. */
-      for (i = 0; i < match_list_size; i++)
-	match_list[i] = 0;
-
-      /* We haven't found any files yet. */
-      match_index = 0;
-
-      if (absolute_program (name))
-	{
-	  match_list[0] = find_absolute_program (name, flags);
-	  match_list[1] = (char *)NULL;
-	  path_list = (char *)NULL;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  name_len = strlen (name);
-	  file_to_lose_on = (char *)NULL;
-	  dot_found_in_search = 0;
-	  if (stat (".", &dotinfo) < 0)
-	    dotinfo.st_dev = dotinfo.st_ino = 0;	/* so same_file won't match */
-	  path_list = get_string_value ("PATH");
-      	  path_index = 0;
-	}
-
-      while (path_list && path_list[path_index])
-	{
-	  path_element = get_next_path_element (path_list, &path_index);
-
-	  if (path_element == 0)
-	    break;
-
-	  match = find_in_path_element (name, path_element, flags, name_len, &dotinfo);
-
-	  free (path_element);
-
-	  if (match == 0)
-	    continue;
-
-	  if (match_index + 1 == match_list_size)
-	    {
-	      match_list_size += 10;
-	      match_list = strvec_resize (match_list, (match_list_size + 1));
-	    }
-
-	  match_list[match_index++] = match;
-	  match_list[match_index] = (char *)NULL;
-	  FREE (file_to_lose_on);
-	  file_to_lose_on = (char *)NULL;
-	}
-
-      /* We haven't returned any strings yet. */
-      match_index = 0;
-    }
-
-  match = match_list[match_index];
-
-  if (match)
-    match_index++;
-
-  return (match);
-}
-
-static char *
-find_absolute_program (name, flags)
-     const char *name;
-     int flags;
-{
-  int st;
-
-  st = file_status (name);
-
-  /* If the file doesn't exist, quit now. */
-  if ((st & FS_EXISTS) == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  /* If we only care about whether the file exists or not, return
-     this filename.  Otherwise, maybe we care about whether this
-     file is executable.  If it is, and that is what we want, return it. */
-  if ((flags & FS_EXISTS) || ((flags & FS_EXEC_ONLY) && (st & FS_EXECABLE)))
-    return (savestring (name));
-
-  return (NULL);
-}
-
-static char *
-find_in_path_element (name, path, flags, name_len, dotinfop)
-     const char *name;
-     char *path;
-     int flags, name_len;
-     struct stat *dotinfop;
-{
-  int status;
-  char *full_path, *xpath;
-
-  xpath = (*path == '~') ? bash_tilde_expand (path, 0) : path;
-
-  /* Remember the location of "." in the path, in all its forms
-     (as long as they begin with a `.', e.g. `./.') */
-  if (dot_found_in_search == 0 && *xpath == '.')
-    dot_found_in_search = same_file (".", xpath, dotinfop, (struct stat *)NULL);
-
-  full_path = sh_makepath (xpath, name, 0);
-
-  status = file_status (full_path);
-
-  if (xpath != path)
-    free (xpath);
-
-  if ((status & FS_EXISTS) == 0)
-    {
-      free (full_path);
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  /* The file exists.  If the caller simply wants the first file, here it is. */
-  if (flags & FS_EXISTS)
-    return (full_path);
-
-  /* If we have a readable file, and the caller wants a readable file, this
-     is it. */
-  if ((flags & FS_READABLE) && (status & FS_READABLE))
-    return (full_path);
-
-  /* If the file is executable, then it satisfies the cases of
-      EXEC_ONLY and EXEC_PREFERRED.  Return this file unconditionally. */
-  if ((status & FS_EXECABLE) && (flags & (FS_EXEC_ONLY|FS_EXEC_PREFERRED)) &&
-      (((flags & FS_NODIRS) == 0) || ((status & FS_DIRECTORY) == 0)))
-    {
-      FREE (file_to_lose_on);
-      file_to_lose_on = (char *)NULL;
-      return (full_path);
-    }
-
-  /* The file is not executable, but it does exist.  If we prefer
-     an executable, then remember this one if it is the first one
-     we have found. */
-  if ((flags & FS_EXEC_PREFERRED) && file_to_lose_on == 0)
-    file_to_lose_on = savestring (full_path);
-
-  /* If we want only executable files, or we don't want directories and
-     this file is a directory, or we want a readable file and this file
-     isn't readable, fail. */
-  if ((flags & (FS_EXEC_ONLY|FS_EXEC_PREFERRED)) ||
-      ((flags & FS_NODIRS) && (status & FS_DIRECTORY)) ||
-      ((flags & FS_READABLE) && (status & FS_READABLE) == 0))
-    {
-      free (full_path);
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-  else
-    return (full_path);
-}
-
-/* This does the dirty work for find_user_command_internal () and
-   user_command_matches ().
-   NAME is the name of the file to search for.
-   PATH_LIST is a colon separated list of directories to search.
-   FLAGS contains bit fields which control the files which are eligible.
-   Some values are:
-      FS_EXEC_ONLY:		The file must be an executable to be found.
-      FS_EXEC_PREFERRED:	If we can't find an executable, then the
-				the first file matching NAME will do.
-      FS_EXISTS:		The first file found will do.
-      FS_NODIRS:		Don't find any directories.
-*/
-static char *
-find_user_command_in_path (name, path_list, flags)
-     const char *name;
-     char *path_list;
-     int flags;
-{
-  char *full_path, *path;
-  int path_index, name_len;
-  struct stat dotinfo;
-
-  /* We haven't started looking, so we certainly haven't seen
-     a `.' as the directory path yet. */
-  dot_found_in_search = 0;
-
-  if (absolute_program (name))
-    {
-      full_path = find_absolute_program (name, flags);
-      return (full_path);
-    }
-
-  if (path_list == 0 || *path_list == '\0')
-    return (savestring (name));		/* XXX */
-
-  file_to_lose_on = (char *)NULL;
-  name_len = strlen (name);
-  if (stat (".", &dotinfo) < 0)
-    dotinfo.st_dev = dotinfo.st_ino = 0;
-  path_index = 0;
-
-  while (path_list[path_index])
-    {
-      /* Allow the user to interrupt out of a lengthy path search. */
-      QUIT;
-
-      path = get_next_path_element (path_list, &path_index);
-      if (path == 0)
-	break;
-
-      /* Side effects: sets dot_found_in_search, possibly sets
-	 file_to_lose_on. */
-      full_path = find_in_path_element (name, path, flags, name_len, &dotinfo);
-      free (path);
-
-      /* This should really be in find_in_path_element, but there isn't the
-	 right combination of flags. */
-      if (full_path && is_directory (full_path))
-	{
-	  free (full_path);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (full_path)
-	{
-	  FREE (file_to_lose_on);
-	  return (full_path);
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* We didn't find exactly what the user was looking for.  Return
-     the contents of FILE_TO_LOSE_ON which is NULL when the search
-     required an executable, or non-NULL if a file was found and the
-     search would accept a non-executable as a last resort.  If the
-     caller specified FS_NODIRS, and file_to_lose_on is a directory,
-     return NULL. */
-  if (file_to_lose_on && (flags & FS_NODIRS) && is_directory (file_to_lose_on))
-    {
-      free (file_to_lose_on);
-      file_to_lose_on = (char *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  return (file_to_lose_on);
-}
diff --git a/lib/glob/sm_loop.c~ b/lib/glob/sm_loop.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index 5529139a..00000000
--- a/lib/glob/sm_loop.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,835 +0,0 @@
-/* Copyright (C) 1991-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-   
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-int FCT __P((CHAR *, CHAR *, int));
-
-static int GMATCH __P((CHAR *, CHAR *, CHAR *, CHAR *, int));
-static CHAR *PARSE_COLLSYM __P((CHAR *, INT *));
-static CHAR *BRACKMATCH __P((CHAR *, U_CHAR, int));
-static int EXTMATCH __P((INT, CHAR *, CHAR *, CHAR *, CHAR *, int));
-
-/*static*/ CHAR *PATSCAN __P((CHAR *, CHAR *, INT));
-
-int
-FCT (pattern, string, flags)
-     CHAR *pattern;
-     CHAR *string;
-     int flags;
-{
-  CHAR *se, *pe;
-
-  if (string == 0 || pattern == 0)
-    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-
-  se = string + STRLEN ((XCHAR *)string);
-  pe = pattern + STRLEN ((XCHAR *)pattern);
-
-  return (GMATCH (string, se, pattern, pe, flags));
-}
-
-/* Match STRING against the filename pattern PATTERN, returning zero if
-   it matches, FNM_NOMATCH if not.  */
-static int
-GMATCH (string, se, pattern, pe, flags)
-     CHAR *string, *se;
-     CHAR *pattern, *pe;
-     int flags;
-{
-  CHAR *p, *n;		/* pattern, string */
-  INT c;		/* current pattern character - XXX U_CHAR? */
-  INT sc;		/* current string character - XXX U_CHAR? */
-
-  p = pattern;
-  n = string;
-
-  if (string == 0 || pattern == 0)
-    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-
-#if DEBUG_MATCHING
-fprintf(stderr, "gmatch: string = %s; se = %s\n", string, se);
-fprintf(stderr, "gmatch: pattern = %s; pe = %s\n", pattern, pe);
-#endif
-
-  while (p < pe)
-    {
-      c = *p++;
-      c = FOLD (c);
-
-      sc = n < se ? *n : '\0';
-
-#ifdef EXTENDED_GLOB
-      /* EXTMATCH () will handle recursively calling GMATCH, so we can
-	 just return what EXTMATCH() returns. */
-      if ((flags & FNM_EXTMATCH) && *p == L('(') &&
-	  (c == L('+') || c == L('*') || c == L('?') || c == L('@') || c == L('!'))) /* ) */
-	{
-	  int lflags;
-	  /* If we're not matching the start of the string, we're not
-	     concerned about the special cases for matching `.' */
-	  lflags = (n == string) ? flags : (flags & ~FNM_PERIOD);
-	  return (EXTMATCH (c, n, se, p, pe, lflags));
-	}
-#endif /* EXTENDED_GLOB */
-
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case L('?'):		/* Match single character */
-	  if (sc == '\0')
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	  else if ((flags & FNM_PATHNAME) && sc == L('/'))
-	    /* If we are matching a pathname, `?' can never match a `/'. */
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	  else if ((flags & FNM_PERIOD) && sc == L('.') &&
-		   (n == string || ((flags & FNM_PATHNAME) && n[-1] == L('/'))))
-	    /* `?' cannot match a `.' if it is the first character of the
-	       string or if it is the first character following a slash and
-	       we are matching a pathname. */
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	  break;
-
-	case L('\\'):		/* backslash escape removes special meaning */
-	  if (p == pe)
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-
-	  if ((flags & FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0)
-	    {
-	      c = *p++;
-	      /* A trailing `\' cannot match. */
-	      if (p > pe)
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	      c = FOLD (c);
-	    }
-	  if (FOLD (sc) != (U_CHAR)c)
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	  break;
-
-	case '*':		/* Match zero or more characters */
-	  if (p == pe)
-	    return 0;
-	  
-	  if ((flags & FNM_PERIOD) && sc == L('.') &&
-	      (n == string || ((flags & FNM_PATHNAME) && n[-1] == L('/'))))
-	    /* `*' cannot match a `.' if it is the first character of the
-	       string or if it is the first character following a slash and
-	       we are matching a pathname. */
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-
-	  /* Collapse multiple consecutive `*' and `?', but make sure that
-	     one character of the string is consumed for each `?'. */
-	  for (c = *p++; (c == L('?') || c == L('*')); c = *p++)
-	    {
-	      if ((flags & FNM_PATHNAME) && sc == L('/'))
-		/* A slash does not match a wildcard under FNM_PATHNAME. */
-		return FNM_NOMATCH;
-#ifdef EXTENDED_GLOB
-	      else if ((flags & FNM_EXTMATCH) && c == L('?') && *p == L('(')) /* ) */
-		{
-		  CHAR *newn;
-		  for (newn = n; newn < se; ++newn)
-		    {
-		      if (EXTMATCH (c, newn, se, p, pe, flags) == 0)
-			return (0);
-		    }
-		  /* We didn't match.  If we have a `?(...)', we can match 0
-		     or 1 times. */
-		  return 0;
-		}
-#endif
-	      else if (c == L('?'))
-		{
-		  if (sc == L('\0'))
-		    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-		  /* One character of the string is consumed in matching
-		     this ? wildcard, so *??? won't match if there are
-		     fewer than three characters. */
-		  n++;
-		  sc = n < se ? *n : '\0';
-		}
-
-#ifdef EXTENDED_GLOB
-	      /* Handle ******(patlist) */
-	      if ((flags & FNM_EXTMATCH) && c == L('*') && *p == L('('))  /*)*/
-		{
-		  CHAR *newn;
-		  /* We need to check whether or not the extended glob
-		     pattern matches the remainder of the string.
-		     If it does, we match the entire pattern. */
-		  for (newn = n; newn < se; ++newn)
-		    {
-		      if (EXTMATCH (c, newn, se, p, pe, flags) == 0)
-			return (0);
-		    }
-		  /* We didn't match the extended glob pattern, but
-		     that's OK, since we can match 0 or more occurrences.
-		     We need to skip the glob pattern and see if we
-		     match the rest of the string. */
-		  newn = PATSCAN (p + 1, pe, 0);
-		  /* If NEWN is 0, we have an ill-formed pattern. */
-		  p = newn ? newn : pe;
-		}
-#endif
-	      if (p == pe)
-		break;
-	    }
-
-	  /* The wildcards are the last element of the pattern.  The name
-	     cannot match completely if we are looking for a pathname and
-	     it contains another slash, unless FNM_LEADING_DIR is set. */
-	  if (c == L('\0'))
-	    {
-	      int r = (flags & FNM_PATHNAME) == 0 ? 0 : FNM_NOMATCH;
-	      if (flags & FNM_PATHNAME)
-		{
-		  if (flags & FNM_LEADING_DIR)
-		    r = 0;
-		  else if (MEMCHR (n, L('/'), se - n) == NULL)
-		    r = 0;
-		}
-	      return r;
-	    }
-
-	  /* If we've hit the end of the pattern and the last character of
-	     the pattern was handled by the loop above, we've succeeded.
-	     Otherwise, we need to match that last character. */
-	  if (p == pe && (c == L('?') || c == L('*')))
-	    return (0);
-
-	  /* If we've hit the end of the string and the rest of the pattern
-	     is something that matches the empty string, we can succeed. */
-#if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB)
-	  if (n == se && ((flags & FNM_EXTMATCH) && (c == L('!') || c == L('?')) && *p == L('(')))
-	    {
-	      --p;
-	      if (EXTMATCH (c, n, se, p, pe, flags) == 0)
-		return (c == L('!') ? FNM_NOMATCH : 0);
-	      return (c == L('!') ? 0 : FNM_NOMATCH);
-	    }
-#endif
-
-	  /* If we stop at a slash in the pattern and we are looking for a
-	     pathname ([star]/foo), then consume enough of the string to stop
-	     at any slash and then try to match the rest of the pattern */
-	  if (c == L('/') && (flags & FNM_PATHNAME))
-	    {
-	      while (n < se && *n != L('/'))
-		++n;
-	      if (n < se && *n == L('/') && (GMATCH (n+1, se, p, pe, flags) == 0))
-		return 0;
-	      return FNM_NOMATCH;	/* XXX */
-	    }
-	  else
-	  /* General case, use recursion. */
-	  {
-	    U_CHAR c1;
-	    const CHAR *endp;
-
-	    endp = MEMCHR (n, (flags & FNM_PATHNAME) ? L('/') : L('\0'), se - n);
-	    if (endp == 0)
-	      endp = se;
-	    c1 = ((flags & FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0 && c == L('\\')) ? *p : c;
-	    c1 = FOLD (c1);
-	    for (--p; n < endp; ++n)
-	      {
-		/* Only call strmatch if the first character indicates a
-		   possible match.  We can check the first character if
-		   we're not doing an extended glob match. */
-		if ((flags & FNM_EXTMATCH) == 0 && c != L('[') && FOLD (*n) != c1) /*]*/
-		  continue;
-
-		/* If we're doing an extended glob match and the pattern is not
-		   one of the extended glob patterns, we can check the first
-		   character. */
-		if ((flags & FNM_EXTMATCH) && p[1] != L('(') && /*)*/
-		    STRCHR (L("?*+@!"), *p) == 0 && c != L('[') && FOLD (*n) != c1) /*]*/
-		  continue;
-
-		/* Otherwise, we just recurse. */
-		if (GMATCH (n, se, p, pe, flags & ~FNM_PERIOD) == 0)
-		  return (0);
-	      }
-	    return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	  }
-
-	case L('['):
-	  {
-	    if (sc == L('\0') || n == se)
-	      return FNM_NOMATCH;
-
-	    /* A character class cannot match a `.' if it is the first
-	       character of the string or if it is the first character
-	       following a slash and we are matching a pathname. */
-	    if ((flags & FNM_PERIOD) && sc == L('.') &&
-		(n == string || ((flags & FNM_PATHNAME) && n[-1] == L('/'))))
-	      return (FNM_NOMATCH);
-
-	    p = BRACKMATCH (p, sc, flags);
-	    if (p == 0)
-	      return FNM_NOMATCH;
-	  }
-	  break;
-
-	default:
-	  if ((U_CHAR)c != FOLD (sc))
-	    return (FNM_NOMATCH);
-	}
-
-      ++n;
-    }
-
-  if (n == se)
-    return (0);
-
-  if ((flags & FNM_LEADING_DIR) && *n == L('/'))
-    /* The FNM_LEADING_DIR flag says that "foo*" matches "foobar/frobozz".  */
-    return 0;
-	  
-  return (FNM_NOMATCH);
-}
-
-/* Parse a bracket expression collating symbol ([.sym.]) starting at P, find
-   the value of the symbol, and move P past the collating symbol expression.
-   The value is returned in *VP, if VP is not null. */
-static CHAR *
-PARSE_COLLSYM (p, vp)
-     CHAR *p;
-     INT *vp;
-{
-  register int pc;
-  INT val;
-
-  p++;				/* move past the `.' */
-	  
-  for (pc = 0; p[pc]; pc++)
-    if (p[pc] == L('.') && p[pc+1] == L(']'))
-      break;
-   val = COLLSYM (p, pc);
-   if (vp)
-     *vp = val;
-   return (p + pc + 2);
-}
-
-/* Use prototype definition here because of type promotion. */
-static CHAR *
-#if defined (PROTOTYPES)
-BRACKMATCH (CHAR *p, U_CHAR test, int flags)
-#else
-BRACKMATCH (p, test, flags)
-     CHAR *p;
-     U_CHAR test;
-     int flags;
-#endif
-{
-  register CHAR cstart, cend, c;
-  register int not;    /* Nonzero if the sense of the character class is inverted.  */
-  int brcnt, forcecoll;
-  INT pc;
-  CHAR *savep;
-
-  test = FOLD (test);
-
-  savep = p;
-
-  /* POSIX.2 3.13.1 says that an exclamation mark (`!') shall replace the
-     circumflex (`^') in its role in a `nonmatching list'.  A bracket
-     expression starting with an unquoted circumflex character produces
-     unspecified results.  This implementation treats the two identically. */
-  if (not = (*p == L('!') || *p == L('^')))
-    ++p;
-
-  c = *p++;
-  for (;;)
-    {
-      /* Initialize cstart and cend in case `-' is the last
-	 character of the pattern. */
-      cstart = cend = c;
-      forcecoll = 0;
-
-      /* POSIX.2 equivalence class:  [=c=].  See POSIX.2 2.8.3.2.  Find
-	 the end of the equivalence class, move the pattern pointer past
-	 it, and check for equivalence.  XXX - this handles only
-	 single-character equivalence classes, which is wrong, or at
-	 least incomplete. */
-      if (c == L('[') && *p == L('=') && p[2] == L('=') && p[3] == L(']'))
-	{
-	  pc = FOLD (p[1]);
-	  p += 4;
-	  if (COLLEQUIV (test, pc))
-	    {
-/*[*/	      /* Move past the closing `]', since the first thing we do at
-		 the `matched:' label is back p up one. */
-	      p++;
-	      goto matched;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      c = *p++;
-	      if (c == L('\0'))
-		return ((test == L('[')) ? savep : (CHAR *)0); /*]*/
-	      c = FOLD (c);
-	      continue;
-	    }
-	}
-
-      /* POSIX.2 character class expression.  See POSIX.2 2.8.3.2. */
-      if (c == L('[') && *p == L(':'))
-	{
-	  CHAR *close, *ccname;
-
-	  pc = 0;	/* make sure invalid char classes don't match. */
-	  /* Find end of character class name */
-	  for (close = p + 1; *close != '\0'; close++)
-	    if (*close == L(':') && *(close+1) == L(']'))
-	      break;
-
-	  if (*close != L('\0'))
-	    {
-	      ccname = (CHAR *)malloc ((close - p) * sizeof (CHAR));
-	      if (ccname == 0)
-		pc = 0;
-	      else
-		{
-		  bcopy (p + 1, ccname, (close - p - 1) * sizeof (CHAR));
-		  *(ccname + (close - p - 1)) = L('\0');
-		  pc = IS_CCLASS (test, (XCHAR *)ccname);
-		}
-	      if (pc == -1)
-		pc = 0;
-	      else
-		p = close + 2;
-
-	      free (ccname);
-	    }
-	    
-	  if (pc)
-	    {
-/*[*/	      /* Move past the closing `]', since the first thing we do at
-		 the `matched:' label is back p up one. */
-	      p++;
-	      goto matched;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      /* continue the loop here, since this expression can't be
-		 the first part of a range expression. */
-	      c = *p++;
-	      if (c == L('\0'))
-		return ((test == L('[')) ? savep : (CHAR *)0);
-	      else if (c == L(']'))
-		break;
-	      c = FOLD (c);
-	      continue;
-	    }
-	}
- 
-      /* POSIX.2 collating symbols.  See POSIX.2 2.8.3.2.  Find the end of
-	 the symbol name, make sure it is terminated by `.]', translate
-	 the name to a character using the external table, and do the
-	 comparison. */
-      if (c == L('[') && *p == L('.'))
-	{
-	  p = PARSE_COLLSYM (p, &pc);
-	  /* An invalid collating symbol cannot be the first point of a
-	     range.  If it is, we set cstart to one greater than `test',
-	     so any comparisons later will fail. */
-	  cstart = (pc == INVALID) ? test + 1 : pc;
-	  forcecoll = 1;
-	}
-
-      if (!(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE) && c == L('\\'))
-	{
-	  if (*p == '\0')
-	    return (CHAR *)0;
-	  cstart = cend = *p++;
-	}
-
-      cstart = cend = FOLD (cstart);
-
-      /* POSIX.2 2.8.3.1.2 says: `An expression containing a `[' that
-	 is not preceded by a backslash and is not part of a bracket
-	 expression produces undefined results.'  This implementation
-	 treats the `[' as just a character to be matched if there is
-	 not a closing `]'. */
-      if (c == L('\0'))
-	return ((test == L('[')) ? savep : (CHAR *)0);
-
-      c = *p++;
-      c = FOLD (c);
-
-      if ((flags & FNM_PATHNAME) && c == L('/'))
-	/* [/] can never match when matching a pathname.  */
-	return (CHAR *)0;
-
-      /* This introduces a range, unless the `-' is the last
-	 character of the class.  Find the end of the range
-	 and move past it. */
-      if (c == L('-') && *p != L(']'))
-	{
-	  cend = *p++;
-	  if (!(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE) && cend == L('\\'))
-	    cend = *p++;
-	  if (cend == L('\0'))
-	    return (CHAR *)0;
-	  if (cend == L('[') && *p == L('.'))
-	    {
-	      p = PARSE_COLLSYM (p, &pc);
-	      /* An invalid collating symbol cannot be the second part of a
-		 range expression.  If we get one, we set cend to one fewer
-		 than the test character to make sure the range test fails. */
-	      cend = (pc == INVALID) ? test - 1 : pc;
-	      forcecoll = 1;
-	    }
-	  cend = FOLD (cend);
-
-	  c = *p++;
-
-	  /* POSIX.2 2.8.3.2:  ``The ending range point shall collate
-	     equal to or higher than the starting range point; otherwise
-	     the expression shall be treated as invalid.''  Note that this
-	     applies to only the range expression; the rest of the bracket
-	     expression is still checked for matches. */
-	  if (RANGECMP (cstart, cend, forcecoll) > 0)
-	    {
-	      if (c == L(']'))
-		break;
-	      c = FOLD (c);
-	      continue;
-	    }
-	}
-
-      if (RANGECMP (test, cstart, forcecoll) >= 0 && RANGECMP (test, cend, forcecoll) <= 0)
-	goto matched;
-
-      if (c == L(']'))
-	break;
-    }
-  /* No match. */
-  return (!not ? (CHAR *)0 : p);
-
-matched:
-  /* Skip the rest of the [...] that already matched.  */
-  c = *--p;
-  brcnt = 1;
-  while (brcnt > 0)
-    {
-      /* A `[' without a matching `]' is just another character to match. */
-      if (c == L('\0'))
-	return ((test == L('[')) ? savep : (CHAR *)0);
-
-      c = *p++;
-      if (c == L('[') && (*p == L('=') || *p == L(':') || *p == L('.')))
-	brcnt++;
-      else if (c == L(']'))
-	brcnt--;
-      else if (!(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE) && c == L('\\'))
-	{
-	  if (*p == '\0')
-	    return (CHAR *)0;
-	  /* XXX 1003.2d11 is unclear if this is right. */
-	  ++p;
-	}
-    }
-  return (not ? (CHAR *)0 : p);
-}
-
-#if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB)
-/* ksh-like extended pattern matching:
-
-	[?*+@!](pat-list)
-
-   where pat-list is a list of one or patterns separated by `|'.  Operation
-   is as follows:
-
-	?(patlist)	match zero or one of the given patterns
-	*(patlist)	match zero or more of the given patterns
-	+(patlist)	match one or more of the given patterns
-	@(patlist)	match exactly one of the given patterns
-	!(patlist)	match anything except one of the given patterns
-*/
-
-/* Scan a pattern starting at STRING and ending at END, keeping track of
-   embedded () and [].  If DELIM is 0, we scan until a matching `)'
-   because we're scanning a `patlist'.  Otherwise, we scan until we see
-   DELIM.  In all cases, we never scan past END.  The return value is the
-   first character after the matching DELIM or NULL if the pattern is
-   empty or invalid. */
-/*static*/ CHAR *
-PATSCAN (string, end, delim)
-     CHAR *string, *end;
-     INT delim;
-{
-  int pnest, bnest, skip;
-  INT cchar;
-  CHAR *s, c, *bfirst;
-
-  pnest = bnest = skip = 0;
-  cchar = 0;
-  bfirst = NULL;
-
-  if (string == end)
-    return (NULL);
-
-  for (s = string; c = *s; s++)
-    {
-      if (s >= end)
-	return (s);
-      if (skip)
-	{
-	  skip = 0;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case L('\\'):
-	  skip = 1;
-	  break;
-
-	case L('\0'):
-	  return ((CHAR *)NULL);
-
-	/* `[' is not special inside a bracket expression, but it may
-	   introduce one of the special POSIX bracket expressions
-	   ([.SYM.], [=c=], [: ... :]) that needs special handling. */
-	case L('['):
-	  if (bnest == 0)
-	    {
-	      bfirst = s + 1;
-	      if (*bfirst == L('!') || *bfirst == L('^'))
-		bfirst++;
-	      bnest++;
-	    }
-	  else if (s[1] == L(':') || s[1] == L('.') || s[1] == L('='))
-	    cchar = s[1];
-	  break;
-
-	/* `]' is not special if it's the first char (after a leading `!'
-	   or `^') in a bracket expression or if it's part of one of the
-	   special POSIX bracket expressions ([.SYM.], [=c=], [: ... :]) */
-	case L(']'):
-	  if (bnest)
-	    {
-	      if (cchar && s[-1] == cchar)
-		cchar = 0;
-	      else if (s != bfirst)
-		{
-		  bnest--;
-		  bfirst = 0;
-		}
-	    }
-	  break;
-
-	case L('('):
-	  if (bnest == 0)
-	    pnest++;
-	  break;
-
-	case L(')'):
-	  if (bnest == 0 && pnest-- <= 0)
-	    return ++s;
-	  break;
-
-	case L('|'):
-	  if (bnest == 0 && pnest == 0 && delim == L('|'))
-	    return ++s;
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  return (NULL);
-}
-
-/* Return 0 if dequoted pattern matches S in the current locale. */
-static int
-STRCOMPARE (p, pe, s, se)
-     CHAR *p, *pe, *s, *se;
-{
-  int ret;
-  CHAR c1, c2;
-  int l1, l2;
-
-  l1 = pe - p;
-  l2 = se - s;
-
-  if (l1 != l2)
-    return (FNM_NOMATCH);	/* unequal lengths, can't be identical */
-  
-  c1 = *pe;
-  c2 = *se;
-
-  if (c1 != 0)
-    *pe = '\0';
-  if (c2 != 0)
-    *se = '\0';
-    
-#if HAVE_MULTIBYTE || defined (HAVE_STRCOLL)
-  ret = STRCOLL ((XCHAR *)p, (XCHAR *)s);
-#else
-  ret = STRCMP ((XCHAR *)p, (XCHAR *)s);
-#endif
-
-  if (c1 != 0)
-    *pe = c1;
-  if (c2 != 0)
-    *se = c2;
-
-  return (ret == 0 ? ret : FNM_NOMATCH);
-}
-
-/* Match a ksh extended pattern specifier.  Return FNM_NOMATCH on failure or
-   0 on success.  This is handed the entire rest of the pattern and string
-   the first time an extended pattern specifier is encountered, so it calls
-   gmatch recursively. */
-static int
-EXTMATCH (xc, s, se, p, pe, flags)
-     INT xc;		/* select which operation */
-     CHAR *s, *se;
-     CHAR *p, *pe;
-     int flags;
-{
-  CHAR *prest;			/* pointer to rest of pattern */
-  CHAR *psub;			/* pointer to sub-pattern */
-  CHAR *pnext;			/* pointer to next sub-pattern */
-  CHAR *srest;			/* pointer to rest of string */
-  int m1, m2, xflags;		/* xflags = flags passed to recursive matches */
-
-#if DEBUG_MATCHING
-fprintf(stderr, "extmatch: xc = %c\n", xc);
-fprintf(stderr, "extmatch: s = %s; se = %s\n", s, se);
-fprintf(stderr, "extmatch: p = %s; pe = %s\n", p, pe);
-fprintf(stderr, "extmatch: flags = %d\n", flags);
-#endif
-
-  prest = PATSCAN (p + (*p == L('(')), pe, 0); /* ) */
-  if (prest == 0)
-    /* If PREST is 0, we failed to scan a valid pattern.  In this
-       case, we just want to compare the two as strings. */
-    return (STRCOMPARE (p - 1, pe, s, se));
-
-  switch (xc)
-    {
-    case L('+'):		/* match one or more occurrences */
-    case L('*'):		/* match zero or more occurrences */
-      /* If we can get away with no matches, don't even bother.  Just
-	 call GMATCH on the rest of the pattern and return success if
-	 it succeeds. */
-      if (xc == L('*') && (GMATCH (s, se, prest, pe, flags) == 0))
-	return 0;
-
-      /* OK, we have to do this the hard way.  First, we make sure one of
-	 the subpatterns matches, then we try to match the rest of the
-	 string. */
-      for (psub = p + 1; ; psub = pnext)
-	{
-	  pnext = PATSCAN (psub, pe, L('|'));
-	  for (srest = s; srest <= se; srest++)
-	    {
-	      /* Match this substring (S -> SREST) against this
-		 subpattern (psub -> pnext - 1) */
-	      m1 = GMATCH (s, srest, psub, pnext - 1, flags) == 0;
-	      /* OK, we matched a subpattern, so make sure the rest of the
-		 string matches the rest of the pattern.  Also handle
-		 multiple matches of the pattern. */
-	      if (m1)
-		{
-		  /* if srest > s, we are not at start of string */
-		  xflags = (srest > s) ? (flags & ~FNM_PERIOD) : flags;
-		  m2 = (GMATCH (srest, se, prest, pe, xflags) == 0) ||
-			(s != srest && GMATCH (srest, se, p - 1, pe, xflags) == 0);
-		}
-	      if (m1 && m2)
-		return (0);
-	    }
-	  if (pnext == prest)
-	    break;
-	}
-      return (FNM_NOMATCH);
-
-    case L('?'):		/* match zero or one of the patterns */
-    case L('@'):		/* match one (or more) of the patterns */
-      /* If we can get away with no matches, don't even bother.  Just
-	 call gmatch on the rest of the pattern and return success if
-	 it succeeds. */
-      if (xc == L('?') && (GMATCH (s, se, prest, pe, flags) == 0))
-	return 0;
-
-      /* OK, we have to do this the hard way.  First, we see if one of
-	 the subpatterns matches, then, if it does, we try to match the
-	 rest of the string. */
-      for (psub = p + 1; ; psub = pnext)
-	{
-	  pnext = PATSCAN (psub, pe, L('|'));
-	  srest = (prest == pe) ? se : s;
-	  for ( ; srest <= se; srest++)
-	    {
-	      /* if srest > s, we are not at start of string */
-	      xflags = (srest > s) ? (flags & ~FNM_PERIOD) : flags;
-	      if (GMATCH (s, srest, psub, pnext - 1, flags) == 0 &&
-		  GMATCH (srest, se, prest, pe, xflags) == 0)
-		return (0);
-	    }
-	  if (pnext == prest)
-	    break;
-	}
-      return (FNM_NOMATCH);
-
-    case '!':		/* match anything *except* one of the patterns */
-      for (srest = s; srest <= se; srest++)
-	{
-	  m1 = 0;
-	  for (psub = p + 1; ; psub = pnext)
-	    {
-	      pnext = PATSCAN (psub, pe, L('|'));
-	      /* If one of the patterns matches, just bail immediately. */
-	      if (m1 = (GMATCH (s, srest, psub, pnext - 1, flags) == 0))
-		break;
-	      if (pnext == prest)
-		break;
-	    }
-	  /* if srest > s, we are not at start of string */
-	  xflags = (srest > s) ? (flags & ~FNM_PERIOD) : flags;
-	  if (m1 == 0 && GMATCH (srest, se, prest, pe, xflags) == 0)
-	    return (0);
-	}
-      return (FNM_NOMATCH);
-    }
-
-  return (FNM_NOMATCH);
-}
-#endif /* EXTENDED_GLOB */
-
-#undef IS_CCLASS
-#undef FOLD
-#undef CHAR
-#undef U_CHAR
-#undef XCHAR
-#undef INT
-#undef INVALID
-#undef FCT
-#undef GMATCH
-#undef COLLSYM
-#undef PARSE_COLLSYM
-#undef PATSCAN
-#undef STRCOMPARE
-#undef EXTMATCH
-#undef BRACKMATCH
-#undef STRCHR
-#undef STRCOLL
-#undef STRLEN
-#undef STRCMP
-#undef COLLEQUIV
-#undef RANGECMP
-#undef L
diff --git a/lib/glob/smatch.c~ b/lib/glob/smatch.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index 848610ab..00000000
--- a/lib/glob/smatch.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,415 +0,0 @@
-/* strmatch.c -- ksh-like extended pattern matching for the shell and filename
-		globbing. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1991-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-   
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#include <config.h>
-
-#include <stdio.h>	/* for debugging */
-				
-#include "strmatch.h"
-#include <chartypes.h>
-
-#include "bashansi.h"
-#include "shmbutil.h"
-#include "xmalloc.h"
-
-/* First, compile `sm_loop.c' for single-byte characters. */
-#define CHAR	unsigned char
-#define U_CHAR	unsigned char
-#define XCHAR	char
-#define INT	int
-#define L(CS)	CS
-#define INVALID	-1
-
-#undef STREQ
-#undef STREQN
-#define STREQ(a, b) ((a)[0] == (b)[0] && strcmp(a, b) == 0)
-#define STREQN(a, b, n) ((a)[0] == (b)[0] && strncmp(a, b, n) == 0)
-
-#ifndef GLOBASCII_DEFAULT
-#  define GLOBASCII_DEFAULT 0
-#endif
-
-int glob_asciirange = GLOBASCII_DEFAULT;
-
-/* We use strcoll(3) for range comparisons in bracket expressions,
-   even though it can have unwanted side effects in locales
-   other than POSIX or US.  For instance, in the de locale, [A-Z] matches
-   all characters.  If GLOB_ASCIIRANGE is non-zero, and we're not forcing
-   the use of strcoll (e.g., for explicit collating symbols), we use
-   straight ordering as if in the C locale. */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STRCOLL)
-/* Helper function for collating symbol equivalence. */
-static int
-rangecmp (c1, c2, forcecoll)
-     int c1, c2;
-     int forcecoll;
-{
-  static char s1[2] = { ' ', '\0' };
-  static char s2[2] = { ' ', '\0' };
-  int ret;
-
-  /* Eight bits only.  Period. */
-  c1 &= 0xFF;
-  c2 &= 0xFF;
-
-  if (c1 == c2)
-    return (0);
-
-  if (forcecoll == 0 && glob_asciirange)
-    return (c1 - c2);
-
-  s1[0] = c1;
-  s2[0] = c2;
-
-  if ((ret = strcoll (s1, s2)) != 0)
-    return ret;
-  return (c1 - c2);
-}
-#else /* !HAVE_STRCOLL */
-#  define rangecmp(c1, c2, f)	((int)(c1) - (int)(c2))
-#endif /* !HAVE_STRCOLL */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STRCOLL)
-static int
-collequiv (c1, c2)
-     int c1, c2;
-{
-  return (rangecmp (c1, c2, 1) == 0);
-}
-#else
-#  define collequiv(c1, c2)	((c1) == (c2))
-#endif
-
-#define _COLLSYM	_collsym
-#define __COLLSYM	__collsym
-#define POSIXCOLL	posix_collsyms
-#include "collsyms.h"
-
-static int
-collsym (s, len)
-     CHAR *s;
-     int len;
-{
-  register struct _collsym *csp;
-  char *x;
-
-  x = (char *)s;
-  for (csp = posix_collsyms; csp->name; csp++)
-    {
-      if (STREQN(csp->name, x, len) && csp->name[len] == '\0')
-	return (csp->code);
-    }
-  if (len == 1)
-    return s[0];
-  return INVALID;
-}
-
-/* unibyte character classification */
-#if !defined (isascii) && !defined (HAVE_ISASCII)
-#  define isascii(c)	((unsigned int)(c) <= 0177)
-#endif
-
-enum char_class
-  {
-    CC_NO_CLASS = 0,
-    CC_ASCII, CC_ALNUM, CC_ALPHA, CC_BLANK, CC_CNTRL, CC_DIGIT, CC_GRAPH,
-    CC_LOWER, CC_PRINT, CC_PUNCT, CC_SPACE, CC_UPPER, CC_WORD, CC_XDIGIT
-  };
-
-static char const *const cclass_name[] =
-  {
-    "",
-    "ascii", "alnum", "alpha", "blank", "cntrl", "digit", "graph",
-    "lower", "print", "punct", "space", "upper", "word", "xdigit"
-  };
-
-#define N_CHAR_CLASS (sizeof(cclass_name) / sizeof (cclass_name[0]))
-
-static int
-is_cclass (c, name)
-     int c;
-     const char *name;
-{
-  enum char_class char_class = CC_NO_CLASS;
-  int i, result;
-
-  for (i = 1; i < N_CHAR_CLASS; i++)
-    {
-      if (STREQ (name, cclass_name[i]))
-	{
-	  char_class = (enum char_class)i;
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  if (char_class == 0)
-    return -1;
-
-  switch (char_class)
-    {
-      case CC_ASCII:
-	result = isascii (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_ALNUM:
-	result = ISALNUM (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_ALPHA:
-	result = ISALPHA (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_BLANK:  
-	result = ISBLANK (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_CNTRL:
-	result = ISCNTRL (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_DIGIT:
-	result = ISDIGIT (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_GRAPH:
-	result = ISGRAPH (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_LOWER:
-	result = ISLOWER (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_PRINT: 
-	result = ISPRINT (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_PUNCT:
-	result = ISPUNCT (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_SPACE:
-	result = ISSPACE (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_UPPER:
-	result = ISUPPER (c);
-	break;
-      case CC_WORD:
-        result = (ISALNUM (c) || c == '_');
-	break;
-      case CC_XDIGIT:
-	result = ISXDIGIT (c);
-	break;
-      default:
-	result = -1;
-	break;
-    }
-
-  return result;  
-}
-
-/* Now include `sm_loop.c' for single-byte characters. */
-/* The result of FOLD is an `unsigned char' */
-# define FOLD(c) ((flags & FNM_CASEFOLD) \
-	? TOLOWER ((unsigned char)c) \
-	: ((unsigned char)c))
-
-#define FCT			internal_strmatch
-#define GMATCH			gmatch
-#define COLLSYM			collsym
-#define PARSE_COLLSYM		parse_collsym
-#define BRACKMATCH		brackmatch
-#define PATSCAN			glob_patscan
-#define STRCOMPARE		strcompare
-#define EXTMATCH		extmatch
-#define STRCHR(S, C)		strchr((S), (C))
-#define STRCOLL(S1, S2)		strcoll((S1), (S2))
-#define STRLEN(S)		strlen(S)
-#define STRCMP(S1, S2)		strcmp((S1), (S2))
-#define RANGECMP(C1, C2, F)	rangecmp((C1), (C2), (F))
-#define COLLEQUIV(C1, C2)	collequiv((C1), (C2))
-#define CTYPE_T			enum char_class
-#define IS_CCLASS(C, S)		is_cclass((C), (S))
-#include "sm_loop.c"
-
-#if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
-
-#  define CHAR		wchar_t
-#  define U_CHAR	wint_t
-#  define XCHAR		wchar_t
-#  define INT		wint_t
-#  define L(CS)		L##CS
-#  define INVALID	WEOF
-
-#  undef STREQ
-#  undef STREQN
-#  define STREQ(s1, s2) ((wcscmp (s1, s2) == 0))
-#  define STREQN(a, b, n) ((a)[0] == (b)[0] && wcsncmp(a, b, n) == 0)
-
-extern char *mbsmbchar __P((const char *));
-
-static int
-rangecmp_wc (c1, c2, forcecoll)
-     wint_t c1, c2;
-     int forcecoll;
-{
-  static wchar_t s1[2] = { L' ', L'\0' };
-  static wchar_t s2[2] = { L' ', L'\0' };
-
-  if (c1 == c2)
-    return 0;
-
-  if (forcecoll == 0 && glob_asciirange && c1 <= UCHAR_MAX && c2 <= UCHAR_MAX)
-    return ((int)(c1 - c2));
-
-  s1[0] = c1;
-  s2[0] = c2;
-
-  return (wcscoll (s1, s2));
-}
-
-static int
-collequiv_wc (c, equiv)
-     wint_t c, equiv;
-{
-  return (c == equiv);
-}
-
-/* Helper function for collating symbol. */
-#  define _COLLSYM	_collwcsym
-#  define __COLLSYM	__collwcsym
-#  define POSIXCOLL	posix_collwcsyms
-#  include "collsyms.h"
-
-static wint_t
-collwcsym (s, len)
-     wchar_t *s;
-     int len;
-{
-  register struct _collwcsym *csp;
-
-  for (csp = posix_collwcsyms; csp->name; csp++)
-    {
-      if (STREQN(csp->name, s, len) && csp->name[len] == L'\0')
-	return (csp->code);
-    }
-  if (len == 1)
-    return s[0];
-  return INVALID;
-}
-
-static int
-is_wcclass (wc, name)
-     wint_t wc;
-     wchar_t *name;
-{
-  char *mbs;
-  mbstate_t state;
-  size_t mbslength;
-  wctype_t desc;
-  int want_word;
-
-  if ((wctype ("ascii") == (wctype_t)0) && (wcscmp (name, L"ascii") == 0))
-    {
-      int c;
-
-      if ((c = wctob (wc)) == EOF)
-	return 0;
-      else
-        return (c <= 0x7F);
-    }
-
-  want_word = (wcscmp (name, L"word") == 0);
-  if (want_word)
-    name = L"alnum";
-
-  memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
-  mbs = (char *) malloc (wcslen(name) * MB_CUR_MAX + 1);
-  mbslength = wcsrtombs (mbs, (const wchar_t **)&name, (wcslen(name) * MB_CUR_MAX + 1), &state);
-
-  if (mbslength == (size_t)-1 || mbslength == (size_t)-2)
-    {
-      free (mbs);
-      return -1;
-    }
-  desc = wctype (mbs);
-  free (mbs);
-
-  if (desc == (wctype_t)0)
-    return -1;
-
-  if (want_word)
-    return (iswctype (wc, desc) || wc == L'_');
-  else
-    return (iswctype (wc, desc));
-}
-
-/* Now include `sm_loop.c' for multibyte characters. */
-#define FOLD(c) ((flags & FNM_CASEFOLD) && iswupper (c) ? towlower (c) : (c))
-#define FCT			internal_wstrmatch
-#define GMATCH			gmatch_wc
-#define COLLSYM			collwcsym
-#define PARSE_COLLSYM		parse_collwcsym
-#define BRACKMATCH		brackmatch_wc
-#define PATSCAN			glob_patscan_wc
-#define STRCOMPARE		wscompare
-#define EXTMATCH		extmatch_wc
-#define STRCHR(S, C)		wcschr((S), (C))
-#define STRCOLL(S1, S2)		wcscoll((S1), (S2))
-#define STRLEN(S)		wcslen(S)
-#define STRCMP(S1, S2)		wcscmp((S1), (S2))
-#define RANGECMP(C1, C2, F)	rangecmp_wc((C1), (C2), (F))
-#define COLLEQUIV(C1, C2)	collequiv_wc((C1), (C2))
-#define CTYPE_T			enum char_class
-#define IS_CCLASS(C, S)		is_wcclass((C), (S))
-#include "sm_loop.c"
-
-#endif /* HAVE_MULTIBYTE */
-
-int
-xstrmatch (pattern, string, flags)
-     char *pattern;
-     char *string;
-     int flags;
-{
-#if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
-  int ret;
-  size_t n;
-  wchar_t *wpattern, *wstring;
-  size_t plen, slen, mplen, mslen;
-
-  if (mbsmbchar (string) == 0 && mbsmbchar (pattern) == 0)
-    return (internal_strmatch ((unsigned char *)pattern, (unsigned char *)string, flags));
-
-  if (MB_CUR_MAX == 1)
-    return (internal_strmatch ((unsigned char *)pattern, (unsigned char *)string, flags));
-
-  n = xdupmbstowcs (&wpattern, NULL, pattern);
-  if (n == (size_t)-1 || n == (size_t)-2)
-    return (internal_strmatch ((unsigned char *)pattern, (unsigned char *)string, flags));
-
-  n = xdupmbstowcs (&wstring, NULL, string);
-  if (n == (size_t)-1 || n == (size_t)-2)
-    {
-      free (wpattern);
-      return (internal_strmatch ((unsigned char *)pattern, (unsigned char *)string, flags));
-    }
-
-  ret = internal_wstrmatch (wpattern, wstring, flags);
-
-  free (wpattern);
-  free (wstring);
-
-  return ret;
-#else
-  return (internal_strmatch ((unsigned char *)pattern, (unsigned char *)string, flags));
-#endif /* !HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-}
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/Makefile.old b/lib/readline/doc/Makefile.old
deleted file mode 100644
index 58d4dd76..00000000
--- a/lib/readline/doc/Makefile.old
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-# This makefile for Readline library documentation is in -*- text -*- mode.
-# Emacs likes it that way.
-RM = rm -f
-
-MAKEINFO    = makeinfo
-TEXI2DVI    = texi2dvi
-TEXI2HTML   = texi2html
-QUIETPS     = #set this to -q to shut up dvips
-DVIPS       = dvips -D 300 $(QUIETPS) -o $@     # tricky
-
-INSTALL_DATA = cp
-infodir = /usr/local/info
-
-RLSRC = rlman.texinfo rluser.texinfo rltech.texinfo
-HISTSRC = hist.texinfo hsuser.texinfo hstech.texinfo
-
-DVIOBJ = readline.dvi history.dvi
-INFOOBJ = readline.info history.info
-PSOBJ = readline.ps history.ps
-HTMLOBJ = readline.html history.html
-
-all: info dvi html ps
-nodvi: info html
-
-readline.dvi: $(RLSRC)
-	$(TEXI2DVI) rlman.texinfo
-	mv rlman.dvi readline.dvi
-
-readline.info: $(RLSRC)
-	$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ rlman.texinfo
-
-history.dvi: ${HISTSRC}
-	$(TEXI2DVI) hist.texinfo
-	mv hist.dvi history.dvi
-
-history.info: ${HISTSRC}
-	$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ hist.texinfo
-
-readline.ps:	readline.dvi
-	$(RM) $@
-	$(DVIPS) readline.dvi
-
-history.ps:	history.dvi
-	$(RM) $@
-	$(DVIPS) history.dvi
-
-readline.html:	${RLSRC}
-	$(TEXI2HTML) rlman.texinfo
-	sed -e 's:rlman.html:readline.html:' -e 's:rlman_toc.html:readline_toc.html:' rlman.html > readline.html
-	sed -e 's:rlman.html:readline.html:' -e 's:rlman_toc.html:readline_toc.html:' rlman_toc.html > readline_toc.html
-	$(RM) rlman.html rlman_toc.html
-
-history.html:	${HISTSRC}
-	$(TEXI2HTML) hist.texinfo
-	sed -e 's:hist.html:history.html:' -e 's:hist_toc.html:history_toc.html:' hist.html > history.html
-	sed -e 's:hist.html:history.html:' -e 's:hist_toc.html:history_toc.html:' hist_toc.html > history_toc.html
-	$(RM) hist.html hist_toc.html
-
-info:	$(INFOOBJ)
-dvi:	$(DVIOBJ)
-ps:	$(PSOBJ)
-html:	$(HTMLOBJ)
-
-clean:
-	$(RM) *.aux *.cp *.fn *.ky *.log *.pg *.toc *.tp *.vr *.cps *.pgs \
-	      *.fns *.kys *.tps *.vrs *.o core
-
-distclean: clean
-mostlyclean: clean
-
-maintainer-clean: clean
-	$(RM) *.dvi *.info *.info-* *.ps *.html
-
-install:	info
-	${INSTALL_DATA} readline.info $(infodir)/readline.info
-	${INSTALL_DATA} history.info $(infodir)/history.info
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/history.3~ b/lib/readline/doc/history.3~
deleted file mode 100644
index 82ef33a2..00000000
--- a/lib/readline/doc/history.3~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,673 +0,0 @@
-.\"
-.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
-.\"
-.\"	Chet Ramey
-.\"	Information Network Services
-.\"	Case Western Reserve University
-.\"	chet.ramey@case.edu
-.\"
-.\"	Last Change: Thu Thu Jun 27 10:34:44 EDT 2013
-.\"
-.TH HISTORY 3 "2013 June 27" "GNU History 6.3"
-.\"
-.\" File Name macro.  This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
-.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
-.\"
-.de FN
-\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
-..
-.ds lp \fR\|(\fP
-.ds rp \fR\|)\fP
-.\" FnN return-value fun-name N arguments
-.de Fn1
-\fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3\fP\\*(rp
-.br
-..
-.de Fn2
-.if t \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3,\|\\$4\fP\\*(rp
-.if n \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3, \\$4\fP\\*(rp
-.br
-..
-.de Fn3
-.if t \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3,\|\\$4,\|\\$5\fP\|\\*(rp
-.if n \fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP \\*(lp\fI\\$3, \\$4, \\$5\fP\\*(rp
-.br
-..
-.de Vb
-\fI\\$1\fP \fB\\$2\fP
-.br
-..
-.SH NAME
-history \- GNU History Library
-.SH COPYRIGHT
-.if t The GNU History Library is Copyright \(co 1989-2011 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.if n The GNU History Library is Copyright (C) 1989-2011 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-Many programs read input from the user a line at a time.  The GNU
-History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
-data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
-composing new ones. 
-.PP
-.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
-.PP
-The history library supports a history expansion feature that
-is identical to the history expansion in
-.BR bash.
-This section describes what syntax features are available.
-.PP
-History expansions introduce words from the history list into
-the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
-arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
-fix errors in previous commands quickly.
-.PP
-History expansion is usually performed immediately after a complete line
-is read.
-It takes place in two parts.
-The first is to determine which line from the history list
-to use during substitution.
-The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
-the current one.
-The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
-and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
-Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
-The line is broken into words in the same fashion as \fBbash\fP
-does when reading input,
-so that several words that would otherwise be separated 
-are considered one word when surrounded by quotes (see the
-description of \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP below).
-History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
-history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
-Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
-the history expansion character.
-.SS Event Designators
-.PP
-An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
-history list.
-Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
-position in the history list.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B !
-Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
-.BR blank ,
-newline, = or (.
-.TP
-.B !\fIn\fR
-Refer to command line
-.IR n .
-.TP
-.B !\-\fIn\fR
-Refer to the current command minus
-.IR n .
-.TP
-.B !!
-Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for `!\-1'.
-.TP
-.B !\fIstring\fR
-Refer to the most recent command
-preceding the current position in the history list
-starting with
-.IR string .
-.TP
-.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
-Refer to the most recent command
-preceding the current position in the history list
-containing
-.IR string .
-The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
-.I string
-is followed immediately by a newline.
-.TP
-.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u
-Quick substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing
-.I string1
-with
-.IR string2 .
-Equivalent to
-``!!:s/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/''
-(see \fBModifiers\fP below).
-.TP
-.B !#
-The entire command line typed so far.
-.PD
-.SS Word Designators
-.PP
-Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
-A 
-.B :
-separates the event specification from the word designator.
-It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
-.BR ^ ,
-.BR $ ,
-.BR * ,
-.BR \- ,
-or
-.BR % .
-Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
-with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
-Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.TP
-.B 0 (zero)
-The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command
-word.
-.TP
-.I n
-The \fIn\fRth word.
-.TP
-.B ^
-The first argument.  That is, word 1.
-.TP
-.B $
-The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
-zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
-.TP
-.B %
-The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search.
-.TP
-.I x\fB\-\fPy
-A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'.
-.TP
-.B *
-All of the words but the zeroth.  This is a synonym
-for `\fI1\-$\fP'.  It is not an error to use
-.B *
-if there is just one
-word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
-.TP
-.B x*
-Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
-.TP
-.B x\-
-Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word.
-.PD
-.PP
-If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
-previous command is used as the event.
-.SS Modifiers
-.PP
-After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
-one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
-.PP
-.PD 0
-.PP
-.TP
-.B h
-Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
-.TP
-.B t
-Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail.
-.TP
-.B r
-Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
-basename.
-.TP
-.B e
-Remove all but the trailing suffix.
-.TP
-.B p
-Print the new command but do not execute it.
-.TP
-.B q
-Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
-.TP
-.B x
-Quote the substituted words as with
-.BR q ,
-but break into words at
-.B blanks
-and newlines.
-.TP
-.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
-Substitute
-.I new
-for the first occurrence of
-.I old
-in the event line.  Any delimiter can be used in place of /.  The
-final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
-event line.  The delimiter may be quoted in
-.I old
-and
-.I new
-with a single backslash.  If & appears in
-.IR new ,
-it is replaced by
-.IR old .
-A single backslash will quote the &.  If
-.I old
-is null, it is set to the last
-.I old
-substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
-the last
-.I string
-in a
-.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
-search.
-.TP
-.B &
-Repeat the previous substitution.
-.TP
-.B g
-Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
-used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR')
-or `\fB:&\fP'.  If used with
-`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used
-in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional
-if it is the last character of the event line.
-An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP.
-.TP
-.B G
-Apply the following `\fBs\fP' modifier once to each word in the event line.
-.PD
-.SH "PROGRAMMING WITH HISTORY FUNCTIONS"
-This section describes how to use the History library in other programs.
-.SS Introduction to History
-.PP
-The programmer using the History library has available functions
-for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
-with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list
-for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line
-in the list directly.  In addition, a history \fIexpansion\fP function
-is available which provides for a consistent user interface across
-different programs.
-.PP
-The user using programs written with the History library has the
-benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
-commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
-in new commands.  The basic history manipulation commands are
-identical to
-the history substitution provided by \fBbash\fP.
-.PP
-If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which
-includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
-advantage of command line editing.
-.PP
-Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
-library provides in other code, an application writer should include
-the file
-.FN <readline/history.h>
-in any file that uses the
-History library's features.  It supplies extern declarations for all
-of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of
-the public data structures.
-
-.SS History Storage
-.PP
-The history list is an array of history entries.  A history entry is
-declared as follows:
-.PP
-.Vb "typedef void *" histdata_t;
-.PP
-.nf
-typedef struct _hist_entry {
-  char *line;
-  char *timestamp;
-  histdata_t data;
-} HIST_ENTRY;
-.fi
-.PP
-The history list itself might therefore be declared as
-.PP
-.Vb "HIST_ENTRY **" the_history_list;
-.PP
-The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:
-.PP
-.nf
-/*
- * A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
- */
-typedef struct _hist_state {
-  HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
-  int offset;           /* The location pointer within this array. */
-  int length;           /* Number of elements within this array. */
-  int size;             /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
-  int flags;
-} HISTORY_STATE;
-.fi
-.PP
-If the flags member includes \fBHS_STIFLED\fP, the history has been
-stifled.
-.SH "History Functions"
-.PP
-This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
-exported by the GNU History library.
-.SS Initializing History and State Management
-This section describes functions used to initialize and manage
-the state of the History library when you want to use the history
-functions in your program.
-
-.Fn1 void using_history void
-Begin a session in which the history functions might be used.  This
-initializes the interactive variables.
-
-.Fn1 "HISTORY_STATE *" history_get_history_state void
-Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.
-
-.Fn1 void history_set_history_state "HISTORY_STATE *state"
-Set the state of the history list according to \fIstate\fP.
-
-.SS History List Management
-
-These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
-parameters managing the list itself.
-
-.Fn1 void add_history "const char *string"
-Place \fIstring\fP at the end of the history list.  The associated data
-field (if any) is set to \fBNULL\fP.
-
-.Fn1 void add_history_time "const char *string"
-Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to
-\fIstring\fP.
-
-.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" remove_history "int which"
-Remove history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP from the history.  The
-removed element is returned so you can free the line, data,
-and containing structure.
-
-.Fn1 "histdata_t" free_history_entry "HIST_ENTRY *histent"
-Free the history entry \fIhistent\fP and any history library private
-data associated with it.  Returns the application-specific data
-so the caller can dispose of it.
-
-.Fn3 "HIST_ENTRY *" replace_history_entry "int which" "const char *line" "histdata_t data"
-Make the history entry at offset \fIwhich\fP have \fIline\fP and \fIdata\fP.
-This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any
-application-specific data.  In the case
-of an invalid \fIwhich\fP, a \fBNULL\fP pointer is returned.
-
-.Fn1 void clear_history "void"
-Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-
-.Fn1 void stifle_history "int max"
-Stifle the history list, remembering only the last \fImax\fP entries.
-
-.Fn1 int unstifle_history "void"
-Stop stifling the history.  This returns the previously-set
-maximum number of history entries (as set by \fBstifle_history()\fP).
-history was stifled.  The value is positive if the history was
-stifled, negative if it wasn't.
-
-.Fn1 int history_is_stifled "void"
-Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
-
-.SS Information About the History List
-
-These functions return information about the entire history list or
-individual list entries.
-
-.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY **" history_list "void"
-Return a \fBNULL\fP terminated array of \fIHIST_ENTRY *\fP which is the
-current input history.  Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time.
-If there is no history, return \fBNULL\fP.
-
-.Fn1 int where_history "void"
-Returns the offset of the current history element.
-
-.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" current_history "void"
-Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
-\fBwhere_history()\fP.  If there is no entry there, return a \fBNULL\fP
-pointer.
-
-.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" history_get "int offset"
-Return the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP, starting from
-\fBhistory_base\fP.
-If there is no entry there, or if \fIoffset\fP
-is greater than the history length, return a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
-
-.Fn1 "time_t" history_get_time "HIST_ENTRY *"
-Return the time stamp associated with the history entry passed as the argument.
-
-.Fn1 int history_total_bytes "void"
-Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using.
-This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the
-history.
-
-.SS Moving Around the History List
-
-These functions allow the current index into the history list to be
-set or changed.
-
-.Fn1 int history_set_pos "int pos"
-Set the current history offset to \fIpos\fP, an absolute index
-into the list.
-Returns 1 on success, 0 if \fIpos\fP is less than zero or greater
-than the number of history entries.
-
-.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" previous_history "void"
-Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and
-return a pointer to that entry.  If there is no previous entry, return
-a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
-
-.Fn1 "HIST_ENTRY *" next_history "void"
-Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, and
-return the a pointer to that entry.  If there is no next entry, return
-a \fBNULL\fP pointer.
-
-.SS Searching the History List
-
-These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing
-a specific string.  Searching may be performed both forward and backward
-from the current history position.  The search may be \fIanchored\fP,
-meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.
-
-.Fn2 int history_search "const char *string" "int direction"
-Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history offset.
-If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is through
-previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
-If \fIstring\fP is found, then
-the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value
-returned is the offset in the line of the entry where
-\fIstring\fP was found.  Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is
-returned.
-
-.Fn2 int history_search_prefix "const char *string" "int direction"
-Search the history for \fIstring\fP, starting at the current history
-offset.  The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
-\fIstring\fP.  If \fIdirection\fP is less than 0, then the search is
-through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
-If \fIstring\fP is found, then the
-current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0. 
-Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned. 
-
-.Fn3 int history_search_pos "const char *string" "int direction" "int pos"
-Search for \fIstring\fP in the history list, starting at \fIpos\fP, an
-absolute index into the list.  If \fIdirection\fP is negative, the search
-proceeds backward from \fIpos\fP, otherwise forward.  Returns the absolute
-index of the history element where \fIstring\fP was found, or -1 otherwise.
-
-.SS Managing the History File
-The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
-This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
-
-.Fn1 int read_history "const char *filename"
-Add the contents of \fIfilename\fP to the history list, a line at a time.
-If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI~/.history\fP.
-Returns 0 if successful, or \fBerrno\fP if not.
-
-.Fn3 int read_history_range "const char *filename" "int from" "int to"
-Read a range of lines from \fIfilename\fP, adding them to the history list.
-Start reading at line \fIfrom\fP and end at \fIto\fP.
-If \fIfrom\fP is zero, start at the beginning.  If \fIto\fP is less than
-\fIfrom\fP, then read until the end of the file.  If \fIfilename\fP is
-\fBNULL\fP, then read from \fI~/.history\fP.  Returns 0 if successful,
-or \fBerrno\fP if not.
-
-.Fn1 int write_history "const char *filename"
-Write the current history to \fIfilename\fP, overwriting \fIfilename\fP
-if necessary.
-If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then write the history list to \fI~/.history\fP.
-Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
-
-
-.Fn2 int append_history "int nelements" "const char *filename"
-Append the last \fInelements\fP of the history list to \fIfilename\fP.
-If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then append to \fI~/.history\fP.
-Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on a read or write error.
-
-.Fn2 int history_truncate_file "const char *filename" "int nlines"
-Truncate the history file \fIfilename\fP, leaving only the last
-\fInlines\fP lines.
-If \fIfilename\fP is \fBNULL\fP, then \fI~/.history\fP is truncated.
-Returns 0 on success, or \fBerrno\fP on failure.
-
-.SS History Expansion
-
-These functions implement history expansion.
-
-.Fn2 int history_expand "char *string" "char **output"
-Expand \fIstring\fP, placing the result into \fIoutput\fP, a pointer
-to a string.  Returns:
-.RS
-.PD 0
-.TP
-0
-If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in
-the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion
-character);
-.TP
-1
-if expansions did take place;
-.TP
--1
-if there was an error in expansion;
-.TP
-2
-if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
-as with the \fB:p\fP modifier.
-.PD
-.RE
-If an error ocurred in expansion, then \fIoutput\fP contains a descriptive
-error message.
-
-.Fn3 "char *" get_history_event "const char *string" "int *cindex" "int qchar"
-Returns the text of the history event beginning at \fIstring\fP +
-\fI*cindex\fP.  \fI*cindex\fP is modified to point to after the event
-specifier.  At function entry, \fIcindex\fP points to the index into
-\fIstring\fP where the history event specification begins.  \fIqchar\fP
-is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition
-to the ``normal'' terminating characters.
-
-.Fn1 "char **" history_tokenize "const char *string"
-Return an array of tokens parsed out of \fIstring\fP, much as the
-shell might.
-The tokens are split on the characters in the
-\fBhistory_word_delimiters\fP variable,
-and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
-
-.Fn3 "char *" history_arg_extract "int first" "int last" "const char *string"
-Extract a string segment consisting of the \fIfirst\fP through \fIlast\fP
-arguments present in \fIstring\fP.  Arguments are split using
-\fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
-
-.SS History Variables
-
-This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by
-the GNU History Library.
-
-.Vb int history_base
-The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
-
-.Vb int history_length
-The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
-
-.Vb int history_max_entries
-The maximum number of history entries.  This must be changed using
-\fBstifle_history()\fP.
-
-.Vb int history_wite_timestamps
-If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be
-preserved between sessions.  The default value is 0, meaning that
-timestamps are not saved.
-The current timestamp format uses the value of \fIhistory_comment_char\fP
-to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.  If that variable does
-not have a value (the default), timestamps will not be written.
-
-.Vb char history_expansion_char
-The character that introduces a history event.  The default is \fB!\fP.
-Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
-
-.Vb char history_subst_char
-The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
-a line.  The default is \fB^\fP.
-
-.Vb char history_comment_char
-During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
-of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
-ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
-This is disabled by default.
-
-.Vb "char *" history_word_delimiters
-The characters that separate tokens for \fBhistory_tokenize()\fP.
-The default value is \fB"\ \et\en()<>;&|"\fP.
-
-.Vb "char *" history_no_expand_chars
-The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately
-following \fBhistory_expansion_char\fP.  The default is space, tab, newline,
-\fB\er\fP, and \fB=\fP.
-
-.Vb "char *" history_search_delimiter_chars
-The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
-string, in addition to space, tab, \fI:\fP and \fI?\fP in the case of
-a substring search.  The default is empty.
-
-.Vb int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
-If non-zero, double-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion
-character or the history comment character.  The default value is 0.
-
-.Vb "rl_linebuf_func_t *" history_inhibit_expansion_function
-This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments:
-a \fBchar *\fP (\fIstring\fP)
-and an \fBint\fP index into that string (\fIi\fP).
-It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
-\fIstring[i]\fP should not be performed; zero if the expansion should
-be done.
-It is intended for use by applications like \fBbash\fP that use the history
-expansion character for additional purposes.
-By default, this variable is set to \fBNULL\fP.
-.SH FILES
-.PD 0 
-.TP
-.FN ~/.history
-Default filename for reading and writing saved history
-.PD
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.PD 0
-.TP
-\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
-.TP
-\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
-.TP
-\fIbash\fP(1)
-.TP
-\fIreadline\fP(3)
-.PD
-.SH AUTHORS
-Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
-.br
-bfox@gnu.org
-.PP
-Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
-.br
-chet.ramey@case.edu
-.SH BUG REPORTS
-If you find a bug in the
-.B history
-library, you should report it.  But first, you should
-make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
-version of the
-.B history
-library that you have.
-.PP
-Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, mail a
-bug report to \fIbug\-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP.
-If you have a fix, you are welcome to mail that
-as well!  Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
-to \fPbug-readline\fP@\fIgnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
-newsgroup
-.BR gnu.bash.bug .
-.PP
-Comments and bug reports concerning
-this manual page should be directed to
-.IR chet.ramey@case.edu .
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/hstech.texi~ b/lib/readline/doc/hstech.texi~
deleted file mode 100644
index 6487f20b..00000000
--- a/lib/readline/doc/hstech.texi~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,577 +0,0 @@
-@ignore
-This file documents the user interface to the GNU History library.
-
-Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-Authored by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey.
-
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
-provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
-all copies.
-
-Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice
-identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this
-paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
-GNU Copyright statement is available to the distributee, and provided that
-the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-permission notice identical to this one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
-@end ignore
-
-@node Programming with GNU History
-@chapter Programming with GNU History
-
-This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write
-with the @sc{gnu} History Library.
-It should be considered a technical guide.
-For information on the interactive use of @sc{gnu} History, @pxref{Using
-History Interactively}.
-
-@menu
-* Introduction to History::	What is the GNU History library for?
-* History Storage::		How information is stored.
-* History Functions::		Functions that you can use.
-* History Variables::		Variables that control behaviour.
-* History Programming Example::	Example of using the GNU History Library.
-@end menu
-
-@node Introduction to History
-@section Introduction to History
-
-Many programs read input from the user a line at a time.  The @sc{gnu}
-History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary
-data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
-composing new ones. 
-
-The programmer using the History library has available functions
-for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data
-with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list
-for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line
-in the list directly.  In addition, a history @dfn{expansion} function
-is available which provides for a consistent user interface across
-different programs.
-
-The user using programs written with the History library has the
-benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known
-commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text
-in new commands.  The basic history manipulation commands are similar to
-the history substitution provided by @code{csh}.
-
-If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which
-includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added
-advantage of command line editing.
-
-Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History
-library provides in other code, an application writer should include
-the file @code{<readline/history.h>} in any file that uses the
-History library's features.  It supplies extern declarations for all
-of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of
-the public data structures.
-
-@node History Storage
-@section History Storage
-
-The history list is an array of history entries.  A history entry is
-declared as follows:
-
-@example
-typedef void *histdata_t;
-
-typedef struct _hist_entry @{
-  char *line;
-  char *timestamp;
-  histdata_t data;
-@} HIST_ENTRY;
-@end example
-
-The history list itself might therefore be declared as
-
-@example
-HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list;
-@end example
-
-The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure:
-
-@example
-/*
- * A structure used to pass around the current state of the history.
- */
-typedef struct _hist_state @{
-  HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */
-  int offset;           /* The location pointer within this array. */
-  int length;           /* Number of elements within this array. */
-  int size;             /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */
-  int flags;
-@} HISTORY_STATE;
-@end example
-
-If the flags member includes @code{HS_STIFLED}, the history has been
-stifled.
-
-@node History Functions
-@section History Functions
-
-This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions
-exported by the @sc{gnu} History library.
-
-@menu
-* Initializing History and State Management::	Functions to call when you
-						want to use history in a
-						program.
-* History List Management::		Functions used to manage the list
-					of history entries.
-* Information About the History List::	Functions returning information about
-					the history list.
-* Moving Around the History List::	Functions used to change the position
-					in the history list.
-* Searching the History List::		Functions to search the history list
-					for entries containing a string.
-* Managing the History File::		Functions that read and write a file
-					containing the history list.
-* History Expansion::			Functions to perform csh-like history
-					expansion.
-@end menu
-
-@node Initializing History and State Management
-@subsection Initializing History and State Management
-
-This section describes functions used to initialize and manage
-the state of the History library when you want to use the history
-functions in your program.
-
-@deftypefun void using_history (void)
-Begin a session in which the history functions might be used.  This
-initializes the interactive variables.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {HISTORY_STATE *} history_get_history_state (void)
-Return a structure describing the current state of the input history.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state)
-Set the state of the history list according to @var{state}.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@node History List Management
-@subsection History List Management
-
-These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set
-parameters managing the list itself.
-
-@deftypefun void add_history (const char *string)
-Place @var{string} at the end of the history list.  The associated data
-field (if any) is set to @code{NULL}.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun void add_history_time (const char *string)
-Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to
-@var{string}.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} remove_history (int which)
-Remove history entry at offset @var{which} from the history.  The
-removed element is returned so you can free the line, data,
-and containing structure.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {histdata_t} free_history_entry (HIST_ENTRY *histent)
-Free the history entry @var{histent} and any history library private
-data associated with it.  Returns the application-specific data
-so the caller can dispose of it.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} replace_history_entry (int which, const char *line, histdata_t data)
-Make the history entry at offset @var{which} have @var{line} and @var{data}.
-This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any
-application-specific data.  In the case
-of an invalid @var{which}, a @code{NULL} pointer is returned.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun void clear_history (void)
-Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun void stifle_history (int max)
-Stifle the history list, remembering only the last @var{max} entries.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int unstifle_history (void)
-Stop stifling the history.  This returns the previously-set
-maximum number of history entries (as set by @code{stifle_history()}).
-The value is positive if the history was
-stifled, negative if it wasn't.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int history_is_stifled (void)
-Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@node Information About the History List
-@subsection Information About the History List
-
-These functions return information about the entire history list or
-individual list entries.
-
-@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY **} history_list (void)
-Return a @code{NULL} terminated array of @code{HIST_ENTRY *} which is the
-current input history.  Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time.
-If there is no history, return @code{NULL}.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int where_history (void)
-Returns the offset of the current history element.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} current_history (void)
-Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by
-@code{where_history()}.  If there is no entry there, return a @code{NULL}
-pointer.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} history_get (int offset)
-Return the history entry at position @var{offset}, starting from
-@code{history_base} (@pxref{History Variables}).
-If there is no entry there, or if @var{offset}
-is greater than the history length, return a @code{NULL} pointer.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun time_t history_get_time (HIST_ENTRY *entry)
-Return the time stamp associated with the history entry @var{entry}.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int history_total_bytes (void)
-Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using.
-This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the
-history.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@node Moving Around the History List
-@subsection Moving Around the History List
-
-These functions allow the current index into the history list to be
-set or changed.
-
-@deftypefun int history_set_pos (int pos)
-Set the current history offset to @var{pos}, an absolute index
-into the list.
-Returns 1 on success, 0 if @var{pos} is less than zero or greater
-than the number of history entries.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} previous_history (void)
-Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and
-return a pointer to that entry.  If there is no previous entry, return
-a @code{NULL} pointer.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {HIST_ENTRY *} next_history (void)
-Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, and
-return the a pointer to that entry.  If there is no next entry, return
-a @code{NULL} pointer.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@node Searching the History List
-@subsection Searching the History List
-@cindex History Searching
-
-These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing
-a specific string.  Searching may be performed both forward and backward
-from the current history position.  The search may be @dfn{anchored},
-meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry.
-@cindex anchored search
-
-@deftypefun int history_search (const char *string, int direction)
-Search the history for @var{string}, starting at the current history offset.
-If @var{direction} is less than 0, then the search is through
-previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
-If @var{string} is found, then
-the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value
-returned is the offset in the line of the entry where
-@var{string} was found.  Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is
-returned.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int history_search_prefix (const char *string, int direction)
-Search the history for @var{string}, starting at the current history
-offset.  The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with
-@var{string}.  If @var{direction} is less than 0, then the search is
-through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries.
-If @var{string} is found, then the
-current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0. 
-Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned. 
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int history_search_pos (const char *string, int direction, int pos)
-Search for @var{string} in the history list, starting at @var{pos}, an
-absolute index into the list.  If @var{direction} is negative, the search
-proceeds backward from @var{pos}, otherwise forward.  Returns the absolute
-index of the history element where @var{string} was found, or -1 otherwise.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@node Managing the History File
-@subsection Managing the History File
-
-The History library can read the history from and write it to a file.
-This section documents the functions for managing a history file.
-
-@deftypefun int read_history (const char *filename)
-Add the contents of @var{filename} to the history list, a line at a time.
-If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then read from @file{~/.history}.
-Returns 0 if successful, or @code{errno} if not.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int read_history_range (const char *filename, int from, int to)
-Read a range of lines from @var{filename}, adding them to the history list.
-Start reading at line @var{from} and end at @var{to}.
-If @var{from} is zero, start at the beginning.  If @var{to} is less than
-@var{from}, then read until the end of the file.  If @var{filename} is
-@code{NULL}, then read from @file{~/.history}.  Returns 0 if successful,
-or @code{errno} if not.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int write_history (const char *filename)
-Write the current history to @var{filename}, overwriting @var{filename}
-if necessary.
-If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then write the history list to
-@file{~/.history}.
-Returns 0 on success, or @code{errno} on a read or write error.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int append_history (int nelements, const char *filename)
-Append the last @var{nelements} of the history list to @var{filename}.
-If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then append to @file{~/.history}.
-Returns 0 on success, or @code{errno} on a read or write error.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun int history_truncate_file (const char *filename, int nlines)
-Truncate the history file @var{filename}, leaving only the last
-@var{nlines} lines.
-If @var{filename} is @code{NULL}, then @file{~/.history} is truncated.
-Returns 0 on success, or @code{errno} on failure.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@node History Expansion
-@subsection History Expansion
-
-These functions implement history expansion.
-
-@deftypefun int history_expand (char *string, char **output)
-Expand @var{string}, placing the result into @var{output}, a pointer
-to a string (@pxref{History Interaction}).  Returns:
-@table @code
-@item 0
-If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in
-the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion
-character);
-@item 1
-if expansions did take place;
-@item -1
-if there was an error in expansion;
-@item 2
-if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed,
-as with the @code{:p} modifier (@pxref{Modifiers}).
-@end table
-
-If an error occurred in expansion, then @var{output} contains a descriptive
-error message.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {char *} get_history_event (const char *string, int *cindex, int qchar)
-Returns the text of the history event beginning at @var{string} +
-@var{*cindex}.  @var{*cindex} is modified to point to after the event
-specifier.  At function entry, @var{cindex} points to the index into
-@var{string} where the history event specification begins.  @var{qchar}
-is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition
-to the ``normal'' terminating characters.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {char **} history_tokenize (const char *string)
-Return an array of tokens parsed out of @var{string}, much as the
-shell might.  The tokens are split on the characters in the
-@var{history_word_delimiters} variable,
-and shell quoting conventions are obeyed.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@deftypefun {char *} history_arg_extract (int first, int last, const char *string)
-Extract a string segment consisting of the @var{first} through @var{last}
-arguments present in @var{string}.  Arguments are split using
-@code{history_tokenize}.
-@end deftypefun
-
-@node History Variables
-@section History Variables
-
-This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by
-the @sc{gnu} History Library.
-
-@deftypevar int history_base
-The logical offset of the first entry in the history list.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar int history_length
-The number of entries currently stored in the history list.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar int history_max_entries
-The maximum number of history entries.  This must be changed using
-@code{stifle_history()}.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar int history_write_timestamps
-If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be
-preserved between sessions.  The default value is 0, meaning that
-timestamps are not saved.
-
-The current timestamp format uses the value of @var{history_comment_char}
-to delimit timestamp entries in the history file.  If that variable does
-not have a value (the default), timestamps will not be written.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar char history_expansion_char
-The character that introduces a history event.  The default is @samp{!}.
-Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar char history_subst_char
-The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
-a line.  The default is @samp{^}.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar char history_comment_char
-During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
-of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are
-ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line.
-This is disabled by default.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar {char *} history_word_delimiters
-The characters that separate tokens for @code{history_tokenize()}.
-The default value is @code{" \t\n()<>;&|"}.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar {char *} history_search_delimiter_chars
-The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search
-string, in addition to space, TAB, @samp{:} and @samp{?} in the case of
-a substring search.  The default is empty.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar {char *} history_no_expand_chars
-The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately
-following @var{history_expansion_char}.  The default is space, tab, newline,
-carriage return, and @samp{=}.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
-If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion
-character.  The default value is 0.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@deftypevar {rl_linebuf_func_t *} history_inhibit_expansion_function
-This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments:
-a @code{char *} (@var{string})
-and an @code{int} index into that string (@var{i}).
-It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at
-@var{string[i]} should not be performed; zero if the expansion should
-be done.
-It is intended for use by applications like Bash that use the history
-expansion character for additional purposes.
-By default, this variable is set to @code{NULL}.
-@end deftypevar
-
-@node History Programming Example
-@section History Programming Example
-
-The following program demonstrates simple use of the @sc{gnu} History Library.
-
-@smallexample
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <readline/history.h>
-
-main (argc, argv)
-     int argc;
-     char **argv;
-@{
-  char line[1024], *t;
-  int len, done = 0;
-
-  line[0] = 0;
-
-  using_history ();
-  while (!done)
-    @{
-      printf ("history$ ");
-      fflush (stdout);
-      t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin);
-      if (t && *t)
-        @{
-          len = strlen (t);
-          if (t[len - 1] == '\n')
-            t[len - 1] = '\0';
-        @}
-
-      if (!t)
-        strcpy (line, "quit");
-
-      if (line[0])
-        @{
-          char *expansion;
-          int result;
-
-          result = history_expand (line, &expansion);
-          if (result)
-            fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion);
-
-          if (result < 0 || result == 2)
-            @{
-              free (expansion);
-              continue;
-            @}
-
-          add_history (expansion);
-          strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1);
-          free (expansion);
-        @}
-
-      if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0)
-        done = 1;
-      else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0)
-        write_history ("history_file");
-      else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0)
-        read_history ("history_file");
-      else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0)
-        @{
-          register HIST_ENTRY **the_list;
-          register int i;
-
-          the_list = history_list ();
-          if (the_list)
-            for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++)
-              printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line);
-        @}
-      else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0)
-        @{
-          int which;
-          if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1)
-            @{
-              HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which);
-              if (!entry)
-                fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which);
-              else
-                @{
-                  free (entry->line);
-                  free (entry);
-                @}
-            @}
-          else
-            @{
-              fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n");
-            @}
-        @}
-    @}
-@}
-@end smallexample
diff --git a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi~ b/lib/readline/doc/version.texi~
deleted file mode 100644
index 6675bb56..00000000
--- a/lib/readline/doc/version.texi~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-@ignore
-Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 
-@end ignore
-
-@set EDITION 6.3
-@set VERSION 6.3
-@set UPDATED 16 May 2014
-@set UPDATED-MONTH May 2014
-
-@set LASTCHANGE Fri May 16 09:36:19 EDT 2014
diff --git a/lib/readline/histexpand.c~ b/lib/readline/histexpand.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index ad8b6aa1..00000000
--- a/lib/readline/histexpand.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1661 +0,0 @@
-/* histexpand.c -- history expansion. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1989-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file contains the GNU History Library (History), a set of
-   routines for managing the text of previously typed lines.
-
-   History is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   History is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with History.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#define READLINE_LIBRARY
-
-#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
-#  include <config.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STDLIB_H)
-#  include <stdlib.h>
-#else
-#  include "ansi_stdlib.h"
-#endif /* HAVE_STDLIB_H */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  ifndef _MINIX
-#    include <sys/types.h>
-#  endif
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "rlmbutil.h"
-
-#include "history.h"
-#include "histlib.h"
-
-#include "rlshell.h"
-#include "xmalloc.h"
-
-#define HISTORY_WORD_DELIMITERS		" \t\n;&()|<>"
-#define HISTORY_QUOTE_CHARACTERS	"\"'`"
-
-#define slashify_in_quotes "\\`\"$"
-
-typedef int _hist_search_func_t PARAMS((const char *, int));
-
-static char error_pointer;
-
-static char *subst_lhs;
-static char *subst_rhs;
-static int subst_lhs_len;
-static int subst_rhs_len;
-
-static char *get_history_word_specifier PARAMS((char *, char *, int *));
-static int history_tokenize_word PARAMS((const char *, int));
-static char **history_tokenize_internal PARAMS((const char *, int, int *));
-static char *history_substring PARAMS((const char *, int, int));
-static void freewords PARAMS((char **, int));
-static char *history_find_word PARAMS((char *, int));
-
-static char *quote_breaks PARAMS((char *));
-
-/* Variables exported by this file. */
-/* The character that represents the start of a history expansion
-   request.  This is usually `!'. */
-char history_expansion_char = '!';
-
-/* The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of
-   a line.  This is usually `^'. */
-char history_subst_char = '^';
-
-/* During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character
-   of a word, then it, and all subsequent characters upto a newline are
-   ignored.  For a Bourne shell, this should be '#'.  Bash special cases
-   the interactive comment character to not be a comment delimiter. */
-char history_comment_char = '\0';
-
-/* The list of characters which inhibit the expansion of text if found
-   immediately following history_expansion_char. */
-char *history_no_expand_chars = " \t\n\r=";
-
-/* If set to a non-zero value, single quotes inhibit history expansion.
-   The default is 0. */
-int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion = 0;
-
-/* Used to split words by history_tokenize_internal. */
-char *history_word_delimiters = HISTORY_WORD_DELIMITERS;
-
-/* If set, this points to a function that is called to verify that a
-   particular history expansion should be performed. */
-rl_linebuf_func_t *history_inhibit_expansion_function;
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*			History Expansion			    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-/* Hairy history expansion on text, not tokens.  This is of general
-   use, and thus belongs in this library. */
-
-/* The last string searched for by a !?string? search. */
-static char *search_string;
-
-/* The last string matched by a !?string? search. */
-static char *search_match;
-
-/* Return the event specified at TEXT + OFFSET modifying OFFSET to
-   point to after the event specifier.  Just a pointer to the history
-   line is returned; NULL is returned in the event of a bad specifier.
-   You pass STRING with *INDEX equal to the history_expansion_char that
-   begins this specification.
-   DELIMITING_QUOTE is a character that is allowed to end the string
-   specification for what to search for in addition to the normal
-   characters `:', ` ', `\t', `\n', and sometimes `?'.
-   So you might call this function like:
-   line = get_history_event ("!echo:p", &index, 0);  */
-char *
-get_history_event (string, caller_index, delimiting_quote)
-     const char *string;
-     int *caller_index;
-     int delimiting_quote;
-{
-  register int i;
-  register char c;
-  HIST_ENTRY *entry;
-  int which, sign, local_index, substring_okay;
-  _hist_search_func_t *search_func;
-  char *temp;
-
-  /* The event can be specified in a number of ways.
-
-     !!   the previous command
-     !n   command line N
-     !-n  current command-line minus N
-     !str the most recent command starting with STR
-     !?str[?]
-	  the most recent command containing STR
-
-     All values N are determined via HISTORY_BASE. */
-
-  i = *caller_index;
-
-  if (string[i] != history_expansion_char)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  /* Move on to the specification. */
-  i++;
-
-  sign = 1;
-  substring_okay = 0;
-
-#define RETURN_ENTRY(e, w) \
-	return ((e = history_get (w)) ? e->line : (char *)NULL)
-
-  /* Handle !! case. */
-  if (string[i] == history_expansion_char)
-    {
-      i++;
-      which = history_base + (history_length - 1);
-      *caller_index = i;
-      RETURN_ENTRY (entry, which);
-    }
-
-  /* Hack case of numeric line specification. */
-  if (string[i] == '-')
-    {
-      sign = -1;
-      i++;
-    }
-
-  if (_rl_digit_p (string[i]))
-    {
-      /* Get the extent of the digits and compute the value. */
-      for (which = 0; _rl_digit_p (string[i]); i++)
-	which = (which * 10) + _rl_digit_value (string[i]);
-
-      *caller_index = i;
-
-      if (sign < 0)
-	which = (history_length + history_base) - which;
-
-      RETURN_ENTRY (entry, which);
-    }
-
-  /* This must be something to search for.  If the spec begins with
-     a '?', then the string may be anywhere on the line.  Otherwise,
-     the string must be found at the start of a line. */
-  if (string[i] == '?')
-    {
-      substring_okay++;
-      i++;
-    }
-
-  /* Only a closing `?' or a newline delimit a substring search string. */
-  for (local_index = i; c = string[i]; i++)
-    {
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-      if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
-	{
-	  int v;
-	  mbstate_t ps;
-
-	  memset (&ps, 0, sizeof (mbstate_t));
-	  /* These produce warnings because we're passing a const string to a
-	     function that takes a non-const string. */
-	  _rl_adjust_point ((char *)string, i, &ps);
-	  if ((v = _rl_get_char_len ((char *)string + i, &ps)) > 1)
-	    {
-	      i += v - 1;
-	      continue;
-	    }
-        }
-
-#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-      if ((!substring_okay && (whitespace (c) || c == ':' ||
-	  (history_search_delimiter_chars && member (c, history_search_delimiter_chars)) ||
-	  string[i] == delimiting_quote)) ||
-	  string[i] == '\n' ||
-	  (substring_okay && string[i] == '?'))
-	break;
-    }
-
-  which = i - local_index;
-  temp = (char *)xmalloc (1 + which);
-  if (which)
-    strncpy (temp, string + local_index, which);
-  temp[which] = '\0';
-
-  if (substring_okay && string[i] == '?')
-    i++;
-
-  *caller_index = i;
-
-#define FAIL_SEARCH() \
-  do { \
-    history_offset = history_length; xfree (temp) ; return (char *)NULL; \
-  } while (0)
-
-  /* If there is no search string, try to use the previous search string,
-     if one exists.  If not, fail immediately. */
-  if (*temp == '\0' && substring_okay)
-    {
-      if (search_string)
-        {
-          xfree (temp);
-          temp = savestring (search_string);
-        }
-      else
-        FAIL_SEARCH ();
-    }
-
-  search_func = substring_okay ? history_search : history_search_prefix;
-  while (1)
-    {
-      local_index = (*search_func) (temp, -1);
-
-      if (local_index < 0)
-	FAIL_SEARCH ();
-
-      if (local_index == 0 || substring_okay)
-	{
-	  entry = current_history ();
-	  if (entry == 0)
-	    FAIL_SEARCH ();
-	  history_offset = history_length;
-	
-	  /* If this was a substring search, then remember the
-	     string that we matched for word substitution. */
-	  if (substring_okay)
-	    {
-	      FREE (search_string);
-	      search_string = temp;
-
-	      FREE (search_match);
-	      search_match = history_find_word (entry->line, local_index);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    xfree (temp);
-
-	  return (entry->line);
-	}
-
-      if (history_offset)
-	history_offset--;
-      else
-	FAIL_SEARCH ();
-    }
-#undef FAIL_SEARCH
-#undef RETURN_ENTRY
-}
-
-/* Function for extracting single-quoted strings.  Used for inhibiting
-   history expansion within single quotes. */
-
-/* Extract the contents of STRING as if it is enclosed in single quotes.
-   SINDEX, when passed in, is the offset of the character immediately
-   following the opening single quote; on exit, SINDEX is left pointing
-   to the closing single quote.  FLAGS currently used to allow backslash
-   to escape a single quote (e.g., for bash $'...'). */
-static void
-hist_string_extract_single_quoted (string, sindex, flags)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex, flags;
-{
-  register int i;
-
-  for (i = *sindex; string[i] && string[i] != '\''; i++)
-    {
-      if ((flags & 1) && string[i] == '\\' && string[i+1])
-        i++;
-    }
-
-  *sindex = i;
-}
-
-static char *
-quote_breaks (s)
-     char *s;
-{
-  register char *p, *r;
-  char *ret;
-  int len = 3;
-
-  for (p = s; p && *p; p++, len++)
-    {
-      if (*p == '\'')
-	len += 3;
-      else if (whitespace (*p) || *p == '\n')
-	len += 2;
-    }
-
-  r = ret = (char *)xmalloc (len);
-  *r++ = '\'';
-  for (p = s; p && *p; )
-    {
-      if (*p == '\'')
-	{
-	  *r++ = '\'';
-	  *r++ = '\\';
-	  *r++ = '\'';
-	  *r++ = '\'';
-	  p++;
-	}
-      else if (whitespace (*p) || *p == '\n')
-	{
-	  *r++ = '\'';
-	  *r++ = *p++;
-	  *r++ = '\'';
-	}
-      else
-	*r++ = *p++;
-    }
-  *r++ = '\'';
-  *r = '\0';
-  return ret;
-}
-
-static char *
-hist_error(s, start, current, errtype)
-      char *s;
-      int start, current, errtype;
-{
-  char *temp;
-  const char *emsg;
-  int ll, elen;
-
-  ll = current - start;
-
-  switch (errtype)
-    {
-    case EVENT_NOT_FOUND:
-      emsg = "event not found";
-      elen = 15;
-      break;
-    case BAD_WORD_SPEC:
-      emsg = "bad word specifier";
-      elen = 18;
-      break;
-    case SUBST_FAILED:
-      emsg = "substitution failed";
-      elen = 19;
-      break;
-    case BAD_MODIFIER:
-      emsg = "unrecognized history modifier";
-      elen = 29;
-      break;
-    case NO_PREV_SUBST:
-      emsg = "no previous substitution";
-      elen = 24;
-      break;
-    default:
-      emsg = "unknown expansion error";
-      elen = 23;
-      break;
-    }
-
-  temp = (char *)xmalloc (ll + elen + 3);
-  strncpy (temp, s + start, ll);
-  temp[ll] = ':';
-  temp[ll + 1] = ' ';
-  strcpy (temp + ll + 2, emsg);
-  return (temp);
-}
-
-/* Get a history substitution string from STR starting at *IPTR
-   and return it.  The length is returned in LENPTR.
-
-   A backslash can quote the delimiter.  If the string is the
-   empty string, the previous pattern is used.  If there is
-   no previous pattern for the lhs, the last history search
-   string is used.
-
-   If IS_RHS is 1, we ignore empty strings and set the pattern
-   to "" anyway.  subst_lhs is not changed if the lhs is empty;
-   subst_rhs is allowed to be set to the empty string. */
-
-static char *
-get_subst_pattern (str, iptr, delimiter, is_rhs, lenptr)
-     char *str;
-     int *iptr, delimiter, is_rhs, *lenptr;
-{
-  register int si, i, j, k;
-  char *s;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  mbstate_t ps;
-#endif
-
-  s = (char *)NULL;
-  i = *iptr;
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  memset (&ps, 0, sizeof (mbstate_t));
-  _rl_adjust_point (str, i, &ps);
-#endif
-
-  for (si = i; str[si] && str[si] != delimiter; si++)
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-    if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
-      {
-	int v;
-	if ((v = _rl_get_char_len (str + si, &ps)) > 1)
-	  si += v - 1;
-	else if (str[si] == '\\' && str[si + 1] == delimiter)
-	  si++;
-      }
-    else
-#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-      if (str[si] == '\\' && str[si + 1] == delimiter)
-	si++;
-
-  if (si > i || is_rhs)
-    {
-      s = (char *)xmalloc (si - i + 1);
-      for (j = 0, k = i; k < si; j++, k++)
-	{
-	  /* Remove a backslash quoting the search string delimiter. */
-	  if (str[k] == '\\' && str[k + 1] == delimiter)
-	    k++;
-	  s[j] = str[k];
-	}
-      s[j] = '\0';
-      if (lenptr)
-	*lenptr = j;
-    }
-
-  i = si;
-  if (str[i])
-    i++;
-  *iptr = i;
-
-  return s;
-}
-
-static void
-postproc_subst_rhs ()
-{
-  char *new;
-  int i, j, new_size;
-
-  new = (char *)xmalloc (new_size = subst_rhs_len + subst_lhs_len);
-  for (i = j = 0; i < subst_rhs_len; i++)
-    {
-      if (subst_rhs[i] == '&')
-	{
-	  if (j + subst_lhs_len >= new_size)
-	    new = (char *)xrealloc (new, (new_size = new_size * 2 + subst_lhs_len));
-	  strcpy (new + j, subst_lhs);
-	  j += subst_lhs_len;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  /* a single backslash protects the `&' from lhs interpolation */
-	  if (subst_rhs[i] == '\\' && subst_rhs[i + 1] == '&')
-	    i++;
-	  if (j >= new_size)
-	    new = (char *)xrealloc (new, new_size *= 2);
-	  new[j++] = subst_rhs[i];
-	}
-    }
-  new[j] = '\0';
-  xfree (subst_rhs);
-  subst_rhs = new;
-  subst_rhs_len = j;
-}
-
-/* Expand the bulk of a history specifier starting at STRING[START].
-   Returns 0 if everything is OK, -1 if an error occurred, and 1
-   if the `p' modifier was supplied and the caller should just print
-   the returned string.  Returns the new index into string in
-   *END_INDEX_PTR, and the expanded specifier in *RET_STRING. */
-static int
-history_expand_internal (string, start, qc, end_index_ptr, ret_string, current_line)
-     char *string;
-     int start, qc, *end_index_ptr;
-     char **ret_string;
-     char *current_line;	/* for !# */
-{
-  int i, n, starting_index;
-  int substitute_globally, subst_bywords, want_quotes, print_only;
-  char *event, *temp, *result, *tstr, *t, c, *word_spec;
-  int result_len;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  mbstate_t ps;
-
-  memset (&ps, 0, sizeof (mbstate_t));
-#endif
-
-  result = (char *)xmalloc (result_len = 128);
-
-  i = start;
-
-  /* If it is followed by something that starts a word specifier,
-     then !! is implied as the event specifier. */
-
-  if (member (string[i + 1], ":$*%^"))
-    {
-      char fake_s[3];
-      int fake_i = 0;
-      i++;
-      fake_s[0] = fake_s[1] = history_expansion_char;
-      fake_s[2] = '\0';
-      event = get_history_event (fake_s, &fake_i, 0);
-    }
-  else if (string[i + 1] == '#')
-    {
-      i += 2;
-      event = current_line;
-    }
-  else
-    event = get_history_event (string, &i, qc);
-	  
-  if (event == 0)
-    {
-      *ret_string = hist_error (string, start, i, EVENT_NOT_FOUND);
-      xfree (result);
-      return (-1);
-    }
-
-  /* If a word specifier is found, then do what that requires. */
-  starting_index = i;
-  word_spec = get_history_word_specifier (string, event, &i);
-
-  /* There is no such thing as a `malformed word specifier'.  However,
-     it is possible for a specifier that has no match.  In that case,
-     we complain. */
-  if (word_spec == (char *)&error_pointer)
-    {
-      *ret_string = hist_error (string, starting_index, i, BAD_WORD_SPEC);
-      xfree (result);
-      return (-1);
-    }
-
-  /* If no word specifier, than the thing of interest was the event. */
-  temp = word_spec ? savestring (word_spec) : savestring (event);
-  FREE (word_spec);
-
-  /* Perhaps there are other modifiers involved.  Do what they say. */
-  want_quotes = substitute_globally = subst_bywords = print_only = 0;
-  starting_index = i;
-
-  while (string[i] == ':')
-    {
-      c = string[i + 1];
-
-      if (c == 'g' || c == 'a')
-	{
-	  substitute_globally = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  c = string[i + 1];
-	}
-      else if (c == 'G')
-	{
-	  subst_bywords = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  c = string[i + 1];
-	}
-
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	default:
-	  *ret_string = hist_error (string, i+1, i+2, BAD_MODIFIER);
-	  xfree (result);
-	  xfree (temp);
-	  return -1;
-
-	case 'q':
-	  want_quotes = 'q';
-	  break;
-
-	case 'x':
-	  want_quotes = 'x';
-	  break;
-
-	  /* :p means make this the last executed line.  So we
-	     return an error state after adding this line to the
-	     history. */
-	case 'p':
-	  print_only++;
-	  break;
-
-	  /* :t discards all but the last part of the pathname. */
-	case 't':
-	  tstr = strrchr (temp, '/');
-	  if (tstr)
-	    {
-	      tstr++;
-	      t = savestring (tstr);
-	      xfree (temp);
-	      temp = t;
-	    }
-	  break;
-
-	  /* :h discards the last part of a pathname. */
-	case 'h':
-	  tstr = strrchr (temp, '/');
-	  if (tstr)
-	    *tstr = '\0';
-	  break;
-
-	  /* :r discards the suffix. */
-	case 'r':
-	  tstr = strrchr (temp, '.');
-	  if (tstr)
-	    *tstr = '\0';
-	  break;
-
-	  /* :e discards everything but the suffix. */
-	case 'e':
-	  tstr = strrchr (temp, '.');
-	  if (tstr)
-	    {
-	      t = savestring (tstr);
-	      xfree (temp);
-	      temp = t;
-	    }
-	  break;
-
-	/* :s/this/that substitutes `that' for the first
-	   occurrence of `this'.  :gs/this/that substitutes `that'
-	   for each occurrence of `this'.  :& repeats the last
-	   substitution.  :g& repeats the last substitution
-	   globally. */
-
-	case '&':
-	case 's':
-	  {
-	    char *new_event;
-	    int delimiter, failed, si, l_temp, ws, we;
-
-	    if (c == 's')
-	      {
-		if (i + 2 < (int)strlen (string))
-		  {
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-		    if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
-		      {
-			_rl_adjust_point (string, i + 2, &ps);
-			if (_rl_get_char_len (string + i + 2, &ps) > 1)
-			  delimiter = 0;
-			else
-			  delimiter = string[i + 2];
-		      }
-		    else
-#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-		      delimiter = string[i + 2];
-		  }
-		else
-		  break;	/* no search delimiter */
-
-		i += 3;
-
-		t = get_subst_pattern (string, &i, delimiter, 0, &subst_lhs_len);
-		/* An empty substitution lhs with no previous substitution
-		   uses the last search string as the lhs. */
-		if (t)
-		  {
-		    FREE (subst_lhs);
-		    subst_lhs = t;
-		  }
-		else if (!subst_lhs)
-		  {
-		    if (search_string && *search_string)
-		      {
-			subst_lhs = savestring (search_string);
-			subst_lhs_len = strlen (subst_lhs);
-		      }
-		    else
-		      {
-			subst_lhs = (char *) NULL;
-			subst_lhs_len = 0;
-		      }
-		  }
-
-		FREE (subst_rhs);
-		subst_rhs = get_subst_pattern (string, &i, delimiter, 1, &subst_rhs_len);
-
-		/* If `&' appears in the rhs, it's supposed to be replaced
-		   with the lhs. */
-		if (member ('&', subst_rhs))
-		  postproc_subst_rhs ();
-	      }
-	    else
-	      i += 2;
-
-	    /* If there is no lhs, the substitution can't succeed. */
-	    if (subst_lhs_len == 0)
-	      {
-		*ret_string = hist_error (string, starting_index, i, NO_PREV_SUBST);
-		xfree (result);
-		xfree (temp);
-		return -1;
-	      }
-
-	    l_temp = strlen (temp);
-	    /* Ignore impossible cases. */
-	    if (subst_lhs_len > l_temp)
-	      {
-		*ret_string = hist_error (string, starting_index, i, SUBST_FAILED);
-		xfree (result);
-		xfree (temp);
-		return (-1);
-	      }
-
-	    /* Find the first occurrence of THIS in TEMP. */
-	    /* Substitute SUBST_RHS for SUBST_LHS in TEMP.  There are three
-	       cases to consider:
-
-		 1.  substitute_globally == subst_bywords == 0
-		 2.  substitute_globally == 1 && subst_bywords == 0
-		 3.  substitute_globally == 0 && subst_bywords == 1
-
-	       In the first case, we substitute for the first occurrence only.
-	       In the second case, we substitute for every occurrence.
-	       In the third case, we tokenize into words and substitute the
-	       first occurrence of each word. */
-
-	    si = we = 0;
-	    for (failed = 1; (si + subst_lhs_len) <= l_temp; si++)
-	      {
-		/* First skip whitespace and find word boundaries if
-		   we're past the end of the word boundary we found
-		   the last time. */
-		if (subst_bywords && si > we)
-		  {
-		    for (; temp[si] && whitespace (temp[si]); si++)
-		      ;
-		    ws = si;
-		    we = history_tokenize_word (temp, si);
-		  }
-
-		if (STREQN (temp+si, subst_lhs, subst_lhs_len))
-		  {
-		    int len = subst_rhs_len - subst_lhs_len + l_temp;
-		    new_event = (char *)xmalloc (1 + len);
-		    strncpy (new_event, temp, si);
-		    strncpy (new_event + si, subst_rhs, subst_rhs_len);
-		    strncpy (new_event + si + subst_rhs_len,
-			     temp + si + subst_lhs_len,
-			     l_temp - (si + subst_lhs_len));
-		    new_event[len] = '\0';
-		    xfree (temp);
-		    temp = new_event;
-
-		    failed = 0;
-
-		    if (substitute_globally)
-		      {
-			/* Reported to fix a bug that causes it to skip every
-			   other match when matching a single character.  Was
-			   si += subst_rhs_len previously. */
-			si += subst_rhs_len - 1;
-			l_temp = strlen (temp);
-			substitute_globally++;
-			continue;
-		      }
-		    else if (subst_bywords)
-		      {
-			si = we;
-			l_temp = strlen (temp);
-			continue;
-		      }
-		    else
-		      break;
-		  }
-	      }
-
-	    if (substitute_globally > 1)
-	      {
-		substitute_globally = 0;
-		continue;	/* don't want to increment i */
-	      }
-
-	    if (failed == 0)
-	      continue;		/* don't want to increment i */
-
-	    *ret_string = hist_error (string, starting_index, i, SUBST_FAILED);
-	    xfree (result);
-	    xfree (temp);
-	    return (-1);
-	  }
-	}
-      i += 2;
-    }
-  /* Done with modifiers. */
-  /* Believe it or not, we have to back the pointer up by one. */
-  --i;
-
-  if (want_quotes)
-    {
-      char *x;
-
-      if (want_quotes == 'q')
-	x = sh_single_quote (temp);
-      else if (want_quotes == 'x')
-	x = quote_breaks (temp);
-      else
-	x = savestring (temp);
-
-      xfree (temp);
-      temp = x;
-    }
-
-  n = strlen (temp);
-  if (n >= result_len)
-    result = (char *)xrealloc (result, n + 2);
-  strcpy (result, temp);
-  xfree (temp);
-
-  *end_index_ptr = i;
-  *ret_string = result;
-  return (print_only);
-}
-
-/* Expand the string STRING, placing the result into OUTPUT, a pointer
-   to a string.  Returns:
-
-  -1) If there was an error in expansion.
-   0) If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in
-      the text was the de-slashifying of the history expansion
-      character)
-   1) If expansions did take place
-   2) If the `p' modifier was given and the caller should print the result
-
-  If an error ocurred in expansion, then OUTPUT contains a descriptive
-  error message. */
-
-#define ADD_STRING(s) \
-	do \
-	  { \
-	    int sl = strlen (s); \
-	    j += sl; \
-	    if (j >= result_len) \
-	      { \
-		while (j >= result_len) \
-		  result_len += 128; \
-		result = (char *)xrealloc (result, result_len); \
-	      } \
-	    strcpy (result + j - sl, s); \
-	  } \
-	while (0)
-
-#define ADD_CHAR(c) \
-	do \
-	  { \
-	    if (j >= result_len - 1) \
-	      result = (char *)xrealloc (result, result_len += 64); \
-	    result[j++] = c; \
-	    result[j] = '\0'; \
-	  } \
-	while (0)
-
-int
-history_expand (hstring, output)
-     char *hstring;
-     char **output;
-{
-  register int j;
-  int i, r, l, passc, cc, modified, eindex, only_printing, dquote, squote, flag;
-  char *string;
-
-  /* The output string, and its length. */
-  int result_len;
-  char *result;
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  char mb[MB_LEN_MAX];
-  mbstate_t ps;
-#endif
-
-  /* Used when adding the string. */
-  char *temp;
-
-  if (output == 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  /* Setting the history expansion character to 0 inhibits all
-     history expansion. */
-  if (history_expansion_char == 0)
-    {
-      *output = savestring (hstring);
-      return (0);
-    }
-    
-  /* Prepare the buffer for printing error messages. */
-  result = (char *)xmalloc (result_len = 256);
-  result[0] = '\0';
-
-  only_printing = modified = 0;
-  l = strlen (hstring);
-
-  /* Grovel the string.  Only backslash and single quotes can quote the
-     history escape character.  We also handle arg specifiers. */
-
-  /* Before we grovel forever, see if the history_expansion_char appears
-     anywhere within the text. */
-
-  /* The quick substitution character is a history expansion all right.  That
-     is to say, "^this^that^" is equivalent to "!!:s^this^that^", and in fact,
-     that is the substitution that we do. */
-  if (hstring[0] == history_subst_char)
-    {
-      string = (char *)xmalloc (l + 5);
-
-      string[0] = string[1] = history_expansion_char;
-      string[2] = ':';
-      string[3] = 's';
-      strcpy (string + 4, hstring);
-      l += 4;
-    }
-  else
-    {
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-      memset (&ps, 0, sizeof (mbstate_t));
-#endif
-
-      string = hstring;
-      /* If not quick substitution, still maybe have to do expansion. */
-
-      /* `!' followed by one of the characters in history_no_expand_chars
-	 is NOT an expansion. */
-      for (i = dquote = squote = 0; string[i]; i++)
-	{
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-	  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
-	    {
-	      int v;
-	      v = _rl_get_char_len (string + i, &ps);
-	      if (v > 1)
-		{
-		  i += v - 1;
-		  continue;
-		}
-	    }
-#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-
-	  cc = string[i + 1];
-	  /* The history_comment_char, if set, appearing at the beginning
-	     of a word signifies that the rest of the line should not have
-	     history expansion performed on it.
-	     Skip the rest of the line and break out of the loop. */
-	  if (history_comment_char && string[i] == history_comment_char &&
-	      dquote == 0 &&
-	      (i == 0 || member (string[i - 1], history_word_delimiters)))
-	    {
-itrace("history_comment char found: dquote = %d", dquote);
-	      while (string[i])
-		i++;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  else if (string[i] == history_expansion_char)
-	    {
-	      if (cc == 0 || member (cc, history_no_expand_chars))
-		continue;
-	      /* DQUOTE won't be set unless history_quotes_inhibit_expansion
-		 is set.  The idea here is to treat double-quoted strings the
-		 same as the word outside double quotes; in effect making the
-		 double quote part of history_no_expand_chars when DQUOTE is
-		 set. */
-	      else if (dquote && cc == '"')
-		continue;
-	      /* If the calling application has set
-		 history_inhibit_expansion_function to a function that checks
-		 for special cases that should not be history expanded,
-		 call the function and skip the expansion if it returns a
-		 non-zero value. */
-	      else if (history_inhibit_expansion_function &&
-			(*history_inhibit_expansion_function) (string, i))
-		continue;
-	      else
-		break;
-	    }
-	  /* Shell-like quoting: allow backslashes to quote double quotes
-	     inside a double-quoted string. */
-	  else if (dquote && string[i] == '\\' && cc == '"')
-	    i++;
-	  /* More shell-like quoting:  if we're paying attention to single
-	     quotes and letting them quote the history expansion character,
-	     then we need to pay attention to double quotes, because single
-	     quotes are not special inside double-quoted strings. */
-	  else if (history_quotes_inhibit_expansion && string[i] == '"')
-	    {
-	      dquote = 1 - dquote;
-	    }
-	  else if (dquote == 0 && history_quotes_inhibit_expansion && string[i] == '\'')
-	    {
-	      /* If this is bash, single quotes inhibit history expansion. */
-	      flag = (i > 0 && string[i - 1] == '$');
-	      i++;
-	      hist_string_extract_single_quoted (string, &i, flag);
-	    }
-	  else if (history_quotes_inhibit_expansion && string[i] == '\\')
-	    {
-	      /* If this is bash, allow backslashes to quote single
-		 quotes and the history expansion character. */
-	      if (cc == '\'' || cc == history_expansion_char)
-		i++;
-	    }
-	  
-	}
-	  
-      if (string[i] != history_expansion_char)
-	{
-	  xfree (result);
-	  *output = savestring (string);
-	  return (0);
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* Extract and perform the substitution. */
-  for (passc = dquote = squote = i = j = 0; i < l; i++)
-    {
-      int qc, tchar = string[i];
-
-      if (passc)
-	{
-	  passc = 0;
-	  ADD_CHAR (tchar);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-      if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
-	{
-	  int k, c;
-
-	  c = tchar;
-	  memset (mb, 0, sizeof (mb));
-	  for (k = 0; k < MB_LEN_MAX; k++)
-	    {
-	      mb[k] = (char)c;
-	      memset (&ps, 0, sizeof (mbstate_t));
-	      if (_rl_get_char_len (mb, &ps) == -2)
-		c = string[++i];
-	      else
-		break;
-	    }
-	  if (strlen (mb) > 1)
-	    {
-	      ADD_STRING (mb);
-	      continue;
-	    }
-	}
-#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-
-      if (tchar == history_expansion_char)
-	tchar = -3;
-      else if (tchar == history_comment_char)
-	tchar = -2;
-
-      switch (tchar)
-	{
-	default:
-	  ADD_CHAR (string[i]);
-	  break;
-
-	case '\\':
-	  passc++;
-	  ADD_CHAR (tchar);
-	  break;
-
-	case '"':
-	  dquote = 1 - dquote;
-	  ADD_CHAR (tchar);
-	  break;
-	  
-	case '\'':
-	  {
-	    /* If history_quotes_inhibit_expansion is set, single quotes
-	       inhibit history expansion, otherwise they are treated like
-	       double quotes. */
-	    if (squote)
-	      {
-	        squote = 0;
-	        ADD_CHAR (tchar);
-	      }
-	    else if (dquote == 0 && history_quotes_inhibit_expansion)
-	      {
-		int quote, slen;
-
-		flag = (i > 0 && string[i - 1] == '$');
-		quote = i++;
-		hist_string_extract_single_quoted (string, &i, flag);
-
-		slen = i - quote + 2;
-		temp = (char *)xmalloc (slen);
-		strncpy (temp, string + quote, slen);
-		temp[slen - 1] = '\0';
-		ADD_STRING (temp);
-		xfree (temp);
-	      }
-	    else if (dquote == 0 && squote == 0 && history_quotes_inhibit_expansion == 0)
-	      {
-	        squote = 1;
-	        ADD_CHAR (string[i]);
-	      }
-	    else
-	      ADD_CHAR (string[i]);
-	    break;
-	  }
-
-	case -2:		/* history_comment_char */
-	  if ((dquote == 0 || history_quotes_inhibit_expansion == 0) &&
-	      (i == 0 || member (string[i - 1], history_word_delimiters)))
-	    {
-	      temp = (char *)xmalloc (l - i + 1);
-	      strcpy (temp, string + i);
-	      ADD_STRING (temp);
-	      xfree (temp);
-	      i = l;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    ADD_CHAR (string[i]);
-	  break;
-
-	case -3:		/* history_expansion_char */
-	  cc = string[i + 1];
-
-	  /* If the history_expansion_char is followed by one of the
-	     characters in history_no_expand_chars, then it is not a
-	     candidate for expansion of any kind. */
-	  if (cc == 0 || member (cc, history_no_expand_chars) ||
-			 (dquote && cc == '"') ||
-	  		 (history_inhibit_expansion_function && (*history_inhibit_expansion_function) (string, i)))
-	    {
-	      ADD_CHAR (string[i]);
-	      break;
-	    }
-
-#if defined (NO_BANG_HASH_MODIFIERS)
-	  /* There is something that is listed as a `word specifier' in csh
-	     documentation which means `the expanded text to this point'.
-	     That is not a word specifier, it is an event specifier.  If we
-	     don't want to allow modifiers with `!#', just stick the current
-	     output line in again. */
-	  if (cc == '#')
-	    {
-	      if (result)
-		{
-		  temp = (char *)xmalloc (1 + strlen (result));
-		  strcpy (temp, result);
-		  ADD_STRING (temp);
-		  xfree (temp);
-		}
-	      i++;
-	      break;
-	    }
-#endif
-	  qc = squote ? '\'' : (dquote ? '"' : 0);
-	  r = history_expand_internal (string, i, qc, &eindex, &temp, result);
-	  if (r < 0)
-	    {
-	      *output = temp;
-	      xfree (result);
-	      if (string != hstring)
-		xfree (string);
-	      return -1;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      if (temp)
-		{
-		  modified++;
-		  if (*temp)
-		    ADD_STRING (temp);
-		  xfree (temp);
-		}
-	      only_printing = r == 1;
-	      i = eindex;
-	    }
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  *output = result;
-  if (string != hstring)
-    xfree (string);
-
-  if (only_printing)
-    {
-#if 0
-      add_history (result);
-#endif
-      return (2);
-    }
-
-  return (modified != 0);
-}
-
-/* Return a consed string which is the word specified in SPEC, and found
-   in FROM.  NULL is returned if there is no spec.  The address of
-   ERROR_POINTER is returned if the word specified cannot be found.
-   CALLER_INDEX is the offset in SPEC to start looking; it is updated
-   to point to just after the last character parsed. */
-static char *
-get_history_word_specifier (spec, from, caller_index)
-     char *spec, *from;
-     int *caller_index;
-{
-  register int i = *caller_index;
-  int first, last;
-  int expecting_word_spec = 0;
-  char *result;
-
-  /* The range of words to return doesn't exist yet. */
-  first = last = 0;
-  result = (char *)NULL;
-
-  /* If we found a colon, then this *must* be a word specification.  If
-     it isn't, then it is an error. */
-  if (spec[i] == ':')
-    {
-      i++;
-      expecting_word_spec++;
-    }
-
-  /* Handle special cases first. */
-
-  /* `%' is the word last searched for. */
-  if (spec[i] == '%')
-    {
-      *caller_index = i + 1;
-      return (search_match ? savestring (search_match) : savestring (""));
-    }
-
-  /* `*' matches all of the arguments, but not the command. */
-  if (spec[i] == '*')
-    {
-      *caller_index = i + 1;
-      result = history_arg_extract (1, '$', from);
-      return (result ? result : savestring (""));
-    }
-
-  /* `$' is last arg. */
-  if (spec[i] == '$')
-    {
-      *caller_index = i + 1;
-      return (history_arg_extract ('$', '$', from));
-    }
-
-  /* Try to get FIRST and LAST figured out. */
-
-  if (spec[i] == '-')
-    first = 0;
-  else if (spec[i] == '^')
-    {
-      first = 1;
-      i++;
-    }
-  else if (_rl_digit_p (spec[i]) && expecting_word_spec)
-    {
-      for (first = 0; _rl_digit_p (spec[i]); i++)
-	first = (first * 10) + _rl_digit_value (spec[i]);
-    }
-  else
-    return ((char *)NULL);	/* no valid `first' for word specifier */
-
-  if (spec[i] == '^' || spec[i] == '*')
-    {
-      last = (spec[i] == '^') ? 1 : '$';	/* x* abbreviates x-$ */
-      i++;
-    }
-  else if (spec[i] != '-')
-    last = first;
-  else
-    {
-      i++;
-
-      if (_rl_digit_p (spec[i]))
-	{
-	  for (last = 0; _rl_digit_p (spec[i]); i++)
-	    last = (last * 10) + _rl_digit_value (spec[i]);
-	}
-      else if (spec[i] == '$')
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  last = '$';
-	}
-#if 0
-      else if (!spec[i] || spec[i] == ':')
-	/* check against `:' because there could be a modifier separator */
-#else
-      else
-	/* csh seems to allow anything to terminate the word spec here,
-	   leaving it as an abbreviation. */
-#endif
-	last = -1;		/* x- abbreviates x-$ omitting word `$' */
-    }
-
-  *caller_index = i;
-
-  if (last >= first || last == '$' || last < 0)
-    result = history_arg_extract (first, last, from);
-
-  return (result ? result : (char *)&error_pointer);
-}
-
-/* Extract the args specified, starting at FIRST, and ending at LAST.
-   The args are taken from STRING.  If either FIRST or LAST is < 0,
-   then make that arg count from the right (subtract from the number of
-   tokens, so that FIRST = -1 means the next to last token on the line).
-   If LAST is `$' the last arg from STRING is used. */
-char *
-history_arg_extract (first, last, string)
-     int first, last;
-     const char *string;
-{
-  register int i, len;
-  char *result;
-  int size, offset;
-  char **list;
-
-  /* XXX - think about making history_tokenize return a struct array,
-     each struct in array being a string and a length to avoid the
-     calls to strlen below. */
-  if ((list = history_tokenize (string)) == NULL)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  for (len = 0; list[len]; len++)
-    ;
-
-  if (last < 0)
-    last = len + last - 1;
-
-  if (first < 0)
-    first = len + first - 1;
-
-  if (last == '$')
-    last = len - 1;
-
-  if (first == '$')
-    first = len - 1;
-
-  last++;
-
-  if (first >= len || last > len || first < 0 || last < 0 || first > last)
-    result = ((char *)NULL);
-  else
-    {
-      for (size = 0, i = first; i < last; i++)
-	size += strlen (list[i]) + 1;
-      result = (char *)xmalloc (size + 1);
-      result[0] = '\0';
-
-      for (i = first, offset = 0; i < last; i++)
-	{
-	  strcpy (result + offset, list[i]);
-	  offset += strlen (list[i]);
-	  if (i + 1 < last)
-	    {
-      	      result[offset++] = ' ';
-	      result[offset] = 0;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-
-  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
-    xfree (list[i]);
-  xfree (list);
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-static int
-history_tokenize_word (string, ind)
-     const char *string;
-     int ind;
-{
-  register int i;
-  int delimiter, nestdelim, delimopen;
-
-  i = ind;
-  delimiter = nestdelim = 0;
-
-  if (member (string[i], "()\n"))
-    {
-      i++;
-      return i;
-    }
-
-  if (member (string[i], "<>;&|$"))
-    {
-      int peek = string[i + 1];
-
-      if (peek == string[i] && peek != '$')
-	{
-	  if (peek == '<' && string[i + 2] == '-')
-	    i++;
-	  else if (peek == '<' && string[i + 2] == '<')
-	    i++;
-	  i += 2;
-	  return i;
-	}
-      else if ((peek == '&' && (string[i] == '>' || string[i] == '<')) ||
-		(peek == '>' && string[i] == '&'))
-	{
-	  i += 2;
-	  return i;
-	}
-      /* XXX - separated out for later -- bash-4.2 */
-      else if ((peek == '(' && (string[i] == '>' || string[i] == '<')) || /* ) */
-	       (peek == '(' && string[i] == '$')) /*)*/
-	{
-	  i += 2;
-	  delimopen = '(';
-	  delimiter = ')';
-	  nestdelim = 1;
-	  goto get_word;
-	}
-#if 0
-      else if (peek == '\'' && string[i] == '$')
-        {
-	  i += 2;	/* XXX */
-	  return i;
-        }
-#endif
-
-      if (string[i] != '$')
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  return i;
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* same code also used for $(...)/<(...)/>(...) above */
-  if (member (string[i], "!@?+*"))
-    {
-      int peek = string[i + 1];
-
-      if (peek == '(')		/*)*/
-	{
-	  /* Shell extended globbing patterns */
-	  i += 2;
-	  delimopen = '(';
-	  delimiter = ')';	/* XXX - not perfect */
-	  nestdelim = 1;
-	}
-    }
-
-get_word:
-  /* Get word from string + i; */
-
-  if (delimiter == 0 && member (string[i], HISTORY_QUOTE_CHARACTERS))
-    delimiter = string[i++];
-
-  for (; string[i]; i++)
-    {
-      if (string[i] == '\\' && string[i + 1] == '\n')
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (string[i] == '\\' && delimiter != '\'' &&
-	  (delimiter != '"' || member (string[i], slashify_in_quotes)))
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* delimiter must be set and set to something other than a quote if
-	 nestdelim is set, so these tests are safe. */
-      if (nestdelim && string[i] == delimopen)
-	{
-	  nestdelim++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      if (nestdelim && string[i] == delimiter)
-	{
-	  nestdelim--;
-	  if (nestdelim == 0)
-	    delimiter = 0;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      
-      if (delimiter && string[i] == delimiter)
-	{
-	  delimiter = 0;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (delimiter == 0 && (member (string[i], history_word_delimiters)))
-	break;
-
-      if (delimiter == 0 && member (string[i], HISTORY_QUOTE_CHARACTERS))
-	delimiter = string[i];
-    }
-
-  return i;
-}
-
-static char *
-history_substring (string, start, end)
-     const char *string;
-     int start, end;
-{
-  register int len;
-  register char *result;
-
-  len = end - start;
-  result = (char *)xmalloc (len + 1);
-  strncpy (result, string + start, len);
-  result[len] = '\0';
-  return result;
-}
-
-/* Parse STRING into tokens and return an array of strings.  If WIND is
-   not -1 and INDP is not null, we also want the word surrounding index
-   WIND.  The position in the returned array of strings is returned in
-   *INDP. */
-static char **
-history_tokenize_internal (string, wind, indp)
-     const char *string;
-     int wind, *indp;
-{
-  char **result;
-  register int i, start, result_index, size;
-
-  /* If we're searching for a string that's not part of a word (e.g., " "),
-     make sure we set *INDP to a reasonable value. */
-  if (indp && wind != -1)
-    *indp = -1;
-
-  /* Get a token, and stuff it into RESULT.  The tokens are split
-     exactly where the shell would split them. */
-  for (i = result_index = size = 0, result = (char **)NULL; string[i]; )
-    {
-      /* Skip leading whitespace. */
-      for (; string[i] && whitespace (string[i]); i++)
-	;
-      if (string[i] == 0 || string[i] == history_comment_char)
-	return (result);
-
-      start = i;
-
-      i = history_tokenize_word (string, start);
-
-      /* If we have a non-whitespace delimiter character (which would not be
-	 skipped by the loop above), use it and any adjacent delimiters to
-	 make a separate field.  Any adjacent white space will be skipped the
-	 next time through the loop. */
-      if (i == start && history_word_delimiters)
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  while (string[i] && member (string[i], history_word_delimiters))
-	    i++;
-	}
-
-      /* If we are looking for the word in which the character at a
-	 particular index falls, remember it. */
-      if (indp && wind != -1 && wind >= start && wind < i)
-        *indp = result_index;
-
-      if (result_index + 2 >= size)
-	result = (char **)xrealloc (result, ((size += 10) * sizeof (char *)));
-
-      result[result_index++] = history_substring (string, start, i);
-      result[result_index] = (char *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Return an array of tokens, much as the shell might.  The tokens are
-   parsed out of STRING. */
-char **
-history_tokenize (string)
-     const char *string;
-{
-  return (history_tokenize_internal (string, -1, (int *)NULL));
-}
-
-/* Free members of WORDS from START to an empty string */
-static void
-freewords (words, start)
-     char **words;
-     int start;
-{
-  register int i;
-
-  for (i = start; words[i]; i++)
-    xfree (words[i]);
-}
-
-/* Find and return the word which contains the character at index IND
-   in the history line LINE.  Used to save the word matched by the
-   last history !?string? search. */
-static char *
-history_find_word (line, ind)
-     char *line;
-     int ind;
-{
-  char **words, *s;
-  int i, wind;
-
-  words = history_tokenize_internal (line, ind, &wind);
-  if (wind == -1 || words == 0)
-    {
-      if (words)
-	freewords (words, 0);
-      FREE (words);
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-  s = words[wind];
-  for (i = 0; i < wind; i++)
-    xfree (words[i]);
-  freewords (words, wind + 1);
-  xfree (words);
-  return s;
-}
diff --git a/lib/readline/histfile.c~ b/lib/readline/histfile.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d735b1b..00000000
--- a/lib/readline/histfile.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,609 +0,0 @@
-/* histfile.c - functions to manipulate the history file. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1989-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file contains the GNU History Library (History), a set of
-   routines for managing the text of previously typed lines.
-
-   History is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   History is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with History.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-/* The goal is to make the implementation transparent, so that you
-   don't have to know what data types are used, just what functions
-   you can call.  I think I have done that. */
-
-#define READLINE_LIBRARY
-
-#if defined (__TANDEM)
-#  include <floss.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
-#  include <config.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#if ! defined (_MINIX) && defined (HAVE_SYS_FILE_H)
-#  include <sys/file.h>
-#endif
-#include "posixstat.h"
-#include <fcntl.h>
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STDLIB_H)
-#  include <stdlib.h>
-#else
-#  include "ansi_stdlib.h"
-#endif /* HAVE_STDLIB_H */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <ctype.h>
-
-#if defined (__EMX__)
-#  undef HAVE_MMAP
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-#  include <sys/mman.h>
-
-#  ifdef MAP_FILE
-#    define MAP_RFLAGS	(MAP_FILE|MAP_PRIVATE)
-#    define MAP_WFLAGS	(MAP_FILE|MAP_SHARED)
-#  else
-#    define MAP_RFLAGS	MAP_PRIVATE
-#    define MAP_WFLAGS	MAP_SHARED
-#  endif
-
-#  ifndef MAP_FAILED
-#    define MAP_FAILED	((void *)-1)
-#  endif
-
-#endif /* HISTORY_USE_MMAP */
-
-/* If we're compiling for __EMX__ (OS/2) or __CYGWIN__ (cygwin32 environment
-   on win 95/98/nt), we want to open files with O_BINARY mode so that there
-   is no \n -> \r\n conversion performed.  On other systems, we don't want to
-   mess around with O_BINARY at all, so we ensure that it's defined to 0. */
-#if defined (__EMX__) || defined (__CYGWIN__)
-#  ifndef O_BINARY
-#    define O_BINARY 0
-#  endif
-#else /* !__EMX__ && !__CYGWIN__ */
-#  undef O_BINARY
-#  define O_BINARY 0
-#endif /* !__EMX__ && !__CYGWIN__ */
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#if !defined (errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif /* !errno */
-
-#include "history.h"
-#include "histlib.h"
-
-#include "rlshell.h"
-#include "xmalloc.h"
-
-/* If non-zero, we write timestamps to the history file in history_do_write() */
-int history_write_timestamps = 0;
-
-/* Does S look like the beginning of a history timestamp entry?  Placeholder
-   for more extensive tests. */
-#define HIST_TIMESTAMP_START(s)		(*(s) == history_comment_char && isdigit ((s)[1]) )
-
-/* Return the string that should be used in the place of this
-   filename.  This only matters when you don't specify the
-   filename to read_history (), or write_history (). */
-static char *
-history_filename (filename)
-     const char *filename;
-{
-  char *return_val;
-  const char *home;
-  int home_len;
-
-  return_val = filename ? savestring (filename) : (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (return_val)
-    return (return_val);
-  
-  home = sh_get_env_value ("HOME");
-
-  if (home == 0)
-    return (NULL);
-  else
-    home_len = strlen (home);
-
-  return_val = (char *)xmalloc (2 + home_len + 8); /* strlen(".history") == 8 */
-  strcpy (return_val, home);
-  return_val[home_len] = '/';
-#if defined (__MSDOS__)
-  strcpy (return_val + home_len + 1, "_history");
-#else
-  strcpy (return_val + home_len + 1, ".history");
-#endif
-
-  return (return_val);
-}
-
-static char *
-history_backupfile (filename)
-     const char *filename;
-{
-  char *ret;
-  size_t len;
-
-  len = strlen (filename);
-  ret = xmalloc (len + 2);
-  strcpy (ret, filename);
-  ret[len] = '-';
-  ret[len+1] = '\0';
-  return ret;
-}
-  
-/* Add the contents of FILENAME to the history list, a line at a time.
-   If FILENAME is NULL, then read from ~/.history.  Returns 0 if
-   successful, or errno if not. */
-int
-read_history (filename)
-     const char *filename;
-{
-  return (read_history_range (filename, 0, -1));
-}
-
-/* Read a range of lines from FILENAME, adding them to the history list.
-   Start reading at the FROM'th line and end at the TO'th.  If FROM
-   is zero, start at the beginning.  If TO is less than FROM, read
-   until the end of the file.  If FILENAME is NULL, then read from
-   ~/.history.  Returns 0 if successful, or errno if not. */
-int
-read_history_range (filename, from, to)
-     const char *filename;
-     int from, to;
-{
-  register char *line_start, *line_end, *p;
-  char *input, *buffer, *bufend, *last_ts;
-  int file, current_line, chars_read;
-  struct stat finfo;
-  size_t file_size;
-#if defined (EFBIG)
-  int overflow_errno = EFBIG;
-#elif defined (EOVERFLOW)
-  int overflow_errno = EOVERFLOW;
-#else
-  int overflow_errno = EIO;
-#endif
-
-  buffer = last_ts = (char *)NULL;
-  input = history_filename (filename);
-  file = input ? open (input, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0666) : -1;
-
-  if ((file < 0) || (fstat (file, &finfo) == -1))
-    goto error_and_exit;
-
-  file_size = (size_t)finfo.st_size;
-
-  /* check for overflow on very large files */
-  if (file_size != finfo.st_size || file_size + 1 < file_size)
-    {
-      errno = overflow_errno;
-      goto error_and_exit;
-    }
-
-#ifdef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-  /* We map read/write and private so we can change newlines to NULs without
-     affecting the underlying object. */
-  buffer = (char *)mmap (0, file_size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_RFLAGS, file, 0);
-  if ((void *)buffer == MAP_FAILED)
-    {
-      errno = overflow_errno;
-      goto error_and_exit;
-    }
-  chars_read = file_size;
-#else
-  buffer = (char *)malloc (file_size + 1);
-  if (buffer == 0)
-    {
-      errno = overflow_errno;
-      goto error_and_exit;
-    }
-
-  chars_read = read (file, buffer, file_size);
-#endif
-  if (chars_read < 0)
-    {
-  error_and_exit:
-      if (errno != 0)
-	chars_read = errno;
-      else
-	chars_read = EIO;
-      if (file >= 0)
-	close (file);
-
-      FREE (input);
-#ifndef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-      FREE (buffer);
-#endif
-
-      return (chars_read);
-    }
-
-  close (file);
-
-  /* Set TO to larger than end of file if negative. */
-  if (to < 0)
-    to = chars_read;
-
-  /* Start at beginning of file, work to end. */
-  bufend = buffer + chars_read;
-  current_line = 0;
-
-  /* Skip lines until we are at FROM. */
-  for (line_start = line_end = buffer; line_end < bufend && current_line < from; line_end++)
-    if (*line_end == '\n')
-      {
-      	p = line_end + 1;
-      	/* If we see something we think is a timestamp, continue with this
-	   line.  We should check more extensively here... */
-	if (HIST_TIMESTAMP_START(p) == 0)
-	  current_line++;
-	line_start = p;
-      }
-
-  /* If there are lines left to gobble, then gobble them now. */
-  for (line_end = line_start; line_end < bufend; line_end++)
-    if (*line_end == '\n')
-      {
-	/* Change to allow Windows-like \r\n end of line delimiter. */
-	if (line_end > line_start && line_end[-1] == '\r')
-	  line_end[-1] = '\0';
-	else
-	  *line_end = '\0';
-
-	if (*line_start)
-	  {
-	    if (HIST_TIMESTAMP_START(line_start) == 0)
-	      {
-		add_history (line_start);
-		if (last_ts)
-		  {
-		    add_history_time (last_ts);
-		    last_ts = NULL;
-		  }
-	      }
-	    else
-	      {
-		last_ts = line_start;
-		current_line--;
-	      }
-	  }
-
-	current_line++;
-
-	if (current_line >= to)
-	  break;
-
-	line_start = line_end + 1;
-      }
-
-  FREE (input);
-#ifndef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-  FREE (buffer);
-#else
-  munmap (buffer, file_size);
-#endif
-
-  return (0);
-}
-
-/* Truncate the history file FNAME, leaving only LINES trailing lines.
-   If FNAME is NULL, then use ~/.history.  Returns 0 on success, errno
-   on failure. */
-int
-history_truncate_file (fname, lines)
-     const char *fname;
-     int lines;
-{
-  char *buffer, *filename, *bakname, *bp, *bp1;		/* bp1 == bp+1 */
-  int file, chars_read, rv;
-  struct stat finfo;
-  size_t file_size;
-
-  buffer = (char *)NULL;
-  filename = history_filename (fname);
-  bakname = 0;
-  file = filename ? open (filename, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0666) : -1;
-  rv = 0;
-
-  /* Don't try to truncate non-regular files. */
-  if (file == -1 || fstat (file, &finfo) == -1)
-    {
-      rv = errno;
-      if (file != -1)
-	close (file);
-      goto truncate_exit;
-    }
-
-  if (S_ISREG (finfo.st_mode) == 0)
-    {
-      close (file);
-#ifdef EFTYPE
-      rv = EFTYPE;
-#else
-      rv = EINVAL;
-#endif
-      goto truncate_exit;
-    }
-
-  file_size = (size_t)finfo.st_size;
-
-  /* check for overflow on very large files */
-  if (file_size != finfo.st_size || file_size + 1 < file_size)
-    {
-      close (file);
-#if defined (EFBIG)
-      rv = errno = EFBIG;
-#elif defined (EOVERFLOW)
-      rv = errno = EOVERFLOW;
-#else
-      rv = errno = EINVAL;
-#endif
-      goto truncate_exit;
-    }
-
-  buffer = (char *)malloc (file_size + 1);
-  if (buffer == 0)
-    {
-      rv = errno;
-      close (file);
-      goto truncate_exit;
-    }
-
-  chars_read = read (file, buffer, file_size);
-  close (file);
-
-  if (chars_read <= 0)
-    {
-      rv = (chars_read < 0) ? errno : 0;
-      goto truncate_exit;
-    }
-
-  /* Count backwards from the end of buffer until we have passed
-     LINES lines.  bp1 is set funny initially.  But since bp[1] can't
-     be a comment character (since it's off the end) and *bp can't be
-     both a newline and the history comment character, it should be OK. */
-  for (bp1 = bp = buffer + chars_read - 1; lines && bp > buffer; bp--)
-    {
-      if (*bp == '\n' && HIST_TIMESTAMP_START(bp1) == 0)
-	lines--;
-      bp1 = bp;
-    }
-
-  /* If this is the first line, then the file contains exactly the
-     number of lines we want to truncate to, so we don't need to do
-     anything.  It's the first line if we don't find a newline between
-     the current value of i and 0.  Otherwise, write from the start of
-     this line until the end of the buffer. */
-  for ( ; bp > buffer; bp--)
-    {
-      if (*bp == '\n' && HIST_TIMESTAMP_START(bp1) == 0)
-        {
-	  bp++;
-	  break;
-        }
-      bp1 = bp;
-    }
-
-  /* Write only if there are more lines in the file than we want to
-     truncate to. */
-  if (bp <= buffer)
-    {
-      rv = 0;
-      goto truncate_exit;
-    }
-
-  bakname = history_backupfile (filename);
-  if (filename && bakname)
-    rename (filename, bakname);
-
-  if ((file = open (filename, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY, 0600)) != -1)
-    {
-      if (write (file, bp, chars_read - (bp - buffer)) < 0)
-	{
-	  rv = errno;
-          rename (bakname, filename);
-	}
-
-#if defined (__BEOS__)
-      /* BeOS ignores O_TRUNC. */
-      ftruncate (file, chars_read - (bp - buffer));
-#endif
-
-      if (close (file) < 0 && rv == 0)
-	{
-	  rv = errno;
-	  rename (bakname, filename);
-	}
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      rv = errno;
-      rename (bakname, filename);
-    }
-
- truncate_exit:
-
-  FREE (buffer);
-
-  xfree (filename);
-  FREE (bakname);
-
-  return rv;
-}
-
-/* Workhorse function for writing history.  Writes NELEMENT entries
-   from the history list to FILENAME.  OVERWRITE is non-zero if you
-   wish to replace FILENAME with the entries. */
-static int
-history_do_write (filename, nelements, overwrite)
-     const char *filename;
-     int nelements, overwrite;
-{
-  register int i;
-  char *output, *bakname;
-  int file, mode, rv;
-#ifdef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-  size_t cursize;
-
-  mode = overwrite ? O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY : O_RDWR|O_APPEND|O_BINARY;
-#else
-  mode = overwrite ? O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY : O_WRONLY|O_APPEND|O_BINARY;
-#endif
-  output = history_filename (filename);
-  bakname = (overwrite && output) ? history_backupfile (output) : 0;
-
-  if (output && bakname)
-    rename (output, bakname);
-
-  file = output ? open (output, mode, 0600) : -1;
-  rv = 0;
-
-  if (file == -1)
-    {
-      rv = errno;
-      if (output && bakname)
-        rename (bakname, output);
-      FREE (output);
-      FREE (bakname);
-      return (rv);
-    }
-
-#ifdef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-  cursize = overwrite ? 0 : lseek (file, 0, SEEK_END);
-#endif
-
-  if (nelements > history_length)
-    nelements = history_length;
-
-  /* Build a buffer of all the lines to write, and write them in one syscall.
-     Suggested by Peter Ho (peter@robosts.oxford.ac.uk). */
-  {
-    HIST_ENTRY **the_history;	/* local */
-    register int j;
-    int buffer_size;
-    char *buffer;
-
-    the_history = history_list ();
-    /* Calculate the total number of bytes to write. */
-    for (buffer_size = 0, i = history_length - nelements; i < history_length; i++)
-#if 0
-      buffer_size += 2 + HISTENT_BYTES (the_history[i]);
-#else
-      {
-	if (history_write_timestamps && the_history[i]->timestamp && the_history[i]->timestamp[0])
-	  buffer_size += strlen (the_history[i]->timestamp) + 1;
-	buffer_size += strlen (the_history[i]->line) + 1;
-      }
-#endif
-
-    /* Allocate the buffer, and fill it. */
-#ifdef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-    if (ftruncate (file, buffer_size+cursize) == -1)
-      goto mmap_error;
-    buffer = (char *)mmap (0, buffer_size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_WFLAGS, file, cursize);
-    if ((void *)buffer == MAP_FAILED)
-      {
-mmap_error:
-	rv = errno;
-	close (file);
-	if (output && bakname)
-	  rename (bakname, output);
-	FREE (output);
-	FREE (bakname);
-	return rv;
-      }
-#else    
-    buffer = (char *)malloc (buffer_size);
-    if (buffer == 0)
-      {
-      	rv = errno;
-	close (file);
-	if (output && bakname)
-	  rename (bakname, output);
-	FREE (output);
-	FREE (bakname);
-	return rv;
-      }
-#endif
-
-    for (j = 0, i = history_length - nelements; i < history_length; i++)
-      {
-	if (history_write_timestamps && the_history[i]->timestamp && the_history[i]->timestamp[0])
-	  {
-	    strcpy (buffer + j, the_history[i]->timestamp);
-	    j += strlen (the_history[i]->timestamp);
-	    buffer[j++] = '\n';
-	  }
-	strcpy (buffer + j, the_history[i]->line);
-	j += strlen (the_history[i]->line);
-	buffer[j++] = '\n';
-      }
-
-#ifdef HISTORY_USE_MMAP
-    if (msync (buffer, buffer_size, MS_ASYNC) != 0 || munmap (buffer, buffer_size) != 0)
-      rv = errno;
-#else
-    if (write (file, buffer, buffer_size) < 0)
-      rv = errno;
-    xfree (buffer);
-#endif
-  }
-
-  if (close (file) < 0 && rv == 0)
-    rv = errno;
-
-  if (rv != 0 && output && bakname)
-    rename (bakname, output);
-  else if (rv == 0 && bakname)
-    unlink (bakname);
-
-  FREE (output);
-  FREE (bakname);
-
-  return (rv);
-}
-
-/* Append NELEMENT entries to FILENAME.  The entries appended are from
-   the end of the list minus NELEMENTs up to the end of the list. */
-int
-append_history (nelements, filename)
-     int nelements;
-     const char *filename;
-{
-  return (history_do_write (filename, nelements, HISTORY_APPEND));
-}
-
-/* Overwrite FILENAME with the current history.  If FILENAME is NULL,
-   then write the history list to ~/.history.  Values returned
-   are as in read_history ().*/
-int
-write_history (filename)
-     const char *filename;
-{
-  return (history_do_write (filename, history_length, HISTORY_OVERWRITE));
-}
diff --git a/lib/readline/misc.c~ b/lib/readline/misc.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f8bed49..00000000
--- a/lib/readline/misc.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,693 +0,0 @@
-/* misc.c -- miscellaneous bindable readline functions. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of the GNU Readline Library (Readline), a library
-   for reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.      
-
-   Readline is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Readline is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Readline.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#define READLINE_LIBRARY
-
-#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
-#  include <config.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif /* HAVE_UNISTD_H */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STDLIB_H)
-#  include <stdlib.h>
-#else
-#  include "ansi_stdlib.h"
-#endif /* HAVE_STDLIB_H */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_LOCALE_H)
-#  include <locale.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-/* System-specific feature definitions and include files. */
-#include "rldefs.h"
-#include "rlmbutil.h"
-
-/* Some standard library routines. */
-#include "readline.h"
-#include "history.h"
-
-#include "rlprivate.h"
-#include "rlshell.h"
-#include "xmalloc.h"
-
-static int rl_digit_loop PARAMS((void));
-static void _rl_history_set_point PARAMS((void));
-
-extern int history_offset;
-
-/* Forward declarations used in this file */
-void _rl_free_history_entry PARAMS((HIST_ENTRY *));
-
-/* If non-zero, rl_get_previous_history and rl_get_next_history attempt
-   to preserve the value of rl_point from line to line. */
-int _rl_history_preserve_point = 0;
-
-_rl_arg_cxt _rl_argcxt;
-
-/* Saved target point for when _rl_history_preserve_point is set.  Special
-   value of -1 means that point is at the end of the line. */
-int _rl_history_saved_point = -1;
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*			Numeric Arguments			    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-int
-_rl_arg_overflow ()
-{
-  if (rl_numeric_arg > 1000000)
-    {
-      _rl_argcxt = 0;
-      rl_explicit_arg = rl_numeric_arg = 0;
-      rl_ding ();
-      rl_restore_prompt ();
-      rl_clear_message ();
-      RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_NUMERICARG);
-      return 1;
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-void
-_rl_arg_init ()
-{
-  rl_save_prompt ();
-  _rl_argcxt = 0;
-  RL_SETSTATE(RL_STATE_NUMERICARG);
-}
-
-int
-_rl_arg_getchar ()
-{
-  int c;
-
-  rl_message ("(arg: %d) ", rl_arg_sign * rl_numeric_arg);
-  RL_SETSTATE(RL_STATE_MOREINPUT);
-  c = rl_read_key ();
-  RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_MOREINPUT);
-
-  return c;
-}
-
-/* Process C as part of the current numeric argument.  Return -1 if the
-   argument should be aborted, 0 if we should not read any more chars, and
-   1 if we should continue to read chars. */
-int
-_rl_arg_dispatch (cxt, c)
-     _rl_arg_cxt cxt;
-     int c;
-{
-  int key, r;
-
-  key = c;
-
-  /* If we see a key bound to `universal-argument' after seeing digits,
-      it ends the argument but is otherwise ignored. */
-  if (_rl_keymap[c].type == ISFUNC && _rl_keymap[c].function == rl_universal_argument)
-    {
-      if ((cxt & NUM_SAWDIGITS) == 0)
-	{
-	  rl_numeric_arg *= 4;
-	  return 1;
-	}
-      else if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_CALLBACK))
-        {
-          _rl_argcxt |= NUM_READONE;
-          return 0;	/* XXX */
-        }
-      else
-	{
-	  RL_SETSTATE(RL_STATE_MOREINPUT);
-	  key = rl_read_key ();
-	  RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_MOREINPUT);
-	  rl_restore_prompt ();
-	  rl_clear_message ();
-	  RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_NUMERICARG);
-	  if (key < 0)
-	    return -1;
-	  return (_rl_dispatch (key, _rl_keymap));
-	}
-    }
-
-  c = UNMETA (c);
-
-  if (_rl_digit_p (c))
-    {
-      r = _rl_digit_value (c);    	
-      rl_numeric_arg = rl_explicit_arg ? (rl_numeric_arg * 10) +  r : r;
-      rl_explicit_arg = 1;
-      _rl_argcxt |= NUM_SAWDIGITS;
-    }
-  else if (c == '-' && rl_explicit_arg == 0)
-    {
-      rl_numeric_arg = 1;
-      _rl_argcxt |= NUM_SAWMINUS;
-      rl_arg_sign = -1;
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      /* Make M-- command equivalent to M--1 command. */
-      if ((_rl_argcxt & NUM_SAWMINUS) && rl_numeric_arg == 1 && rl_explicit_arg == 0)
-	rl_explicit_arg = 1;
-      rl_restore_prompt ();
-      rl_clear_message ();
-      RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_NUMERICARG);
-
-      r = _rl_dispatch (key, _rl_keymap);
-      if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_CALLBACK))
-	{
-	  /* At worst, this will cause an extra redisplay.  Otherwise,
-	     we have to wait until the next character comes in. */
-	  if (rl_done == 0)
-	    (*rl_redisplay_function) ();
-	  r = 0;
-	}
-      return r;
-    }
-
-  return 1;
-}
-
-/* Handle C-u style numeric args, as well as M--, and M-digits. */
-static int
-rl_digit_loop ()
-{
-  int c, r;
-
-  while (1)
-    {
-      if (_rl_arg_overflow ())
-	return 1;
-
-      c = _rl_arg_getchar ();
-
-      if (c < 0)
-	{
-	  _rl_abort_internal ();
-	  return -1;
-	}
-
-      r = _rl_arg_dispatch (_rl_argcxt, c);
-      if (r <= 0 || (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_NUMERICARG) == 0))
-        break;
-    }
-
-  return r;
-}
-
-/* Create a default argument. */
-void
-_rl_reset_argument ()
-{
-  rl_numeric_arg = rl_arg_sign = 1;
-  rl_explicit_arg = 0;
-  _rl_argcxt = 0;
-}
-
-/* Start a numeric argument with initial value KEY */
-int
-rl_digit_argument (ignore, key)
-     int ignore, key;
-{
-  _rl_arg_init ();
-  if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_CALLBACK))
-    {
-      _rl_arg_dispatch (_rl_argcxt, key);
-      rl_message ("(arg: %d) ", rl_arg_sign * rl_numeric_arg);
-      return 0;
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      rl_execute_next (key);
-      return (rl_digit_loop ());
-    }
-}
-
-/* C-u, universal argument.  Multiply the current argument by 4.
-   Read a key.  If the key has nothing to do with arguments, then
-   dispatch on it.  If the key is the abort character then abort. */
-int
-rl_universal_argument (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-  _rl_arg_init ();
-  rl_numeric_arg *= 4;
-
-  return (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_CALLBACK) ? 0 : rl_digit_loop ());
-}
-
-int
-_rl_arg_callback (cxt)
-     _rl_arg_cxt cxt;
-{
-  int c, r;
-
-  c = _rl_arg_getchar ();
-
-  if (_rl_argcxt & NUM_READONE)
-    {
-      _rl_argcxt &= ~NUM_READONE;
-      rl_restore_prompt ();
-      rl_clear_message ();
-      RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_NUMERICARG);
-      rl_execute_next (c);
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-  r = _rl_arg_dispatch (cxt, c);
-  return (r != 1);
-}
-
-/* What to do when you abort reading an argument. */
-int
-rl_discard_argument ()
-{
-  rl_ding ();
-  rl_clear_message ();
-  _rl_reset_argument ();
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*			History Utilities			    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-/* We already have a history library, and that is what we use to control
-   the history features of readline.  This is our local interface to
-   the history mechanism. */
-
-/* While we are editing the history, this is the saved
-   version of the original line. */
-HIST_ENTRY *_rl_saved_line_for_history = (HIST_ENTRY *)NULL;
-
-/* Set the history pointer back to the last entry in the history. */
-void
-_rl_start_using_history ()
-{
-  using_history ();
-  if (_rl_saved_line_for_history)
-    _rl_free_history_entry (_rl_saved_line_for_history);
-
-  _rl_saved_line_for_history = (HIST_ENTRY *)NULL;
-}
-
-/* Free the contents (and containing structure) of a HIST_ENTRY. */
-void
-_rl_free_history_entry (entry)
-     HIST_ENTRY *entry;
-{
-  if (entry == 0)
-    return;
-
-  FREE (entry->line);
-  FREE (entry->timestamp);
-
-  xfree (entry);
-}
-
-/* Perhaps put back the current line if it has changed. */
-int
-rl_maybe_replace_line ()
-{
-  HIST_ENTRY *temp;
-
-  temp = current_history ();
-  /* If the current line has changed, save the changes. */
-  if (temp && ((UNDO_LIST *)(temp->data) != rl_undo_list))
-    {
-      temp = replace_history_entry (where_history (), rl_line_buffer, (histdata_t)rl_undo_list);
-      xfree (temp->line);
-      FREE (temp->timestamp);
-      xfree (temp);
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Restore the _rl_saved_line_for_history if there is one. */
-int
-rl_maybe_unsave_line ()
-{
-  if (_rl_saved_line_for_history)
-    {
-      /* Can't call with `1' because rl_undo_list might point to an undo
-	 list from a history entry, as in rl_replace_from_history() below. */
-      rl_replace_line (_rl_saved_line_for_history->line, 0);
-      rl_undo_list = (UNDO_LIST *)_rl_saved_line_for_history->data;
-      _rl_free_history_entry (_rl_saved_line_for_history);
-      _rl_saved_line_for_history = (HIST_ENTRY *)NULL;
-      rl_point = rl_end;	/* rl_replace_line sets rl_end */
-    }
-  else
-    rl_ding ();
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Save the current line in _rl_saved_line_for_history. */
-int
-rl_maybe_save_line ()
-{
-  if (_rl_saved_line_for_history == 0)
-    {
-      _rl_saved_line_for_history = (HIST_ENTRY *)xmalloc (sizeof (HIST_ENTRY));
-      _rl_saved_line_for_history->line = savestring (rl_line_buffer);
-      _rl_saved_line_for_history->timestamp = (char *)NULL;
-      _rl_saved_line_for_history->data = (char *)rl_undo_list;
-    }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-int
-_rl_free_saved_history_line ()
-{
-  if (_rl_saved_line_for_history)
-    {
-      _rl_free_history_entry (_rl_saved_line_for_history);
-      _rl_saved_line_for_history = (HIST_ENTRY *)NULL;
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-_rl_history_set_point ()
-{
-  rl_point = (_rl_history_preserve_point && _rl_history_saved_point != -1)
-		? _rl_history_saved_point
-		: rl_end;
-  if (rl_point > rl_end)
-    rl_point = rl_end;
-
-#if defined (VI_MODE)
-  if (rl_editing_mode == vi_mode && _rl_keymap != vi_insertion_keymap)
-    rl_point = 0;
-#endif /* VI_MODE */
-
-  if (rl_editing_mode == emacs_mode)
-    rl_mark = (rl_point == rl_end ? 0 : rl_end);
-}
-
-void
-rl_replace_from_history (entry, flags)
-     HIST_ENTRY *entry;
-     int flags;			/* currently unused */
-{
-  /* Can't call with `1' because rl_undo_list might point to an undo list
-     from a history entry, just like we're setting up here. */
-  rl_replace_line (entry->line, 0);
-  rl_undo_list = (UNDO_LIST *)entry->data;
-  rl_point = rl_end;
-  rl_mark = 0;
-
-#if defined (VI_MODE)
-  if (rl_editing_mode == vi_mode)
-    {
-      rl_point = 0;
-      rl_mark = rl_end;
-    }
-#endif
-}
-
-/* Process and free undo lists attached to each history entry prior to the
-   current entry, inclusive, reverting each line to its saved state.  This 
-   is destructive, and state about the current line is lost.  This is not
-   intended to be called while actively editing, and the current line is
-   not assumed to have been added to the history list. */
-void
-_rl_revert_all_lines ()
-{
-  int hpos;
-  HIST_ENTRY *entry;
-  UNDO_LIST *ul, *saved_undo_list;
-  char *lbuf;
-
-  lbuf = savestring (rl_line_buffer);
-  saved_undo_list = rl_undo_list;
-  hpos = where_history ();
-
-  entry = (hpos == history_length) ? previous_history () : current_history ();
-  while (entry)
-    {
-      if (ul = (UNDO_LIST *)entry->data)
-	{
-	  if (ul == saved_undo_list)
-	    saved_undo_list = 0;
-	  /* Set up rl_line_buffer and other variables from history entry */
-	  rl_replace_from_history (entry, 0);	/* entry->line is now current */
-/*	  entry->data = 0;			/* entry->data is now current undo list */
-	  /* Undo all changes to this history entry */
-	  while (rl_undo_list)
-	    rl_do_undo ();
-	  /* And copy the reverted line back to the history entry, preserving
-	     the timestamp. */
-	  FREE (entry->line);
-	  entry->line = savestring (rl_line_buffer);
-	  entry->data = 0;
-	}
-      entry = previous_history ();
-    }
-
-  /* Restore history state */
-  rl_undo_list = saved_undo_list;	/* may have been set to null */
-  history_set_pos (hpos);
-  
-  /* reset the line buffer */
-  rl_replace_line (lbuf, 0);
-  _rl_set_the_line ();
-
-  /* and clean up */
-  xfree (lbuf);
-}  
-
-/* Free the history list, including private readline data and take care
-   of pointer aliases to history data.  Resets rl_undo_list if it points
-   to an UNDO_LIST * saved as some history entry's data member.  This
-   should not be called while editing is active. */
-void
-rl_clear_history ()
-{
-  HIST_ENTRY **hlist, *hent;
-  register int i;
-  UNDO_LIST *ul, *saved_undo_list;
-
-  saved_undo_list = rl_undo_list;
-  hlist = history_list ();		/* direct pointer, not copy */
-
-  for (i = 0; i < history_length; i++)
-    {
-      hent = hlist[i];
-      if (ul = (UNDO_LIST *)hent->data)
-	{
-	  if (ul == saved_undo_list)
-	    saved_undo_list = 0;
-	  _rl_free_undo_list (ul);
-	  hent->data = 0;
-	}
-      _rl_free_history_entry (hent);
-    }
-
-  history_offset = history_length = 0;
-  rl_undo_list = saved_undo_list;	/* should be NULL */
-}
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*			History Commands			    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-/* Meta-< goes to the start of the history. */
-int
-rl_beginning_of_history (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-  return (rl_get_previous_history (1 + where_history (), key));
-}
-
-/* Meta-> goes to the end of the history.  (The current line). */
-int
-rl_end_of_history (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-  rl_maybe_replace_line ();
-  using_history ();
-  rl_maybe_unsave_line ();
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Move down to the next history line. */
-int
-rl_get_next_history (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-  HIST_ENTRY *temp;
-
-  if (count < 0)
-    return (rl_get_previous_history (-count, key));
-
-  if (count == 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  rl_maybe_replace_line ();
-
-  /* either not saved by rl_newline or at end of line, so set appropriately. */
-  if (_rl_history_saved_point == -1 && (rl_point || rl_end))
-    _rl_history_saved_point = (rl_point == rl_end) ? -1 : rl_point;
-
-  temp = (HIST_ENTRY *)NULL;
-  while (count)
-    {
-      temp = next_history ();
-      if (!temp)
-	break;
-      --count;
-    }
-
-  if (temp == 0)
-    rl_maybe_unsave_line ();
-  else
-    {
-      rl_replace_from_history (temp, 0);
-      _rl_history_set_point ();
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Get the previous item out of our interactive history, making it the current
-   line.  If there is no previous history, just ding. */
-int
-rl_get_previous_history (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-  HIST_ENTRY *old_temp, *temp;
-
-  if (count < 0)
-    return (rl_get_next_history (-count, key));
-
-  if (count == 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  /* either not saved by rl_newline or at end of line, so set appropriately. */
-  if (_rl_history_saved_point == -1 && (rl_point || rl_end))
-    _rl_history_saved_point = (rl_point == rl_end) ? -1 : rl_point;
-
-  /* If we don't have a line saved, then save this one. */
-  rl_maybe_save_line ();
-
-  /* If the current line has changed, save the changes. */
-  rl_maybe_replace_line ();
-
-  temp = old_temp = (HIST_ENTRY *)NULL;
-  while (count)
-    {
-      temp = previous_history ();
-      if (temp == 0)
-	break;
-
-      old_temp = temp;
-      --count;
-    }
-
-  /* If there was a large argument, and we moved back to the start of the
-     history, that is not an error.  So use the last value found. */
-  if (!temp && old_temp)
-    temp = old_temp;
-
-  if (temp == 0)
-    rl_ding ();
-  else
-    {
-      rl_replace_from_history (temp, 0);
-      _rl_history_set_point ();
-    }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*			    Editing Modes			    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/* How to toggle back and forth between editing modes. */
-int
-rl_vi_editing_mode (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-#if defined (VI_MODE)
-  _rl_set_insert_mode (RL_IM_INSERT, 1);	/* vi mode ignores insert mode */
-  rl_editing_mode = vi_mode;
-  rl_vi_insert_mode (1, key);
-#endif /* VI_MODE */
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-int
-rl_emacs_editing_mode (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-  rl_editing_mode = emacs_mode;
-  _rl_set_insert_mode (RL_IM_INSERT, 1); /* emacs mode default is insert mode */
-  _rl_keymap = emacs_standard_keymap;
-
-  if (_rl_show_mode_in_prompt)
-    _rl_reset_prompt ();
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Function for the rest of the library to use to set insert/overwrite mode. */
-void
-_rl_set_insert_mode (im, force)
-     int im, force;
-{
-#ifdef CURSOR_MODE
-  _rl_set_cursor (im, force);
-#endif
-
-  rl_insert_mode = im;
-}
-
-/* Toggle overwrite mode.  A positive explicit argument selects overwrite
-   mode.  A negative or zero explicit argument selects insert mode. */
-int
-rl_overwrite_mode (count, key)
-     int count, key;
-{
-  if (rl_explicit_arg == 0)
-    _rl_set_insert_mode (rl_insert_mode ^ 1, 0);
-  else if (count > 0)
-    _rl_set_insert_mode (RL_IM_OVERWRITE, 0);
-  else
-    _rl_set_insert_mode (RL_IM_INSERT, 0);
-
-  return 0;
-}
diff --git a/lib/sh/zgetline.c~ b/lib/sh/zgetline.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index b0135ff9..00000000
--- a/lib/sh/zgetline.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-/* zgetline - read a line of input from a specified file descriptor and return
-	      a pointer to a newly-allocated buffer containing the data. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 2008,2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#include <config.h>
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include "xmalloc.h"
-
-#if !defined (errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif
-
-extern ssize_t zread __P((int, char *, size_t));
-extern ssize_t zreadc __P((int, char *));
-extern ssize_t zreadintr __P((int, char *, size_t));
-extern ssize_t zreadcintr __P((int, char *));
-
-typedef ssize_t breadfunc_t __P((int, char *, size_t));
-typedef ssize_t creadfunc_t __P((int, char *));
-
-/* Initial memory allocation for automatic growing buffer in zreadlinec */
-#define GET_LINE_INITIAL_ALLOCATION 16
-
-/* Derived from GNU libc's getline.
-   The behavior is almost the same as getline. See man getline.
-   The differences are
-   	(1) using file descriptor instead of FILE *;
-	(2) the order of arguments: the file descriptor comes first;
-	(3) the addition of a third argument, DELIM; sets the delimiter to
-	    be something other than newline if desired.  If setting DELIM,
-	    the next argument should be 1; and
-	(4) the addition of a fourth argument, UNBUFFERED_READ; this argument
-	    controls whether get_line uses buffering or not to get a byte data
-	    from FD. get_line uses zreadc if UNBUFFERED_READ is zero; and
-	    uses zread if UNBUFFERED_READ is non-zero.
-
-   Returns number of bytes read or -1 on error. */
-
-ssize_t
-zgetline (fd, lineptr, n, delim, unbuffered_read)
-     int fd;
-     char **lineptr;
-     size_t *n;
-     int delim;
-     int unbuffered_read;
-{
-  int nr, retval;
-  char *line, c;
-
-  if (lineptr == 0 || n == 0 || (*lineptr == 0 && *n != 0))
-    return -1;
-
-  nr = 0;
-  line = *lineptr;
-  
-  while (1)
-    {
-      retval = unbuffered_read ? zread (fd, &c, 1) : zreadc(fd, &c);
-
-      if (retval <= 0)
-	{
-	  if (line && nr > 0)
-	    line[nr] = '\0';
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      if (nr + 2 >= *n)
-	{
-	  size_t new_size;
-
-	  new_size = (*n == 0) ? GET_LINE_INITIAL_ALLOCATION : *n * 2;
-	  line = (*n >= new_size) ? NULL : xrealloc (*lineptr, new_size);
-
-	  if (line)
-	    {
-	      *lineptr = line;
-	      *n = new_size;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      if (*n > 0)
-		{
-		  (*lineptr)[*n - 1] = '\0';
-		  nr = *n - 2;
-		}
-	      break;
-	    }
-	}
-
-      line[nr] = c;
-      nr++;
-
-      if (c == delim)
-	{
-	  line[nr] = '\0';
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  return nr - 1;
-}
diff --git a/pathexp.c~ b/pathexp.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index d7315e38..00000000
--- a/pathexp.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,609 +0,0 @@
-/* pathexp.c -- The shell interface to the globbing library. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1995-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#include "config.h"
-
-#include "bashtypes.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "bashansi.h"
-
-#include "shell.h"
-#include "pathexp.h"
-#include "flags.h"
-
-#include "shmbutil.h"
-#include "bashintl.h"
-
-#include <glob/strmatch.h>
-
-static int glob_name_is_acceptable __P((const char *));
-static void ignore_globbed_names __P((char **, sh_ignore_func_t *));
-static char *split_ignorespec __P((char *, int *));
-	       
-#if defined (USE_POSIX_GLOB_LIBRARY)
-#  include <glob.h>
-typedef int posix_glob_errfunc_t __P((const char *, int));
-#else
-#  include <glob/glob.h>
-#endif
-
-/* Control whether * matches .files in globbing. */
-int glob_dot_filenames;
-
-/* Control whether the extended globbing features are enabled. */
-int extended_glob = EXTGLOB_DEFAULT;
-
-/* Control enabling special handling of `**' */
-int glob_star = 0;
-
-/* Return nonzero if STRING has any unquoted special globbing chars in it.  */
-int
-unquoted_glob_pattern_p (string)
-     register char *string;
-{
-  register int c;
-  char *send;
-  int open;
-
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  open = 0;
-  send = string + strlen (string);
-
-  while (c = *string++)
-    {
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case '?':
-	case '*':
-	  return (1);
-
-	case '[':
-	  open++;
-	  continue;
-
-	case ']':
-	  if (open)
-	    return (1);
-	  continue;
-
-	case '+':
-	case '@':
-	case '!':
-	  if (*string == '(')	/*)*/
-	    return (1);
-	  continue;
-
-	case CTLESC:
-	case '\\':
-	  if (*string++ == '\0')
-	    return (0);
-	}
-
-      /* Advance one fewer byte than an entire multibyte character to
-	 account for the auto-increment in the loop above. */
-#ifdef HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
-      string--;
-      ADVANCE_CHAR_P (string, send - string);
-      string++;
-#else
-      ADVANCE_CHAR_P (string, send - string);
-#endif
-    }
-  return (0);
-}
-
-/* Return 1 if C is a character that is `special' in a POSIX ERE and needs to
-   be quoted to match itself. */
-static inline int
-ere_char (c)
-     int c;
-{
-  switch (c)
-    {
-    case '.':
-    case '[':
-    case '\\':
-    case '(':
-    case ')':
-    case '*':
-    case '+':
-    case '?':
-    case '{':
-    case '|':
-    case '^':
-    case '$':
-      return 1;
-    default: 
-      return 0;
-    }
-  return (0);
-}
-
-int
-glob_char_p (s)
-     const char *s;
-{
-  switch (*s)
-    {
-    case '*':
-    case '[':
-    case ']':
-    case '?':
-    case '\\':
-      return 1;
-    case '+':
-    case '@':
-    case '!':
-      if (s[1] == '(')	/*(*/
-	return 1;
-      break;
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* PATHNAME can contain characters prefixed by CTLESC; this indicates
-   that the character is to be quoted.  We quote it here in the style
-   that the glob library recognizes.  If flags includes QGLOB_CVTNULL,
-   we change quoted null strings (pathname[0] == CTLNUL) into empty
-   strings (pathname[0] == 0).  If this is called after quote removal
-   is performed, (flags & QGLOB_CVTNULL) should be 0; if called when quote
-   removal has not been done (for example, before attempting to match a
-   pattern while executing a case statement), flags should include
-   QGLOB_CVTNULL.  If flags includes QGLOB_FILENAME, appropriate quoting
-   to match a filename should be performed.  QGLOB_REGEXP means we're
-   quoting for a Posix ERE (for [[ string =~ pat ]]) and that requires
-   some special handling. */
-char *
-quote_string_for_globbing (pathname, qflags)
-     const char *pathname;
-     int qflags;
-{
-  char *temp;
-  register int i, j;
-  int brack, cclass, collsym, equiv, c, last_was_backslash;
-
-  temp = (char *)xmalloc (2 * strlen (pathname) + 1);
-
-  if ((qflags & QGLOB_CVTNULL) && QUOTED_NULL (pathname))
-    {
-      temp[0] = '\0';
-      return temp;
-    }
-
-  brack = cclass = collsym = equiv = last_was_backslash = 0;
-  for (i = j = 0; pathname[i]; i++)
-    {
-      /* Fix for CTLESC at the end of the string? */
-      if (pathname[i] == CTLESC && pathname[i+1] == '\0')
-	{
-	  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-	  break;
-	}
-      /* If we are parsing regexp, turn CTLESC CTLESC into CTLESC. It's not an
-	 ERE special character, so we should just be able to pass it through. */
-      else if ((qflags & QGLOB_REGEXP) && pathname[i] == CTLESC && pathname[i+1] == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  temp[j++] = pathname[i];
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (pathname[i] == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  if ((qflags & QGLOB_FILENAME) && pathname[i+1] == '/')
-	    continue;
-	  /* What to do if preceding char is backslash? */
-	  if (pathname[i+1] != CTLESC && (qflags & QGLOB_REGEXP) && ere_char (pathname[i+1]) == 0)
-	    continue;
-	  temp[j++] = '\\';
-	  i++;
-	  if (pathname[i] == '\0')
-	    break;
-	}
-      else if ((qflags & QGLOB_REGEXP) && (i == 0 || pathname[i-1] != CTLESC) && pathname[i] == '[')	/*]*/
-	{
-	  brack = 1;
-	  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];	/* open bracket */
-	  c = pathname[i++];	/* c == char after open bracket */
-	  do
-	    {
-	      if (c == 0)
-		goto endpat;
-	      else if (c == CTLESC)
-		{
-		  /* skip c, check for EOS, let assignment at end of loop */
-		  /* pathname[i] == backslash-escaped character */
-		  if (pathname[i] == 0)
-		    goto endpat;
-		  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-		}
-	      else if (c == '[' && pathname[i] == ':')
-		{
-		  temp[j++] = c;
-		  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-		  cclass = 1;
-		}
-	      else if (cclass && c == ':' && pathname[i] == ']')
-		{
-		  temp[j++] = c;
-		  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-		  cclass = 0;
-		}
-	      else if (c == '[' && pathname[i] == '=')
-		{
-		  temp[j++] = c;
-		  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-		  if (pathname[i] == ']')
-		    temp[j++] = pathname[i++];		/* right brack can be in equiv */
-		  equiv = 1;
-		}
-	      else if (equiv && c == '=' && pathname[i] == ']')
-		{
-		  temp[j++] = c;
-		  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-		  equiv = 0;
-		}
-	      else if (c == '[' && pathname[i] == '.')
-		{
-		  temp[j++] = c;
-		  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-		  if (pathname[i] == ']')
-		    temp[j++] = pathname[i++];		/* right brack can be in collsym */
-		  collsym = 1;
-		}
-	      else if (collsym && c == '.' && pathname[i] == ']')
-		{
-		  temp[j++] = c;
-		  temp[j++] = pathname[i++];
-		  collsym = 0;
-		}
-	      else
-		temp[j++] = c;
-	    }
-	  while ((c = pathname[i++]) != ']');
-	  temp[j++] = c;	/* closing right bracket */
-	  i--;			/* increment will happen above in loop */
-	  continue;		/* skip double assignment below */
-	}
-      else if (pathname[i] == '\\' && (qflags & QGLOB_REGEXP) == 0)
-	{
-	  /* XXX - if not quoting regexp, use backslash as quote char. Should
-	     we just pass it through without treating it as special? That is
-	     what ksh93 seems to do. */
-
-	  /* If we want to pass through backslash unaltered, comment out these
-	     lines. */
-	  temp[j++] = '\\';
-
-	  i++;
-	  if (pathname[i] == '\0')
-	    break;
-	}
-      else if (pathname[i] == '\\' && (qflags & QGLOB_REGEXP))
-        last_was_backslash = 1;
-      temp[j++] = pathname[i];
-    }
-endpat:
-  temp[j] = '\0';
-
-  return (temp);
-}
-
-char *
-quote_globbing_chars (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  size_t slen;
-  char *temp, *s, *t, *send;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  send = string + slen;
-
-  temp = (char *)xmalloc (slen * 2 + 1);
-  for (t = temp, s = string; *s; )
-    {
-      if (glob_char_p (s))
-	*t++ = '\\';
-
-      /* Copy a single (possibly multibyte) character from s to t,
-	 incrementing both. */
-      COPY_CHAR_P (t, s, send);
-    }
-  *t = '\0';
-  return temp;
-}
-
-/* Call the glob library to do globbing on PATHNAME. */
-char **
-shell_glob_filename (pathname)
-     const char *pathname;
-{
-#if defined (USE_POSIX_GLOB_LIBRARY)
-  register int i;
-  char *temp, **results;
-  glob_t filenames;
-  int glob_flags;
-
-  temp = quote_string_for_globbing (pathname, QGLOB_FILENAME);
-
-  filenames.gl_offs = 0;
-
-#  if defined (GLOB_PERIOD)
-  glob_flags = glob_dot_filenames ? GLOB_PERIOD : 0;
-#  else
-  glob_flags = 0;
-#  endif /* !GLOB_PERIOD */
-
-  glob_flags |= (GLOB_ERR | GLOB_DOOFFS);
-
-  i = glob (temp, glob_flags, (posix_glob_errfunc_t *)NULL, &filenames);
-
-  free (temp);
-
-  if (i == GLOB_NOSPACE || i == GLOB_ABORTED)
-    return ((char **)NULL);
-  else if (i == GLOB_NOMATCH)
-    filenames.gl_pathv = (char **)NULL;
-  else if (i != 0)		/* other error codes not in POSIX.2 */
-    filenames.gl_pathv = (char **)NULL;
-
-  results = filenames.gl_pathv;
-
-  if (results && ((GLOB_FAILED (results)) == 0))
-    {
-      if (should_ignore_glob_matches ())
-	ignore_glob_matches (results);
-      if (results && results[0])
-	strvec_sort (results);
-      else
-	{
-	  FREE (results);
-	  results = (char **)NULL;
-	}
-    }
-
-  return (results);
-
-#else /* !USE_POSIX_GLOB_LIBRARY */
-
-  char *temp, **results;
-
-  noglob_dot_filenames = glob_dot_filenames == 0;
-
-  temp = quote_string_for_globbing (pathname, QGLOB_FILENAME);
-  results = glob_filename (temp, glob_star ? GX_GLOBSTAR : 0);
-  free (temp);
-
-  if (results && ((GLOB_FAILED (results)) == 0))
-    {
-      if (should_ignore_glob_matches ())
-	ignore_glob_matches (results);
-      if (results && results[0])
-	strvec_sort (results);
-      else
-	{
-	  FREE (results);
-	  results = (char **)&glob_error_return;
-	}
-    }
-
-  return (results);
-#endif /* !USE_POSIX_GLOB_LIBRARY */
-}
-
-/* Stuff for GLOBIGNORE. */
-
-static struct ignorevar globignore =
-{
-  "GLOBIGNORE",
-  (struct ign *)0,
-  0,
-  (char *)0,
-  (sh_iv_item_func_t *)0,
-};
-
-/* Set up to ignore some glob matches because the value of GLOBIGNORE
-   has changed.  If GLOBIGNORE is being unset, we also need to disable
-   the globbing of filenames beginning with a `.'. */
-void
-setup_glob_ignore (name)
-     char *name;
-{
-  char *v;
-
-  v = get_string_value (name);
-  setup_ignore_patterns (&globignore);
-
-  if (globignore.num_ignores)
-    glob_dot_filenames = 1;
-  else if (v == 0)
-    glob_dot_filenames = 0;
-}
-
-int
-should_ignore_glob_matches ()
-{
-  return globignore.num_ignores;
-}
-
-/* Return 0 if NAME matches a pattern in the globignore.ignores list. */
-static int
-glob_name_is_acceptable (name)
-     const char *name;
-{
-  struct ign *p;
-  int flags;
-
-  /* . and .. are never matched */
-  if (name[0] == '.' && (name[1] == '\0' || (name[1] == '.' && name[2] == '\0')))
-    return (0);
-
-  flags = FNM_PATHNAME | FNMATCH_EXTFLAG;
-  for (p = globignore.ignores; p->val; p++)
-    {
-      if (strmatch (p->val, (char *)name, flags) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	return (0);
-    }
-  return (1);
-}
-
-/* Internal function to test whether filenames in NAMES should be
-   ignored.  NAME_FUNC is a pointer to a function to call with each
-   name.  It returns non-zero if the name is acceptable to the particular
-   ignore function which called _ignore_names; zero if the name should
-   be removed from NAMES. */
-
-static void
-ignore_globbed_names (names, name_func)
-     char **names;
-     sh_ignore_func_t *name_func;
-{
-  char **newnames;
-  int n, i;
-
-  for (i = 0; names[i]; i++)
-    ;
-  newnames = strvec_create (i + 1);
-
-  for (n = i = 0; names[i]; i++)
-    {
-      if ((*name_func) (names[i]))
-	newnames[n++] = names[i];
-      else
-	free (names[i]);
-    }
-
-  newnames[n] = (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (n == 0)
-    {
-      names[0] = (char *)NULL;
-      free (newnames);
-      return;
-    }
-
-  /* Copy the acceptable names from NEWNAMES back to NAMES and set the
-     new array end. */
-  for (n = 0; newnames[n]; n++)
-    names[n] = newnames[n];
-  names[n] = (char *)NULL;
-  free (newnames);
-}
-
-void
-ignore_glob_matches (names)
-     char **names;
-{
-  if (globignore.num_ignores == 0)
-    return;
-
-  ignore_globbed_names (names, glob_name_is_acceptable);
-}
-
-static char *
-split_ignorespec (s, ip)
-     char *s;
-     int *ip;
-{
-  char *t;
-  int n, i;
-
-  if (s == 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  i = *ip;
-  if (s[i] == 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  n = skip_to_delim (s, i, ":", SD_NOJMP|SD_EXTGLOB);
-  t = substring (s, i, n);
-
-  if (s[n] == ':')
-    n++;  
-  *ip = n;  
-  return t;
-}
-  
-void
-setup_ignore_patterns (ivp)
-     struct ignorevar *ivp;
-{
-  int numitems, maxitems, ptr;
-  char *colon_bit, *this_ignoreval;
-  struct ign *p;
-
-  this_ignoreval = get_string_value (ivp->varname);
-
-  /* If nothing has changed then just exit now. */
-  if ((this_ignoreval && ivp->last_ignoreval && STREQ (this_ignoreval, ivp->last_ignoreval)) ||
-      (!this_ignoreval && !ivp->last_ignoreval))
-    return;
-
-  /* Oops.  The ignore variable has changed.  Re-parse it. */
-  ivp->num_ignores = 0;
-
-  if (ivp->ignores)
-    {
-      for (p = ivp->ignores; p->val; p++)
-	free(p->val);
-      free (ivp->ignores);
-      ivp->ignores = (struct ign *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  if (ivp->last_ignoreval)
-    {
-      free (ivp->last_ignoreval);
-      ivp->last_ignoreval = (char *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  if (this_ignoreval == 0 || *this_ignoreval == '\0')
-    return;
-
-  ivp->last_ignoreval = savestring (this_ignoreval);
-
-  numitems = maxitems = ptr = 0;
-
-#if 0
-  while (colon_bit = extract_colon_unit (this_ignoreval, &ptr))
-#else
-  while (colon_bit = split_ignorespec (this_ignoreval, &ptr))
-#endif
-    {
-      if (numitems + 1 >= maxitems)
-	{
-	  maxitems += 10;
-	  ivp->ignores = (struct ign *)xrealloc (ivp->ignores, maxitems * sizeof (struct ign));
-	}
-      ivp->ignores[numitems].val = colon_bit;
-      ivp->ignores[numitems].len = strlen (colon_bit);
-      ivp->ignores[numitems].flags = 0;
-      if (ivp->item_func)
-	(*ivp->item_func) (&ivp->ignores[numitems]);
-      numitems++;
-    }
-  ivp->ignores[numitems].val = (char *)NULL;
-  ivp->num_ignores = numitems;
-}
diff --git a/subst.c~ b/subst.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e61fb44..00000000
--- a/subst.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9817 +0,0 @@
-/* subst.c -- The part of the shell that does parameter, command, arithmetic,
-   and globbing substitutions. */
-
-/* ``Have a little faith, there's magic in the night.  You ain't a
-     beauty, but, hey, you're alright.'' */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#include "config.h"
-
-#include "bashtypes.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include "chartypes.h"
-#if defined (HAVE_PWD_H)
-#  include <pwd.h>
-#endif
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "bashansi.h"
-#include "posixstat.h"
-#include "bashintl.h"
-
-#include "shell.h"
-#include "parser.h"
-#include "flags.h"
-#include "jobs.h"
-#include "execute_cmd.h"
-#include "filecntl.h"
-#include "trap.h"
-#include "pathexp.h"
-#include "mailcheck.h"
-
-#include "shmbutil.h"
-#include "typemax.h"
-
-#include "builtins/getopt.h"
-#include "builtins/common.h"
-
-#include "builtins/builtext.h"
-
-#include <tilde/tilde.h>
-#include <glob/strmatch.h>
-
-#if !defined (errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif /* !errno */
-
-/* The size that strings change by. */
-#define DEFAULT_INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE 112
-#define DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE 128
-
-/* Variable types. */
-#define VT_VARIABLE	0
-#define VT_POSPARMS	1
-#define VT_ARRAYVAR	2
-#define VT_ARRAYMEMBER	3
-#define VT_ASSOCVAR	4
-
-#define VT_STARSUB	128	/* $* or ${array[*]} -- used to split */
-
-/* Flags for quoted_strchr */
-#define ST_BACKSL	0x01
-#define ST_CTLESC	0x02
-#define ST_SQUOTE	0x04	/* unused yet */
-#define ST_DQUOTE	0x08	/* unused yet */
-
-/* Flags for the `pflags' argument to param_expand() */
-#define PF_NOCOMSUB	0x01	/* Do not perform command substitution */
-#define PF_IGNUNBOUND	0x02	/* ignore unbound vars even if -u set */
-#define PF_NOSPLIT2	0x04	/* same as W_NOSPLIT2 */
-#define PF_ASSIGNRHS	0x08	/* same as W_ASSIGNRHS */
-
-/* These defs make it easier to use the editor. */
-#define LBRACE		'{'
-#define RBRACE		'}'
-#define LPAREN		'('
-#define RPAREN		')'
-#define LBRACK		'['
-#define RBRACK		']'
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-#define WLPAREN		L'('
-#define WRPAREN		L')'
-#endif
-
-/* Evaluates to 1 if C is one of the shell's special parameters whose length
-   can be taken, but is also one of the special expansion characters. */
-#define VALID_SPECIAL_LENGTH_PARAM(c) \
-  ((c) == '-' || (c) == '?' || (c) == '#')
-
-/* Evaluates to 1 if C is one of the shell's special parameters for which an
-   indirect variable reference may be made. */
-#define VALID_INDIR_PARAM(c) \
-  ((posixly_correct == 0 && (c) == '#') || (posixly_correct == 0 && (c) == '?') || (c) == '@' || (c) == '*')
-
-/* Evaluates to 1 if C is one of the OP characters that follows the parameter
-   in ${parameter[:]OPword}. */
-#define VALID_PARAM_EXPAND_CHAR(c) (sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char)c] & CSUBSTOP)
-
-/* Evaluates to 1 if this is one of the shell's special variables. */
-#define SPECIAL_VAR(name, wi) \
- ((DIGIT (*name) && all_digits (name)) || \
-      (name[1] == '\0' && (sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char)*name] & CSPECVAR)) || \
-      (wi && name[2] == '\0' && VALID_INDIR_PARAM (name[1])))
-
-/* An expansion function that takes a string and a quoted flag and returns
-   a WORD_LIST *.  Used as the type of the third argument to
-   expand_string_if_necessary(). */
-typedef WORD_LIST *EXPFUNC __P((char *, int));
-
-/* Process ID of the last command executed within command substitution. */
-pid_t last_command_subst_pid = NO_PID;
-pid_t current_command_subst_pid = NO_PID;
-
-/* Variables used to keep track of the characters in IFS. */
-SHELL_VAR *ifs_var;
-char *ifs_value;
-unsigned char ifs_cmap[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
-int ifs_is_set, ifs_is_null;
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-unsigned char ifs_firstc[MB_LEN_MAX];
-size_t ifs_firstc_len;
-#else
-unsigned char ifs_firstc;
-#endif
-
-/* Sentinel to tell when we are performing variable assignments preceding a
-   command name and putting them into the environment.  Used to make sure
-   we use the temporary environment when looking up variable values. */
-int assigning_in_environment;
-
-/* Used to hold a list of variable assignments preceding a command.  Global
-   so the SIGCHLD handler in jobs.c can unwind-protect it when it runs a
-   SIGCHLD trap and so it can be saved and restored by the trap handlers. */
-WORD_LIST *subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-
-/* Extern functions and variables from different files. */
-extern int last_command_exit_value, last_command_exit_signal;
-extern int subshell_environment, line_number;
-extern int subshell_level, parse_and_execute_level, sourcelevel;
-extern int eof_encountered;
-extern int return_catch_flag, return_catch_value;
-extern pid_t dollar_dollar_pid;
-extern int posixly_correct;
-extern char *this_command_name;
-extern struct fd_bitmap *current_fds_to_close;
-extern int wordexp_only;
-extern int expanding_redir;
-extern int tempenv_assign_error;
-extern int builtin_ignoring_errexit;
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_WCSDUP) && defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-extern wchar_t *wcsdup __P((const wchar_t *));
-#endif
-
-/* Non-zero means to allow unmatched globbed filenames to expand to
-   a null file. */
-int allow_null_glob_expansion;
-
-/* Non-zero means to throw an error when globbing fails to match anything. */
-int fail_glob_expansion;
-
-#if 0
-/* Variables to keep track of which words in an expanded word list (the
-   output of expand_word_list_internal) are the result of globbing
-   expansions.  GLOB_ARGV_FLAGS is used by execute_cmd.c.
-   (CURRENTLY UNUSED). */
-char *glob_argv_flags;
-static int glob_argv_flags_size;
-#endif
-
-static WORD_LIST expand_word_error, expand_word_fatal;
-static WORD_DESC expand_wdesc_error, expand_wdesc_fatal;
-static char expand_param_error, expand_param_fatal;
-static char extract_string_error, extract_string_fatal;
-
-/* Tell the expansion functions to not longjmp back to top_level on fatal
-   errors.  Enabled when doing completion and prompt string expansion. */
-static int no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 0;
-
-/* Set by expand_word_unsplit; used to inhibit splitting and re-joining
-   $* on $IFS, primarily when doing assignment statements. */
-static int expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
-
-/* A WORD_LIST of words to be expanded by expand_word_list_internal,
-   without any leading variable assignments. */
-static WORD_LIST *garglist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-
-static char *quoted_substring __P((char *, int, int));
-static int quoted_strlen __P((char *));
-static char *quoted_strchr __P((char *, int, int));
-
-static char *expand_string_if_necessary __P((char *, int, EXPFUNC *));
-static inline char *expand_string_to_string_internal __P((char *, int, EXPFUNC *));
-static WORD_LIST *call_expand_word_internal __P((WORD_DESC *, int, int, int *, int *));
-static WORD_LIST *expand_string_internal __P((char *, int));
-static WORD_LIST *expand_string_leave_quoted __P((char *, int));
-static WORD_LIST *expand_string_for_rhs __P((char *, int, int *, int *));
-
-static WORD_LIST *list_quote_escapes __P((WORD_LIST *));
-static WORD_LIST *list_dequote_escapes __P((WORD_LIST *));
-
-static char *make_quoted_char __P((int));
-static WORD_LIST *quote_list __P((WORD_LIST *));
-
-static int unquoted_substring __P((char *, char *));
-static int unquoted_member __P((int, char *));
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-static SHELL_VAR *do_compound_assignment __P((char *, char *, int));
-#endif
-static int do_assignment_internal __P((const WORD_DESC *, int));
-
-static char *string_extract_verbatim __P((char *, size_t, int *, char *, int));
-static char *string_extract __P((char *, int *, char *, int));
-static char *string_extract_double_quoted __P((char *, int *, int));
-static inline char *string_extract_single_quoted __P((char *, int *));
-static inline int skip_single_quoted __P((const char *, size_t, int));
-static int skip_double_quoted __P((char *, size_t, int));
-static char *extract_delimited_string __P((char *, int *, char *, char *, char *, int));
-static char *extract_dollar_brace_string __P((char *, int *, int, int));
-static int skip_matched_pair __P((const char *, int, int, int, int));
-
-static char *pos_params __P((char *, int, int, int));
-
-static unsigned char *mb_getcharlens __P((char *, int));
-
-static char *remove_upattern __P((char *, char *, int));
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) 
-static wchar_t *remove_wpattern __P((wchar_t *, size_t, wchar_t *, int));
-#endif
-static char *remove_pattern __P((char *, char *, int));
-
-static int match_upattern __P((char *, char *, int, char **, char **));
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-static int match_wpattern __P((wchar_t *, char **, size_t, wchar_t *, int, char **, char **));
-#endif
-static int match_pattern __P((char *, char *, int, char **, char **));
-static int getpatspec __P((int, char *));
-static char *getpattern __P((char *, int, int));
-static char *variable_remove_pattern __P((char *, char *, int, int));
-static char *list_remove_pattern __P((WORD_LIST *, char *, int, int, int));
-static char *parameter_list_remove_pattern __P((int, char *, int, int));
-#ifdef ARRAY_VARS
-static char *array_remove_pattern __P((SHELL_VAR *, char *, int, char *, int));
-#endif
-static char *parameter_brace_remove_pattern __P((char *, char *, int, char *, int, int, int));
-
-static char *process_substitute __P((char *, int));
-
-static char *read_comsub __P((int, int, int *));
-
-#ifdef ARRAY_VARS
-static arrayind_t array_length_reference __P((char *));
-#endif
-
-static int valid_brace_expansion_word __P((char *, int));
-static int chk_atstar __P((char *, int, int *, int *));
-static int chk_arithsub __P((const char *, int));
-
-static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand_word __P((char *, int, int, int, arrayind_t *));
-static char *parameter_brace_find_indir __P((char *, int, int, int));
-static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand_indir __P((char *, int, int, int *, int *));
-static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand_rhs __P((char *, char *, int, int, int *, int *));
-static void parameter_brace_expand_error __P((char *, char *));
-
-static int valid_length_expression __P((char *));
-static intmax_t parameter_brace_expand_length __P((char *));
-
-static char *skiparith __P((char *, int));
-static int verify_substring_values __P((SHELL_VAR *, char *, char *, int, intmax_t *, intmax_t *));
-static int get_var_and_type __P((char *, char *, arrayind_t, int, int, SHELL_VAR **, char **));
-static char *mb_substring __P((char *, int, int));
-static char *parameter_brace_substring __P((char *, char *, int, char *, int, int));
-
-static int shouldexp_replacement __P((char *));
-
-static char *pos_params_pat_subst __P((char *, char *, char *, int));
-
-static char *parameter_brace_patsub __P((char *, char *, int, char *, int, int));
-
-static char *pos_params_casemod __P((char *, char *, int, int));
-static char *parameter_brace_casemod __P((char *, char *, int, int, char *, int, int));
-
-static WORD_DESC *parameter_brace_expand __P((char *, int *, int, int, int *, int *));
-static WORD_DESC *param_expand __P((char *, int *, int, int *, int *, int *, int *, int));
-
-static WORD_LIST *expand_word_internal __P((WORD_DESC *, int, int, int *, int *));
-
-static WORD_LIST *word_list_split __P((WORD_LIST *));
-
-static void exp_jump_to_top_level __P((int));
-
-static WORD_LIST *separate_out_assignments __P((WORD_LIST *));
-static WORD_LIST *glob_expand_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
-#ifdef BRACE_EXPANSION
-static WORD_LIST *brace_expand_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
-#endif
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-static int make_internal_declare __P((char *, char *));
-#endif
-static WORD_LIST *shell_expand_word_list __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
-static WORD_LIST *expand_word_list_internal __P((WORD_LIST *, int));
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*			Utility Functions			    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-#if defined (DEBUG)
-void
-dump_word_flags (flags)
-     int flags;
-{
-  int f;
-
-  f = flags;
-  fprintf (stderr, "%d -> ", f);
-  if (f & W_ASSIGNASSOC)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSIGNASSOC;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNASSOC%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ASSIGNARRAY)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSIGNARRAY;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNARRAY%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_HASCTLESC)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_HASCTLESC;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_HASCTLESC%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOPROCSUB)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOPROCSUB;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOPROCSUB%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_DQUOTE)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_DQUOTE;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_DQUOTE%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_HASQUOTEDNULL)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_HASQUOTEDNULL%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ASSIGNARG)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSIGNARG;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNARG%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ASSNBLTIN)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSNBLTIN;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSNBLTIN%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ASSNGLOBAL)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSNGLOBAL;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSNGLOBAL%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ASSIGNINT)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSIGNINT;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNINT%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_COMPASSIGN)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_COMPASSIGN;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_COMPASSIGN%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOEXPAND)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOEXPAND;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOEXPAND%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ITILDE)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ITILDE;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ITILDE%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOTILDE)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOTILDE;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOTILDE%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ASSIGNRHS)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSIGNRHS;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNRHS%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOCOMSUB)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOCOMSUB;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOCOMSUB%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_DOLLARSTAR)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_DOLLARSTAR;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_DOLLARSTAR%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_DOLLARAT)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_DOLLARAT;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_DOLLARAT%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_TILDEEXP)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_TILDEEXP;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_TILDEEXP%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOSPLIT2)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOSPLIT2;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOSPLIT2%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOSPLIT)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOSPLIT;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOSPLIT%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOBRACE)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOBRACE;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOBRACE%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_NOGLOB)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_NOGLOB;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_NOGLOB%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_SPLITSPACE)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_SPLITSPACE;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_SPLITSPACE%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_ASSIGNMENT)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_ASSIGNMENT;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_ASSIGNMENT%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_QUOTED)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_QUOTED;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_QUOTED%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  if (f & W_HASDOLLAR)
-    {
-      f &= ~W_HASDOLLAR;
-      fprintf (stderr, "W_HASDOLLAR%s", f ? "|" : "");
-    }
-  fprintf (stderr, "\n");
-  fflush (stderr);
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
-static char *
-quoted_substring (string, start, end)
-     char *string;
-     int start, end;
-{
-  register int len, l;
-  register char *result, *s, *r;
-
-  len = end - start;
-
-  /* Move to string[start], skipping quoted characters. */
-  for (s = string, l = 0; *s && l < start; )
-    {
-      if (*s == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  s++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      l++;
-      if (*s == 0)
-	break;
-    }
-
-  r = result = (char *)xmalloc (2*len + 1);      /* save room for quotes */
-
-  /* Copy LEN characters, including quote characters. */
-  s = string + l;
-  for (l = 0; l < len; s++)
-    {
-      if (*s == CTLESC)
-	*r++ = *s++;
-      *r++ = *s;
-      l++;
-      if (*s == 0)
-	break;
-    }
-  *r = '\0';
-  return result;
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
-/* Return the length of S, skipping over quoted characters */
-static int
-quoted_strlen (s)
-     char *s;
-{
-  register char *p;
-  int i;
-
-  i = 0;
-  for (p = s; *p; p++)
-    {
-      if (*p == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  p++;
-	  if (*p == 0)
-	    return (i + 1);
-	}
-      i++;
-    }
-
-  return i;
-}
-#endif
-
-/* Find the first occurrence of character C in string S, obeying shell
-   quoting rules.  If (FLAGS & ST_BACKSL) is non-zero, backslash-escaped
-   characters are skipped.  If (FLAGS & ST_CTLESC) is non-zero, characters
-   escaped with CTLESC are skipped. */
-static char *
-quoted_strchr (s, c, flags)
-     char *s;
-     int c, flags;
-{
-  register char *p;
-
-  for (p = s; *p; p++)
-    {
-      if (((flags & ST_BACKSL) && *p == '\\')
-	    || ((flags & ST_CTLESC) && *p == CTLESC))
-	{
-	  p++;
-	  if (*p == '\0')
-	    return ((char *)NULL);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (*p == c)
-	return p;
-    }
-  return ((char *)NULL);
-}
-
-/* Return 1 if CHARACTER appears in an unquoted portion of
-   STRING.  Return 0 otherwise.  CHARACTER must be a single-byte character. */
-static int
-unquoted_member (character, string)
-     int character;
-     char *string;
-{
-  size_t slen;
-  int sindex, c;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  sindex = 0;
-  while (c = string[sindex])
-    {
-      if (c == character)
-	return (1);
-
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	default:
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
-	  break;
-
-	case '\\':
-	  sindex++;
-	  if (string[sindex])
-	    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
-	  break;
-
-	case '\'':
-	  sindex = skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
-	  break;
-
-	case '"':
-	  sindex = skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-  return (0);
-}
-
-/* Return 1 if SUBSTR appears in an unquoted portion of STRING. */
-static int
-unquoted_substring (substr, string)
-     char *substr, *string;
-{
-  size_t slen;
-  int sindex, c, sublen;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  if (substr == 0 || *substr == '\0')
-    return (0);
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  sublen = strlen (substr);
-  for (sindex = 0; c = string[sindex]; )
-    {
-      if (STREQN (string + sindex, substr, sublen))
-	return (1);
-
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case '\\':
-	  sindex++;
-	  if (string[sindex])
-	    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
-	  break;
-
-	case '\'':
-	  sindex = skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
-	  break;
-
-	case '"':
-	  sindex = skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++sindex);
-	  break;
-
-	default:
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-  return (0);
-}
-
-/* Most of the substitutions must be done in parallel.  In order
-   to avoid using tons of unclear goto's, I have some functions
-   for manipulating malloc'ed strings.  They all take INDX, a
-   pointer to an integer which is the offset into the string
-   where manipulation is taking place.  They also take SIZE, a
-   pointer to an integer which is the current length of the
-   character array for this string. */
-
-/* Append SOURCE to TARGET at INDEX.  SIZE is the current amount
-   of space allocated to TARGET.  SOURCE can be NULL, in which
-   case nothing happens.  Gets rid of SOURCE by freeing it.
-   Returns TARGET in case the location has changed. */
-INLINE char *
-sub_append_string (source, target, indx, size)
-     char *source, *target;
-     int *indx, *size;
-{
-  if (source)
-    {
-      int srclen, n;
-
-      srclen = STRLEN (source);
-      if (srclen >= (int)(*size - *indx))
-	{
-	  n = srclen + *indx;
-	  n = (n + DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE) - (n % DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
-	  target = (char *)xrealloc (target, (*size = n));
-	}
-
-      FASTCOPY (source, target + *indx, srclen);
-      *indx += srclen;
-      target[*indx] = '\0';
-
-      free (source);
-    }
-  return (target);
-}
-
-#if 0
-/* UNUSED */
-/* Append the textual representation of NUMBER to TARGET.
-   INDX and SIZE are as in SUB_APPEND_STRING. */
-char *
-sub_append_number (number, target, indx, size)
-     intmax_t number;
-     int *indx, *size;
-     char *target;
-{
-  char *temp;
-
-  temp = itos (number);
-  return (sub_append_string (temp, target, indx, size));
-}
-#endif
-
-/* Extract a substring from STRING, starting at SINDEX and ending with
-   one of the characters in CHARLIST.  Don't make the ending character
-   part of the string.  Leave SINDEX pointing at the ending character.
-   Understand about backslashes in the string.  If (flags & SX_VARNAME)
-   is non-zero, and array variables have been compiled into the shell,
-   everything between a `[' and a corresponding `]' is skipped over.
-   If (flags & SX_NOALLOC) is non-zero, don't return the substring, just
-   update SINDEX.  If (flags & SX_REQMATCH) is non-zero, the string must
-   contain a closing character from CHARLIST. */
-static char *
-string_extract (string, sindex, charlist, flags)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex;
-     char *charlist;
-     int flags;
-{
-  register int c, i;
-  int found;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *temp;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex : 0;
-  i = *sindex;
-  found = 0;
-  while (c = string[i])
-    {
-      if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  if (string[i + 1])
-	    i++;
-	  else
-	    break;
-	}
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      else if ((flags & SX_VARNAME) && c == '[')
-	{
-	  int ni;
-	  /* If this is an array subscript, skip over it and continue. */
-	  ni = skipsubscript (string, i, 0);
-	  if (string[ni] == ']')
-	    i = ni;
-	}
-#endif
-      else if (MEMBER (c, charlist))
-	{
-	  found = 1;
-	  break;
-	}
-
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-  /* If we had to have a matching delimiter and didn't find one, return an
-     error and let the caller deal with it. */
-  if ((flags & SX_REQMATCH) && found == 0)
-    {
-      *sindex = i;
-      return (&extract_string_error);
-    }
-  
-  temp = (flags & SX_NOALLOC) ? (char *)NULL : substring (string, *sindex, i);
-  *sindex = i;
-  
-  return (temp);
-}
-
-/* Extract the contents of STRING as if it is enclosed in double quotes.
-   SINDEX, when passed in, is the offset of the character immediately
-   following the opening double quote; on exit, SINDEX is left pointing after
-   the closing double quote.  If STRIPDQ is non-zero, unquoted double
-   quotes are stripped and the string is terminated by a null byte.
-   Backslashes between the embedded double quotes are processed.  If STRIPDQ
-   is zero, an unquoted `"' terminates the string. */
-static char *
-string_extract_double_quoted (string, sindex, stripdq)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex, stripdq;
-{
-  size_t slen;
-  char *send;
-  int j, i, t;
-  unsigned char c;
-  char *temp, *ret;		/* The new string we return. */
-  int pass_next, backquote, si;	/* State variables for the machine. */
-  int dquote;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex;
-  send = string + slen;
-
-  pass_next = backquote = dquote = 0;
-  temp = (char *)xmalloc (1 + slen - *sindex);
-
-  j = 0;
-  i = *sindex;
-  while (c = string[i])
-    {
-      /* Process a character that was quoted by a backslash. */
-      if (pass_next)
-	{
-	  /* XXX - take another look at this in light of Interp 221 */
-	  /* Posix.2 sez:
-
-	     ``The backslash shall retain its special meaning as an escape
-	     character only when followed by one of the characters:
-		$	`	"	\	<newline>''.
-
-	     If STRIPDQ is zero, we handle the double quotes here and let
-	     expand_word_internal handle the rest.  If STRIPDQ is non-zero,
-	     we have already been through one round of backslash stripping,
-	     and want to strip these backslashes only if DQUOTE is non-zero,
-	     indicating that we are inside an embedded double-quoted string. */
-
-	     /* If we are in an embedded quoted string, then don't strip
-		backslashes before characters for which the backslash
-		retains its special meaning, but remove backslashes in
-		front of other characters.  If we are not in an
-		embedded quoted string, don't strip backslashes at all.
-		This mess is necessary because the string was already
-		surrounded by double quotes (and sh has some really weird
-		quoting rules).
-		The returned string will be run through expansion as if
-		it were double-quoted. */
-	  if ((stripdq == 0 && c != '"') ||
-	      (stripdq && ((dquote && (sh_syntaxtab[c] & CBSDQUOTE)) || dquote == 0)))
-	    temp[j++] = '\\';
-	  pass_next = 0;
-
-add_one_character:
-	  COPY_CHAR_I (temp, j, string, send, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* A backslash protects the next character.  The code just above
-	 handles preserving the backslash in front of any character but
-	 a double quote. */
-      if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_next++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Inside backquotes, ``the portion of the quoted string from the
-	 initial backquote and the characters up to the next backquote
-	 that is not preceded by a backslash, having escape characters
-	 removed, defines that command''. */
-      if (backquote)
-	{
-	  if (c == '`')
-	    backquote = 0;
-	  temp[j++] = c;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (c == '`')
-	{
-	  temp[j++] = c;
-	  backquote++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Pass everything between `$(' and the matching `)' or a quoted
-	 ${ ... } pair through according to the Posix.2 specification. */
-      if (c == '$' && ((string[i + 1] == LPAREN) || (string[i + 1] == LBRACE)))
-	{
-	  int free_ret = 1;
-
-	  si = i + 2;
-	  if (string[i + 1] == LPAREN)
-	    ret = extract_command_subst (string, &si, 0);
-	  else
-	    ret = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, 0);
-
-	  temp[j++] = '$';
-	  temp[j++] = string[i + 1];
-
-	  /* Just paranoia; ret will not be 0 unless no_longjmp_on_fatal_error
-	     is set. */
-	  if (ret == 0 && no_longjmp_on_fatal_error)
-	    {
-	      free_ret = 0;
-	      ret = string + i + 2;
-	    }
-
-	  for (t = 0; ret[t]; t++, j++)
-	    temp[j] = ret[t];
-	  temp[j] = string[si];
-
-	  if (string[si])
-	    {
-	      j++;
-	      i = si + 1;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    i = si;
-
-	  if (free_ret)
-	    free (ret);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Add any character but a double quote to the quoted string we're
-	 accumulating. */
-      if (c != '"')
-	goto add_one_character;
-
-      /* c == '"' */
-      if (stripdq)
-	{
-	  dquote ^= 1;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      break;
-    }
-  temp[j] = '\0';
-
-  /* Point to after the closing quote. */
-  if (c)
-    i++;
-  *sindex = i;
-
-  return (temp);
-}
-
-/* This should really be another option to string_extract_double_quoted. */
-static int
-skip_double_quoted (string, slen, sind)
-     char *string;
-     size_t slen;
-     int sind;
-{
-  int c, i;
-  char *ret;
-  int pass_next, backquote, si;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  pass_next = backquote = 0;
-  i = sind;
-  while (c = string[i])
-    {
-      if (pass_next)
-	{
-	  pass_next = 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_next++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (backquote)
-	{
-	  if (c == '`')
-	    backquote = 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '`')
-	{
-	  backquote++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '$' && ((string[i + 1] == LPAREN) || (string[i + 1] == LBRACE)))
-	{
-	  si = i + 2;
-	  if (string[i + 1] == LPAREN)
-	    ret = extract_command_subst (string, &si, SX_NOALLOC);
-	  else
-	    ret = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, SX_NOALLOC);
-
-	  i = si + 1;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c != '"')
-	{
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else
-	break;
-    }
-
-  if (c)
-    i++;
-
-  return (i);
-}
-
-/* Extract the contents of STRING as if it is enclosed in single quotes.
-   SINDEX, when passed in, is the offset of the character immediately
-   following the opening single quote; on exit, SINDEX is left pointing after
-   the closing single quote. */
-static inline char *
-string_extract_single_quoted (string, sindex)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex;
-{
-  register int i;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *t;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  /* Don't need slen for ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex : 0;
-  i = *sindex;
-  while (string[i] && string[i] != '\'')
-    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-
-  t = substring (string, *sindex, i);
-
-  if (string[i])
-    i++;
-  *sindex = i;
-
-  return (t);
-}
-
-static inline int
-skip_single_quoted (string, slen, sind)
-     const char *string;
-     size_t slen;
-     int sind;
-{
-  register int c;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  c = sind;
-  while (string[c] && string[c] != '\'')
-    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, c);
-
-  if (string[c])
-    c++;
-  return c;
-}
-
-/* Just like string_extract, but doesn't hack backslashes or any of
-   that other stuff.  Obeys CTLESC quoting.  Used to do splitting on $IFS. */
-static char *
-string_extract_verbatim (string, slen, sindex, charlist, flags)
-     char *string;
-     size_t slen;
-     int *sindex;
-     char *charlist;
-     int flags;
-{
-  register int i;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  size_t clen;
-  wchar_t *wcharlist;
-#endif
-  int c;
-  char *temp;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  if (charlist[0] == '\'' && charlist[1] == '\0')
-    {
-      temp = string_extract_single_quoted (string, sindex);
-      --*sindex;	/* leave *sindex at separator character */
-      return temp;
-    }
-
-  i = *sindex;
-#if 0
-  /* See how the MBLEN and ADVANCE_CHAR macros work to understand why we need
-     this only if MB_CUR_MAX > 1. */
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex : 1;
-#endif
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  clen = strlen (charlist);
-  wcharlist = 0;
-#endif
-  while (c = string[i])
-    {
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-      size_t mblength;
-#endif
-      if ((flags & SX_NOCTLESC) == 0 && c == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  i += 2;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      /* Even if flags contains SX_NOCTLESC, we let CTLESC quoting CTLNUL
-	 through, to protect the CTLNULs from later calls to
-	 remove_quoted_nulls. */
-      else if ((flags & SX_NOESCCTLNUL) == 0 && c == CTLESC && string[i+1] == CTLNUL)
-	{
-	  i += 2;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-      mblength = MBLEN (string + i, slen - i);
-      if (mblength > 1)
-	{
-	  wchar_t wc;
-	  mblength = mbtowc (&wc, string + i, slen - i);
-	  if (MB_INVALIDCH (mblength))
-	    {
-	      if (MEMBER (c, charlist))
-		break;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      if (wcharlist == 0)
-		{
-		  size_t len;
-		  len = mbstowcs (wcharlist, charlist, 0);
-		  if (len == -1)
-		    len = 0;
-		  wcharlist = (wchar_t *)xmalloc (sizeof (wchar_t) * (len + 1));
-		  mbstowcs (wcharlist, charlist, len + 1);
-		}
-
-	      if (wcschr (wcharlist, wc))
-		break;
-	    }
-	}
-      else		
-#endif
-      if (MEMBER (c, charlist))
-	break;
-
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  FREE (wcharlist);
-#endif
-
-  temp = substring (string, *sindex, i);
-  *sindex = i;
-
-  return (temp);
-}
-
-/* Extract the $( construct in STRING, and return a new string.
-   Start extracting at (SINDEX) as if we had just seen "$(".
-   Make (SINDEX) get the position of the matching ")". )
-   XFLAGS is additional flags to pass to other extraction functions. */
-char *
-extract_command_subst (string, sindex, xflags)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex;
-     int xflags;
-{
-  if (string[*sindex] == LPAREN)
-    return (extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, "$(", "(", ")", xflags|SX_COMMAND)); /*)*/
-  else
-    {
-      xflags |= (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error ? SX_NOLONGJMP : 0);
-      return (xparse_dolparen (string, string+*sindex, sindex, xflags));
-    }
-}
-
-/* Extract the $[ construct in STRING, and return a new string. (])
-   Start extracting at (SINDEX) as if we had just seen "$[".
-   Make (SINDEX) get the position of the matching "]". */
-char *
-extract_arithmetic_subst (string, sindex)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex;
-{
-  return (extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, "$[", "[", "]", 0)); /*]*/
-}
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-/* Extract the <( or >( construct in STRING, and return a new string.
-   Start extracting at (SINDEX) as if we had just seen "<(".
-   Make (SINDEX) get the position of the matching ")". */ /*))*/
-char *
-extract_process_subst (string, starter, sindex, xflags)
-     char *string;
-     char *starter;
-     int *sindex;
-     int xflags;
-{
-#if 0
-  return (extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, starter, "(", ")", SX_COMMAND));
-#else
-  xflags |= (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error ? SX_NOLONGJMP : 0);
-  return (xparse_dolparen (string, string+*sindex, sindex, xflags));
-#endif
-}
-#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-/* This can be fooled by unquoted right parens in the passed string. If
-   each caller verifies that the last character in STRING is a right paren,
-   we don't even need to call extract_delimited_string. */
-char *
-extract_array_assignment_list (string, sindex)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex;
-{
-  int slen;
-  char *ret;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);	/* ( */
-  if (string[slen - 1] == ')')
-   {
-      ret = substring (string, *sindex, slen - 1);
-      *sindex = slen - 1;
-      return ret;
-    }
-  return 0;  
-}
-#endif
-
-/* Extract and create a new string from the contents of STRING, a
-   character string delimited with OPENER and CLOSER.  SINDEX is
-   the address of an int describing the current offset in STRING;
-   it should point to just after the first OPENER found.  On exit,
-   SINDEX gets the position of the last character of the matching CLOSER.
-   If OPENER is more than a single character, ALT_OPENER, if non-null,
-   contains a character string that can also match CLOSER and thus
-   needs to be skipped. */
-static char *
-extract_delimited_string (string, sindex, opener, alt_opener, closer, flags)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex;
-     char *opener, *alt_opener, *closer;
-     int flags;
-{
-  int i, c, si;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *t, *result;
-  int pass_character, nesting_level, in_comment;
-  int len_closer, len_opener, len_alt_opener;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex;
-  len_opener = STRLEN (opener);
-  len_alt_opener = STRLEN (alt_opener);
-  len_closer = STRLEN (closer);
-
-  pass_character = in_comment = 0;
-
-  nesting_level = 1;
-  i = *sindex;
-
-  while (nesting_level)
-    {
-      c = string[i];
-
-      if (c == 0)
-	break;
-
-      if (in_comment)
-	{
-	  if (c == '\n')
-	    in_comment = 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (pass_character)	/* previous char was backslash */
-	{
-	  pass_character = 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Not exactly right yet; should handle shell metacharacters and
-	 multibyte characters, too.  See COMMENT_BEGIN define in parse.y */
-      if ((flags & SX_COMMAND) && c == '#' && (i == 0 || string[i - 1] == '\n' || shellblank (string[i - 1])))
-	{
-          in_comment = 1;
-          ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-          continue;
-	}
-        
-      if (c == CTLESC || c == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_character++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Process a nested command substitution, but only if we're parsing an
-	 arithmetic substitution. */
-      if ((flags & SX_COMMAND) && string[i] == '$' && string[i+1] == LPAREN)
-        {
-          si = i + 2;
-          t = extract_command_subst (string, &si, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
-          i = si + 1;
-          continue;
-        }
-
-      /* Process a nested OPENER. */
-      if (STREQN (string + i, opener, len_opener))
-	{
-	  si = i + len_opener;
-	  t = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, opener, alt_opener, closer, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
-	  i = si + 1;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Process a nested ALT_OPENER */
-      if (len_alt_opener && STREQN (string + i, alt_opener, len_alt_opener))
-	{
-	  si = i + len_alt_opener;
-	  t = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, alt_opener, alt_opener, closer, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
-	  i = si + 1;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* If the current substring terminates the delimited string, decrement
-	 the nesting level. */
-      if (STREQN (string + i, closer, len_closer))
-	{
-	  i += len_closer - 1;	/* move to last byte of the closer */
-	  nesting_level--;
-	  if (nesting_level == 0)
-	    break;
-	}
-
-      /* Pass old-style command substitution through verbatim. */
-      if (c == '`')
-	{
-	  si = i + 1;
-	  t = string_extract (string, &si, "`", flags|SX_NOALLOC);
-	  i = si + 1;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Pass single-quoted and double-quoted strings through verbatim. */
-      if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
-	{
-	  si = i + 1;
-	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, si)
-			  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, si);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* move past this character, which was not special. */
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-  if (c == 0 && nesting_level)
-    {
-      if (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error == 0)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  report_error (_("bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s"), closer, string);
-	  exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  *sindex = i;
-	  return (char *)NULL;
-	}
-    }
-
-  si = i - *sindex - len_closer + 1;
-  if (flags & SX_NOALLOC)
-    result = (char *)NULL;
-  else    
-    {
-      result = (char *)xmalloc (1 + si);
-      strncpy (result, string + *sindex, si);
-      result[si] = '\0';
-    }
-  *sindex = i;
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Extract a parameter expansion expression within ${ and } from STRING.
-   Obey the Posix.2 rules for finding the ending `}': count braces while
-   skipping over enclosed quoted strings and command substitutions.
-   SINDEX is the address of an int describing the current offset in STRING;
-   it should point to just after the first `{' found.  On exit, SINDEX
-   gets the position of the matching `}'.  QUOTED is non-zero if this
-   occurs inside double quotes. */
-/* XXX -- this is very similar to extract_delimited_string -- XXX */
-static char *
-extract_dollar_brace_string (string, sindex, quoted, flags)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex, quoted, flags;
-{
-  register int i, c;
-  size_t slen;
-  int pass_character, nesting_level, si, dolbrace_state;
-  char *result, *t;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  pass_character = 0;
-  nesting_level = 1;
-  slen = strlen (string + *sindex) + *sindex;
-
-  /* The handling of dolbrace_state needs to agree with the code in parse.y:
-     parse_matched_pair().  The different initial value is to handle the
-     case where this function is called to parse the word in
-     ${param op word} (SX_WORD). */
-  dolbrace_state = (flags & SX_WORD) ? DOLBRACE_WORD : DOLBRACE_PARAM;
-  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && (flags & SX_POSIXEXP))
-    dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
-
-  i = *sindex;
-  while (c = string[i])
-    {
-      if (pass_character)
-	{
-	  pass_character = 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* CTLESCs and backslashes quote the next character. */
-      if (c == CTLESC || c == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_character++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (string[i] == '$' && string[i+1] == LBRACE)
-	{
-	  nesting_level++;
-	  i += 2;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (c == RBRACE)
-	{
-	  nesting_level--;
-	  if (nesting_level == 0)
-	    break;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Pass the contents of old-style command substitutions through
-	 verbatim. */
-      if (c == '`')
-	{
-	  si = i + 1;
-	  t = string_extract (string, &si, "`", flags|SX_NOALLOC);
-	  i = si + 1;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Pass the contents of new-style command substitutions and
-	 arithmetic substitutions through verbatim. */
-      if (string[i] == '$' && string[i+1] == LPAREN)
-	{
-	  si = i + 2;
-	  t = extract_command_subst (string, &si, flags|SX_NOALLOC);
-	  i = si + 1;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Pass the contents of double-quoted strings through verbatim. */
-      if (c == '"')
-	{
-	  si = i + 1;
-	  i = skip_double_quoted (string, slen, si);
-	  /* skip_XXX_quoted leaves index one past close quote */
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      if (c == '\'')
-	{
-/*itrace("extract_dollar_brace_string: c == single quote flags = %d quoted = %d dolbrace_state = %d", flags, quoted, dolbrace_state);*/
-	  if (posixly_correct && shell_compatibility_level > 42 && dolbrace_state != DOLBRACE_QUOTE && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-	    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  else
-	    {
-	      si = i + 1;
-	      i = skip_single_quoted (string, slen, si);
-	    }
-
-          continue;
-	}
-
-      /* move past this character, which was not special. */
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-
-      /* This logic must agree with parse.y:parse_matched_pair, since they
-	 share the same defines. */
-      if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '%' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
-	dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
-      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '#' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
-        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
-      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '/' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
-        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE2;	/* XXX */
-      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == '^' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
-        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
-      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && c == ',' && (i - *sindex) > 1)
-        dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_QUOTE;
-      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_PARAM && strchr ("#%^,~:-=?+/", c) != 0)
-	dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_OP;
-      else if (dolbrace_state == DOLBRACE_OP && strchr ("#%^,~:-=?+/", c) == 0)
-	dolbrace_state = DOLBRACE_WORD;
-    }
-
-  if (c == 0 && nesting_level)
-    {
-      if (no_longjmp_on_fatal_error == 0)
-	{			/* { */
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  report_error (_("bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s"), "}", string);
-	  exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  *sindex = i;
-	  return ((char *)NULL);
-	}
-    }
-
-  result = (flags & SX_NOALLOC) ? (char *)NULL : substring (string, *sindex, i);
-  *sindex = i;
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Remove backslashes which are quoting backquotes from STRING.  Modifies
-   STRING, and returns a pointer to it. */
-char *
-de_backslash (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  register size_t slen;
-  register int i, j, prev_i;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  i = j = 0;
-
-  /* Loop copying string[i] to string[j], i >= j. */
-  while (i < slen)
-    {
-      if (string[i] == '\\' && (string[i + 1] == '`' || string[i + 1] == '\\' ||
-			      string[i + 1] == '$'))
-	i++;
-      prev_i = i;
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-      if (j < prev_i)
-	do string[j++] = string[prev_i++]; while (prev_i < i);
-      else
-	j = i;
-    }
-  string[j] = '\0';
-
-  return (string);
-}
-
-#if 0
-/*UNUSED*/
-/* Replace instances of \! in a string with !. */
-void
-unquote_bang (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  register int i, j;
-  register char *temp;
-
-  temp = (char *)xmalloc (1 + strlen (string));
-
-  for (i = 0, j = 0; (temp[j] = string[i]); i++, j++)
-    {
-      if (string[i] == '\\' && string[i + 1] == '!')
-	{
-	  temp[j] = '!';
-	  i++;
-	}
-    }
-  strcpy (string, temp);
-  free (temp);
-}
-#endif
-
-#define CQ_RETURN(x) do { no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 0; return (x); } while (0)
-
-/* This function assumes s[i] == open; returns with s[ret] == close; used to
-   parse array subscripts.  FLAGS & 1 means to not attempt to skip over
-   matched pairs of quotes or backquotes, or skip word expansions; it is
-   intended to be used after expansion has been performed and during final
-   assignment parsing (see arrayfunc.c:assign_compound_array_list()). */
-static int
-skip_matched_pair (string, start, open, close, flags)
-     const char *string;
-     int start, open, close, flags;
-{
-  int i, pass_next, backq, si, c, count;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *temp, *ss;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string + start) + start;
-  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
-
-  i = start + 1;		/* skip over leading bracket */
-  count = 1;
-  pass_next = backq = 0;
-  ss = (char *)string;
-  while (c = string[i])
-    {
-      if (pass_next)
-	{
-	  pass_next = 0;
-	  if (c == 0)
-	    CQ_RETURN(i);
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_next = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (backq)
-	{
-	  if (c == '`')
-	    backq = 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if ((flags & 1) == 0 && c == '`')
-	{
-	  backq = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if ((flags & 1) == 0 && c == open)
-	{
-	  count++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == close)
-	{
-	  count--;
-	  if (count == 0)
-	    break;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if ((flags & 1) == 0 && (c == '\'' || c == '"'))
-	{
-	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (ss, slen, ++i)
-			  : skip_double_quoted (ss, slen, ++i);
-	  /* no increment, the skip functions increment past the closing quote. */
-	}
-      else if ((flags&1) == 0 && c == '$' && (string[i+1] == LPAREN || string[i+1] == LBRACE))
-	{
-	  si = i + 2;
-	  if (string[si] == '\0')
-	    CQ_RETURN(si);
-
-	  if (string[i+1] == LPAREN)
-	    temp = extract_delimited_string (ss, &si, "$(", "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC|SX_COMMAND); /* ) */
-	  else
-	    temp = extract_dollar_brace_string (ss, &si, 0, SX_NOALLOC);
-	  i = si;
-	  if (string[i] == '\0')	/* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
-	    break;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else
-	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-  CQ_RETURN(i);
-}
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-int
-skipsubscript (string, start, flags)
-     const char *string;
-     int start, flags;
-{
-  return (skip_matched_pair (string, start, '[', ']', flags));
-}
-#endif
-
-/* Skip characters in STRING until we find a character in DELIMS, and return
-   the index of that character.  START is the index into string at which we
-   begin.  This is similar in spirit to strpbrk, but it returns an index into
-   STRING and takes a starting index.  This little piece of code knows quite
-   a lot of shell syntax.  It's very similar to skip_double_quoted and other
-   functions of that ilk. */
-int
-skip_to_delim (string, start, delims, flags)
-     char *string;
-     int start;
-     char *delims;
-     int flags;
-{
-  int i, pass_next, backq, si, c, invert, skipquote, skipcmd, noprocsub;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *temp, open[3];
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string + start) + start;
-  if (flags & SD_NOJMP)
-    no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
-  invert = (flags & SD_INVERT);
-  skipcmd = (flags & SD_NOSKIPCMD) == 0;
-  noprocsub = (flags & SD_NOPROCSUB);
-
-  i = start;
-  pass_next = backq = 0;
-  while (c = string[i])
-    {
-      /* If this is non-zero, we should not let quote characters be delimiters
-	 and the current character is a single or double quote.  We should not
-	 test whether or not it's a delimiter until after we skip single- or
-	 double-quoted strings. */
-      skipquote = ((flags & SD_NOQUOTEDELIM) && (c == '\'' || c =='"'));
-      if (pass_next)
-	{
-	  pass_next = 0;
-	  if (c == 0)
-	    CQ_RETURN(i);
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_next = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (backq)
-	{
-	  if (c == '`')
-	    backq = 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '`')
-	{
-	  backq = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (skipquote == 0 && invert == 0 && member (c, delims))
-	break;
-      else if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
-	{
-	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++i)
-			  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++i);
-	  /* no increment, the skip functions increment past the closing quote. */
-	}
-      else if (c == '$' && ((skipcmd && string[i+1] == LPAREN) || string[i+1] == LBRACE))
-	{
-	  si = i + 2;
-	  if (string[si] == '\0')
-	    CQ_RETURN(si);
-
-	  if (string[i+1] == LPAREN)
-	    temp = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, "$(", "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC|SX_COMMAND); /* ) */
-	  else
-	    temp = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &si, 0, SX_NOALLOC);
-	  i = si;
-	  if (string[i] == '\0')	/* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
-	    break;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-      else if (skipcmd && noprocsub == 0 && (c == '<' || c == '>') && string[i+1] == LPAREN)
-	{
-	  si = i + 2;
-	  if (string[si] == '\0')
-	    CQ_RETURN(si);
-	  temp = extract_process_subst (string, (c == '<') ? "<(" : ">(", &si, 0);
-	  free (temp);		/* XXX - not using SX_ALLOC here yet */
-	  i = si;
-	  if (string[i] == '\0')
-	    break;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
-#if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB)
-      else if ((flags & SD_EXTGLOB) && extended_glob && string[i+1] == LPAREN && member (c, "?*+!@"))
-	{
-	  si = i + 2;
-	  if (string[si] == '\0')
-	    CQ_RETURN(si);
-
-	  open[0] = c;
-	  open[1] = LPAREN;
-	  open[2] = '\0';
-	  temp = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, open, "(", ")", SX_NOALLOC); /* ) */
-
-	  i = si;
-	  if (string[i] == '\0')	/* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
-	    break;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-#endif
-      else if ((flags & SD_GLOB) && c == LBRACK)
-	{
-	  si = i + 1;
-	  if (string[si] == '\0')
-	    CQ_RETURN(si);
-
-	  temp = extract_delimited_string (string, &si, "[", "[", "]", SX_NOALLOC); /* ] */
-
-	  i = si;
-	  if (string[i] == '\0')	/* don't increment i past EOS in loop */
-	    break;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if ((skipquote || invert) && (member (c, delims) == 0))
-	break;
-      else
-	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-  CQ_RETURN(i);
-}
-
-#if defined (READLINE)
-/* Return 1 if the portion of STRING ending at EINDEX is quoted (there is
-   an unclosed quoted string), or if the character at EINDEX is quoted
-   by a backslash. NO_LONGJMP_ON_FATAL_ERROR is used to flag that the various
-   single and double-quoted string parsing functions should not return an
-   error if there are unclosed quotes or braces.  The characters that this
-   recognizes need to be the same as the contents of
-   rl_completer_quote_characters. */
-
-int
-char_is_quoted (string, eindex)
-     char *string;
-     int eindex;
-{
-  int i, pass_next, c;
-  size_t slen;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
-  i = pass_next = 0;
-  while (i <= eindex)
-    {
-      c = string[i];
-
-      if (pass_next)
-	{
-	  pass_next = 0;
-	  if (i >= eindex)	/* XXX was if (i >= eindex - 1) */
-	    CQ_RETURN(1);
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_next = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (c == '\'' || c == '"')
-	{
-	  i = (c == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, ++i)
-			  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, ++i);
-	  if (i > eindex)
-	    CQ_RETURN(1);
-	  /* no increment, the skip_xxx functions go one past end */
-	}
-      else
-	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-  CQ_RETURN(0);
-}
-
-int
-unclosed_pair (string, eindex, openstr)
-     char *string;
-     int eindex;
-     char *openstr;
-{
-  int i, pass_next, openc, olen;
-  size_t slen;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  olen = strlen (openstr);
-  i = pass_next = openc = 0;
-  while (i <= eindex)
-    {
-      if (pass_next)
-	{
-	  pass_next = 0;
-	  if (i >= eindex)	/* XXX was if (i >= eindex - 1) */
-	    return 0;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (string[i] == '\\')
-	{
-	  pass_next = 1;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      else if (STREQN (string + i, openstr, olen))
-	{
-	  openc = 1 - openc;
-	  i += olen;
-	}
-      else if (string[i] == '\'' || string[i] == '"')
-	{
-	  i = (string[i] == '\'') ? skip_single_quoted (string, slen, i)
-				  : skip_double_quoted (string, slen, i);
-	  if (i > eindex)
-	    return 0;
-	}
-      else
-	ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-  return (openc);
-}
-
-/* Split STRING (length SLEN) at DELIMS, and return a WORD_LIST with the
-   individual words.  If DELIMS is NULL, the current value of $IFS is used
-   to split the string, and the function follows the shell field splitting
-   rules.  SENTINEL is an index to look for.  NWP, if non-NULL,
-   gets the number of words in the returned list.  CWP, if non-NULL, gets
-   the index of the word containing SENTINEL.  Non-whitespace chars in
-   DELIMS delimit separate fields. */
-WORD_LIST *
-split_at_delims (string, slen, delims, sentinel, flags, nwp, cwp)
-     char *string;
-     int slen;
-     char *delims;
-     int sentinel, flags;
-     int *nwp, *cwp;
-{
-  int ts, te, i, nw, cw, ifs_split, dflags;
-  char *token, *d, *d2;
-  WORD_LIST *ret, *tl;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-    {
-      if (nwp)
-	*nwp = 0;
-      if (cwp)
-	*cwp = 0;	
-      return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  d = (delims == 0) ? ifs_value : delims;
-  ifs_split = delims == 0;
-
-  /* Make d2 the non-whitespace characters in delims */
-  d2 = 0;
-  if (delims)
-    {
-      size_t slength;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-      size_t mblength = 1;
-#endif
-      DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-      slength = strlen (delims);
-      d2 = (char *)xmalloc (slength + 1);
-      i = ts = 0;
-      while (delims[i])
-	{
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-	  mbstate_t state_bak;
-	  state_bak = state;
-	  mblength = MBRLEN (delims + i, slength, &state);
-	  if (MB_INVALIDCH (mblength))
-	    state = state_bak;
-	  else if (mblength > 1)
-	    {
-	      memcpy (d2 + ts, delims + i, mblength);
-	      ts += mblength;
-	      i += mblength;
-	      slength -= mblength;
-	      continue;
-	    }
-#endif
-	  if (whitespace (delims[i]) == 0)
-	    d2[ts++] = delims[i];
-
-	  i++;
-	  slength--;
-	}
-      d2[ts] = '\0';
-    }
-
-  ret = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-
-  /* Remove sequences of whitespace characters at the start of the string, as
-     long as those characters are delimiters. */
-  for (i = 0; member (string[i], d) && spctabnl (string[i]); i++)
-    ;
-  if (string[i] == '\0')
-    return (ret);
-
-  ts = i;
-  nw = 0;
-  cw = -1;
-  dflags = flags|SD_NOJMP;
-  while (1)
-    {
-      te = skip_to_delim (string, ts, d, dflags);
-
-      /* If we have a non-whitespace delimiter character, use it to make a
-	 separate field.  This is just about what $IFS splitting does and
-	 is closer to the behavior of the shell parser. */
-      if (ts == te && d2 && member (string[ts], d2))
-	{
-	  te = ts + 1;
-	  /* If we're using IFS splitting, the non-whitespace delimiter char
-	     and any additional IFS whitespace delimits a field. */
-	  if (ifs_split)
-	    while (member (string[te], d) && spctabnl (string[te]))
-	      te++;
-	  else
-	    while (member (string[te], d2))
-	      te++;
-	}
-
-      token = substring (string, ts, te);
-
-      ret = add_string_to_list (token, ret);
-      free (token);
-      nw++;
-
-      if (sentinel >= ts && sentinel <= te)
-	cw = nw;
-
-      /* If the cursor is at whitespace just before word start, set the
-	 sentinel word to the current word. */
-      if (cwp && cw == -1 && sentinel == ts-1)
-	cw = nw;
-
-      /* If the cursor is at whitespace between two words, make a new, empty
-	 word, add it before (well, after, since the list is in reverse order)
-	 the word we just added, and set the current word to that one. */
-      if (cwp && cw == -1 && sentinel < ts)
-	{
-	  tl = make_word_list (make_word (""), ret->next);
-	  ret->next = tl;
-	  cw = nw;
-	  nw++;
-	}
-
-      if (string[te] == 0)
-	break;
-
-      i = te;
-      while (member (string[i], d) && (ifs_split || spctabnl(string[i])))
-	i++;
-
-      if (string[i])
-	ts = i;
-      else
-	break;
-    }
-
-  /* Special case for SENTINEL at the end of STRING.  If we haven't found
-     the word containing SENTINEL yet, and the index we're looking for is at
-     the end of STRING (or past the end of the previously-found token,
-     possible if the end of the line is composed solely of IFS whitespace)
-     add an additional null argument and set the current word pointer to that. */
-  if (cwp && cw == -1 && (sentinel >= slen || sentinel >= te))
-    {
-      if (whitespace (string[sentinel - 1]))
-	{
-	  token = "";
-	  ret = add_string_to_list (token, ret);
-	  nw++;
-	}
-      cw = nw;
-    }
-
-  if (nwp)
-    *nwp = nw;
-  if (cwp)
-    *cwp = cw;
-
-  FREE (d2);
-
-  return (REVERSE_LIST (ret, WORD_LIST *));
-}
-#endif /* READLINE */
-
-#if 0
-/* UNUSED */
-/* Extract the name of the variable to bind to from the assignment string. */
-char *
-assignment_name (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  int offset;
-  char *temp;
-
-  offset = assignment (string, 0);
-  if (offset == 0)
-    return (char *)NULL;
-  temp = substring (string, 0, offset);
-  return (temp);
-}
-#endif
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*     Functions to convert strings to WORD_LISTs and vice versa    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-/* Return a single string of all the words in LIST.  SEP is the separator
-   to put between individual elements of LIST in the output string. */
-char *
-string_list_internal (list, sep)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     char *sep;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *t;
-  char *result, *r;
-  int word_len, sep_len, result_size;
-
-  if (list == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  /* Short-circuit quickly if we don't need to separate anything. */
-  if (list->next == 0)
-    return (savestring (list->word->word));
-
-  /* This is nearly always called with either sep[0] == 0 or sep[1] == 0. */
-  sep_len = STRLEN (sep);
-  result_size = 0;
-
-  for (t = list; t; t = t->next)
-    {
-      if (t != list)
-	result_size += sep_len;
-      result_size += strlen (t->word->word);
-    }
-
-  r = result = (char *)xmalloc (result_size + 1);
-
-  for (t = list; t; t = t->next)
-    {
-      if (t != list && sep_len)
-	{
-	  if (sep_len > 1)
-	    {
-	      FASTCOPY (sep, r, sep_len);
-	      r += sep_len;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    *r++ = sep[0];
-	}
-
-      word_len = strlen (t->word->word);
-      FASTCOPY (t->word->word, r, word_len);
-      r += word_len;
-    }
-
-  *r = '\0';
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Return a single string of all the words present in LIST, separating
-   each word with a space. */
-char *
-string_list (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  return (string_list_internal (list, " "));
-}
-
-/* An external interface that can be used by the rest of the shell to
-   obtain a string containing the first character in $IFS.  Handles all
-   the multibyte complications.  If LENP is non-null, it is set to the
-   length of the returned string. */
-char *
-ifs_firstchar (lenp)
-     int *lenp;
-{
-  char *ret;
-  int len;
-
-  ret = xmalloc (MB_LEN_MAX + 1);
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
-    {
-      ret[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
-      ret[1] = '\0';
-      len = ret[0] ? 1 : 0;
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      memcpy (ret, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
-      ret[len = ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
-    }
-#else
-  ret[0] = ifs_firstc;
-  ret[1] = '\0';
-  len = ret[0] ? 0 : 1;
-#endif
-
-  if (lenp)
-    *lenp = len;
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Return a single string of all the words present in LIST, obeying the
-   quoting rules for "$*", to wit: (P1003.2, draft 11, 3.5.2) "If the
-   expansion [of $*] appears within a double quoted string, it expands
-   to a single field with the value of each parameter separated by the
-   first character of the IFS variable, or by a <space> if IFS is unset." */
-char *
-string_list_dollar_star (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  char *ret;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-#  if defined (__GNUC__)
-  char sep[MB_CUR_MAX + 1];
-#  else
-  char *sep = 0;
-#  endif
-#else
-  char sep[2];
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-#  if !defined (__GNUC__)
-  sep = (char *)xmalloc (MB_CUR_MAX + 1);
-#  endif /* !__GNUC__ */
-  if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
-    {
-      sep[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
-      sep[1] = '\0';
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      memcpy (sep, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
-      sep[ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
-    }
-#else
-  sep[0] = ifs_firstc;
-  sep[1] = '\0';
-#endif
-
-  ret = string_list_internal (list, sep);
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) && !defined (__GNUC__)
-  free (sep);
-#endif
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Turn $@ into a string.  If (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-   is non-zero, the $@ appears within double quotes, and we should quote
-   the list before converting it into a string.  If IFS is unset, and the
-   word is not quoted, we just need to quote CTLESC and CTLNUL characters
-   in the words in the list, because the default value of $IFS is
-   <space><tab><newline>, IFS characters in the words in the list should
-   also be split.  If IFS is null, and the word is not quoted, we need
-   to quote the words in the list to preserve the positional parameters
-   exactly. */
-char *
-string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  char *ifs, *ret;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-#  if defined (__GNUC__)
-  char sep[MB_CUR_MAX + 1];
-#  else
-  char *sep = 0;
-#  endif /* !__GNUC__ */
-#else
-  char sep[2];
-#endif
-  WORD_LIST *tlist;
-
-  /* XXX this could just be ifs = ifs_value; */
-  ifs = ifs_var ? value_cell (ifs_var) : (char *)0;
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-#  if !defined (__GNUC__)
-  sep = (char *)xmalloc (MB_CUR_MAX + 1);
-#  endif /* !__GNUC__ */
-  if (ifs && *ifs)
-    {
-      if (ifs_firstc_len == 1)
-	{
-	  sep[0] = ifs_firstc[0];
-	  sep[1] = '\0';
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  memcpy (sep, ifs_firstc, ifs_firstc_len);
-	  sep[ifs_firstc_len] = '\0';
-	}
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      sep[0] = ' ';
-      sep[1] = '\0';
-    }
-#else
-  sep[0] = (ifs == 0 || *ifs == 0) ? ' ' : *ifs;
-  sep[1] = '\0';
-#endif
-
-  /* XXX -- why call quote_list if ifs == 0?  we can get away without doing
-     it now that quote_escapes quotes spaces */
-  tlist = (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_PATQUOTE))
-		? quote_list (list)
-		: list_quote_escapes (list);
-
-  ret = string_list_internal (tlist, sep);
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE) && !defined (__GNUC__)
-  free (sep);
-#endif
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Turn the positional parameters into a string, understanding quoting and
-   the various subtleties of using the first character of $IFS as the
-   separator.  Calls string_list_dollar_at, string_list_dollar_star, and
-   string_list as appropriate. */
-char *
-string_list_pos_params (pchar, list, quoted)
-     int pchar;
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  char *ret;
-  WORD_LIST *tlist;
-
-  if (pchar == '*' && (quoted & Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-    {
-      tlist = quote_list (list);
-      word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (tlist);
-      ret = string_list_dollar_star (tlist);
-    }
-  else if (pchar == '*' && (quoted & Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
-    {
-      tlist = quote_list (list);
-      word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (tlist);
-      ret = string_list (tlist);
-    }
-  else if (pchar == '*')
-    {
-      /* Even when unquoted, string_list_dollar_star does the right thing
-	 making sure that the first character of $IFS is used as the
-	 separator. */
-      ret = string_list_dollar_star (list);
-    }
-  else if (pchar == '@' && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-    /* We use string_list_dollar_at, but only if the string is quoted, since
-       that quotes the escapes if it's not, which we don't want.  We could
-       use string_list (the old code did), but that doesn't do the right
-       thing if the first character of $IFS is not a space.  We use
-       string_list_dollar_star if the string is unquoted so we make sure that
-       the elements of $@ are separated by the first character of $IFS for
-       later splitting. */
-    ret = string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted);
-  else if (pchar == '@')
-    ret = string_list_dollar_star (list);
-  else
-    ret = string_list ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) ? quote_list (list) : list);
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Return the list of words present in STRING.  Separate the string into
-   words at any of the characters found in SEPARATORS.  If QUOTED is
-   non-zero then word in the list will have its quoted flag set, otherwise
-   the quoted flag is left as make_word () deemed fit.
-
-   This obeys the P1003.2 word splitting semantics.  If `separators' is
-   exactly <space><tab><newline>, then the splitting algorithm is that of
-   the Bourne shell, which treats any sequence of characters from `separators'
-   as a delimiter.  If IFS is unset, which results in `separators' being set
-   to "", no splitting occurs.  If separators has some other value, the
-   following rules are applied (`IFS white space' means zero or more
-   occurrences of <space>, <tab>, or <newline>, as long as those characters
-   are in `separators'):
-
-	1) IFS white space is ignored at the start and the end of the
-	   string.
-	2) Each occurrence of a character in `separators' that is not
-	   IFS white space, along with any adjacent occurrences of
-	   IFS white space delimits a field.
-	3) Any nonzero-length sequence of IFS white space delimits a field.
-   */
-
-/* BEWARE!  list_string strips null arguments.  Don't call it twice and
-   expect to have "" preserved! */
-
-/* This performs word splitting and quoted null character removal on
-   STRING. */
-#define issep(c) \
-	(((separators)[0]) ? ((separators)[1] ? isifs(c) \
-					      : (c) == (separators)[0]) \
-			   : 0)
-
-WORD_LIST *
-list_string (string, separators, quoted)
-     register char *string, *separators;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result;
-  WORD_DESC *t;
-  char *current_word, *s;
-  int sindex, sh_style_split, whitesep, xflags;
-  size_t slen;
-
-  if (!string || !*string)
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  sh_style_split = separators && separators[0] == ' ' &&
-				 separators[1] == '\t' &&
-				 separators[2] == '\n' &&
-				 separators[3] == '\0';
-  for (xflags = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
-    {
-      if (*s == CTLESC) xflags |= SX_NOCTLESC;
-      else if (*s == CTLNUL) xflags |= SX_NOESCCTLNUL;
-    }
-
-  slen = 0;
-  /* Remove sequences of whitespace at the beginning of STRING, as
-     long as those characters appear in IFS.  Do not do this if
-     STRING is quoted or if there are no separator characters. */
-  if (!quoted || !separators || !*separators)
-    {
-      for (s = string; *s && spctabnl (*s) && issep (*s); s++);
-
-      if (!*s)
-	return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-      string = s;
-    }
-
-  /* OK, now STRING points to a word that does not begin with white space.
-     The splitting algorithm is:
-	extract a word, stopping at a separator
-	skip sequences of spc, tab, or nl as long as they are separators
-     This obeys the field splitting rules in Posix.2. */
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 1;
-  for (result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL, sindex = 0; string[sindex]; )
-    {
-      /* Don't need string length in ADVANCE_CHAR or string_extract_verbatim
-	 unless multibyte chars are possible. */
-      current_word = string_extract_verbatim (string, slen, &sindex, separators, xflags);
-      if (current_word == 0)
-	break;
-
-      /* If we have a quoted empty string, add a quoted null argument.  We
-	 want to preserve the quoted null character iff this is a quoted
-	 empty string; otherwise the quoted null characters are removed
-	 below. */
-      if (QUOTED_NULL (current_word))
-	{
-	  t = alloc_word_desc ();
-	  t->word = make_quoted_char ('\0');
-	  t->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-	  result = make_word_list (t, result);
-	}
-      else if (current_word[0] != '\0')
-	{
-	  /* If we have something, then add it regardless.  However,
-	     perform quoted null character removal on the current word. */
-	  remove_quoted_nulls (current_word);
-	  result = add_string_to_list (current_word, result);
-	  result->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;	/* just to be sure */
-	  if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
-	    result->word->flags |= W_QUOTED;
-	}
-
-      /* If we're not doing sequences of separators in the traditional
-	 Bourne shell style, then add a quoted null argument. */
-      else if (!sh_style_split && !spctabnl (string[sindex]))
-	{
-	  t = alloc_word_desc ();
-	  t->word = make_quoted_char ('\0');
-	  t->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-	  result = make_word_list (t, result);
-	}
-
-      free (current_word);
-
-      /* Note whether or not the separator is IFS whitespace, used later. */
-      whitesep = string[sindex] && spctabnl (string[sindex]);
-
-      /* Move past the current separator character. */
-      if (string[sindex])
-	{
-	  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, sindex);
-	}
-
-      /* Now skip sequences of space, tab, or newline characters if they are
-	 in the list of separators. */
-      while (string[sindex] && spctabnl (string[sindex]) && issep (string[sindex]))
-	sindex++;
-
-      /* If the first separator was IFS whitespace and the current character
-	 is a non-whitespace IFS character, it should be part of the current
-	 field delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an
-	 empty field.  Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
-      if (string[sindex] && whitesep && issep (string[sindex]) && !spctabnl (string[sindex]))
-	{
-	  sindex++;
-	  /* An IFS character that is not IFS white space, along with any
-	     adjacent IFS white space, shall delimit a field. (SUSv3) */
-	  while (string[sindex] && spctabnl (string[sindex]) && isifs (string[sindex]))
-	    sindex++;
-	}
-    }
-  return (REVERSE_LIST (result, WORD_LIST *));
-}
-
-/* Parse a single word from STRING, using SEPARATORS to separate fields.
-   ENDPTR is set to the first character after the word.  This is used by
-   the `read' builtin.  This is never called with SEPARATORS != $IFS;
-   it should be simplified.
-
-   XXX - this function is very similar to list_string; they should be
-	 combined - XXX */
-char *
-get_word_from_string (stringp, separators, endptr)
-     char **stringp, *separators, **endptr;
-{
-  register char *s;
-  char *current_word;
-  int sindex, sh_style_split, whitesep, xflags;
-  size_t slen;
-
-  if (!stringp || !*stringp || !**stringp)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  sh_style_split = separators && separators[0] == ' ' &&
-				 separators[1] == '\t' &&
-				 separators[2] == '\n' &&
-				 separators[3] == '\0';
-  for (xflags = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
-    {
-      if (*s == CTLESC) xflags |= SX_NOCTLESC;
-      if (*s == CTLNUL) xflags |= SX_NOESCCTLNUL;
-    }
-
-  s = *stringp;
-  slen = 0;
-
-  /* Remove sequences of whitespace at the beginning of STRING, as
-     long as those characters appear in IFS. */
-  if (sh_style_split || !separators || !*separators)
-    {
-      for (; *s && spctabnl (*s) && isifs (*s); s++);
-
-      /* If the string is nothing but whitespace, update it and return. */
-      if (!*s)
-	{
-	  *stringp = s;
-	  if (endptr)
-	    *endptr = s;
-	  return ((char *)NULL);
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* OK, S points to a word that does not begin with white space.
-     Now extract a word, stopping at a separator, save a pointer to
-     the first character after the word, then skip sequences of spc,
-     tab, or nl as long as they are separators.
-
-     This obeys the field splitting rules in Posix.2. */
-  sindex = 0;
-  /* Don't need string length in ADVANCE_CHAR or string_extract_verbatim
-     unless multibyte chars are possible. */
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (s) : 1;
-  current_word = string_extract_verbatim (s, slen, &sindex, separators, xflags);
-
-  /* Set ENDPTR to the first character after the end of the word. */
-  if (endptr)
-    *endptr = s + sindex;
-
-  /* Note whether or not the separator is IFS whitespace, used later. */
-  whitesep = s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]);
-
-  /* Move past the current separator character. */
-  if (s[sindex])
-    {
-      DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (s, slen, sindex);
-    }
-
-  /* Now skip sequences of space, tab, or newline characters if they are
-     in the list of separators. */
-  while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
-    sindex++;
-
-  /* If the first separator was IFS whitespace and the current character is
-     a non-whitespace IFS character, it should be part of the current field
-     delimiter, not a separate delimiter that would result in an empty field.
-     Look at POSIX.2, 3.6.5, (3)(b). */
-  if (s[sindex] && whitesep && isifs (s[sindex]) && !spctabnl (s[sindex]))
-    {
-      sindex++;
-      /* An IFS character that is not IFS white space, along with any adjacent
-	 IFS white space, shall delimit a field. */
-      while (s[sindex] && spctabnl (s[sindex]) && isifs (s[sindex]))
-	sindex++;
-    }
-
-  /* Update STRING to point to the next field. */
-  *stringp = s + sindex;
-  return (current_word);
-}
-
-/* Remove IFS white space at the end of STRING.  Start at the end
-   of the string and walk backwards until the beginning of the string
-   or we find a character that's not IFS white space and not CTLESC.
-   Only let CTLESC escape a white space character if SAW_ESCAPE is
-   non-zero.  */
-char *
-strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace (string, separators, saw_escape)
-     char *string, *separators;
-     int saw_escape;
-{
-  char *s;
-
-  s = string + STRLEN (string) - 1;
-  while (s > string && ((spctabnl (*s) && isifs (*s)) ||
-			(saw_escape && *s == CTLESC && spctabnl (s[1]))))
-    s--;
-  *++s = '\0';
-  return string;
-}
-
-#if 0
-/* UNUSED */
-/* Split STRING into words at whitespace.  Obeys shell-style quoting with
-   backslashes, single and double quotes. */
-WORD_LIST *
-list_string_with_quotes (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-  char *token, *s;
-  size_t s_len;
-  int c, i, tokstart, len;
-
-  for (s = string; s && *s && spctabnl (*s); s++)
-    ;
-  if (s == 0 || *s == 0)
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  s_len = strlen (s);
-  tokstart = i = 0;
-  list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-  while (1)
-    {
-      c = s[i];
-      if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  if (s[i])
-	    i++;
-	}
-      else if (c == '\'')
-	i = skip_single_quoted (s, s_len, ++i);
-      else if (c == '"')
-	i = skip_double_quoted (s, s_len, ++i);
-      else if (c == 0 || spctabnl (c))
-	{
-	  /* We have found the end of a token.  Make a word out of it and
-	     add it to the word list. */
-	  token = substring (s, tokstart, i);
-	  list = add_string_to_list (token, list);
-	  free (token);
-	  while (spctabnl (s[i]))
-	    i++;
-	  if (s[i])
-	    tokstart = i;
-	  else
-	    break;
-	}
-      else
-	i++;	/* normal character */
-    }
-  return (REVERSE_LIST (list, WORD_LIST *));
-}
-#endif
-
-/********************************************************/
-/*							*/
-/*	Functions to perform assignment statements	*/
-/*							*/
-/********************************************************/
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-static SHELL_VAR *
-do_compound_assignment (name, value, flags)
-     char *name, *value;
-     int flags;
-{
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-  int mklocal, mkassoc, mkglobal;
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-
-  mklocal = flags & ASS_MKLOCAL;
-  mkassoc = flags & ASS_MKASSOC;
-  mkglobal = flags & ASS_MKGLOBAL;
-
-  if (mklocal && variable_context)
-    {
-      v = find_variable (name);
-      list = expand_compound_array_assignment (v, value, flags);
-      if (mkassoc)
-	v = make_local_assoc_variable (name);
-      else if (v == 0 || (array_p (v) == 0 && assoc_p (v) == 0) || v->context != variable_context)
-        v = make_local_array_variable (name, 0);
-      if (v)
-	assign_compound_array_list (v, list, flags);
-    }
-  /* In a function but forcing assignment in global context */
-  else if (mkglobal && variable_context)
-    {
-      v = find_global_variable (name);
-      list = expand_compound_array_assignment (v, value, flags);
-      if (v == 0 && mkassoc)
-	v = make_new_assoc_variable (name);
-      else if (v && mkassoc && assoc_p (v) == 0)
-	v = convert_var_to_assoc (v);
-      else if (v == 0)
-	v = make_new_array_variable (name);
-      else if (v && mkassoc == 0 && array_p (v) == 0)
-	v = convert_var_to_array (v);
-      if (v)
-	assign_compound_array_list (v, list, flags);
-    }
-  else
-    v = assign_array_from_string (name, value, flags);
-
-  return (v);
-}
-#endif
-
-/* Given STRING, an assignment string, get the value of the right side
-   of the `=', and bind it to the left side.  If EXPAND is true, then
-   perform parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
-   expansion on the right-hand side.  Perform tilde expansion in any
-   case.  Do not perform word splitting on the result of expansion. */
-static int
-do_assignment_internal (word, expand)
-     const WORD_DESC *word;
-     int expand;
-{
-  int offset, appendop, assign_list, aflags, retval;
-  char *name, *value, *temp;
-  SHELL_VAR *entry;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  char *t;
-  int ni;
-#endif
-  const char *string;
-
-  if (word == 0 || word->word == 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  appendop = assign_list = aflags = 0;
-  string = word->word;
-  offset = assignment (string, 0);
-  name = savestring (string);
-  value = (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (name[offset] == '=')
-    {
-      if (name[offset - 1] == '+')
-	{
-	  appendop = 1;
-	  name[offset - 1] = '\0';
-	}
-
-      name[offset] = 0;		/* might need this set later */
-      temp = name + offset + 1;
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      if (expand && (word->flags & W_COMPASSIGN))
-	{
-	  assign_list = ni = 1;
-	  value = extract_array_assignment_list (temp, &ni);
-	}
-      else
-#endif
-      if (expand && temp[0])
-	value = expand_string_if_necessary (temp, 0, expand_string_assignment);
-      else
-	value = savestring (temp);
-    }
-
-  if (value == 0)
-    {
-      value = (char *)xmalloc (1);
-      value[0] = '\0';
-    }
-
-  if (echo_command_at_execute)
-    {
-      if (appendop)
-	name[offset - 1] = '+';
-      xtrace_print_assignment (name, value, assign_list, 1);
-      if (appendop)
-	name[offset - 1] = '\0';
-    }
-
-#define ASSIGN_RETURN(r)	do { FREE (value); free (name); return (r); } while (0)
-
-  if (appendop)
-    aflags |= ASS_APPEND;
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  if (t = mbschr (name, '['))	/*]*/
-    {
-      if (assign_list)
-	{
-	  report_error (_("%s: cannot assign list to array member"), name);
-	  ASSIGN_RETURN (0);
-	}
-      entry = assign_array_element (name, value, aflags);
-      if (entry == 0)
-	ASSIGN_RETURN (0);
-    }
-  else if (assign_list)
-    {
-      if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNARG) && (word->flags & W_ASSNGLOBAL) == 0)
-	aflags |= ASS_MKLOCAL;
-      if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNARG) && (word->flags & W_ASSNGLOBAL))
-	aflags |= ASS_MKGLOBAL;
-      if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNASSOC)
-	aflags |= ASS_MKASSOC;
-      entry = do_compound_assignment (name, value, aflags);
-    }
-  else
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-  entry = bind_variable (name, value, aflags);
-
-  stupidly_hack_special_variables (name);
-
-  /* Return 1 if the assignment seems to have been performed correctly. */
-  if (entry == 0 || readonly_p (entry))
-    retval = 0;		/* assignment failure */
-  else if (noassign_p (entry))
-    {
-      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      retval = 1;	/* error status, but not assignment failure */
-    }
-  else
-    retval = 1;
-
-  if (entry && retval != 0 && noassign_p (entry) == 0)
-    VUNSETATTR (entry, att_invisible);
-
-  ASSIGN_RETURN (retval);
-}
-
-/* Perform the assignment statement in STRING, and expand the
-   right side by doing tilde, command and parameter expansion. */
-int
-do_assignment (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  WORD_DESC td;
-
-  td.flags = W_ASSIGNMENT;
-  td.word = string;
-
-  return do_assignment_internal (&td, 1);
-}
-
-int
-do_word_assignment (word, flags)
-     WORD_DESC *word;
-     int flags;
-{
-  return do_assignment_internal (word, 1);
-}
-
-/* Given STRING, an assignment string, get the value of the right side
-   of the `=', and bind it to the left side.  Do not perform any word
-   expansions on the right hand side. */
-int
-do_assignment_no_expand (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  WORD_DESC td;
-
-  td.flags = W_ASSIGNMENT;
-  td.word = string;
-
-  return (do_assignment_internal (&td, 0));
-}
-
-/***************************************************
- *						   *
- *  Functions to manage the positional parameters  *
- *						   *
- ***************************************************/
-
-/* Return the word list that corresponds to `$*'. */
-WORD_LIST *
-list_rest_of_args ()
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *list, *args;
-  int i;
-
-  /* Break out of the loop as soon as one of the dollar variables is null. */
-  for (i = 1, list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; i < 10 && dollar_vars[i]; i++)
-    list = make_word_list (make_bare_word (dollar_vars[i]), list);
-
-  for (args = rest_of_args; args; args = args->next)
-    list = make_word_list (make_bare_word (args->word->word), list);
-
-  return (REVERSE_LIST (list, WORD_LIST *));
-}
-
-int
-number_of_args ()
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *list;
-  int n;
-
-  for (n = 0; n < 9 && dollar_vars[n+1]; n++)
-    ;
-  for (list = rest_of_args; list; list = list->next)
-    n++;
-  return n;
-}
-
-/* Return the value of a positional parameter.  This handles values > 10. */
-char *
-get_dollar_var_value (ind)
-     intmax_t ind;
-{
-  char *temp;
-  WORD_LIST *p;
-
-  if (ind < 10)
-    temp = dollar_vars[ind] ? savestring (dollar_vars[ind]) : (char *)NULL;
-  else	/* We want something like ${11} */
-    {
-      ind -= 10;
-      for (p = rest_of_args; p && ind--; p = p->next)
-	;
-      temp = p ? savestring (p->word->word) : (char *)NULL;
-    }
-  return (temp);
-}
-
-/* Make a single large string out of the dollar digit variables,
-   and the rest_of_args.  If DOLLAR_STAR is 1, then obey the special
-   case of "$*" with respect to IFS. */
-char *
-string_rest_of_args (dollar_star)
-     int dollar_star;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *list;
-  char *string;
-
-  list = list_rest_of_args ();
-  string = dollar_star ? string_list_dollar_star (list) : string_list (list);
-  dispose_words (list);
-  return (string);
-}
-
-/* Return a string containing the positional parameters from START to
-   END, inclusive.  If STRING[0] == '*', we obey the rules for $*,
-   which only makes a difference if QUOTED is non-zero.  If QUOTED includes
-   Q_HERE_DOCUMENT or Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, this returns a quoted list, otherwise
-   no quoting chars are added. */
-static char *
-pos_params (string, start, end, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int start, end, quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *save, *params, *h, *t;
-  char *ret;
-  int i;
-
-  /* see if we can short-circuit.  if start == end, we want 0 parameters. */
-  if (start == end)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  save = params = list_rest_of_args ();
-  if (save == 0 && start > 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  if (start == 0)		/* handle ${@:0[:x]} specially */
-    {
-      t = make_word_list (make_word (dollar_vars[0]), params);
-      save = params = t;
-    }
-
-  for (i = start ? 1 : 0; params && i < start; i++)
-    params = params->next;
-  if (params == 0)
-    {
-      dispose_words (save);
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-  for (h = t = params; params && i < end; i++)
-    {
-      t = params;
-      params = params->next;
-    }
-
-  t->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-
-  ret = string_list_pos_params (string[0], h, quoted);
-
-  if (t != params)
-    t->next = params;
-
-  dispose_words (save);
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-/******************************************************************/
-/*								  */
-/*	Functions to expand strings to strings or WORD_LISTs      */
-/*								  */
-/******************************************************************/
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-#define EXP_CHAR(s) (s == '$' || s == '`' || s == '<' || s == '>' || s == CTLESC || s == '~')
-#else
-#define EXP_CHAR(s) (s == '$' || s == '`' || s == CTLESC || s == '~')
-#endif
-
-/* If there are any characters in STRING that require full expansion,
-   then call FUNC to expand STRING; otherwise just perform quote
-   removal if necessary.  This returns a new string. */
-static char *
-expand_string_if_necessary (string, quoted, func)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-     EXPFUNC *func;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-  size_t slen;
-  int i, saw_quote;
-  char *ret;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  /* Don't need string length for ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 0;
-  i = saw_quote = 0;
-  while (string[i])
-    {
-      if (EXP_CHAR (string[i]))
-	break;
-      else if (string[i] == '\'' || string[i] == '\\' || string[i] == '"')
-	saw_quote = 1;
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-  if (string[i])
-    {
-      list = (*func) (string, quoted);
-      if (list)
-	{
-	  ret = string_list (list);
-	  dispose_words (list);
-	}
-      else
-	ret = (char *)NULL;
-    }
-  else if (saw_quote && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
-    ret = string_quote_removal (string, quoted);
-  else
-    ret = savestring (string);
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-static inline char *
-expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, func)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-     EXPFUNC *func;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-  char *ret;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  list = (*func) (string, quoted);
-  if (list)
-    {
-      ret = string_list (list);
-      dispose_words (list);
-    }
-  else
-    ret = (char *)NULL;
-
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-char *
-expand_string_to_string (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  return (expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, expand_string));
-}
-
-char *
-expand_string_unsplit_to_string (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  return (expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, expand_string_unsplit));
-}
-
-char *
-expand_assignment_string_to_string (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  return (expand_string_to_string_internal (string, quoted, expand_string_assignment));
-}
-
-char *
-expand_arith_string (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_DESC td;
-  WORD_LIST *list, *tlist;
-  size_t slen;
-  int i, saw_quote;
-  char *ret;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  /* Don't need string length for ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 0;
-  i = saw_quote = 0;
-  while (string[i])
-    {
-      if (EXP_CHAR (string[i]))
-	break;
-      else if (string[i] == '\'' || string[i] == '\\' || string[i] == '"')
-	saw_quote = 1;
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-    }
-
-  if (string[i])
-    {
-      /* This is expanded version of expand_string_internal as it's called by
-	 expand_string_leave_quoted  */
-      td.flags = W_NOPROCSUB;	/* don't want process substitution */
-      td.word = savestring (string);
-      list = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
-      /* This takes care of the calls from expand_string_leave_quoted and
-	 expand_string */
-      if (list)
-	{
-	  tlist = word_list_split (list);
-	  dispose_words (list);
-	  list = tlist;
-	  if (list)
-	    dequote_list (list);
-	}
-      /* This comes from expand_string_if_necessary */
-      if (list)
-	{
-	  ret = string_list (list);
-	  dispose_words (list);
-	}
-      else
-	ret = (char *)NULL;
-      FREE (td.word);
-    }
-  else if (saw_quote && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
-    ret = string_quote_removal (string, quoted);
-  else
-    ret = savestring (string);
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
-/* Just remove backslashes in STRING.  Returns a new string. */
-char *
-remove_backslashes (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  char *r, *ret, *s;
-
-  r = ret = (char *)xmalloc (strlen (string) + 1);
-  for (s = string; s && *s; )
-    {
-      if (*s == '\\')
-	s++;
-      if (*s == 0)
-	break;
-      *r++ = *s++;
-    }
-  *r = '\0';
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* This needs better error handling. */
-/* Expand W for use as an argument to a unary or binary operator in a
-   [[...]] expression.  If SPECIAL is 1, this is the rhs argument
-   to the != or == operator, and should be treated as a pattern.  In
-   this case, we quote the string specially for the globbing code.  If
-   SPECIAL is 2, this is an rhs argument for the =~ operator, and should
-   be quoted appropriately for regcomp/regexec.  The caller is responsible
-   for removing the backslashes if the unquoted word is needed later. */   
-char *
-cond_expand_word (w, special)
-     WORD_DESC *w;
-     int special;
-{
-  char *r, *p;
-  WORD_LIST *l;
-  int qflags;
-
-  if (w->word == 0 || w->word[0] == '\0')
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
-  w->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2;
-  l = call_expand_word_internal (w, 0, 0, (int *)0, (int *)0);
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
-  if (l)
-    {
-      if (special == 0)			/* LHS */
-	{
-	  dequote_list (l);
-	  r = string_list (l);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  /* Need to figure out whether or not we should call dequote_escapes
-	     or a new dequote_ctlnul function here, and under what
-	     circumstances. */
-	  qflags = QGLOB_CVTNULL;
-	  if (special == 2)
-	    qflags |= QGLOB_REGEXP;
-	  p = string_list (l);
-	  r = quote_string_for_globbing (p, qflags);
-	  free (p);
-	}
-      dispose_words (l);
-    }
-  else
-    r = (char *)NULL;
-
-  return r;
-}
-#endif
-
-/* Call expand_word_internal to expand W and handle error returns.
-   A convenience function for functions that don't want to handle
-   any errors or free any memory before aborting. */
-static WORD_LIST *
-call_expand_word_internal (w, q, i, c, e)
-     WORD_DESC *w;
-     int q, i, *c, *e;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result;
-
-  result = expand_word_internal (w, q, i, c, e);
-  if (result == &expand_word_error || result == &expand_word_fatal)
-    {
-      /* By convention, each time this error is returned, w->word has
-	 already been freed (it sometimes may not be in the fatal case,
-	 but that doesn't result in a memory leak because we're going
-	 to exit in most cases). */
-      w->word = (char *)NULL;
-      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      exp_jump_to_top_level ((result == &expand_word_error) ? DISCARD : FORCE_EOF);
-      /* NOTREACHED */
-      return (NULL);
-    }
-  else
-    return (result);
-}
-
-/* Perform parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
-   expansion on STRING, as if it were a word.  Leave the result quoted.
-   Since this does not perform word splitting, it leaves quoted nulls
-   in the result.  */
-static WORD_LIST *
-expand_string_internal (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_DESC td;
-  WORD_LIST *tresult;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == 0)
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  td.flags = 0;
-  td.word = savestring (string);
-
-  tresult = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
-
-  FREE (td.word);
-  return (tresult);
-}
-
-/* Expand STRING by performing parameter expansion, command substitution,
-   and arithmetic expansion.  Dequote the resulting WORD_LIST before
-   returning it, but do not perform word splitting.  The call to
-   remove_quoted_nulls () is in here because word splitting normally
-   takes care of quote removal. */
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_string_unsplit (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *value;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
-  value = expand_string_internal (string, quoted);
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
-
-  if (value)
-    {
-      if (value->word)
-	{
-	  remove_quoted_nulls (value->word->word);
-	  value->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-	}
-      dequote_list (value);
-    }
-  return (value);
-}
-
-/* Expand the rhs of an assignment statement */
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_string_assignment (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_DESC td;
-  WORD_LIST *value;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
-
-  td.flags = W_ASSIGNRHS;
-  td.word = savestring (string);
-  value = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
-  FREE (td.word);
-
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
-
-  if (value)
-    {
-      if (value->word)
-	{
-	  remove_quoted_nulls (value->word->word);
-	  value->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-	}
-      dequote_list (value);
-    }
-  return (value);
-}
-
-
-/* Expand one of the PS? prompt strings. This is a sort of combination of
-   expand_string_unsplit and expand_string_internal, but returns the
-   passed string when an error occurs.  Might want to trap other calls
-   to jump_to_top_level here so we don't endlessly loop. */
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_prompt_string (string, quoted, wflags)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-     int wflags;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *value;
-  WORD_DESC td;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == 0)
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  td.flags = wflags;
-  td.word = savestring (string);
-
-  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 1;
-  value = expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
-  no_longjmp_on_fatal_error = 0;
-
-  if (value == &expand_word_error || value == &expand_word_fatal)
-    {
-      value = make_word_list (make_bare_word (string), (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-      return value;
-    }
-  FREE (td.word);
-  if (value)
-    {
-      if (value->word)
-	{
-	  remove_quoted_nulls (value->word->word);
-	  value->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-	}
-      dequote_list (value);
-    }
-  return (value);
-}
-
-/* Expand STRING just as if you were expanding a word, but do not dequote
-   the resultant WORD_LIST.  This is called only from within this file,
-   and is used to correctly preserve quoted characters when expanding
-   things like ${1+"$@"}.  This does parameter expansion, command
-   substitution, arithmetic expansion, and word splitting. */
-static WORD_LIST *
-expand_string_leave_quoted (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *tlist;
-  WORD_LIST *tresult;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  tlist = expand_string_internal (string, quoted);
-
-  if (tlist)
-    {
-      tresult = word_list_split (tlist);
-      dispose_words (tlist);
-      return (tresult);
-    }
-  return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-}
-
-/* This does not perform word splitting or dequote the WORD_LIST
-   it returns. */
-static WORD_LIST *
-expand_string_for_rhs (string, quoted, dollar_at_p, has_dollar_at)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted, *dollar_at_p, *has_dollar_at;
-{
-  WORD_DESC td;
-  WORD_LIST *tresult;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-    return (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-
-  td.flags = W_NOSPLIT2;		/* no splitting, remove "" and '' */
-  td.word = string;
-  tresult = call_expand_word_internal (&td, quoted, 1, dollar_at_p, has_dollar_at);
-  return (tresult);
-}
-
-/* Expand STRING just as if you were expanding a word.  This also returns
-   a list of words.  Note that filename globbing is *NOT* done for word
-   or string expansion, just when the shell is expanding a command.  This
-   does parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
-   and word splitting.  Dequote the resultant WORD_LIST before returning. */
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_string (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result;
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  result = expand_string_leave_quoted (string, quoted);
-  return (result ? dequote_list (result) : result);
-}
-
-/***************************************************
- *						   *
- *	Functions to handle quoting chars	   *
- *						   *
- ***************************************************/
-
-/* Conventions:
-
-     A string with s[0] == CTLNUL && s[1] == 0 is a quoted null string.
-     The parser passes CTLNUL as CTLESC CTLNUL. */
-
-/* Quote escape characters in string s, but no other characters.  This is
-   used to protect CTLESC and CTLNUL in variable values from the rest of
-   the word expansion process after the variable is expanded (word splitting
-   and filename generation).  If IFS is null, we quote spaces as well, just
-   in case we split on spaces later (in the case of unquoted $@, we will
-   eventually attempt to split the entire word on spaces).  Corresponding
-   code exists in dequote_escapes.  Even if we don't end up splitting on
-   spaces, quoting spaces is not a problem.  This should never be called on
-   a string that is quoted with single or double quotes or part of a here
-   document (effectively double-quoted). */
-char *
-quote_escapes (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  register char *s, *t;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *result, *send;
-  int quote_spaces, skip_ctlesc, skip_ctlnul;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE; 
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  send = string + slen;
-
-  quote_spaces = (ifs_value && *ifs_value == 0);
-
-  for (skip_ctlesc = skip_ctlnul = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
-    skip_ctlesc |= *s == CTLESC, skip_ctlnul |= *s == CTLNUL;
-
-  t = result = (char *)xmalloc ((slen * 2) + 1);
-  s = string;
-
-  while (*s)
-    {
-      if ((skip_ctlesc == 0 && *s == CTLESC) || (skip_ctlnul == 0 && *s == CTLNUL) || (quote_spaces && *s == ' '))
-	*t++ = CTLESC;
-      COPY_CHAR_P (t, s, send);
-    }
-  *t = '\0';
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-static WORD_LIST *
-list_quote_escapes (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *w;
-  char *t;
-
-  for (w = list; w; w = w->next)
-    {
-      t = w->word->word;
-      w->word->word = quote_escapes (t);
-      free (t);
-    }
-  return list;
-}
-
-/* Inverse of quote_escapes; remove CTLESC protecting CTLESC or CTLNUL.
-
-   The parser passes us CTLESC as CTLESC CTLESC and CTLNUL as CTLESC CTLNUL.
-   This is necessary to make unquoted CTLESC and CTLNUL characters in the
-   data stream pass through properly.
-
-   We need to remove doubled CTLESC characters inside quoted strings before
-   quoting the entire string, so we do not double the number of CTLESC
-   characters.
-
-   Also used by parts of the pattern substitution code. */
-char *
-dequote_escapes (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  register char *s, *t, *s1;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *result, *send;
-  int quote_spaces;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  if (string == 0)
-    return string;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  send = string + slen;
-
-  t = result = (char *)xmalloc (slen + 1);
-
-  if (strchr (string, CTLESC) == 0)
-    return (strcpy (result, string));
-
-  quote_spaces = (ifs_value && *ifs_value == 0);
-
-  s = string;
-  while (*s)
-    {
-      if (*s == CTLESC && (s[1] == CTLESC || s[1] == CTLNUL || (quote_spaces && s[1] == ' ')))
-	{
-	  s++;
-	  if (*s == '\0')
-	    break;
-	}
-      COPY_CHAR_P (t, s, send);
-    }
-  *t = '\0';
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-static WORD_LIST *
-list_dequote_escapes (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *w;
-  char *t;
-
-  for (w = list; w; w = w->next)
-    {
-      t = w->word->word;
-      w->word->word = dequote_escapes (t);
-      free (t);
-    }
-  return list;
-}
-
-/* Return a new string with the quoted representation of character C.
-   This turns "" into QUOTED_NULL, so the W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag needs to be
-   set in any resultant WORD_DESC where this value is the word. */
-static char *
-make_quoted_char (c)
-     int c;
-{
-  char *temp;
-
-  temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
-  if (c == 0)
-    {
-      temp[0] = CTLNUL;
-      temp[1] = '\0';
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      temp[0] = CTLESC;
-      temp[1] = c;
-      temp[2] = '\0';
-    }
-  return (temp);
-}
-
-/* Quote STRING, returning a new string.  This turns "" into QUOTED_NULL, so
-   the W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag needs to be set in any resultant WORD_DESC where
-   this value is the word. */
-char *
-quote_string (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  register char *t;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *result, *send;
-
-  if (*string == 0)
-    {
-      result = (char *)xmalloc (2);
-      result[0] = CTLNUL;
-      result[1] = '\0';
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-      slen = strlen (string);
-      send = string + slen;
-
-      result = (char *)xmalloc ((slen * 2) + 1);
-
-      for (t = result; string < send; )
-	{
-	  *t++ = CTLESC;
-	  COPY_CHAR_P (t, string, send);
-	}
-      *t = '\0';
-    }
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* De-quote quoted characters in STRING. */
-char *
-dequote_string (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  register char *s, *t;
-  size_t slen;
-  char *result, *send;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-
-  t = result = (char *)xmalloc (slen + 1);
-
-  if (QUOTED_NULL (string))
-    {
-      result[0] = '\0';
-      return (result);
-    }
-
-  /* If no character in the string can be quoted, don't bother examining
-     each character.  Just return a copy of the string passed to us. */
-  if (strchr (string, CTLESC) == NULL)
-    return (strcpy (result, string));
-
-  send = string + slen;
-  s = string;
-  while (*s)
-    {
-      if (*s == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  s++;
-	  if (*s == '\0')
-	    break;
-	}
-      COPY_CHAR_P (t, s, send);
-    }
-
-  *t = '\0';
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Quote the entire WORD_LIST list. */
-static WORD_LIST *
-quote_list (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *w;
-  char *t;
-
-  for (w = list; w; w = w->next)
-    {
-      t = w->word->word;
-      w->word->word = quote_string (t);
-      if (*t == 0)
-	w->word->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;	/* XXX - turn on W_HASQUOTEDNULL here? */
-      w->word->flags |= W_QUOTED;
-      free (t);
-    }
-  return list;
-}
-
-/* De-quote quoted characters in each word in LIST. */
-WORD_LIST *
-dequote_list (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  register char *s;
-  register WORD_LIST *tlist;
-
-  for (tlist = list; tlist; tlist = tlist->next)
-    {
-      s = dequote_string (tlist->word->word);
-      if (QUOTED_NULL (tlist->word->word))
-	tlist->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-      free (tlist->word->word);
-      tlist->word->word = s;
-    }
-  return list;
-}
-
-/* Remove CTLESC protecting a CTLESC or CTLNUL in place.  Return the passed
-   string. */
-char *
-remove_quoted_escapes (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  char *t;
-
-  if (string)
-    {
-      t = dequote_escapes (string);
-      strcpy (string, t);
-      free (t);
-    }
-
-  return (string);
-}
-
-/* Perform quoted null character removal on STRING.  We don't allow any
-   quoted null characters in the middle or at the ends of strings because
-   of how expand_word_internal works.  remove_quoted_nulls () turns
-   STRING into an empty string iff it only consists of a quoted null,
-   and removes all unquoted CTLNUL characters. */
-char *
-remove_quoted_nulls (string)
-     char *string;
-{
-  register size_t slen;
-  register int i, j, prev_i;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  if (strchr (string, CTLNUL) == 0)		/* XXX */
-    return string;				/* XXX */
-
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  i = j = 0;
-
-  while (i < slen)
-    {
-      if (string[i] == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  /* Old code had j++, but we cannot assume that i == j at this
-	     point -- what if a CTLNUL has already been removed from the
-	     string?  We don't want to drop the CTLESC or recopy characters
-	     that we've already copied down. */
-	  i++; string[j++] = CTLESC;
-	  if (i == slen)
-	    break;
-	}
-      else if (string[i] == CTLNUL)
-	{
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      prev_i = i;
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, i);
-      if (j < prev_i)
-	{
-	  do string[j++] = string[prev_i++]; while (prev_i < i);
-	}
-      else
-	j = i;
-    }
-  string[j] = '\0';
-
-  return (string);
-}
-
-/* Perform quoted null character removal on each element of LIST.
-   This modifies LIST. */
-void
-word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *t;
-
-  for (t = list; t; t = t->next)
-    {
-      remove_quoted_nulls (t->word->word);
-      t->word->flags &= ~W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-    }
-}
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*	   Functions for Matching and Removing Patterns		    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-#if 0 /* Currently unused */
-static unsigned char *
-mb_getcharlens (string, len)
-     char *string;
-     int len;
-{
-  int i, offset, last;
-  unsigned char *ret;
-  char *p;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  i = offset = 0;
-  last = 0;
-  ret = (unsigned char *)xmalloc (len);
-  memset (ret, 0, len);
-  while (string[last])
-    {
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (string, len, offset);
-      ret[last] = offset - last;
-      last = offset;
-    }
-  return ret;
-}
-#endif
-#endif
-
-/* Remove the portion of PARAM matched by PATTERN according to OP, where OP
-   can have one of 4 values:
-	RP_LONG_LEFT	remove longest matching portion at start of PARAM
-	RP_SHORT_LEFT	remove shortest matching portion at start of PARAM
-	RP_LONG_RIGHT	remove longest matching portion at end of PARAM
-	RP_SHORT_RIGHT	remove shortest matching portion at end of PARAM
-*/
-
-#define RP_LONG_LEFT	1
-#define RP_SHORT_LEFT	2
-#define RP_LONG_RIGHT	3
-#define RP_SHORT_RIGHT	4
-
-/* Returns its first argument if nothing matched; new memory otherwise */
-static char *
-remove_upattern (param, pattern, op)
-     char *param, *pattern;
-     int op;
-{
-  register int len;
-  register char *end;
-  register char *p, *ret, c;
-
-  len = STRLEN (param);
-  end = param + len;
-
-  switch (op)
-    {
-      case RP_LONG_LEFT:	/* remove longest match at start */
-	for (p = end; p >= param; p--)
-	  {
-	    c = *p; *p = '\0';
-	    if (strmatch (pattern, param, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		*p = c;
-		return (savestring (p));
-	      }
-	    *p = c;
-
-	  }
-	break;
-
-      case RP_SHORT_LEFT:	/* remove shortest match at start */
-	for (p = param; p <= end; p++)
-	  {
-	    c = *p; *p = '\0';
-	    if (strmatch (pattern, param, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		*p = c;
-		return (savestring (p));
-	      }
-	    *p = c;
-	  }
-	break;
-
-      case RP_LONG_RIGHT:	/* remove longest match at end */
-	for (p = param; p <= end; p++)
-	  {
-	    if (strmatch (pattern, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		c = *p; *p = '\0';
-		ret = savestring (param);
-		*p = c;
-		return (ret);
-	      }
-	  }
-	break;
-
-      case RP_SHORT_RIGHT:	/* remove shortest match at end */
-	for (p = end; p >= param; p--)
-	  {
-	    if (strmatch (pattern, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		c = *p; *p = '\0';
-		ret = savestring (param);
-		*p = c;
-		return (ret);
-	      }
-	  }
-	break;
-    }
-
-  return (param);	/* no match, return original string */
-}
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-/* Returns its first argument if nothing matched; new memory otherwise */
-static wchar_t *
-remove_wpattern (wparam, wstrlen, wpattern, op)
-     wchar_t *wparam;
-     size_t wstrlen;
-     wchar_t *wpattern;
-     int op;
-{
-  wchar_t wc, *ret;
-  int n;
-
-  switch (op)
-    {
-      case RP_LONG_LEFT:	/* remove longest match at start */
-        for (n = wstrlen; n >= 0; n--)
-	  {
-	    wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
-	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		wparam[n] = wc;
-		return (wcsdup (wparam + n));
-	      }
-	    wparam[n] = wc;
-	  }
-	break;
-
-      case RP_SHORT_LEFT:	/* remove shortest match at start */
-	for (n = 0; n <= wstrlen; n++)
-	  {
-	    wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
-	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		wparam[n] = wc;
-		return (wcsdup (wparam + n));
-	      }
-	    wparam[n] = wc;
-	  }
-	break;
-
-      case RP_LONG_RIGHT:	/* remove longest match at end */
-        for (n = 0; n <= wstrlen; n++)
-	  {
-	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
-		ret = wcsdup (wparam);
-		wparam[n] = wc;
-		return (ret);
-	      }
-	  }
-	break;
-
-      case RP_SHORT_RIGHT:	/* remove shortest match at end */
-	for (n = wstrlen; n >= 0; n--)
-	  {
-	    if (wcsmatch (wpattern, wparam + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) != FNM_NOMATCH)
-	      {
-		wc = wparam[n]; wparam[n] = L'\0';
-		ret = wcsdup (wparam);
-		wparam[n] = wc;
-		return (ret);
-	      }
-	  }
-	break;
-    }
-
-  return (wparam);	/* no match, return original string */
-}
-#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-
-static char *
-remove_pattern (param, pattern, op)
-     char *param, *pattern;
-     int op;
-{
-  char *xret;
-
-  if (param == NULL)
-    return (param);
-  if (*param == '\0' || pattern == NULL || *pattern == '\0')	/* minor optimization */
-    return (savestring (param));
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
-    {
-      wchar_t *ret, *oret;
-      size_t n;
-      wchar_t *wparam, *wpattern;
-      mbstate_t ps;
-
-      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wpattern, NULL, pattern);
-      if (n == (size_t)-1)
-	{
-	  xret = remove_upattern (param, pattern, op);
-	  return ((xret == param) ? savestring (param) : xret);
-	}
-      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wparam, NULL, param);
-
-      if (n == (size_t)-1)
-	{
-	  free (wpattern);
-	  xret = remove_upattern (param, pattern, op);
-	  return ((xret == param) ? savestring (param) : xret);
-	}
-      oret = ret = remove_wpattern (wparam, n, wpattern, op);
-      /* Don't bother to convert wparam back to multibyte string if nothing
-	 matched; just return copy of original string */
-      if (ret == wparam)
-        {
-          free (wparam);
-          free (wpattern);
-          return (savestring (param));
-        }
-
-      free (wparam);
-      free (wpattern);
-
-      n = strlen (param);
-      xret = (char *)xmalloc (n + 1);
-      memset (&ps, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
-      n = wcsrtombs (xret, (const wchar_t **)&ret, n, &ps);
-      xret[n] = '\0';		/* just to make sure */
-      free (oret);
-      return xret;      
-    }
-  else
-#endif
-    {
-      xret = remove_upattern (param, pattern, op);
-      return ((xret == param) ? savestring (param) : xret);
-    }
-}
-
-/* Match PAT anywhere in STRING and return the match boundaries.
-   This returns 1 in case of a successful match, 0 otherwise.  SP
-   and EP are pointers into the string where the match begins and
-   ends, respectively.  MTYPE controls what kind of match is attempted.
-   MATCH_BEG and MATCH_END anchor the match at the beginning and end
-   of the string, respectively.  The longest match is returned. */
-static int
-match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep)
-     char *string, *pat;
-     int mtype;
-     char **sp, **ep;
-{
-  int c, len, mlen;
-  register char *p, *p1, *npat;
-  char *end;
-  int n1;
-
-  /* If the pattern doesn't match anywhere in the string, go ahead and
-     short-circuit right away.  A minor optimization, saves a bunch of
-     unnecessary calls to strmatch (up to N calls for a string of N
-     characters) if the match is unsuccessful.  To preserve the semantics
-     of the substring matches below, we make sure that the pattern has
-     `*' as first and last character, making a new pattern if necessary. */
-  /* XXX - check this later if I ever implement `**' with special meaning,
-     since this will potentially result in `**' at the beginning or end */
-  len = STRLEN (pat);
-  if (pat[0] != '*' || (pat[0] == '*' && pat[1] == LPAREN && extended_glob) || pat[len - 1] != '*')
-    {
-      p = npat = (char *)xmalloc (len + 3);
-      p1 = pat;
-      if (*p1 != '*' || (*p1 == '*' && p1[1] == LPAREN && extended_glob))
-	*p++ = '*';
-      while (*p1)
-	*p++ = *p1++;
-      if (p1[-1] != '*' || p[-2] == '\\')
-	*p++ = '*';
-      *p = '\0';
-    }
-  else
-    npat = pat;
-  c = strmatch (npat, string, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG);
-  if (npat != pat)
-    free (npat);
-  if (c == FNM_NOMATCH)
-    return (0);
-
-  len = STRLEN (string);
-  end = string + len;
-
-  mlen = umatchlen (pat, len);
-
-  switch (mtype)
-    {
-    case MATCH_ANY:
-      for (p = string; p <= end; p++)
-	{
-	  if (match_pattern_char (pat, p))
-	    {
-	      p1 = (mlen == -1) ? end : p + mlen;
-	      /* p1 - p = length of portion of string to be considered
-	         p = current position in string
-	         mlen = number of characters consumed by match (-1 for entire string)
-	         end = end of string
-	         we want to break immediately if the potential match len
-	         is greater than the number of characters remaining in the
-	         string
-	      */
-	      if (p1 > end)
-		break;
-	      for ( ; p1 >= p; p1--)
-		{
-		  c = *p1; *p1 = '\0';
-		  if (strmatch (pat, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
-		    {
-		      *p1 = c;
-		      *sp = p;
-		      *ep = p1;
-		      return 1;
-		    }
-		  *p1 = c;
-#if 1
-		  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
-		  if (mlen != -1)
-		    break;
-#endif
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-
-      return (0);
-
-    case MATCH_BEG:
-      if (match_pattern_char (pat, string) == 0)
-	return (0);
-
-      for (p = (mlen == -1) ? end : string + mlen; p >= string; p--)
-	{
-	  c = *p; *p = '\0';
-	  if (strmatch (pat, string, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
-	    {
-	      *p = c;
-	      *sp = string;
-	      *ep = p;
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	  *p = c;
-	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
-	  if (mlen != -1)
-	    break;
-	}
-
-      return (0);
-
-    case MATCH_END:
-      for (p = end - ((mlen == -1) ? len : mlen); p <= end; p++)
-	{
-	  if (strmatch (pat, p, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
-	    {
-	      *sp = p;
-	      *ep = end;
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
-	  if (mlen != -1)
-	    break;
-	}
-
-      return (0);
-    }
-
-  return (0);
-}
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-/* Match WPAT anywhere in WSTRING and return the match boundaries.
-   This returns 1 in case of a successful match, 0 otherwise.  Wide
-   character version. */
-static int
-match_wpattern (wstring, indices, wstrlen, wpat, mtype, sp, ep)
-     wchar_t *wstring;
-     char **indices;
-     size_t wstrlen;
-     wchar_t *wpat;
-     int mtype;
-     char **sp, **ep;
-{
-  wchar_t wc, *wp, *nwpat, *wp1;
-  size_t len;
-  int mlen;
-  int n, n1, n2, simple;
-
-  simple = (wpat[0] != L'\\' && wpat[0] != L'*' && wpat[0] != L'?' && wpat[0] != L'[');
-#if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB)
-  if (extended_glob)
-    simple &= (wpat[1] != L'(' || (wpat[0] != L'*' && wpat[0] != L'?' && wpat[0] != L'+' && wpat[0] != L'!' && wpat[0] != L'@')); /*)*/
-#endif
-
-  /* If the pattern doesn't match anywhere in the string, go ahead and
-     short-circuit right away.  A minor optimization, saves a bunch of
-     unnecessary calls to strmatch (up to N calls for a string of N
-     characters) if the match is unsuccessful.  To preserve the semantics
-     of the substring matches below, we make sure that the pattern has
-     `*' as first and last character, making a new pattern if necessary. */
-  len = wcslen (wpat);
-  if (wpat[0] != L'*' || (wpat[0] == L'*' && wpat[1] == WLPAREN && extended_glob) || wpat[len - 1] != L'*')
-    {
-      wp = nwpat = (wchar_t *)xmalloc ((len + 3) * sizeof (wchar_t));
-      wp1 = wpat;
-      if (*wp1 != L'*' || (*wp1 == '*' && wp1[1] == WLPAREN && extended_glob))
-	*wp++ = L'*';
-      while (*wp1 != L'\0')
-	*wp++ = *wp1++;
-      if (wp1[-1] != L'*' || wp1[-2] == L'\\')
-        *wp++ = L'*';
-      *wp = '\0';
-    }
-  else
-    nwpat = wpat;
-  len = wcsmatch (nwpat, wstring, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG);
-  if (nwpat != wpat)
-    free (nwpat);
-  if (len == FNM_NOMATCH)
-    return (0);
-
-  mlen = wmatchlen (wpat, wstrlen);
-
-/* itrace("wmatchlen (%ls) -> %d", wpat, mlen); */
-  switch (mtype)
-    {
-    case MATCH_ANY:
-      for (n = 0; n <= wstrlen; n++)
-	{
-	  n2 = simple ? (*wpat == wstring[n]) : match_pattern_wchar (wpat, wstring + n);
-	  if (n2)
-	    {
-	      n1 = (mlen == -1) ? wstrlen : n + mlen;
-	      if (n1 > wstrlen)
-	        break;
-
-	      for ( ; n1 >= n; n1--)
-		{
-		  wc = wstring[n1]; wstring[n1] = L'\0';
-		  if (wcsmatch (wpat, wstring + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
-		    {
-		      wstring[n1] = wc;
-		      *sp = indices[n];
-		      *ep = indices[n1];
-		      return 1;
-		    }
-		  wstring[n1] = wc;
-		  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
-		  if (mlen != -1)
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-
-      return (0);
-
-    case MATCH_BEG:
-      if (match_pattern_wchar (wpat, wstring) == 0)
-	return (0);
-
-      for (n = (mlen == -1) ? wstrlen : mlen; n >= 0; n--)
-	{
-	  wc = wstring[n]; wstring[n] = L'\0';
-	  if (wcsmatch (wpat, wstring, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
-	    {
-	      wstring[n] = wc;
-	      *sp = indices[0];
-	      *ep = indices[n];
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	  wstring[n] = wc;
-	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
-	  if (mlen != -1)
-	    break;
-	}
-
-      return (0);
-
-    case MATCH_END:
-      for (n = wstrlen - ((mlen == -1) ? wstrlen : mlen); n <= wstrlen; n++)
-	{
-	  if (wcsmatch (wpat, wstring + n, FNMATCH_EXTFLAG) == 0)
-	    {
-	      *sp = indices[n];
-	      *ep = indices[wstrlen];
-	      return 1;
-	    }
-	  /* If MLEN != -1, we have a fixed length pattern. */
-	  if (mlen != -1)
-	    break;
-	}
-
-      return (0);
-    }
-
-  return (0);
-}
-#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
-
-static int
-match_pattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep)
-     char *string, *pat;
-     int mtype;
-     char **sp, **ep;
-{
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  int ret;
-  size_t n;
-  wchar_t *wstring, *wpat;
-  char **indices;
-  size_t slen, plen, mslen, mplen;
-#endif
-
-  if (string == 0 || *string == 0 || pat == 0 || *pat == 0)
-    return (0);
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
-    {
-      if (mbsmbchar (string) == 0 && mbsmbchar (pat) == 0)
-        return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
-
-      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wpat, NULL, pat);
-      if (n == (size_t)-1)
-	return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
-      n = xdupmbstowcs (&wstring, &indices, string);
-      if (n == (size_t)-1)
-	{
-	  free (wpat);
-	  return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
-	}
-      ret = match_wpattern (wstring, indices, n, wpat, mtype, sp, ep);
-
-      free (wpat);
-      free (wstring);
-      free (indices);
-
-      return (ret);
-    }
-  else
-#endif
-    return (match_upattern (string, pat, mtype, sp, ep));
-}
-
-static int
-getpatspec (c, value)
-     int c;
-     char *value;
-{
-  if (c == '#')
-    return ((*value == '#') ? RP_LONG_LEFT : RP_SHORT_LEFT);
-  else	/* c == '%' */
-    return ((*value == '%') ? RP_LONG_RIGHT : RP_SHORT_RIGHT);
-}
-
-/* Posix.2 says that the WORD should be run through tilde expansion,
-   parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion.
-   This leaves the result quoted, so quote_string_for_globbing () has
-   to be called to fix it up for strmatch ().  If QUOTED is non-zero,
-   it means that the entire expression was enclosed in double quotes.
-   This means that quoting characters in the pattern do not make any
-   special pattern characters quoted.  For example, the `*' in the
-   following retains its special meaning: "${foo#'*'}". */
-static char *
-getpattern (value, quoted, expandpat)
-     char *value;
-     int quoted, expandpat;
-{
-  char *pat, *tword;
-  WORD_LIST *l;
-#if 0
-  int i;
-#endif
-  /* There is a problem here:  how to handle single or double quotes in the
-     pattern string when the whole expression is between double quotes?
-     POSIX.2 says that enclosing double quotes do not cause the pattern to
-     be quoted, but does that leave us a problem with @ and array[@] and their
-     expansions inside a pattern? */
-#if 0
-  if (expandpat && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && *tword)
-    {
-      i = 0;
-      pat = string_extract_double_quoted (tword, &i, 1);
-      free (tword);
-      tword = pat;
-    }
-#endif
-
-  /* expand_string_for_rhs () leaves WORD quoted and does not perform
-     word splitting. */
-  l = *value ? expand_string_for_rhs (value,
-				      (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) ? Q_PATQUOTE : quoted,
-				      (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL)
-	     : (WORD_LIST *)0;
-  pat = string_list (l);
-  dispose_words (l);
-  if (pat)
-    {
-      tword = quote_string_for_globbing (pat, QGLOB_CVTNULL);
-      free (pat);
-      pat = tword;
-    }
-  return (pat);
-}
-
-#if 0
-/* Handle removing a pattern from a string as a result of ${name%[%]value}
-   or ${name#[#]value}. */
-static char *
-variable_remove_pattern (value, pattern, patspec, quoted)
-     char *value, *pattern;
-     int patspec, quoted;
-{
-  char *tword;
-
-  tword = remove_pattern (value, pattern, patspec);
-
-  return (tword);
-}
-#endif
-
-static char *
-list_remove_pattern (list, pattern, patspec, itype, quoted)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     char *pattern;
-     int patspec, itype, quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *new, *l;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  char *tword;
-
-  for (new = (WORD_LIST *)NULL, l = list; l; l = l->next)
-    {
-      tword = remove_pattern (l->word->word, pattern, patspec);
-      w = alloc_word_desc ();
-      w->word = tword ? tword : savestring ("");
-      new = make_word_list (w, new);
-    }
-
-  l = REVERSE_LIST (new, WORD_LIST *);
-  tword = string_list_pos_params (itype, l, quoted);
-  dispose_words (l);
-
-  return (tword);
-}
-
-static char *
-parameter_list_remove_pattern (itype, pattern, patspec, quoted)
-     int itype;
-     char *pattern;
-     int patspec, quoted;
-{
-  char *ret;
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-
-  list = list_rest_of_args ();
-  if (list == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-  ret = list_remove_pattern (list, pattern, patspec, itype, quoted);
-  dispose_words (list);
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-static char *
-array_remove_pattern (var, pattern, patspec, varname, quoted)
-     SHELL_VAR *var;
-     char *pattern;
-     int patspec;
-     char *varname;	/* so we can figure out how it's indexed */
-     int quoted;
-{
-  ARRAY *a;
-  HASH_TABLE *h;
-  int itype;
-  char *ret;
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-
-  /* compute itype from varname here */
-  v = array_variable_part (varname, &ret, 0);
-
-  /* XXX */
-  if (v && invisible_p (var))
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  itype = ret[0];
-
-  a = (v && array_p (v)) ? array_cell (v) : 0;
-  h = (v && assoc_p (v)) ? assoc_cell (v) : 0;
-  
-  list = a ? array_to_word_list (a) : (h ? assoc_to_word_list (h) : 0);
-  if (list == 0)
-   return ((char *)NULL);
-  ret = list_remove_pattern (list, pattern, patspec, itype, quoted);
-  dispose_words (list);
-
-  return ret;
-}
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-
-static char *
-parameter_brace_remove_pattern (varname, value, ind, patstr, rtype, quoted, flags)
-     char *varname, *value;
-     int ind;
-     char *patstr;
-     int rtype, quoted, flags;
-{
-  int vtype, patspec, starsub;
-  char *temp1, *val, *pattern;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-
-  if (value == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  this_command_name = varname;
-
-  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
-  if (vtype == -1)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
-  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
-
-  patspec = getpatspec (rtype, patstr);
-  if (patspec == RP_LONG_LEFT || patspec == RP_LONG_RIGHT)
-    patstr++;
-
-  /* Need to pass getpattern newly-allocated memory in case of expansion --
-     the expansion code will free the passed string on an error. */
-  temp1 = savestring (patstr);
-  pattern = getpattern (temp1, quoted, 1);
-  free (temp1);
-
-  temp1 = (char *)NULL;		/* shut up gcc */
-  switch (vtype)
-    {
-    case VT_VARIABLE:
-    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
-      temp1 = remove_pattern (val, pattern, patspec);
-      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
-	FREE (val);
-      if (temp1)
-	{
-	  val = (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-			? quote_string (temp1)
-			: quote_escapes (temp1);
-	  free (temp1);
-	  temp1 = val;
-	}
-      break;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
-      temp1 = array_remove_pattern (v, pattern, patspec, varname, quoted);
-      if (temp1 && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
-	{
-	  val = quote_escapes (temp1);
-	  free (temp1);
-	  temp1 = val;
-	}
-      break;
-#endif
-    case VT_POSPARMS:
-      temp1 = parameter_list_remove_pattern (varname[0], pattern, patspec, quoted);
-      if (temp1 && ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) == 0))
-	{
-	  val = quote_escapes (temp1);
-	  free (temp1);
-	  temp1 = val;
-	}
-      break;
-    }
-
-  FREE (pattern);
-  return temp1;
-}    
-
-/*******************************************
- *					   *
- *	Functions to expand WORD_DESCs	   *
- *					   *
- *******************************************/
-
-/* Expand WORD, performing word splitting on the result.  This does
-   parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
-   word splitting, and quote removal. */
-
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_word (word, quoted)
-     WORD_DESC *word;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result, *tresult;
-
-  tresult = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
-  result = word_list_split (tresult);
-  dispose_words (tresult);
-  return (result ? dequote_list (result) : result);
-}
-
-/* Expand WORD, but do not perform word splitting on the result.  This
-   does parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
-   and quote removal. */
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_word_unsplit (word, quoted)
-     WORD_DESC *word;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result;
-
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  if (ifs_firstc[0] == 0)
-#else
-  if (ifs_firstc == 0)
-#endif
-    word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT;
-  word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2;
-  result = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
-
-  return (result ? dequote_list (result) : result);
-}
-
-/* Perform shell expansions on WORD, but do not perform word splitting or
-   quote removal on the result.  Virtually identical to expand_word_unsplit;
-   could be combined if implementations don't diverge. */
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_word_leave_quoted (word, quoted)
-     WORD_DESC *word;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result;
-
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 1;
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  if (ifs_firstc[0] == 0)
-#else
-  if (ifs_firstc == 0)
-#endif
-    word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT;
-  word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT2;
-  result = call_expand_word_internal (word, quoted, 0, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL);
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-
-/*****************************************************************/
-/*								 */
-/*		    Hacking Process Substitution		 */
-/*								 */
-/*****************************************************************/
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-/* Named pipes must be removed explicitly with `unlink'.  This keeps a list
-   of FIFOs the shell has open.  unlink_fifo_list will walk the list and
-   unlink all of them. add_fifo_list adds the name of an open FIFO to the
-   list.  NFIFO is a count of the number of FIFOs in the list. */
-#define FIFO_INCR 20
-
-struct temp_fifo {
-  char *file;
-  pid_t proc;
-};
-
-static struct temp_fifo *fifo_list = (struct temp_fifo *)NULL;
-static int nfifo;
-static int fifo_list_size;
-
-void
-clear_fifo_list ()
-{
-}
-
-char *
-copy_fifo_list (sizep)
-     int *sizep;
-{
-  if (sizep)
-    *sizep = 0;
-  return (char *)NULL;
-}
-
-static void
-add_fifo_list (pathname)
-     char *pathname;
-{
-  if (nfifo >= fifo_list_size - 1)
-    {
-      fifo_list_size += FIFO_INCR;
-      fifo_list = (struct temp_fifo *)xrealloc (fifo_list,
-				fifo_list_size * sizeof (struct temp_fifo));
-    }
-
-  fifo_list[nfifo].file = savestring (pathname);
-  nfifo++;
-}
-
-void
-unlink_fifo (i)
-     int i;
-{
-  if ((fifo_list[i].proc == -1) || (kill(fifo_list[i].proc, 0) == -1))
-    {
-      unlink (fifo_list[i].file);
-      free (fifo_list[i].file);
-      fifo_list[i].file = (char *)NULL;
-      fifo_list[i].proc = -1;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-unlink_fifo_list ()
-{
-  int saved, i, j;
-
-  if (nfifo == 0)
-    return;
-
-  for (i = saved = 0; i < nfifo; i++)
-    {
-      if ((fifo_list[i].proc == -1) || (kill(fifo_list[i].proc, 0) == -1))
-	{
-	  unlink (fifo_list[i].file);
-	  free (fifo_list[i].file);
-	  fifo_list[i].file = (char *)NULL;
-	  fifo_list[i].proc = -1;
-	}
-      else
-	saved++;
-    }
-
-  /* If we didn't remove some of the FIFOs, compact the list. */
-  if (saved)
-    {
-      for (i = j = 0; i < nfifo; i++)
-	if (fifo_list[i].file)
-	  {
-	    fifo_list[j].file = fifo_list[i].file;
-	    fifo_list[j].proc = fifo_list[i].proc;
-	    j++;
-	  }
-      nfifo = j;
-    }
-  else
-    nfifo = 0;
-}
-
-/* Take LIST, which is a bitmap denoting active FIFOs in fifo_list
-   from some point in the past, and close all open FIFOs in fifo_list
-   that are not marked as active in LIST.  If LIST is NULL, close
-   everything in fifo_list. LSIZE is the number of elements in LIST, in
-   case it's larger than fifo_list_size (size of fifo_list). */
-void
-close_new_fifos (list, lsize)
-     char *list;
-     int lsize;
-{
-  int i;
-
-  if (list == 0)
-    {
-      unlink_fifo_list ();
-      return;
-    }
-
-  for (i = 0; i < lsize; i++)
-    if (list[i] == 0 && i < fifo_list_size && fifo_list[i].proc != -1)
-      unlink_fifo (i);
-
-  for (i = lsize; i < fifo_list_size; i++)
-    unlink_fifo (i);  
-}
-
-int
-fifos_pending ()
-{
-  return nfifo;
-}
-
-int
-num_fifos ()
-{
-  return nfifo;
-}
-
-static char *
-make_named_pipe ()
-{
-  char *tname;
-
-  tname = sh_mktmpname ("sh-np", MT_USERANDOM|MT_USETMPDIR);
-  if (mkfifo (tname, 0600) < 0)
-    {
-      free (tname);
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  add_fifo_list (tname);
-  return (tname);
-}
-
-#else /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-
-/* DEV_FD_LIST is a bitmap of file descriptors attached to pipes the shell
-   has open to children.  NFDS is a count of the number of bits currently
-   set in DEV_FD_LIST.  TOTFDS is a count of the highest possible number
-   of open files. */
-static char *dev_fd_list = (char *)NULL;
-static int nfds;
-static int totfds;	/* The highest possible number of open files. */
-
-void
-clear_fifo (i)
-     int i;
-{
-  if (dev_fd_list[i])
-    {
-      dev_fd_list[i] = 0;
-      nfds--;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-clear_fifo_list ()
-{
-  register int i;
-
-  if (nfds == 0)
-    return;
-
-  for (i = 0; nfds && i < totfds; i++)
-    clear_fifo (i);
-
-  nfds = 0;
-}
-
-char *
-copy_fifo_list (sizep)
-     int *sizep;
-{
-  char *ret;
-
-  if (nfds == 0 || totfds == 0)
-    {
-      if (sizep)
-	*sizep = 0;
-      return (char *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  if (sizep)
-    *sizep = totfds;
-  ret = (char *)xmalloc (totfds);
-  return (memcpy (ret, dev_fd_list, totfds));
-}
-
-static void
-add_fifo_list (fd)
-     int fd;
-{
-  if (dev_fd_list == 0 || fd >= totfds)
-    {
-      int ofds;
-
-      ofds = totfds;
-      totfds = getdtablesize ();
-      if (totfds < 0 || totfds > 256)
-	totfds = 256;
-      if (fd >= totfds)
-	totfds = fd + 2;
-
-      dev_fd_list = (char *)xrealloc (dev_fd_list, totfds);
-      memset (dev_fd_list + ofds, '\0', totfds - ofds);
-    }
-
-  dev_fd_list[fd] = 1;
-  nfds++;
-}
-
-int
-fifos_pending ()
-{
-  return 0;	/* used for cleanup; not needed with /dev/fd */
-}
-
-int
-num_fifos ()
-{
-  return nfds;
-}
-
-void
-unlink_fifo (fd)
-     int fd;
-{
-  if (dev_fd_list[fd])
-    {
-      close (fd);
-      dev_fd_list[fd] = 0;
-      nfds--;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-unlink_fifo_list ()
-{
-  register int i;
-
-  if (nfds == 0)
-    return;
-
-  for (i = 0; nfds && i < totfds; i++)
-    unlink_fifo (i);
-
-  nfds = 0;
-}
-
-/* Take LIST, which is a snapshot copy of dev_fd_list from some point in
-   the past, and close all open fds in dev_fd_list that are not marked
-   as open in LIST.  If LIST is NULL, close everything in dev_fd_list.
-   LSIZE is the number of elements in LIST, in case it's larger than
-   totfds (size of dev_fd_list). */
-void
-close_new_fifos (list, lsize)
-     char *list;
-     int lsize;
-{
-  int i;
-
-  if (list == 0)
-    {
-      unlink_fifo_list ();
-      return;
-    }
-
-  for (i = 0; i < lsize; i++)
-    if (list[i] == 0 && i < totfds && dev_fd_list[i])
-      unlink_fifo (i);
-
-  for (i = lsize; i < totfds; i++)
-    unlink_fifo (i);  
-}
-
-#if defined (NOTDEF)
-print_dev_fd_list ()
-{
-  register int i;
-
-  fprintf (stderr, "pid %ld: dev_fd_list:", (long)getpid ());
-  fflush (stderr);
-
-  for (i = 0; i < totfds; i++)
-    {
-      if (dev_fd_list[i])
-	fprintf (stderr, " %d", i);
-    }
-  fprintf (stderr, "\n");
-}
-#endif /* NOTDEF */
-
-static char *
-make_dev_fd_filename (fd)
-     int fd;
-{
-  char *ret, intbuf[INT_STRLEN_BOUND (int) + 1], *p;
-
-  ret = (char *)xmalloc (sizeof (DEV_FD_PREFIX) + 8);
-
-  strcpy (ret, DEV_FD_PREFIX);
-  p = inttostr (fd, intbuf, sizeof (intbuf));
-  strcpy (ret + sizeof (DEV_FD_PREFIX) - 1, p);
-
-  add_fifo_list (fd);
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-
-/* Return a filename that will open a connection to the process defined by
-   executing STRING.  HAVE_DEV_FD, if defined, means open a pipe and return
-   a filename in /dev/fd corresponding to a descriptor that is one of the
-   ends of the pipe.  If not defined, we use named pipes on systems that have
-   them.  Systems without /dev/fd and named pipes are out of luck.
-
-   OPEN_FOR_READ_IN_CHILD, if 1, means open the named pipe for reading or
-   use the read end of the pipe and dup that file descriptor to fd 0 in
-   the child.  If OPEN_FOR_READ_IN_CHILD is 0, we open the named pipe for
-   writing or use the write end of the pipe in the child, and dup that
-   file descriptor to fd 1 in the child.  The parent does the opposite. */
-
-static char *
-process_substitute (string, open_for_read_in_child)
-     char *string;
-     int open_for_read_in_child;
-{
-  char *pathname;
-  int fd, result;
-  pid_t old_pid, pid;
-#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-  int parent_pipe_fd, child_pipe_fd;
-  int fildes[2];
-#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  pid_t old_pipeline_pgrp;
-#endif
-
-  if (!string || !*string || wordexp_only)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-  pathname = make_named_pipe ();
-#else /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-  if (pipe (fildes) < 0)
-    {
-      sys_error (_("cannot make pipe for process substitution"));
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-  /* If OPEN_FOR_READ_IN_CHILD == 1, we want to use the write end of
-     the pipe in the parent, otherwise the read end. */
-  parent_pipe_fd = fildes[open_for_read_in_child];
-  child_pipe_fd = fildes[1 - open_for_read_in_child];
-  /* Move the parent end of the pipe to some high file descriptor, to
-     avoid clashes with FDs used by the script. */
-  parent_pipe_fd = move_to_high_fd (parent_pipe_fd, 1, 64);
-
-  pathname = make_dev_fd_filename (parent_pipe_fd);
-#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-
-  if (pathname == 0)
-    {
-      sys_error (_("cannot make pipe for process substitution"));
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  old_pid = last_made_pid;
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  old_pipeline_pgrp = pipeline_pgrp;
-  pipeline_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
-  save_pipeline (1);
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  pid = make_child ((char *)NULL, 1);
-  if (pid == 0)
-    {
-      reset_terminating_signals ();	/* XXX */
-      free_pushed_string_input ();
-      /* Cancel traps, in trap.c. */
-      restore_original_signals ();	/* XXX - what about special builtins? bash-4.2 */
-      setup_async_signals ();
-      subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_COMSUB|SUBSHELL_PROCSUB;
-    }
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  set_sigchld_handler ();
-  stop_making_children ();
-  /* XXX - should we only do this in the parent? (as in command subst) */
-  pipeline_pgrp = old_pipeline_pgrp;
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  if (pid < 0)
-    {
-      sys_error (_("cannot make child for process substitution"));
-      free (pathname);
-#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-      close (parent_pipe_fd);
-      close (child_pipe_fd);
-#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  if (pid > 0)
-    {
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-      restore_pipeline (1);
-#endif
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-      fifo_list[nfifo-1].proc = pid;
-#endif
-
-      last_made_pid = old_pid;
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL) && defined (PGRP_PIPE)
-      close_pgrp_pipe ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL && PGRP_PIPE */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-      close (child_pipe_fd);
-#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-
-      return (pathname);
-    }
-
-  set_sigint_handler ();
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  set_job_control (0);
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-  /* Open the named pipe in the child. */
-  fd = open (pathname, open_for_read_in_child ? O_RDONLY : O_WRONLY);
-  if (fd < 0)
-    {
-      /* Two separate strings for ease of translation. */
-      if (open_for_read_in_child)
-	sys_error (_("cannot open named pipe %s for reading"), pathname);
-      else
-	sys_error (_("cannot open named pipe %s for writing"), pathname);
-
-      exit (127);
-    }
-  if (open_for_read_in_child)
-    {
-      if (sh_unset_nodelay_mode (fd) < 0)
-	{
-	  sys_error (_("cannot reset nodelay mode for fd %d"), fd);
-	  exit (127);
-	}
-    }
-#else /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-  fd = child_pipe_fd;
-#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-
-  if (dup2 (fd, open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1) < 0)
-    {
-      sys_error (_("cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d"), pathname,
-	open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1);
-      exit (127);
-    }
-
-  if (fd != (open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1))
-    close (fd);
-
-  /* Need to close any files that this process has open to pipes inherited
-     from its parent. */
-  if (current_fds_to_close)
-    {
-      close_fd_bitmap (current_fds_to_close);
-      current_fds_to_close = (struct fd_bitmap *)NULL;
-    }
-
-#if defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-  /* Make sure we close the parent's end of the pipe and clear the slot
-     in the fd list so it is not closed later, if reallocated by, for
-     instance, pipe(2). */
-  close (parent_pipe_fd);
-  dev_fd_list[parent_pipe_fd] = 0;
-#endif /* HAVE_DEV_FD */
-
-  /* subshells shouldn't have this flag, which controls using the temporary
-     environment for variable lookups. */
-  expanding_redir = 0;
-
-  result = parse_and_execute (string, "process substitution", (SEVAL_NONINT|SEVAL_NOHIST));
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_DEV_FD)
-  /* Make sure we close the named pipe in the child before we exit. */
-  close (open_for_read_in_child ? 0 : 1);
-#endif /* !HAVE_DEV_FD */
-
-  last_command_exit_value = result;
-  result = run_exit_trap ();
-  exit (result);
-  /*NOTREACHED*/
-}
-#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
-
-/***********************************/
-/*				   */
-/*	Command Substitution	   */
-/*				   */
-/***********************************/
-
-static char *
-read_comsub (fd, quoted, rflag)
-     int fd, quoted;
-     int *rflag;
-{
-  char *istring, buf[128], *bufp, *s;
-  int istring_index, istring_size, c, tflag, skip_ctlesc, skip_ctlnul;
-  ssize_t bufn;
-
-  istring = (char *)NULL;
-  istring_index = istring_size = bufn = tflag = 0;
-
-  for (skip_ctlesc = skip_ctlnul = 0, s = ifs_value; s && *s; s++)
-    skip_ctlesc |= *s == CTLESC, skip_ctlnul |= *s == CTLNUL;
-
-  /* Read the output of the command through the pipe.  This may need to be
-     changed to understand multibyte characters in the future. */
-  while (1)
-    {
-      if (fd < 0)
-	break;
-      if (--bufn <= 0)
-	{
-	  bufn = zread (fd, buf, sizeof (buf));
-	  if (bufn <= 0) 
-	    break;
-	  bufp = buf;
-	}
-      c = *bufp++;
-
-      if (c == 0)
-	{
-#if 0
-	  internal_warning ("read_comsub: ignored null byte in input");
-#endif
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Add the character to ISTRING, possibly after resizing it. */
-      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 2, istring_size, DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
-
-      /* This is essentially quote_string inline */
-      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) /* || c == CTLESC || c == CTLNUL */)
-	istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
-      /* Escape CTLESC and CTLNUL in the output to protect those characters
-	 from the rest of the word expansions (word splitting and globbing.)
-	 This is essentially quote_escapes inline. */
-      else if (skip_ctlesc == 0 && c == CTLESC)
-	{
-	  tflag |= W_HASCTLESC;
-	  istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
-	}
-      else if ((skip_ctlnul == 0 && c == CTLNUL) || (c == ' ' && (ifs_value && *ifs_value == 0)))
-	istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
-
-      istring[istring_index++] = c;
-
-#if 0
-#if defined (__CYGWIN__)
-      if (c == '\n' && istring_index > 1 && istring[istring_index - 2] == '\r')
-	{
-	  istring_index--;
-	  istring[istring_index - 1] = '\n';
-	}
-#endif
-#endif
-    }
-
-  if (istring)
-    istring[istring_index] = '\0';
-
-  /* If we read no output, just return now and save ourselves some
-     trouble. */
-  if (istring_index == 0)
-    {
-      FREE (istring);
-      if (rflag)
-	*rflag = tflag;
-      return (char *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  /* Strip trailing newlines from the output of the command. */
-  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-    {
-      while (istring_index > 0)
-	{
-	  if (istring[istring_index - 1] == '\n')
-	    {
-	      --istring_index;
-
-	      /* If the newline was quoted, remove the quoting char. */
-	      if (istring[istring_index - 1] == CTLESC)
-		--istring_index;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    break;
-	}
-      istring[istring_index] = '\0';
-    }
-  else
-    strip_trailing (istring, istring_index - 1, 1);
-
-  if (rflag)
-    *rflag = tflag;
-  return istring;
-}
-
-/* Perform command substitution on STRING.  This returns a WORD_DESC * with the
-   contained string possibly quoted. */
-WORD_DESC *
-command_substitute (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  pid_t pid, old_pid, old_pipeline_pgrp, old_async_pid;
-  char *istring;
-  int result, fildes[2], function_value, pflags, rc, tflag;
-  WORD_DESC *ret;
-
-  istring = (char *)NULL;
-
-  /* Don't fork () if there is no need to.  In the case of no command to
-     run, just return NULL. */
-  if (!string || !*string || (string[0] == '\n' && !string[1]))
-    return ((WORD_DESC *)NULL);
-
-  if (wordexp_only && read_but_dont_execute)
-    {
-      last_command_exit_value = EX_WEXPCOMSUB;
-      jump_to_top_level (EXITPROG);
-    }
-
-  /* We're making the assumption here that the command substitution will
-     eventually run a command from the file system.  Since we'll run
-     maybe_make_export_env in this subshell before executing that command,
-     the parent shell and any other shells it starts will have to remake
-     the environment.  If we make it before we fork, other shells won't
-     have to.  Don't bother if we have any temporary variable assignments,
-     though, because the export environment will be remade after this
-     command completes anyway, but do it if all the words to be expanded
-     are variable assignments. */
-  if (subst_assign_varlist == 0 || garglist == 0)
-    maybe_make_export_env ();	/* XXX */
-
-  /* Flags to pass to parse_and_execute() */
-  pflags = (interactive && sourcelevel == 0) ? SEVAL_RESETLINE : 0;
-
-  /* Pipe the output of executing STRING into the current shell. */
-  if (pipe (fildes) < 0)
-    {
-      sys_error (_("cannot make pipe for command substitution"));
-      goto error_exit;
-    }
-
-  old_pid = last_made_pid;
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  old_pipeline_pgrp = pipeline_pgrp;
-  /* Don't reset the pipeline pgrp if we're already a subshell in a pipeline. */
-  if ((subshell_environment & SUBSHELL_PIPE) == 0)
-    pipeline_pgrp = shell_pgrp;
-  cleanup_the_pipeline ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  old_async_pid = last_asynchronous_pid;
-  pid = make_child ((char *)NULL, subshell_environment&SUBSHELL_ASYNC);
-  last_asynchronous_pid = old_async_pid;
-
-  if (pid == 0)
-    {
-      /* Reset the signal handlers in the child, but don't free the
-	 trap strings.  Set a flag noting that we have to free the
-	 trap strings if we run trap to change a signal disposition. */
-      reset_signal_handlers ();
-      subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_RESETTRAP;
-    }
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-  /* XXX DO THIS ONLY IN PARENT ? XXX */
-  set_sigchld_handler ();
-  stop_making_children ();
-  if (pid != 0)
-    pipeline_pgrp = old_pipeline_pgrp;
-#else
-  stop_making_children ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-  if (pid < 0)
-    {
-      sys_error (_("cannot make child for command substitution"));
-    error_exit:
-
-      last_made_pid = old_pid;
-
-      FREE (istring);
-      close (fildes[0]);
-      close (fildes[1]);
-      return ((WORD_DESC *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  if (pid == 0)
-    {
-      set_sigint_handler ();	/* XXX */
-
-      free_pushed_string_input ();
-
-      if (dup2 (fildes[1], 1) < 0)
-	{
-	  sys_error (_("command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1"));
-	  exit (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
-	}
-
-      /* If standard output is closed in the parent shell
-	 (such as after `exec >&-'), file descriptor 1 will be
-	 the lowest available file descriptor, and end up in
-	 fildes[0].  This can happen for stdin and stderr as well,
-	 but stdout is more important -- it will cause no output
-	 to be generated from this command. */
-      if ((fildes[1] != fileno (stdin)) &&
-	  (fildes[1] != fileno (stdout)) &&
-	  (fildes[1] != fileno (stderr)))
-	close (fildes[1]);
-
-      if ((fildes[0] != fileno (stdin)) &&
-	  (fildes[0] != fileno (stdout)) &&
-	  (fildes[0] != fileno (stderr)))
-	close (fildes[0]);
-
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-      /* Let stdio know the fd may have changed from text to binary mode, and
-	 make sure to preserve stdout line buffering. */
-      freopen (NULL, "w", stdout);
-      sh_setlinebuf (stdout);
-#endif /* __CYGWIN__ */
-
-      /* The currently executing shell is not interactive. */
-      interactive = 0;
-
-      /* This is a subshell environment. */
-      subshell_environment |= SUBSHELL_COMSUB;
-
-      change_flag ('v', FLAG_OFF);
-
-      /* When not in POSIX mode, command substitution does not inherit
-	 the -e flag. */
-      if (posixly_correct == 0)
-        {
-          builtin_ignoring_errexit = 0;
-	  change_flag ('e', FLAG_OFF);
-	  set_shellopts ();
-        }
-
-      remove_quoted_escapes (string);
-
-      startup_state = 2;	/* see if we can avoid a fork */
-      /* Give command substitution a place to jump back to on failure,
-	 so we don't go back up to main (). */
-      result = setjmp_nosigs (top_level);
-
-      /* If we're running a command substitution inside a shell function,
-	 trap `return' so we don't return from the function in the subshell
-	 and go off to never-never land. */
-      if (result == 0 && return_catch_flag)
-	function_value = setjmp_nosigs (return_catch);
-      else
-	function_value = 0;
-
-      if (result == ERREXIT)
-	rc = last_command_exit_value;
-      else if (result == EXITPROG)
-	rc = last_command_exit_value;
-      else if (result)
-	rc = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      else if (function_value)
-	rc = return_catch_value;
-      else
-	{
-	  subshell_level++;
-	  rc = parse_and_execute (string, "command substitution", pflags|SEVAL_NOHIST);
-	  subshell_level--;
-	}
-
-      last_command_exit_value = rc;
-      rc = run_exit_trap ();
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-      unlink_fifo_list ();
-#endif
-      exit (rc);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL) && defined (PGRP_PIPE)
-      close_pgrp_pipe ();
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL && PGRP_PIPE */
-
-      close (fildes[1]);
-
-      tflag = 0;
-      istring = read_comsub (fildes[0], quoted, &tflag);
-
-      close (fildes[0]);
-
-      current_command_subst_pid = pid;
-      last_command_exit_value = wait_for (pid);
-      last_command_subst_pid = pid;
-      last_made_pid = old_pid;
-
-#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
-      /* If last_command_exit_value > 128, then the substituted command
-	 was terminated by a signal.  If that signal was SIGINT, then send
-	 SIGINT to ourselves.  This will break out of loops, for instance. */
-      if (last_command_exit_value == (128 + SIGINT) && last_command_exit_signal == SIGINT)
-	kill (getpid (), SIGINT);
-
-      /* wait_for gives the terminal back to shell_pgrp.  If some other
-	 process group should have it, give it away to that group here.
-	 pipeline_pgrp is non-zero only while we are constructing a
-	 pipeline, so what we are concerned about is whether or not that
-	 pipeline was started in the background.  A pipeline started in
-	 the background should never get the tty back here. */
-      if (interactive && pipeline_pgrp != (pid_t)0 && (subshell_environment & SUBSHELL_ASYNC) == 0)
-	give_terminal_to (pipeline_pgrp, 0);
-#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
-
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->word = istring;
-      ret->flags = tflag;
-
-      return ret;
-    }
-}
-
-/********************************************************
- *							*
- *	Utility functions for parameter expansion	*
- *							*
- ********************************************************/
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-
-static arrayind_t
-array_length_reference (s)
-     char *s;
-{
-  int len;
-  arrayind_t ind;
-  char *akey;
-  char *t, c;
-  ARRAY *array;
-  HASH_TABLE *h;
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-
-  var = array_variable_part (s, &t, &len);
-
-  /* If unbound variables should generate an error, report one and return
-     failure. */
-  if ((var == 0 || invisible_p (var) || (assoc_p (var) == 0 && array_p (var) == 0)) && unbound_vars_is_error)
-    {
-      c = *--t;
-      *t = '\0';
-      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      err_unboundvar (s);
-      *t = c;
-      return (-1);
-    }
-  else if (var == 0 || invisible_p (var))
-    return 0;
-
-  /* We support a couple of expansions for variables that are not arrays.
-     We'll return the length of the value for v[0], and 1 for v[@] or
-     v[*].  Return 0 for everything else. */
-
-  array = array_p (var) ? array_cell (var) : (ARRAY *)NULL;
-  h = assoc_p (var) ? assoc_cell (var) : (HASH_TABLE *)NULL;
-
-  if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (t[0]) && t[1] == ']')
-    {
-      if (assoc_p (var))
-	return (h ? assoc_num_elements (h) : 0);
-      else if (array_p (var))
-	return (array ? array_num_elements (array) : 0);
-      else
-	return (var_isset (var) ? 1 : 0);
-    }
-
-  if (assoc_p (var))
-    {
-      t[len - 1] = '\0';
-      akey = expand_assignment_string_to_string (t, 0);	/* [ */
-      t[len - 1] = ']';
-      if (akey == 0 || *akey == 0)
-	{
-	  err_badarraysub (t);
-	  FREE (akey);
-	  return (-1);
-	}
-      t = assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), akey);
-      free (akey);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      ind = array_expand_index (var, t, len);
-      /* negative subscripts to indexed arrays count back from end */
-      if (var && array_p (var) && ind < 0)
-	ind = array_max_index (array_cell (var)) + 1 + ind;
-      if (ind < 0)
-	{
-	  err_badarraysub (t);
-	  return (-1);
-	}
-      if (array_p (var))
-	t = array_reference (array, ind);
-      else
-	t = (ind == 0) ? value_cell (var) : (char *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  len = MB_STRLEN (t);
-  return (len);
-}
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-
-static int
-valid_brace_expansion_word (name, var_is_special)
-     char *name;
-     int var_is_special;
-{
-  if (DIGIT (*name) && all_digits (name))
-    return 1;
-  else if (var_is_special)
-    return 1;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  else if (valid_array_reference (name))
-    return 1;
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-  else if (legal_identifier (name))
-    return 1;
-  else
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-chk_atstar (name, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at)
-     char *name;
-     int quoted;
-     int *quoted_dollar_atp, *contains_dollar_at;
-{
-  char *temp1;
-
-  if (name == 0)
-    {
-      if (quoted_dollar_atp)
-	*quoted_dollar_atp = 0;
-      if (contains_dollar_at)
-	*contains_dollar_at = 0;
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-  /* check for $@ and $* */
-  if (name[0] == '@' && name[1] == 0)
-    {
-      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
-	*quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
-      if (contains_dollar_at)
-	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
-      return 1;
-    }
-  else if (name[0] == '*' && name[1] == '\0' && quoted == 0)
-    {
-      if (contains_dollar_at)
-	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-  /* Now check for ${array[@]} and ${array[*]} */
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  else if (valid_array_reference (name))
-    {
-      temp1 = mbschr (name, '[');
-      if (temp1 && temp1[1] == '@' && temp1[2] == ']')
-	{
-	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
-	    *quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
-	  if (contains_dollar_at)
-	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
-	  return 1;
-	}	/* [ */
-      /* ${array[*]}, when unquoted, should be treated like ${array[@]},
-	 which should result in separate words even when IFS is unset. */
-      if (temp1 && temp1[1] == '*' && temp1[2] == ']' && quoted == 0)
-	{
-	  if (contains_dollar_at)
-	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
-	  return 1;
-	}
-    }
-#endif
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* Parameter expand NAME, and return a new string which is the expansion,
-   or NULL if there was no expansion.
-   VAR_IS_SPECIAL is non-zero if NAME is one of the special variables in
-   the shell, e.g., "@", "$", "*", etc.  QUOTED, if non-zero, means that
-   NAME was found inside of a double-quoted expression. */
-static WORD_DESC *
-parameter_brace_expand_word (name, var_is_special, quoted, pflags, indp)
-     char *name;
-     int var_is_special, quoted, pflags;
-     arrayind_t *indp;
-{
-  WORD_DESC *ret;
-  char *temp, *tt;
-  intmax_t arg_index;
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-  int atype, rflags;
-  arrayind_t ind;
-
-  ret = 0;
-  temp = 0;
-  rflags = 0;
-
-  if (indp)
-    *indp = INTMAX_MIN;
-
-  /* Handle multiple digit arguments, as in ${11}. */  
-  if (legal_number (name, &arg_index))
-    {
-      tt = get_dollar_var_value (arg_index);
-      if (tt)
- 	temp = (*tt && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
- 		  ? quote_string (tt)
- 		  : quote_escapes (tt);
-      else
-        temp = (char *)NULL;
-      FREE (tt);
-    }
-  else if (var_is_special)      /* ${@} */
-    {
-      int sindex;
-      tt = (char *)xmalloc (2 + strlen (name));
-      tt[sindex = 0] = '$';
-      strcpy (tt + 1, name);
-
-      ret = param_expand (tt, &sindex, quoted, (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL,
-			  (int *)NULL, (int *)NULL, pflags);
-      free (tt);
-    }
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  else if (valid_array_reference (name))
-    {
-expand_arrayref:
-      /* XXX - does this leak if name[@] or name[*]? */
-      if (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS)
-        {
-          temp = array_variable_name (name, &tt, (int *)0);
-          if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (tt[0]) && tt[1] == ']')
-	    temp = array_value (name, quoted|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, 0, &atype, &ind);
-	  else
-	    temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind);
-        }
-      else
-	temp = array_value (name, quoted, 0, &atype, &ind);
-      if (atype == 0 && temp)
-	{
-	  temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
-		    ? quote_string (temp)
-		    : quote_escapes (temp);
-	  rflags |= W_ARRAYIND;
-	  if (indp)
-	    *indp = ind;
-	} 		  
-      else if (atype == 1 && temp && QUOTED_NULL (temp) && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
-	rflags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-    }
-#endif
-  else if (var = find_variable (name))
-    {
-      if (var_isset (var) && invisible_p (var) == 0)
-	{
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	  if (assoc_p (var))
-	    temp = assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), "0");
-	  else if (array_p (var))
-	    temp = array_reference (array_cell (var), 0);
-	  else
-	    temp = value_cell (var);
-#else
-	  temp = value_cell (var);
-#endif
-
-	  if (temp)
-	    temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
-		      ? quote_string (temp)
-		      : quote_escapes (temp);
-	}
-      else
-	temp = (char *)NULL;
-    }
-  else if (var = find_variable_last_nameref (name))
-    {
-      temp = nameref_cell (var);
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      /* Handle expanding nameref whose value is x[n] */
-      if (temp && *temp && valid_array_reference (temp))
-	{
-	  name = temp;
-	  goto expand_arrayref;
-	}
-      else
-#endif
-      /* y=2 ; typeset -n x=y; echo ${x} is not the same as echo ${2} in ksh */
-      if (temp && *temp && legal_identifier (temp) == 0)
-        {
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  report_error (_("%s: invalid variable name for name reference"), temp);
-	  temp = &expand_param_error;
-        }
-      else
-	temp = (char *)NULL;
-    }
-  else
-    temp = (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (ret == 0)
-    {
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->word = temp;
-      ret->flags |= rflags;
-    }
-  return ret;
-}
-
-static char *
-parameter_brace_find_indir (name, var_is_special, quoted, find_nameref)
-     char *name;
-     int var_is_special, quoted, find_nameref;
-{
-  char *temp, *t;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-
-  if (find_nameref && var_is_special == 0 && (v = find_variable_last_nameref (name)) &&
-      nameref_p (v) && (t = nameref_cell (v)) && *t)
-    return (savestring (t));
-
-  /* If var_is_special == 0, and name is not an array reference, this does
-     more expansion than necessary.  It should really look up the variable's
-     value and not try to expand it. */
-  w = parameter_brace_expand_word (name, var_is_special, quoted, PF_IGNUNBOUND, 0);
-  t = w->word;
-  /* Have to dequote here if necessary */
-  if (t)
-    {
-      temp = (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
-		? dequote_string (t)
-		: dequote_escapes (t);
-      free (t);
-      t = temp;
-    }
-  dispose_word_desc (w);
-
-  return t;
-}
-  
-/* Expand an indirect reference to a variable: ${!NAME} expands to the
-   value of the variable whose name is the value of NAME. */
-static WORD_DESC *
-parameter_brace_expand_indir (name, var_is_special, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at)
-     char *name;
-     int var_is_special, quoted;
-     int *quoted_dollar_atp, *contains_dollar_at;
-{
-  char *temp, *t;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-
-  /* See if it's a nameref first, behave in ksh93-compatible fashion.
-     There is at least one incompatibility: given ${!foo[0]} where foo=bar,
-     bash performs an indirect lookup on foo[0] and expands the result;
-     ksh93 expands bar[0].  We could do that here -- there are enough usable
-     primitives to do that -- but do not at this point. */
-  if (var_is_special == 0 && (v = find_variable_last_nameref (name)))
-    {
-      if (nameref_p (v) && (t = nameref_cell (v)) && *t)
-	{
-	  w = alloc_word_desc ();
-	  w->word = savestring (t);
-	  w->flags = 0;
-	  return w;
-	}
-    }
-
-  t = parameter_brace_find_indir (name, var_is_special, quoted, 0);
-
-  chk_atstar (t, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at);
-  if (t == 0)
-    return (WORD_DESC *)NULL;
-
-  w = parameter_brace_expand_word (t, SPECIAL_VAR(t, 0), quoted, 0, 0);
-  free (t);
-
-  return w;
-}
-
-/* Expand the right side of a parameter expansion of the form ${NAMEcVALUE},
-   depending on the value of C, the separating character.  C can be one of
-   "-", "+", or "=".  QUOTED is true if the entire brace expression occurs
-   between double quotes. */
-static WORD_DESC *
-parameter_brace_expand_rhs (name, value, c, quoted, qdollaratp, hasdollarat)
-     char *name, *value;
-     int c, quoted, *qdollaratp, *hasdollarat;
-{
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  WORD_LIST *l;
-  char *t, *t1, *temp, *vname;
-  int hasdol;
-
-  /* If the entire expression is between double quotes, we want to treat
-     the value as a double-quoted string, with the exception that we strip
-     embedded unescaped double quotes (for sh backwards compatibility). */
-  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && *value)
-    {
-      hasdol = 0;
-      temp = string_extract_double_quoted (value, &hasdol, 1);
-    }
-  else
-    temp = value;
-
-  w = alloc_word_desc ();
-  hasdol = 0;
-  /* XXX was 0 not quoted */
-  l = *temp ? expand_string_for_rhs (temp, quoted, &hasdol, (int *)NULL)
-	    : (WORD_LIST *)0;
-  if (hasdollarat)
-    *hasdollarat = hasdol || (l && l->next);
-  if (temp != value)
-    free (temp);
-  if (l)
-    {
-      /* The expansion of TEMP returned something.  We need to treat things
-	  slightly differently if HASDOL is non-zero.  If we have "$@", the
-	  individual words have already been quoted.  We need to turn them
-	  into a string with the words separated by the first character of
-	  $IFS without any additional quoting, so string_list_dollar_at won't
-	  do the right thing.  We use string_list_dollar_star instead. */
-      temp = (hasdol || l->next) ? string_list_dollar_star (l) : string_list (l);
-
-      /* If l->next is not null, we know that TEMP contained "$@", since that
-	 is the only expansion that creates more than one word. */
-      if (qdollaratp && ((hasdol && quoted) || l->next))
-	*qdollaratp = 1;
-      /* If we have a quoted null result (QUOTED_NULL(temp)) and the word is
-	 a quoted null (l->next == 0 && QUOTED_NULL(l->word->word)), the
-	 flags indicate it (l->word->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL), and the
-	 expansion is quoted (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-	 (which is more paranoia than anything else), we need to return the
-	 quoted null string and set the flags to indicate it. */
-      if (l->next == 0 && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && QUOTED_NULL (temp) && QUOTED_NULL (l->word->word) && (l->word->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL))
-	{
-	  w->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-	}
-      dispose_words (l);
-    }
-  else if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && hasdol)
-    {
-      /* The brace expansion occurred between double quotes and there was
-	 a $@ in TEMP.  It does not matter if the $@ is quoted, as long as
-	 it does not expand to anything.  In this case, we want to return
-	 a quoted empty string. */
-      temp = make_quoted_char ('\0');
-      w->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-    }
-  else
-    temp = (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (c == '-' || c == '+')
-    {
-      w->word = temp;
-      return w;
-    }
-
-  /* c == '=' */
-  t = temp ? savestring (temp) : savestring ("");
-  t1 = dequote_string (t);
-  free (t);
-
-  /* bash-4.4/5.0 */
-  vname = name;
-  if (*name == '!' &&
-      (legal_variable_starter ((unsigned char)name[1]) || DIGIT (name[1]) || VALID_INDIR_PARAM (name[1])))
-    {
-      vname = parameter_brace_find_indir (name + 1, SPECIAL_VAR (name, 1), quoted, 1);
-      if (vname == 0 || *vname == 0)
-	{
-	  report_error (_("%s: invalid indirect expansion"), name);
-	  free (vname);
-	  dispose_word (w);
-	  return &expand_wdesc_error;
-	}
-      if (legal_identifier (vname) == 0)
-	{
-	  report_error (_("%s: invalid variable name"), vname);
-	  free (vname);
-	  dispose_word (w);
-	  return &expand_wdesc_error;
-	}
-    }
-    
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  if (valid_array_reference (vname))
-    assign_array_element (vname, t1, 0);
-  else
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-  bind_variable (vname, t1, 0);
-#if 0
-  if (STREQ (vname, "IFS") == 0)
-#endif
-    stupidly_hack_special_variables (vname);
-
-  if (vname != name)
-    free (vname);
-
-  /* From Posix group discussion Feb-March 2010.  Issue 7 0000221 */
-  free (temp);
-
-  w->word = t1;
-  return w;
-}
-
-/* Deal with the right hand side of a ${name:?value} expansion in the case
-   that NAME is null or not set.  If VALUE is non-null it is expanded and
-   used as the error message to print, otherwise a standard message is
-   printed. */
-static void
-parameter_brace_expand_error (name, value)
-     char *name, *value;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *l;
-  char *temp;
-
-  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;	/* ensure it's non-zero */
-  if (value && *value)
-    {
-      l = expand_string (value, 0);
-      temp =  string_list (l);
-      report_error ("%s: %s", name, temp ? temp : "");	/* XXX was value not "" */
-      FREE (temp);
-      dispose_words (l);
-    }
-  else
-    report_error (_("%s: parameter null or not set"), name);
-
-  /* Free the data we have allocated during this expansion, since we
-     are about to longjmp out. */
-  free (name);
-  FREE (value);
-}
-
-/* Return 1 if NAME is something for which parameter_brace_expand_length is
-   OK to do. */
-static int
-valid_length_expression (name)
-     char *name;
-{
-  return (name[1] == '\0' ||					/* ${#} */
-	  ((sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char) name[1]] & CSPECVAR) && name[2] == '\0') ||  /* special param */
-	  (DIGIT (name[1]) && all_digits (name + 1)) ||	/* ${#11} */
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	  valid_array_reference (name + 1) ||			/* ${#a[7]} */
-#endif
-	  legal_identifier (name + 1));				/* ${#PS1} */
-}
-
-/* Handle the parameter brace expansion that requires us to return the
-   length of a parameter. */
-static intmax_t
-parameter_brace_expand_length (name)
-     char *name;
-{
-  char *t, *newname;
-  intmax_t number, arg_index;
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-#endif
-
-  if (name[1] == '\0')			/* ${#} */
-    number = number_of_args ();
-  else if ((name[1] == '@' || name[1] == '*') && name[2] == '\0')	/* ${#@}, ${#*} */
-    number = number_of_args ();
-  else if ((sh_syntaxtab[(unsigned char) name[1]] & CSPECVAR) && name[2] == '\0')
-    {
-      /* Take the lengths of some of the shell's special parameters. */
-      switch (name[1])
-	{
-	case '-':
-	  t = which_set_flags ();
-	  break;
-	case '?':
-	  t = itos (last_command_exit_value);
-	  break;
-	case '$':
-	  t = itos (dollar_dollar_pid);
-	  break;
-	case '!':
-	  if (last_asynchronous_pid == NO_PID)
-	    t = (char *)NULL;	/* XXX - error if set -u set? */
-	  else
-	    t = itos (last_asynchronous_pid);
-	  break;
-	case '#':
-	  t = itos (number_of_args ());
-	  break;
-	}
-      number = STRLEN (t);
-      FREE (t);
-    }
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  else if (valid_array_reference (name + 1))
-    number = array_length_reference (name + 1);
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-  else
-    {
-      number = 0;
-
-      if (legal_number (name + 1, &arg_index))		/* ${#1} */
-	{
-	  t = get_dollar_var_value (arg_index);
-	  if (t == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error)
-	    return INTMAX_MIN;
-	  number = MB_STRLEN (t);
-	  FREE (t);
-	}
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      else if ((var = find_variable (name + 1)) && (invisible_p (var) == 0) && (array_p (var) || assoc_p (var)))
-	{
-	  if (assoc_p (var))
-	    t = assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), "0");
-	  else
-	    t = array_reference (array_cell (var), 0);
-	  if (t == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error)
-	    return INTMAX_MIN;
-	  number = MB_STRLEN (t);
-	}
-#endif
-      else				/* ${#PS1} */
-	{
-	  newname = savestring (name);
-	  newname[0] = '$';
-	  list = expand_string (newname, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
-	  t = list ? string_list (list) : (char *)NULL;
-	  free (newname);
-	  if (list)
-	    dispose_words (list);
-
-	  number = t ? MB_STRLEN (t) : 0;
-	  FREE (t);
-	}
-    }
-
-  return (number);
-}
-
-/* Skip characters in SUBSTR until DELIM.  SUBSTR is an arithmetic expression,
-   so we do some ad-hoc parsing of an arithmetic expression to find
-   the first DELIM, instead of using strchr(3).  Two rules:
-	1.  If the substring contains a `(', read until closing `)'.
-	2.  If the substring contains a `?', read past one `:' for each `?'.
-*/
-
-static char *
-skiparith (substr, delim)
-     char *substr;
-     int delim;
-{
-  size_t sublen;
-  int skipcol, pcount, i;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  sublen = strlen (substr);
-  i = skipcol = pcount = 0;
-  while (substr[i])
-    {
-      /* Balance parens */
-      if (substr[i] == LPAREN)
-	{
-	  pcount++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      if (substr[i] == RPAREN && pcount)
-	{
-	  pcount--;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      if (pcount)
-	{
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (substr, sublen, i);
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Skip one `:' for each `?' */
-      if (substr[i] == ':' && skipcol)
-	{
-	  skipcol--;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      if (substr[i] == delim)
-	break;
-      if (substr[i] == '?')
-	{
-	  skipcol++;
-	  i++;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      ADVANCE_CHAR (substr, sublen, i);
-    }
-
-  return (substr + i);
-}
-
-/* Verify and limit the start and end of the desired substring.  If
-   VTYPE == 0, a regular shell variable is being used; if it is 1,
-   then the positional parameters are being used; if it is 2, then
-   VALUE is really a pointer to an array variable that should be used.
-   Return value is 1 if both values were OK, 0 if there was a problem
-   with an invalid expression, or -1 if the values were out of range. */
-static int
-verify_substring_values (v, value, substr, vtype, e1p, e2p)
-     SHELL_VAR *v;
-     char *value, *substr;
-     int vtype;
-     intmax_t *e1p, *e2p;
-{
-  char *t, *temp1, *temp2;
-  arrayind_t len;
-  int expok;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
- ARRAY *a;
- HASH_TABLE *h;
-#endif
-
-  /* duplicate behavior of strchr(3) */
-  t = skiparith (substr, ':');
-  if (*t && *t == ':')
-    *t = '\0';
-  else
-    t = (char *)0;
-
-  temp1 = expand_arith_string (substr, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
-  *e1p = evalexp (temp1, &expok);
-  free (temp1);
-  if (expok == 0)
-    return (0);
-
-  len = -1;	/* paranoia */
-  switch (vtype)
-    {
-    case VT_VARIABLE:
-    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
-      len = MB_STRLEN (value);
-      break;
-    case VT_POSPARMS:
-      len = number_of_args () + 1;
-      if (*e1p == 0)
-	len++;		/* add one arg if counting from $0 */
-      break;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
-      /* For arrays, the first value deals with array indices.  Negative
-	 offsets count from one past the array's maximum index.  Associative
-	 arrays treat the number of elements as the maximum index. */
-      if (assoc_p (v))
-	{
-	  h = assoc_cell (v);
-	  len = assoc_num_elements (h) + (*e1p < 0);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  a = (ARRAY *)value;
-	  len = array_max_index (a) + (*e1p < 0);	/* arrays index from 0 to n - 1 */
-	}
-      break;
-#endif
-    }
-
-  if (len == -1)	/* paranoia */
-    return -1;
-
-  if (*e1p < 0)		/* negative offsets count from end */
-    *e1p += len;
-
-  if (*e1p > len || *e1p < 0)
-    return (-1);
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  /* For arrays, the second offset deals with the number of elements. */
-  if (vtype == VT_ARRAYVAR)
-    len = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_num_elements (h) : array_num_elements (a);
-#endif
-
-  if (t)
-    {
-      t++;
-      temp2 = savestring (t);
-      temp1 = expand_arith_string (temp2, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
-      free (temp2);
-      t[-1] = ':';
-      *e2p = evalexp (temp1, &expok);
-      free (temp1);
-      if (expok == 0)
-	return (0);
-#if 1
-      if ((vtype == VT_ARRAYVAR || vtype == VT_POSPARMS) && *e2p < 0)
-#else
-      /* bash-4.3: allow positional parameter length < 0 to count backwards
-	 from end of positional parameters */
-      if (vtype == VT_ARRAYVAR && *e2p < 0)
-#endif
-	{
-	  internal_error (_("%s: substring expression < 0"), t);
-	  return (0);
-	}
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      /* In order to deal with sparse arrays, push the intelligence about how
-	 to deal with the number of elements desired down to the array-
-	 specific functions.  */
-      if (vtype != VT_ARRAYVAR)
-#endif
-	{
-	  if (*e2p < 0)
-	    {
-	      *e2p += len;
-	      if (*e2p < 0 || *e2p < *e1p)
-		{
-		  internal_error (_("%s: substring expression < 0"), t);
-		  return (0);
-		}
-	    }
-	  else
-	    *e2p += *e1p;		/* want E2 chars starting at E1 */
-	  if (*e2p > len)
-	    *e2p = len;
-	}
-    }
-  else
-    *e2p = len;
-
-  return (1);
-}
-
-/* Return the type of variable specified by VARNAME (simple variable,
-   positional param, or array variable).  Also return the value specified
-   by VARNAME (value of a variable or a reference to an array element).
-   QUOTED is the standard description of quoting state, using Q_* defines.
-   FLAGS is currently a set of flags to pass to array_value.  If IND is
-   non-null and not INTMAX_MIN, and FLAGS includes AV_USEIND, IND is
-   passed to array_value so the array index is not computed again.
-   If this returns VT_VARIABLE, the caller assumes that CTLESC and CTLNUL
-   characters in the value are quoted with CTLESC and takes appropriate
-   steps.  For convenience, *VALP is set to the dequoted VALUE. */
-static int
-get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, varp, valp)
-     char *varname, *value;
-     arrayind_t ind;
-     int quoted, flags;
-     SHELL_VAR **varp;
-     char **valp;
-{
-  int vtype, want_indir;
-  char *temp, *vname;
-  WORD_DESC *wd;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-#endif
-  arrayind_t lind;
-
-  want_indir = *varname == '!' &&
-    (legal_variable_starter ((unsigned char)varname[1]) || DIGIT (varname[1])
-					|| VALID_INDIR_PARAM (varname[1]));
-  if (want_indir)
-    vname = parameter_brace_find_indir (varname+1, SPECIAL_VAR (varname, 1), quoted, 1);
-    /* XXX - what if vname == 0 || *vname == 0 ? */
-  else
-    vname = varname;
-    
-  /* This sets vtype to VT_VARIABLE or VT_POSPARMS */
-  vtype = (vname[0] == '@' || vname[0] == '*') && vname[1] == '\0';
-  if (vtype == VT_POSPARMS && vname[0] == '*')
-    vtype |= VT_STARSUB;
-  *varp = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  if (valid_array_reference (vname))
-    {
-      v = array_variable_part (vname, &temp, (int *)0);
-      /* If we want to signal array_value to use an already-computed index,
-	 set LIND to that index */
-      lind = (ind != INTMAX_MIN && (flags & AV_USEIND)) ? ind : 0;
-      if (v && invisible_p (v))
-	{
-	  vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
-	  *varp = (SHELL_VAR *)NULL;
-	  *valp = (char *)NULL;
-	}
-      if (v && (array_p (v) || assoc_p (v)))
-	{ /* [ */
-	  if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (temp[0]) && temp[1] == ']')
-	    {
-	      /* Callers have to differentiate between indexed and associative */
-	      vtype = VT_ARRAYVAR;
-	      if (temp[0] == '*')
-		vtype |= VT_STARSUB;
-	      *valp = array_p (v) ? (char *)array_cell (v) : (char *)assoc_cell (v);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
-	      *valp = array_value (vname, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, flags, (int *)NULL, &lind);
-	    }
-	  *varp = v;
-	}
-      else if (v && (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (temp[0]) && temp[1] == ']'))
-	{
-	  vtype = VT_VARIABLE;
-	  *varp = v;
-	  if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
-	    *valp = dequote_string (value);
-	  else
-	    *valp = dequote_escapes (value);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
-	  *varp = v;
-	  *valp = array_value (vname, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, flags, (int *)NULL, &lind);
-	}
-    }
-  else if ((v = find_variable (vname)) && (invisible_p (v) == 0) && (assoc_p (v) || array_p (v)))
-    {
-      vtype = VT_ARRAYMEMBER;
-      *varp = v;
-      *valp = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_reference (assoc_cell (v), "0") : array_reference (array_cell (v), 0);
-    }
-  else
-#endif
-    {
-      if (value && vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
-	{
-	  if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
-	    *valp = dequote_string (value);
-	  else
-	    *valp = dequote_escapes (value);
-	}
-      else
-	*valp = value;
-    }
-
-  if (want_indir)
-    free (vname);
-
-  return vtype;
-}
-
-/******************************************************/
-/*						      */
-/* Functions to extract substrings of variable values */
-/*						      */
-/******************************************************/
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-/* Character-oriented rather than strictly byte-oriented substrings.  S and
-   E, rather being strict indices into STRING, indicate character (possibly
-   multibyte character) positions that require calculation.
-   Used by the ${param:offset[:length]} expansion. */
-static char *
-mb_substring (string, s, e)
-     char *string;
-     int s, e;
-{
-  char *tt;
-  int start, stop, i, slen;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  start = 0;
-  /* Don't need string length in ADVANCE_CHAR unless multibyte chars possible. */
-  slen = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? STRLEN (string) : 0;
-
-  i = s;
-  while (string[start] && i--)
-    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, start);
-  stop = start;
-  i = e - s;
-  while (string[stop] && i--)
-    ADVANCE_CHAR (string, slen, stop);
-  tt = substring (string, start, stop);
-  return tt;
-}
-#endif
-  
-/* Process a variable substring expansion: ${name:e1[:e2]}.  If VARNAME
-   is `@', use the positional parameters; otherwise, use the value of
-   VARNAME.  If VARNAME is an array variable, use the array elements. */
-
-static char *
-parameter_brace_substring (varname, value, ind, substr, quoted, flags)
-     char *varname, *value;
-     int ind;
-     char *substr;
-     int quoted, flags;
-{
-  intmax_t e1, e2;
-  int vtype, r, starsub;
-  char *temp, *val, *tt, *oname;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-
-  if (value == 0 && ((varname[0] != '@' && varname[0] != '*') || varname[1]))
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  oname = this_command_name;
-  this_command_name = varname;
-
-  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
-  if (vtype == -1)
-    {
-      this_command_name = oname;
-      return ((char *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
-  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
-
-  r = verify_substring_values (v, val, substr, vtype, &e1, &e2);
-  this_command_name = oname;
-  if (r <= 0)
-    {
-      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
-	FREE (val);
-      return ((r == 0) ? &expand_param_error : (char *)NULL);
-    }
-
-  switch (vtype)
-    {
-    case VT_VARIABLE:
-    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-      if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
-	tt = mb_substring (val, e1, e2);
-      else
-#endif
-      tt = substring (val, e1, e2);
-
-      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
-	FREE (val);
-      if (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT))
-	temp = quote_string (tt);
-      else
-	temp = tt ? quote_escapes (tt) : (char *)NULL;
-      FREE (tt);
-      break;
-    case VT_POSPARMS:
-      tt = pos_params (varname, e1, e2, quoted);
-      if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) == 0)
-	{
-	  temp = tt ? quote_escapes (tt) : (char *)NULL;
-	  FREE (tt);
-	}
-      else
-	temp = tt;
-      break;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
-      if (assoc_p (v))
-	/* we convert to list and take first e2 elements starting at e1th
-	   element -- officially undefined for now */	
-	temp = assoc_subrange (assoc_cell (v), e1, e2, starsub, quoted);
-      else
-      /* We want E2 to be the number of elements desired (arrays can be sparse,
-	 so verify_substring_values just returns the numbers specified and we
-	 rely on array_subrange to understand how to deal with them). */
-	temp = array_subrange (array_cell (v), e1, e2, starsub, quoted);
-      /* array_subrange now calls array_quote_escapes as appropriate, so the
-	 caller no longer needs to. */
-      break;
-#endif
-    default:
-      temp = (char *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  return temp;
-}
-
-/****************************************************************/
-/*								*/
-/* Functions to perform pattern substitution on variable values */
-/*								*/
-/****************************************************************/
-
-static int
-shouldexp_replacement (s)
-     char *s;
-{
-  register char *p;
-
-  for (p = s; p && *p; p++)
-    {
-      if (*p == '\\')
-	p++;
-      else if (*p == '&')
-	return 1;
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-char *
-pat_subst (string, pat, rep, mflags)
-     char *string, *pat, *rep;
-     int mflags;
-{
-  char *ret, *s, *e, *str, *rstr, *mstr;
-  int rsize, rptr, l, replen, mtype, rxpand, rslen, mlen;
-
-  if (string  == 0)
-    return (savestring (""));
-
-  mtype = mflags & MATCH_TYPEMASK;
-
-#if 0	/* bash-4.2 ? */
-  rxpand = (rep && *rep) ? shouldexp_replacement (rep) : 0;
-#else
-  rxpand = 0;
-#endif
-
-  /* Special cases:
-   * 	1.  A null pattern with mtype == MATCH_BEG means to prefix STRING
-   *	    with REP and return the result.
-   *	2.  A null pattern with mtype == MATCH_END means to append REP to
-   *	    STRING and return the result.
-   * These don't understand or process `&' in the replacement string.
-   */
-  if ((pat == 0 || *pat == 0) && (mtype == MATCH_BEG || mtype == MATCH_END))
-    {
-      replen = STRLEN (rep);
-      l = STRLEN (string);
-      ret = (char *)xmalloc (replen + l + 2);
-      if (replen == 0)
-	strcpy (ret, string);
-      else if (mtype == MATCH_BEG)
-	{
-	  strcpy (ret, rep);
-	  strcpy (ret + replen, string);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  strcpy (ret, string);
-	  strcpy (ret + l, rep);
-	}
-      return (ret);
-    }
-
-  ret = (char *)xmalloc (rsize = 64);
-  ret[0] = '\0';
-
-  for (replen = STRLEN (rep), rptr = 0, str = string;;)
-    {
-      if (match_pattern (str, pat, mtype, &s, &e) == 0)
-	break;
-      l = s - str;
-
-      if (rxpand)
-        {
-          int x;
-          mlen = e - s;
-          mstr = xmalloc (mlen + 1);
-	  for (x = 0; x < mlen; x++)
-	    mstr[x] = s[x];
-          mstr[mlen] = '\0';
-          rstr = strcreplace (rep, '&', mstr, 0);
-          rslen = strlen (rstr);
-        }
-      else
-        {
-          rstr = rep;
-          rslen = replen;
-        }
-        
-      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, rptr, (l + rslen), rsize, 64);
-
-      /* OK, now copy the leading unmatched portion of the string (from
-	 str to s) to ret starting at rptr (the current offset).  Then copy
-	 the replacement string at ret + rptr + (s - str).  Increment
-	 rptr (if necessary) and str and go on. */
-      if (l)
-	{
-	  strncpy (ret + rptr, str, l);
-	  rptr += l;
-	}
-      if (replen)
-	{
-	  strncpy (ret + rptr, rstr, rslen);
-	  rptr += rslen;
-	}
-      str = e;		/* e == end of match */
-
-      if (rstr != rep)
-	free (rstr);
-
-      if (((mflags & MATCH_GLOBREP) == 0) || mtype != MATCH_ANY)
-	break;
-
-      if (s == e)
-	{
-	  /* On a zero-length match, make sure we copy one character, since
-	     we increment one character to avoid infinite recursion. */
-	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, rptr, 1, rsize, 64);
-	  ret[rptr++] = *str++;
-	  e++;		/* avoid infinite recursion on zero-length match */
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* Now copy the unmatched portion of the input string */
-  if (str && *str)
-    {
-      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, rptr, STRLEN(str) + 1, rsize, 64);
-      strcpy (ret + rptr, str);
-    }
-  else
-    ret[rptr] = '\0';
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Do pattern match and replacement on the positional parameters. */
-static char *
-pos_params_pat_subst (string, pat, rep, mflags)
-     char *string, *pat, *rep;
-     int mflags;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *save, *params;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  char *ret;
-  int pchar, qflags;
-
-  save = params = list_rest_of_args ();
-  if (save == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  for ( ; params; params = params->next)
-    {
-      ret = pat_subst (params->word->word, pat, rep, mflags);
-      w = alloc_word_desc ();
-      w->word = ret ? ret : savestring ("");
-      dispose_word (params->word);
-      params->word = w;
-    }
-
-  pchar = (mflags & MATCH_STARSUB) == MATCH_STARSUB ? '*' : '@';
-  qflags = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == MATCH_QUOTED ? Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES : 0;
-
-  ret = string_list_pos_params (pchar, save, qflags);
-
-  dispose_words (save);
-
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-/* Perform pattern substitution on VALUE, which is the expansion of
-   VARNAME.  PATSUB is an expression supplying the pattern to match
-   and the string to substitute.  QUOTED is a flags word containing
-   the type of quoting currently in effect. */
-static char *
-parameter_brace_patsub (varname, value, ind, patsub, quoted, flags)
-     char *varname, *value;
-     int ind;
-     char *patsub;
-     int quoted, flags;
-{
-  int vtype, mflags, starsub, delim;
-  char *val, *temp, *pat, *rep, *p, *lpatsub, *tt;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-
-  if (value == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  this_command_name = varname;
-
-  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
-  if (vtype == -1)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
-  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
-
-  mflags = 0;
-  /* PATSUB is never NULL when this is called. */
-  if (*patsub == '/')
-    {
-      mflags |= MATCH_GLOBREP;
-      patsub++;
-    }
-
-  /* Malloc this because expand_string_if_necessary or one of the expansion
-     functions in its call chain may free it on a substitution error. */
-  lpatsub = savestring (patsub);
-
-  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-    mflags |= MATCH_QUOTED;
-
-  if (starsub)
-    mflags |= MATCH_STARSUB;
-
-  /* If the pattern starts with a `/', make sure we skip over it when looking
-     for the replacement delimiter. */
-  delim = skip_to_delim (lpatsub, ((*patsub == '/') ? 1 : 0), "/", 0);
-  if (lpatsub[delim] == '/')
-    {
-      lpatsub[delim] = 0;
-      rep = lpatsub + delim + 1;
-    }
-  else
-    rep = (char *)NULL;
-
-  if (rep && *rep == '\0')
-    rep = (char *)NULL;
-
-  /* Perform the same expansions on the pattern as performed by the
-     pattern removal expansions. */
-  pat = getpattern (lpatsub, quoted, 1);
-
-  if (rep)
-    {
-      /* We want to perform quote removal on the expanded replacement even if
-	 the entire expansion is double-quoted because the parser and string
-	 extraction functions treated quotes in the replacement string as
-	 special.  THIS IS NOT BACKWARDS COMPATIBLE WITH BASH-4.2. */
-      if (shell_compatibility_level > 42)
-	rep = expand_string_if_necessary (rep, quoted & ~(Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT), expand_string_unsplit);
-      /* This is the bash-4.2 code. */      
-      else if ((mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == 0)
-	rep = expand_string_if_necessary (rep, quoted, expand_string_unsplit);
-      else
-	rep = expand_string_to_string_internal (rep, quoted, expand_string_unsplit);
-    }
-
-  /* ksh93 doesn't allow the match specifier to be a part of the expanded
-     pattern.  This is an extension.  Make sure we don't anchor the pattern
-     at the beginning or end of the string if we're doing global replacement,
-     though. */
-  p = pat;
-  if (mflags & MATCH_GLOBREP)
-    mflags |= MATCH_ANY;
-  else if (pat && pat[0] == '#')
-    {
-      mflags |= MATCH_BEG;
-      p++;
-    }
-  else if (pat && pat[0] == '%')
-    {
-      mflags |= MATCH_END;
-      p++;
-    }
-  else
-    mflags |= MATCH_ANY;
-
-  /* OK, we now want to substitute REP for PAT in VAL.  If
-     flags & MATCH_GLOBREP is non-zero, the substitution is done
-     everywhere, otherwise only the first occurrence of PAT is
-     replaced.  The pattern matching code doesn't understand
-     CTLESC quoting CTLESC and CTLNUL so we use the dequoted variable
-     values passed in (VT_VARIABLE) so the pattern substitution
-     code works right.  We need to requote special chars after
-     we're done for VT_VARIABLE and VT_ARRAYMEMBER, and for the
-     other cases if QUOTED == 0, since the posparams and arrays
-     indexed by * or @ do special things when QUOTED != 0. */
-
-  switch (vtype)
-    {
-    case VT_VARIABLE:
-    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
-      temp = pat_subst (val, p, rep, mflags);
-      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
-	FREE (val);
-      if (temp)
-	{
-	  tt = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) ? quote_string (temp) : quote_escapes (temp);
-	  free (temp);
-	  temp = tt;
-	}
-      break;
-    case VT_POSPARMS:
-      temp = pos_params_pat_subst (val, p, rep, mflags);
-      if (temp && (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == 0)
-	{
-	  tt = quote_escapes (temp);
-	  free (temp);
-	  temp = tt;
-	}
-      break;
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
-      temp = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_patsub (assoc_cell (v), p, rep, mflags)
-			 : array_patsub (array_cell (v), p, rep, mflags);
-      /* Don't call quote_escapes anymore; array_patsub calls
-	 array_quote_escapes as appropriate before adding the
-	 space separators; ditto for assoc_patsub. */
-      break;
-#endif
-    }
-
-  FREE (pat);
-  FREE (rep);
-  free (lpatsub);
-
-  return temp;
-}
-
-/****************************************************************/
-/*								*/
-/*   Functions to perform case modification on variable values  */
-/*								*/
-/****************************************************************/
-
-/* Do case modification on the positional parameters. */
-
-static char *
-pos_params_modcase (string, pat, modop, mflags)
-     char *string, *pat;
-     int modop;
-     int mflags;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *save, *params;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  char *ret;
-  int pchar, qflags;
-
-  save = params = list_rest_of_args ();
-  if (save == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  for ( ; params; params = params->next)
-    {
-      ret = sh_modcase (params->word->word, pat, modop);
-      w = alloc_word_desc ();
-      w->word = ret ? ret : savestring ("");
-      dispose_word (params->word);
-      params->word = w;
-    }
-
-  pchar = (mflags & MATCH_STARSUB) == MATCH_STARSUB ? '*' : '@';
-  qflags = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) == MATCH_QUOTED ? Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES : 0;
-
-  ret = string_list_pos_params (pchar, save, qflags);
-  dispose_words (save);
-
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-/* Perform case modification on VALUE, which is the expansion of
-   VARNAME.  MODSPEC is an expression supplying the type of modification
-   to perform.  QUOTED is a flags word containing the type of quoting
-   currently in effect. */
-static char *
-parameter_brace_casemod (varname, value, ind, modspec, patspec, quoted, flags)
-     char *varname, *value;
-     int ind, modspec;
-     char *patspec;
-     int quoted, flags;
-{
-  int vtype, starsub, modop, mflags, x;
-  char *val, *temp, *pat, *p, *lpat, *tt;
-  SHELL_VAR *v;
-
-  if (value == 0)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  this_command_name = varname;
-
-  vtype = get_var_and_type (varname, value, ind, quoted, flags, &v, &val);
-  if (vtype == -1)
-    return ((char *)NULL);
-
-  starsub = vtype & VT_STARSUB;
-  vtype &= ~VT_STARSUB;
-
-  modop = 0;
-  mflags = 0;
-  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-    mflags |= MATCH_QUOTED;
-  if (starsub)
-    mflags |= MATCH_STARSUB;
-  
-  p = patspec;
-  if (modspec == '^')
-    {
-      x = p && p[0] == modspec;
-      modop = x ? CASE_UPPER : CASE_UPFIRST;
-      p += x;
-    }
-  else if (modspec == ',')
-    {
-      x = p && p[0] == modspec;
-      modop = x ? CASE_LOWER : CASE_LOWFIRST;
-      p += x;
-    }
-  else if (modspec == '~')
-    {
-      x = p && p[0] == modspec;
-      modop = x ? CASE_TOGGLEALL : CASE_TOGGLE;
-      p += x;
-    }
-    
-  lpat = p ? savestring (p) : 0;
-  /* Perform the same expansions on the pattern as performed by the
-     pattern removal expansions.  FOR LATER */
-  pat = lpat ? getpattern (lpat, quoted, 1) : 0;
-
-  /* OK, now we do the case modification. */
-  switch (vtype)
-    {
-    case VT_VARIABLE:
-    case VT_ARRAYMEMBER:
-      temp = sh_modcase (val, pat, modop);
-      if (vtype == VT_VARIABLE)
-	FREE (val);
-      if (temp)
-	{
-	  tt = (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED) ? quote_string (temp) : quote_escapes (temp);
-	  free (temp);
-	  temp = tt;
-	}
-      break;
-
-    case VT_POSPARMS:
-      temp = pos_params_modcase (val, pat, modop, mflags);
-      if (temp && (mflags & MATCH_QUOTED)  == 0)
-	{
-	  tt = quote_escapes (temp);
-	  free (temp);
-	  temp = tt;
-	}
-      break;
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-    case VT_ARRAYVAR:
-      temp = assoc_p (v) ? assoc_modcase (assoc_cell (v), pat, modop, mflags)
-			 : array_modcase (array_cell (v), pat, modop, mflags);
-      /* Don't call quote_escapes; array_modcase calls array_quote_escapes
-	 as appropriate before adding the space separators; ditto for
-	 assoc_modcase. */
-      break;
-#endif
-    }
-
-  FREE (pat);
-  free (lpat);
-
-  return temp;
-}
-
-/* Check for unbalanced parens in S, which is the contents of $(( ... )).  If
-   any occur, this must be a nested command substitution, so return 0.
-   Otherwise, return 1.  A valid arithmetic expression must always have a
-   ( before a matching ), so any cases where there are more right parens
-   means that this must not be an arithmetic expression, though the parser
-   will not accept it without a balanced total number of parens. */
-static int
-chk_arithsub (s, len)
-     const char *s;
-     int len;
-{
-  int i, count;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  i = count = 0;
-  while (i < len)
-    {
-      if (s[i] == LPAREN)
-	count++;
-      else if (s[i] == RPAREN)
-	{
-	  count--;
-	  if (count < 0)
-	    return 0;
-	}
-
-      switch (s[i])
-	{
-	default:
-	  ADVANCE_CHAR (s, len, i);
-	  break;
-
-	case '\\':
-	  i++;
-	  if (s[i])
-	    ADVANCE_CHAR (s, len, i);
-	  break;
-
-	case '\'':
-	  i = skip_single_quoted (s, len, ++i);
-	  break;
-
-	case '"':
-	  i = skip_double_quoted ((char *)s, len, ++i);
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  return (count == 0);
-}
-
-/****************************************************************/
-/*								*/
-/*	Functions to perform parameter expansion on a string	*/
-/*								*/
-/****************************************************************/
-
-/* ${[#][!]name[[:][^[^]][,[,]]#[#]%[%]-=?+[word][:e1[:e2]]]} */
-static WORD_DESC *
-parameter_brace_expand (string, indexp, quoted, pflags, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at)
-     char *string;
-     int *indexp, quoted, *quoted_dollar_atp, *contains_dollar_at, pflags;
-{
-  int check_nullness, var_is_set, var_is_null, var_is_special;
-  int want_substring, want_indir, want_patsub, want_casemod;
-  char *name, *value, *temp, *temp1;
-  WORD_DESC *tdesc, *ret;
-  int t_index, sindex, c, tflag, modspec;
-  intmax_t number;
-  arrayind_t ind;
-
-  temp = temp1 = value = (char *)NULL;
-  var_is_set = var_is_null = var_is_special = check_nullness = 0;
-  want_substring = want_indir = want_patsub = want_casemod = 0;
-
-  sindex = *indexp;
-  t_index = ++sindex;
-  /* ${#var} doesn't have any of the other parameter expansions on it. */
-  if (string[t_index] == '#' && legal_variable_starter (string[t_index+1]))		/* {{ */
-    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "}", SX_VARNAME);
-  else
-#if defined (CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS)
-    /* To enable case-toggling expansions using the `~' operator character
-       change the 1 to 0. */
-#  if defined (CASEMOD_CAPCASE)
-    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%^,~:-=?+/}", SX_VARNAME);
-#  else
-    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%^,:-=?+/}", SX_VARNAME);
-#  endif /* CASEMOD_CAPCASE */
-#else
-    name = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%:-=?+/}", SX_VARNAME);
-#endif /* CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS */
-
-  ret = 0;
-  tflag = 0;
-
-  ind = INTMAX_MIN;
-
-  /* If the name really consists of a special variable, then make sure
-     that we have the entire name.  We don't allow indirect references
-     to special variables except `#', `?', `@' and `*'. */
-  if ((sindex == t_index && VALID_SPECIAL_LENGTH_PARAM (string[t_index])) ||
-      (sindex == t_index - 1 && string[sindex] == '!' && VALID_INDIR_PARAM (string[t_index])))
-    {
-      t_index++;
-      temp1 = string_extract (string, &t_index, "#%:-=?+/}", 0);
-      name = (char *)xrealloc (name, 3 + (strlen (temp1)));
-      *name = string[sindex];
-      if (string[sindex] == '!')
-	{
-	  /* indirect reference of $#, $?, $@, or $* */
-	  name[1] = string[sindex + 1];
-	  strcpy (name + 2, temp1);
-	}
-      else	
-	strcpy (name + 1, temp1);
-      free (temp1);
-    }
-  sindex = t_index;
-
-  /* Find out what character ended the variable name.  Then
-     do the appropriate thing. */
-  if (c = string[sindex])
-    sindex++;
-
-  /* If c is followed by one of the valid parameter expansion
-     characters, move past it as normal.  If not, assume that
-     a substring specification is being given, and do not move
-     past it. */
-  if (c == ':' && VALID_PARAM_EXPAND_CHAR (string[sindex]))
-    {
-      check_nullness++;
-      if (c = string[sindex])
-	sindex++;
-    }
-  else if (c == ':' && string[sindex] != RBRACE)
-    want_substring = 1;
-  else if (c == '/' /* && string[sindex] != RBRACE */)	/* XXX */
-    want_patsub = 1;
-#if defined (CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS)
-  else if (c == '^' || c == ',' || c == '~')
-    {
-      modspec = c;
-      want_casemod = 1;
-    }
-#endif
-
-  /* Catch the valid and invalid brace expressions that made it through the
-     tests above. */
-  /* ${#-} is a valid expansion and means to take the length of $-.
-     Similarly for ${#?} and ${##}... */
-  if (name[0] == '#' && name[1] == '\0' && check_nullness == 0 &&
-	VALID_SPECIAL_LENGTH_PARAM (c) && string[sindex] == RBRACE)
-    {
-      name = (char *)xrealloc (name, 3);
-      name[1] = c;
-      name[2] = '\0';
-      c = string[sindex++];
-    }
-
-  /* ...but ${#%}, ${#:}, ${#=}, ${#+}, and ${#/} are errors. */
-  if (name[0] == '#' && name[1] == '\0' && check_nullness == 0 &&
-	member (c, "%:=+/") && string[sindex] == RBRACE)
-    {
-      temp = (char *)NULL;
-      goto bad_substitution;
-    }
-
-  /* Indirect expansion begins with a `!'.  A valid indirect expansion is
-     either a variable name, one of the positional parameters or a special
-     variable that expands to one of the positional parameters. */
-  want_indir = *name == '!' &&
-    (legal_variable_starter ((unsigned char)name[1]) || DIGIT (name[1])
-					|| VALID_INDIR_PARAM (name[1]));
-
-  /* Determine the value of this variable. */
-
-  /* Check for special variables, directly referenced. */
-  if (SPECIAL_VAR (name, want_indir))
-    var_is_special++;
-
-  /* Check for special expansion things, like the length of a parameter */
-  if (*name == '#' && name[1])
-    {
-      /* If we are not pointing at the character just after the
-	 closing brace, then we haven't gotten all of the name.
-	 Since it begins with a special character, this is a bad
-	 substitution.  Also check NAME for validity before trying
-	 to go on. */
-      if (string[sindex - 1] != RBRACE || (valid_length_expression (name) == 0))
-	{
-	  temp = (char *)NULL;
-	  goto bad_substitution;
-	}
-
-      number = parameter_brace_expand_length (name);
-      if (number == INTMAX_MIN && unbound_vars_is_error)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  err_unboundvar (name+1);
-	  free (name);
-	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-	}
-      free (name);
-
-      *indexp = sindex;
-      if (number < 0)
-        return (&expand_wdesc_error);
-      else
-	{
-	  ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-	  ret->word = itos (number);
-	  return ret;
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* ${@} is identical to $@. */
-  if (name[0] == '@' && name[1] == '\0')
-    {
-      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
-	*quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
-
-      if (contains_dollar_at)
-	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
-
-      tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
-    }
-
-  /* Process ${!PREFIX*} expansion. */
-  if (want_indir && string[sindex - 1] == RBRACE &&
-      (string[sindex - 2] == '*' || string[sindex - 2] == '@') &&
-      legal_variable_starter ((unsigned char) name[1]))
-    {
-      char **x;
-      WORD_LIST *xlist;
-
-      temp1 = savestring (name + 1);
-      number = strlen (temp1);
-      temp1[number - 1] = '\0';
-      x = all_variables_matching_prefix (temp1);
-      xlist = strvec_to_word_list (x, 0, 0);
-      if (string[sindex - 2] == '*')
-	temp = string_list_dollar_star (xlist);
-      else
-	{
-	  temp = string_list_dollar_at (xlist, quoted);
-	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
-	    *quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
-	  if (contains_dollar_at)
-	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
-
-	  tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
-	}
-      free (x);
-      dispose_words (xlist);
-      free (temp1);
-      *indexp = sindex;
-
-      free (name);
-
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->word = temp;
-      ret->flags = tflag;	/* XXX */
-      return ret;
-    }
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)      
-  /* Process ${!ARRAY[@]} and ${!ARRAY[*]} expansion. */ /* [ */
-  if (want_indir && string[sindex - 1] == RBRACE &&
-      string[sindex - 2] == ']' && valid_array_reference (name+1))
-    {
-      char *x, *x1;
-
-      temp1 = savestring (name + 1);
-      x = array_variable_name (temp1, &x1, (int *)0);	/* [ */
-      FREE (x);
-      if (ALL_ELEMENT_SUB (x1[0]) && x1[1] == ']')
-	{
-	  temp = array_keys (temp1, quoted);	/* handles assoc vars too */
-	  if (x1[0] == '@')
-	    {
-	      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
-		*quoted_dollar_atp = 1;
-	      if (contains_dollar_at)
-		*contains_dollar_at = 1;
-
-	      tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
-	    }	    
-
-	  free (temp1);
-	  *indexp = sindex;
-
-	  ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-	  ret->word = temp;
-	  ret->flags = tflag;	/* XXX */
-	  return ret;
-	}
-
-      free (temp1);
-    }
-#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
-      
-  /* Make sure that NAME is valid before trying to go on. */
-  if (valid_brace_expansion_word (want_indir ? name + 1 : name,
-					var_is_special) == 0)
-    {
-      temp = (char *)NULL;
-      goto bad_substitution;
-    }
-
-  if (want_indir)
-    tdesc = parameter_brace_expand_indir (name + 1, var_is_special, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at);
-  else
-    tdesc = parameter_brace_expand_word (name, var_is_special, quoted, PF_IGNUNBOUND|(pflags&(PF_NOSPLIT2|PF_ASSIGNRHS)), &ind);
-
-  if (tdesc)
-    {
-      temp = tdesc->word;
-      tflag = tdesc->flags;
-      dispose_word_desc (tdesc);
-    }
-  else
-    temp = (char  *)0;
-
-  if (temp == &expand_param_error || temp == &expand_param_fatal)
-    {
-      FREE (name);
-      FREE (value);
-      return (temp == &expand_param_error ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-    }
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-  if (valid_array_reference (name))
-    chk_atstar (name, quoted, quoted_dollar_atp, contains_dollar_at);
-#endif
-
-  var_is_set = temp != (char *)0;
-  var_is_null = check_nullness && (var_is_set == 0 || *temp == 0);
-  /* XXX - this may not need to be restricted to special variables */
-  if (check_nullness)
-    var_is_null |= var_is_set && var_is_special && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && QUOTED_NULL (temp);
-
-  /* Get the rest of the stuff inside the braces. */
-  if (c && c != RBRACE)
-    {
-      /* Extract the contents of the ${ ... } expansion
-	 according to the Posix.2 rules. */
-      value = extract_dollar_brace_string (string, &sindex, quoted, (c == '%' || c == '#' || c =='/' || c == '^' || c == ',' || c ==':') ? SX_POSIXEXP|SX_WORD : SX_WORD);
-      if (string[sindex] == RBRACE)
-	sindex++;
-      else
-	goto bad_substitution;
-    }
-  else
-    value = (char *)NULL;
-
-  *indexp = sindex;
-
-  /* All the cases where an expansion can possibly generate an unbound
-     variable error. */
-  if (want_substring || want_patsub || want_casemod || c == '#' || c == '%' || c == RBRACE)
-    {
-      if (var_is_set == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error && ((name[0] != '@' && name[0] != '*') || name[1]))
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  err_unboundvar (name);
-	  FREE (value);
-	  FREE (temp);
-	  free (name);
-	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-	}
-    }
-    
-  /* If this is a substring spec, process it and add the result. */
-  if (want_substring)
-    {
-      temp1 = parameter_brace_substring (name, temp, ind, value, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
-      FREE (name);
-      FREE (value);
-      FREE (temp);
-
-      if (temp1 == &expand_param_error)
-	return (&expand_wdesc_error);
-      else if (temp1 == &expand_param_fatal)
-	return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
-
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->word = temp1;
-      /* We test quoted_dollar_atp because we want variants with double-quoted
-	 "$@" to take a different code path. In fact, we make sure at the end
-	 of expand_word_internal that we're only looking at these flags if
-	 quoted_dollar_at == 0. */
-      if (temp1 && 
-          (quoted_dollar_atp == 0 || *quoted_dollar_atp == 0) &&
-	  QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-      return ret;
-    }
-  else if (want_patsub)
-    {
-      temp1 = parameter_brace_patsub (name, temp, ind, value, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
-      FREE (name);
-      FREE (value);
-      FREE (temp);
-
-      if (temp1 == &expand_param_error)
-	return (&expand_wdesc_error);
-      else if (temp1 == &expand_param_fatal)
-	return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
-
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->word = temp1;
-      if (temp1 && 
-          (quoted_dollar_atp == 0 || *quoted_dollar_atp == 0) &&
-	  QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-      return ret;
-    }
-#if defined (CASEMOD_EXPANSIONS)
-  else if (want_casemod)
-    {
-      temp1 = parameter_brace_casemod (name, temp, ind, modspec, value, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
-      FREE (name);
-      FREE (value);
-      FREE (temp);
-
-      if (temp1 == &expand_param_error)
-	return (&expand_wdesc_error);
-      else if (temp1 == &expand_param_fatal)
-	return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
-
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->word = temp1;
-      if (temp1 &&
-          (quoted_dollar_atp == 0 || *quoted_dollar_atp == 0) &&
-	  QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-      return ret;
-    }
-#endif
-
-  /* Do the right thing based on which character ended the variable name. */
-  switch (c)
-    {
-    default:
-    case '\0':
-    bad_substitution:
-      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      report_error (_("%s: bad substitution"), string ? string : "??");
-      FREE (value);
-      FREE (temp);
-      free (name);
-      return &expand_wdesc_error;
-
-    case RBRACE:
-      break;
-
-    case '#':	/* ${param#[#]pattern} */
-    case '%':	/* ${param%[%]pattern} */
-      if (value == 0 || *value == '\0' || temp == 0 || *temp == '\0')
-	{
-	  FREE (value);
-	  break;
-	}
-      temp1 = parameter_brace_remove_pattern (name, temp, ind, value, c, quoted, (tflag & W_ARRAYIND) ? AV_USEIND : 0);
-      free (temp);
-      free (value);
-      free (name);
-
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->word = temp1;
-      if (temp1 && QUOTED_NULL (temp1) && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-	ret->flags |= W_QUOTED|W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-      return ret;
-
-    case '-':
-    case '=':
-    case '?':
-    case '+':
-      if (var_is_set && var_is_null == 0)
-	{
-	  /* If the operator is `+', we don't want the value of the named
-	     variable for anything, just the value of the right hand side. */
-	  if (c == '+')
-	    {
-	      /* XXX -- if we're double-quoted and the named variable is "$@",
-			we want to turn off any special handling of "$@" --
-			we're not using it, so whatever is on the rhs applies. */
-	      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
-		*quoted_dollar_atp = 0;
-	      if (contains_dollar_at)
-		*contains_dollar_at = 0;
-
-	      FREE (temp);
-	      if (value)
-		{
-		  /* From Posix discussion on austin-group list.  Issue 221
-		     requires that backslashes escaping `}' inside
-		     double-quoted ${...} be removed. */
-		  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-		    quoted |= Q_DOLBRACE;
-		  ret = parameter_brace_expand_rhs (name, value, c,
-						    quoted,
-						    quoted_dollar_atp,
-						    contains_dollar_at);
-		  /* XXX - fix up later, esp. noting presence of
-			   W_HASQUOTEDNULL in ret->flags */
-		  free (value);
-		}
-	      else
-		temp = (char *)NULL;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      FREE (value);
-	    }
-	  /* Otherwise do nothing; just use the value in TEMP. */
-	}
-      else	/* VAR not set or VAR is NULL. */
-	{
-	  FREE (temp);
-	  temp = (char *)NULL;
-	  if (c == '=' && var_is_special)
-	    {
-	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	      report_error (_("$%s: cannot assign in this way"), name);
-	      free (name);
-	      free (value);
-	      return &expand_wdesc_error;
-	    }
-	  else if (c == '?')
-	    {
-	      parameter_brace_expand_error (name, value);
-	      return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-	    }
-	  else if (c != '+')
-	    {
-	      /* XXX -- if we're double-quoted and the named variable is "$@",
-			we want to turn off any special handling of "$@" --
-			we're not using it, so whatever is on the rhs applies. */
-	      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && quoted_dollar_atp)
-		*quoted_dollar_atp = 0;
-	      if (contains_dollar_at)
-		*contains_dollar_at = 0;
-
-	      /* From Posix discussion on austin-group list.  Issue 221 requires
-		 that backslashes escaping `}' inside double-quoted ${...} be
-		 removed. */
-	      if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-		quoted |= Q_DOLBRACE;
-	      ret = parameter_brace_expand_rhs (name, value, c, quoted,
-						quoted_dollar_atp,
-						contains_dollar_at);
-	      /* XXX - fix up later, esp. noting presence of
-		       W_HASQUOTEDNULL in tdesc->flags */
-	    }
-	  free (value);
-	}
-
-      break;
-    }
-  free (name);
-
-  if (ret == 0)
-    {
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->flags = tflag;
-      ret->word = temp;
-    }
-  return (ret);
-}
-
-/* Expand a single ${xxx} expansion.  The braces are optional.  When
-   the braces are used, parameter_brace_expand() does the work,
-   possibly calling param_expand recursively. */
-static WORD_DESC *
-param_expand (string, sindex, quoted, expanded_something,
-	      contains_dollar_at, quoted_dollar_at_p, had_quoted_null_p,
-	      pflags)
-     char *string;
-     int *sindex, quoted, *expanded_something, *contains_dollar_at;
-     int *quoted_dollar_at_p, *had_quoted_null_p, pflags;
-{
-  char *temp, *temp1, uerror[3];
-  int zindex, t_index, expok;
-  unsigned char c;
-  intmax_t number;
-  SHELL_VAR *var;
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-  WORD_DESC *tdesc, *ret;
-  int tflag;
-
-  zindex = *sindex;
-  c = string[++zindex];
-
-  temp = (char *)NULL;
-  ret = tdesc = (WORD_DESC *)NULL;
-  tflag = 0;
-
-  /* Do simple cases first. Switch on what follows '$'. */
-  switch (c)
-    {
-    /* $0 .. $9? */
-    case '0':
-    case '1':
-    case '2':
-    case '3':
-    case '4':
-    case '5':
-    case '6':
-    case '7':
-    case '8':
-    case '9':
-      temp1 = dollar_vars[TODIGIT (c)];
-      if (unbound_vars_is_error && temp1 == (char *)NULL)
-	{
-	  uerror[0] = '$';
-	  uerror[1] = c;
-	  uerror[2] = '\0';
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  err_unboundvar (uerror);
-	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-	}
-      if (temp1)
-	temp = (*temp1 && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-		  ? quote_string (temp1)
-		  : quote_escapes (temp1);
-      else
-	temp = (char *)NULL;
-
-      break;
-
-    /* $$ -- pid of the invoking shell. */
-    case '$':
-      temp = itos (dollar_dollar_pid);
-      break;
-
-    /* $# -- number of positional parameters. */
-    case '#':
-      temp = itos (number_of_args ());
-      break;
-
-    /* $? -- return value of the last synchronous command. */
-    case '?':
-      temp = itos (last_command_exit_value);
-      break;
-
-    /* $- -- flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by `set'. */
-    case '-':
-      temp = which_set_flags ();
-      break;
-
-      /* $! -- Pid of the last asynchronous command. */
-    case '!':
-      /* If no asynchronous pids have been created, expand to nothing.
-	 If `set -u' has been executed, and no async processes have
-	 been created, this is an expansion error. */
-      if (last_asynchronous_pid == NO_PID)
-	{
-	  if (expanded_something)
-	    *expanded_something = 0;
-	  temp = (char *)NULL;
-	  if (unbound_vars_is_error)
-	    {
-	      uerror[0] = '$';
-	      uerror[1] = c;
-	      uerror[2] = '\0';
-	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	      err_unboundvar (uerror);
-	      return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-	    }
-	}
-      else
-	temp = itos (last_asynchronous_pid);
-      break;
-
-    /* The only difference between this and $@ is when the arg is quoted. */
-    case '*':		/* `$*' */
-      list = list_rest_of_args ();
-
-#if 0
-      /* According to austin-group posix proposal by Geoff Clare in
-	 <20090505091501.GA10097@squonk.masqnet> of 5 May 2009:
-
- 	"The shell shall write a message to standard error and
- 	 immediately exit when it tries to expand an unset parameter
- 	 other than the '@' and '*' special parameters."
-      */
-
-      if (list == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error && (pflags & PF_IGNUNBOUND) == 0)
-	{
-	  uerror[0] = '$';
-	  uerror[1] = '*';
-	  uerror[2] = '\0';
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  err_unboundvar (uerror);
-	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-	}
-#endif
-
-      /* If there are no command-line arguments, this should just
-	 disappear if there are other characters in the expansion,
-	 even if it's quoted. */
-      if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && list == 0)
-	temp = (char *)NULL;
-      else if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_PATQUOTE))
-	{
-	  /* If we have "$*" we want to make a string of the positional
-	     parameters, separated by the first character of $IFS, and
-	     quote the whole string, including the separators.  If IFS
-	     is unset, the parameters are separated by ' '; if $IFS is
-	     null, the parameters are concatenated. */
-	  temp = (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_PATQUOTE)) ? string_list_dollar_star (list) : string_list (list);
-	  if (temp)
-	    {
-	      temp1 = quote_string (temp);
-	      if (*temp == 0)
-		tflag |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-	      free (temp);
-	      temp = temp1;
-	    }
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  /* We check whether or not we're eventually going to split $* here,
-	     for example when IFS is empty and we are processing the rhs of
-	     an assignment statement.  In that case, we don't separate the
-	     arguments at all.  Otherwise, if the $* is not quoted it is
-	     identical to $@ */
-#  if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-	  if (expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_firstc[0] == 0)
-#  else
-	  if (expand_no_split_dollar_star && ifs_firstc == 0)
-#  endif
-	    temp = string_list_dollar_star (list);
-	  else
-	    {
-	      temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, quoted);
-	      if (quoted == 0 && (ifs_is_set == 0 || ifs_is_null))
-		tflag |= W_SPLITSPACE;
-	    }
-
-	  if (expand_no_split_dollar_star == 0 && contains_dollar_at)
-	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
-	}
-
-      dispose_words (list);
-      break;
-
-    /* When we have "$@" what we want is "$1" "$2" "$3" ... This
-       means that we have to turn quoting off after we split into
-       the individually quoted arguments so that the final split
-       on the first character of $IFS is still done.  */
-    case '@':		/* `$@' */
-      list = list_rest_of_args ();
-
-#if 0
-      /* According to austin-group posix proposal by Geoff Clare in
-	 <20090505091501.GA10097@squonk.masqnet> of 5 May 2009:
-
- 	"The shell shall write a message to standard error and
- 	 immediately exit when it tries to expand an unset parameter
- 	 other than the '@' and '*' special parameters."
-      */
-
-      if (list == 0 && unbound_vars_is_error && (pflags & PF_IGNUNBOUND) == 0)
-	{
-	  uerror[0] = '$';
-	  uerror[1] = '@';
-	  uerror[2] = '\0';
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  err_unboundvar (uerror);
-	  return (interactive_shell ? &expand_wdesc_error : &expand_wdesc_fatal);
-	}
-#endif
-
-      /* We want to flag the fact that we saw this.  We can't turn
-	 off quoting entirely, because other characters in the
-	 string might need it (consider "\"$@\""), but we need some
-	 way to signal that the final split on the first character
-	 of $IFS should be done, even though QUOTED is 1. */
-      /* XXX - should this test include Q_PATQUOTE? */
-      if (quoted_dollar_at_p && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-	*quoted_dollar_at_p = 1;
-      if (contains_dollar_at)
-	*contains_dollar_at = 1;
-
-      /* We want to separate the positional parameters with the first
-	 character of $IFS in case $IFS is something other than a space.
-	 We also want to make sure that splitting is done no matter what --
-	 according to POSIX.2, this expands to a list of the positional
-	 parameters no matter what IFS is set to. */
-      /* XXX - what to do when in a context where word splitting is not
-	 performed? Even when IFS is not the default, posix seems to imply
-	 that we behave like unquoted $* ?  Maybe we should use PF_NOSPLIT2
-	 here. */
-      temp = string_list_dollar_at (list, (pflags & PF_ASSIGNRHS) ? (quoted|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES) : quoted);
-
-      tflag |= W_DOLLARAT;
-      dispose_words (list);
-      break;
-
-    case LBRACE:
-      tdesc = parameter_brace_expand (string, &zindex, quoted, pflags,
-				      quoted_dollar_at_p,
-				      contains_dollar_at);
-
-      if (tdesc == &expand_wdesc_error || tdesc == &expand_wdesc_fatal)
-	return (tdesc);
-      temp = tdesc ? tdesc->word : (char *)0;
-
-      /* XXX */
-      /* Quoted nulls should be removed if there is anything else
-	 in the string. */
-      /* Note that we saw the quoted null so we can add one back at
-	 the end of this function if there are no other characters
-	 in the string, discard TEMP, and go on.  The exception to
-	 this is when we have "${@}" and $1 is '', since $@ needs
-	 special handling. */
-      if (tdesc && tdesc->word && (tdesc->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL) && QUOTED_NULL (temp))
-	{
-	  if (had_quoted_null_p)
-	    *had_quoted_null_p = 1;
-	  if (*quoted_dollar_at_p == 0)
-	    {
-	      free (temp);
-	      tdesc->word = temp = (char *)NULL;
-	    }
-	    
-	}
-
-      ret = tdesc;
-      goto return0;
-
-    /* Do command or arithmetic substitution. */
-    case LPAREN:
-      /* We have to extract the contents of this paren substitution. */
-      t_index = zindex + 1;
-      temp = extract_command_subst (string, &t_index, 0);
-      zindex = t_index;
-
-      /* For Posix.2-style `$(( ))' arithmetic substitution,
-	 extract the expression and pass it to the evaluator. */
-      if (temp && *temp == LPAREN)
-	{
-	  char *temp2;
-	  temp1 = temp + 1;
-	  temp2 = savestring (temp1);
-	  t_index = strlen (temp2) - 1;
-
-	  if (temp2[t_index] != RPAREN)
-	    {
-	      free (temp2);
-	      goto comsub;
-	    }
-
-	  /* Cut off ending `)' */
-	  temp2[t_index] = '\0';
-
-	  if (chk_arithsub (temp2, t_index) == 0)
-	    {
-	      free (temp2);
-#if 0
-	      internal_warning (_("future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitution"));
-#endif
-	      goto comsub;
-	    }
-
-	  /* Expand variables found inside the expression. */
-	  temp1 = expand_arith_string (temp2, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
-	  free (temp2);
-
-arithsub:
-	  /* No error messages. */
-	  this_command_name = (char *)NULL;
-	  number = evalexp (temp1, &expok);
-	  free (temp);
-	  free (temp1);
-	  if (expok == 0)
-	    {
-	      if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
-		{
-		  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-		  return (&expand_wdesc_fatal);
-		}
-	      else
-		return (&expand_wdesc_error);
-	    }
-	  temp = itos (number);
-	  break;
-	}
-
-comsub:
-      if (pflags & PF_NOCOMSUB)
-	/* we need zindex+1 because string[zindex] == RPAREN */
-	temp1 = substring (string, *sindex, zindex+1);
-      else
-	{
-	  tdesc = command_substitute (temp, quoted);
-	  temp1 = tdesc ? tdesc->word : (char *)NULL;
-	  if (tdesc)
-	    dispose_word_desc (tdesc);
-	}
-      FREE (temp);
-      temp = temp1;
-      break;
-
-    /* Do POSIX.2d9-style arithmetic substitution.  This will probably go
-       away in a future bash release. */
-    case '[':
-      /* Extract the contents of this arithmetic substitution. */
-      t_index = zindex + 1;
-      temp = extract_arithmetic_subst (string, &t_index);
-      zindex = t_index;
-      if (temp == 0)
-	{
-	  temp = savestring (string);
-	  if (expanded_something)
-	    *expanded_something = 0;
-	  goto return0;
-	}	  
-
-       /* Do initial variable expansion. */
-      temp1 = expand_arith_string (temp, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
-
-      goto arithsub;
-
-    default:
-      /* Find the variable in VARIABLE_LIST. */
-      temp = (char *)NULL;
-
-      for (t_index = zindex; (c = string[zindex]) && legal_variable_char (c); zindex++)
-	;
-      temp1 = (zindex > t_index) ? substring (string, t_index, zindex) : (char *)NULL;
-
-      /* If this isn't a variable name, then just output the `$'. */
-      if (temp1 == 0 || *temp1 == '\0')
-	{
-	  FREE (temp1);
-	  temp = (char *)xmalloc (2);
-	  temp[0] = '$';
-	  temp[1] = '\0';
-	  if (expanded_something)
-	    *expanded_something = 0;
-	  goto return0;
-	}
-
-      /* If the variable exists, return its value cell. */
-      var = find_variable (temp1);
-
-      if (var && invisible_p (var) == 0 && var_isset (var))
-	{
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	  if (assoc_p (var) || array_p (var))
-	    {
-	      temp = array_p (var) ? array_reference (array_cell (var), 0)
-				   : assoc_reference (assoc_cell (var), "0");
-	      if (temp)
-		temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-			  ? quote_string (temp)
-			  : quote_escapes (temp);
-	      else if (unbound_vars_is_error)
-		goto unbound_variable;
-	    }
-	  else
-#endif
-	    {
-	      temp = value_cell (var);
-
-	      temp = (*temp && (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)))
-			? quote_string (temp)
-			: quote_escapes (temp);
-	    }
-
-	  free (temp1);
-
-	  goto return0;
-	}
-      else if (var = find_variable_last_nameref (temp1))
-	{
-	  temp = nameref_cell (var);
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-	  if (temp && *temp && valid_array_reference (temp))
-	    {
-	      tdesc = parameter_brace_expand_word (temp, SPECIAL_VAR (temp, 0), quoted, pflags, (arrayind_t *)NULL);
-	      if (tdesc == &expand_wdesc_error || tdesc == &expand_wdesc_fatal)
-		return (tdesc);
-	      ret = tdesc;
-	      goto return0;
-	    }
-	  else
-#endif
-	  /* y=2 ; typeset -n x=y; echo $x is not the same as echo $2 in ksh */
-	  if (temp && *temp && legal_identifier (temp) == 0)
-	    {
-	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	      report_error (_("%s: invalid variable name for name reference"), temp);
-	      return (&expand_wdesc_error);	/* XXX */
-	    }
-	  else
-	    temp = (char *)NULL;
-	}
-
-      temp = (char *)NULL;
-
-unbound_variable:
-      if (unbound_vars_is_error)
-	{
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  err_unboundvar (temp1);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  free (temp1);
-	  goto return0;
-	}
-
-      free (temp1);
-      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-      return ((unbound_vars_is_error && interactive_shell == 0)
-		? &expand_wdesc_fatal
-		: &expand_wdesc_error);
-    }
-
-  if (string[zindex])
-    zindex++;
-
-return0:
-  *sindex = zindex;
-
-  if (ret == 0)
-    {
-      ret = alloc_word_desc ();
-      ret->flags = tflag;	/* XXX */
-      ret->word = temp;
-    }
-  return ret;
-}
-
-/* Make a word list which is the result of parameter and variable
-   expansion, command substitution, arithmetic substitution, and
-   quote removal of WORD.  Return a pointer to a WORD_LIST which is
-   the result of the expansion.  If WORD contains a null word, the
-   word list returned is also null.
-
-   QUOTED contains flag values defined in shell.h.
-
-   ISEXP is used to tell expand_word_internal that the word should be
-   treated as the result of an expansion.  This has implications for
-   how IFS characters in the word are treated.
-
-   CONTAINS_DOLLAR_AT and EXPANDED_SOMETHING are return values; when non-null
-   they point to an integer value which receives information about expansion.
-   CONTAINS_DOLLAR_AT gets non-zero if WORD contained "$@", else zero.
-   EXPANDED_SOMETHING get non-zero if WORD contained any parameter expansions,
-   else zero.
-
-   This only does word splitting in the case of $@ expansion.  In that
-   case, we split on ' '. */
-
-/* Values for the local variable quoted_state. */
-#define UNQUOTED	 0
-#define PARTIALLY_QUOTED 1
-#define WHOLLY_QUOTED    2
-
-static WORD_LIST *
-expand_word_internal (word, quoted, isexp, contains_dollar_at, expanded_something)
-     WORD_DESC *word;
-     int quoted, isexp;
-     int *contains_dollar_at;
-     int *expanded_something;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *list;
-  WORD_DESC *tword;
-
-  /* The intermediate string that we build while expanding. */
-  char *istring;
-
-  /* The current size of the above object. */
-  int istring_size;
-
-  /* Index into ISTRING. */
-  int istring_index;
-
-  /* Temporary string storage. */
-  char *temp, *temp1;
-
-  /* The text of WORD. */
-  register char *string;
-
-  /* The size of STRING. */
-  size_t string_size;
-
-  /* The index into STRING. */
-  int sindex;
-
-  /* This gets 1 if we see a $@ while quoted. */
-  int quoted_dollar_at;
-
-  /* One of UNQUOTED, PARTIALLY_QUOTED, or WHOLLY_QUOTED, depending on
-     whether WORD contains no quoting characters, a partially quoted
-     string (e.g., "xx"ab), or is fully quoted (e.g., "xxab"). */
-  int quoted_state;
-
-  /* State flags */
-  int had_quoted_null;
-  int has_dollar_at, temp_has_dollar_at;
-  int split_on_spaces;
-  int tflag;
-  int pflags;			/* flags passed to param_expand */
-
-  int assignoff;		/* If assignment, offset of `=' */
-
-  register unsigned char c;	/* Current character. */
-  int t_index;			/* For calls to string_extract_xxx. */
-
-  char twochars[2];
-
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  istring = (char *)xmalloc (istring_size = DEFAULT_INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE);
-  istring[istring_index = 0] = '\0';
-  quoted_dollar_at = had_quoted_null = has_dollar_at = 0;
-  split_on_spaces = 0;
-  quoted_state = UNQUOTED;
-
-  string = word->word;
-  if (string == 0)
-    goto finished_with_string;
-  /* Don't need the string length for the SADD... and COPY_ macros unless
-     multibyte characters are possible. */
-  string_size = (MB_CUR_MAX > 1) ? strlen (string) : 1;
-
-  if (contains_dollar_at)
-    *contains_dollar_at = 0;
-
-  assignoff = -1;
-
-  /* Begin the expansion. */
-
-  for (sindex = 0; ;)
-    {
-      c = string[sindex];
-
-      /* Case on top-level character. */
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case '\0':
-	  goto finished_with_string;
-
-	case CTLESC:
-	  sindex++;
-#if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
-	  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && string[sindex])
-	    {
-	      SADD_MBQCHAR_BODY(temp, string, sindex, string_size);
-	    }
-	  else
-#endif
-	    {
-	      temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
-	      temp[0] = CTLESC;
-	      temp[1] = c = string[sindex];
-	      temp[2] = '\0';
-	    }
-
-dollar_add_string:
-	  if (string[sindex])
-	    sindex++;
-
-add_string:
-	  if (temp)
-	    {
-	      istring = sub_append_string (temp, istring, &istring_index, &istring_size);
-	      temp = (char *)0;
-	    }
-
-	  break;
-
-#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
-	  /* Process substitution. */
-	case '<':
-	case '>':
-	  {
-	    /* bash-4.4/bash-5.0
-	       XXX - technically this should only be expanded at the start
-	       of a word */
-	    if (string[++sindex] != LPAREN || (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || (word->flags & (W_DQUOTE|W_NOPROCSUB)) || posixly_correct)
-	      {
-		sindex--;	/* add_character: label increments sindex */
-		goto add_character;
-	      }
-	    else
-	      t_index = sindex + 1; /* skip past both '<' and LPAREN */
-
-	    temp1 = extract_process_subst (string, (c == '<') ? "<(" : ">(", &t_index, 0); /*))*/
-	    sindex = t_index;
-
-	    /* If the process substitution specification is `<()', we want to
-	       open the pipe for writing in the child and produce output; if
-	       it is `>()', we want to open the pipe for reading in the child
-	       and consume input. */
-	    temp = temp1 ? process_substitute (temp1, (c == '>')) : (char *)0;
-
-	    FREE (temp1);
-
-	    goto dollar_add_string;
-	  }
-#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
-
-	case '=':
-	  /* Posix.2 section 3.6.1 says that tildes following `=' in words
-	     which are not assignment statements are not expanded.  If the
-	     shell isn't in posix mode, though, we perform tilde expansion
-	     on `likely candidate' unquoted assignment statements (flags
-	     include W_ASSIGNMENT but not W_QUOTED).  A likely candidate
-	     contains an unquoted :~ or =~.  Something to think about: we
-	     now have a flag that says  to perform tilde expansion on arguments
-	     to `assignment builtins' like declare and export that look like
-	     assignment statements.  We now do tilde expansion on such words
-	     even in POSIX mode. */	
-	  if (word->flags & (W_ASSIGNRHS|W_NOTILDE))
-	    {
-	      if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
-		goto add_ifs_character;
-	      else
-		goto add_character;
-	    }
-	  /* If we're not in posix mode or forcing assignment-statement tilde
-	     expansion, note where the `=' appears in the word and prepare to
-	     do tilde expansion following the first `='. */
-	  if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT) &&
-	      (posixly_correct == 0 || (word->flags & W_TILDEEXP)) &&
-	      assignoff == -1 && sindex > 0)
-	    assignoff = sindex;
-	  if (sindex == assignoff && string[sindex+1] == '~')	/* XXX */
-	    word->flags |= W_ITILDE;
-#if 0
-	  else if ((word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT) &&
-		   (posixly_correct == 0 || (word->flags & W_TILDEEXP)) &&
-		   string[sindex+1] == '~')
-	    word->flags |= W_ITILDE;
-#endif
-	  if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
-	    goto add_ifs_character;
-	  else
-	    goto add_character;
-
-	case ':':
-	  if (word->flags & W_NOTILDE)
-	    {
-	      if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
-		goto add_ifs_character;
-	      else
-		goto add_character;
-	    }
-
-	  if ((word->flags & (W_ASSIGNMENT|W_ASSIGNRHS|W_TILDEEXP)) &&
-	      string[sindex+1] == '~')
-	    word->flags |= W_ITILDE;
-
-	  if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c))
-	    goto add_ifs_character;
-	  else
-	    goto add_character;
-
-	case '~':
-	  /* If the word isn't supposed to be tilde expanded, or we're not
-	     at the start of a word or after an unquoted : or = in an
-	     assignment statement, we don't do tilde expansion. */
-	  if ((word->flags & (W_NOTILDE|W_DQUOTE)) ||
-	      (sindex > 0 && ((word->flags & W_ITILDE) == 0)) ||
-	      (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
-	    {
-	      word->flags &= ~W_ITILDE;
-	      if (isexp == 0 && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)) == 0 && isifs (c) && (quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) == 0)
-		goto add_ifs_character;
-	      else
-		goto add_character;
-	    }
-
-	  if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNRHS)
-	    tflag = 2;
-	  else if (word->flags & (W_ASSIGNMENT|W_TILDEEXP))
-	    tflag = 1;
-	  else
-	    tflag = 0;
-
-	  temp = bash_tilde_find_word (string + sindex, tflag, &t_index);
-	    
-	  word->flags &= ~W_ITILDE;
-
-	  if (temp && *temp && t_index > 0)
-	    {
-	      temp1 = bash_tilde_expand (temp, tflag);
-	      if  (temp1 && *temp1 == '~' && STREQ (temp, temp1))
-		{
-		  FREE (temp);
-		  FREE (temp1);
-		  goto add_character;		/* tilde expansion failed */
-		}
-	      free (temp);
-	      temp = temp1;
-	      sindex += t_index;
-	      goto add_quoted_string;		/* XXX was add_string */
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      FREE (temp);
-	      goto add_character;
-	    }
-	
-	case '$':
-	  if (expanded_something)
-	    *expanded_something = 1;
-
-	  temp_has_dollar_at = 0;
-	  pflags = (word->flags & W_NOCOMSUB) ? PF_NOCOMSUB : 0;
-	  if (word->flags & W_NOSPLIT2)
-	    pflags |= PF_NOSPLIT2;
-	  if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNRHS)
-	    pflags |= PF_ASSIGNRHS;
-	  tword = param_expand (string, &sindex, quoted, expanded_something,
-			       &temp_has_dollar_at, &quoted_dollar_at,
-			       &had_quoted_null, pflags);
-	  has_dollar_at += temp_has_dollar_at;
-	  split_on_spaces += (tword->flags & W_SPLITSPACE);
-
-	  if (tword == &expand_wdesc_error || tword == &expand_wdesc_fatal)
-	    {
-	      free (string);
-	      free (istring);
-	      return ((tword == &expand_wdesc_error) ? &expand_word_error
-						     : &expand_word_fatal);
-	    }
-	  if (contains_dollar_at && has_dollar_at)
-	    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
-
-	  if (tword && (tword->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL))
-	    had_quoted_null = 1;
-
-	  temp = tword ? tword->word : (char *)NULL;
-	  dispose_word_desc (tword);
-
-	  /* Kill quoted nulls; we will add them back at the end of
-	     expand_word_internal if nothing else in the string */
-	  if (had_quoted_null && temp && QUOTED_NULL (temp))
-	    {
-	      FREE (temp);
-	      temp = (char *)NULL;
-	    }
-
-	  goto add_string;
-	  break;
-
-	case '`':		/* Backquoted command substitution. */
-	  {
-	    t_index = sindex++;
-
-	    temp = string_extract (string, &sindex, "`", SX_REQMATCH);
-	    /* The test of sindex against t_index is to allow bare instances of
-	       ` to pass through, for backwards compatibility. */
-	    if (temp == &extract_string_error || temp == &extract_string_fatal)
-	      {
-		if (sindex - 1 == t_index)
-		  {
-		    sindex = t_index;
-		    goto add_character;
-		  }
-		last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-		report_error (_("bad substitution: no closing \"`\" in %s") , string+t_index);
-		free (string);
-		free (istring);
-		return ((temp == &extract_string_error) ? &expand_word_error
-							: &expand_word_fatal);
-	      }
-		
-	    if (expanded_something)
-	      *expanded_something = 1;
-
-	    if (word->flags & W_NOCOMSUB)
-	      /* sindex + 1 because string[sindex] == '`' */
-	      temp1 = substring (string, t_index, sindex + 1);
-	    else
-	      {
-		de_backslash (temp);
-		tword = command_substitute (temp, quoted);
-		temp1 = tword ? tword->word : (char *)NULL;
-		if (tword)
-		  dispose_word_desc (tword);
-	      }
-	    FREE (temp);
-	    temp = temp1;
-	    goto dollar_add_string;
-	  }
-
-	case '\\':
-	  if (string[sindex + 1] == '\n')
-	    {
-	      sindex += 2;
-	      continue;
-	    }
-
-	  c = string[++sindex];
-
-	  if (quoted & Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)
-	    tflag = CBSHDOC;
-	  else if (quoted & Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)
-	    tflag = CBSDQUOTE;
-	  else
-	    tflag = 0;
-
-	  /* From Posix discussion on austin-group list:  Backslash escaping
-	     a } in ${...} is removed.  Issue 0000221 */
-	  if ((quoted & Q_DOLBRACE) && c == RBRACE)
-	    {
-	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, CTLESC, c, string, sindex, string_size);
-	    }
-	  /* This is the fix for " $@\ " */
-	  else if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && ((sh_syntaxtab[c] & tflag) == 0) && isexp == 0 && isifs (c))
-	    {
-	      RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 2, istring_size,
-				      DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
-	      istring[istring_index++] = CTLESC;
-	      istring[istring_index++] = '\\';
-	      istring[istring_index] = '\0';
-
-	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, CTLESC, c, string, sindex, string_size);
-	    }
-	  else if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) && ((sh_syntaxtab[c] & tflag) == 0))
-	    {
-	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, '\\', c, string, sindex, string_size);
-	    }
-	  else if (c == 0)
-	    {
-	      c = CTLNUL;
-	      sindex--;		/* add_character: label increments sindex */
-	      goto add_character;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      SCOPY_CHAR_I (twochars, CTLESC, c, string, sindex, string_size);
-	    }
-
-	  sindex++;
-add_twochars:
-	  /* BEFORE jumping here, we need to increment sindex if appropriate */
-	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 2, istring_size,
-				  DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
-	  istring[istring_index++] = twochars[0];
-	  istring[istring_index++] = twochars[1];
-	  istring[istring_index] = '\0';
-
-	  break;
-
-	case '"':
-	  if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
-	    goto add_character;
-
-	  t_index = ++sindex;
-	  temp = string_extract_double_quoted (string, &sindex, 0);
-
-	  /* If the quotes surrounded the entire string, then the
-	     whole word was quoted. */
-	  quoted_state = (t_index == 1 && string[sindex] == '\0')
-			    ? WHOLLY_QUOTED
-			    : PARTIALLY_QUOTED;
-
-	  if (temp && *temp)
-	    {
-	      tword = alloc_word_desc ();
-	      tword->word = temp;
-
-	      temp = (char *)NULL;
-
-	      temp_has_dollar_at = 0;	/* XXX */
-	      /* Need to get W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag through this function. */
-	      list = expand_word_internal (tword, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES, 0, &temp_has_dollar_at, (int *)NULL);
-	      has_dollar_at += temp_has_dollar_at;
-
-	      if (list == &expand_word_error || list == &expand_word_fatal)
-		{
-		  free (istring);
-		  free (string);
-		  /* expand_word_internal has already freed temp_word->word
-		     for us because of the way it prints error messages. */
-		  tword->word = (char *)NULL;
-		  dispose_word (tword);
-		  return list;
-		}
-
-	      dispose_word (tword);
-
-	      /* "$@" (a double-quoted dollar-at) expands into nothing,
-		 not even a NULL word, when there are no positional
-		 parameters. */
-	      if (list == 0 && has_dollar_at)
-		{
-		  quoted_dollar_at++;
-		  break;
-		}
-
-	      /* If we get "$@", we know we have expanded something, so we
-		 need to remember it for the final split on $IFS.  This is
-		 a special case; it's the only case where a quoted string
-		 can expand into more than one word.  It's going to come back
-		 from the above call to expand_word_internal as a list with
-		 a single word, in which all characters are quoted and
-		 separated by blanks.  What we want to do is to turn it back
-		 into a list for the next piece of code. */
-	      if (list)
-		dequote_list (list);
-
-	      if (list && list->word && (list->word->flags & W_HASQUOTEDNULL))
-		had_quoted_null = 1;		/* XXX */
-
-	      if (has_dollar_at)
-		{
-		  quoted_dollar_at++;
-		  if (contains_dollar_at)
-		    *contains_dollar_at = 1;
-		  if (expanded_something)
-		    *expanded_something = 1;
-		}
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      /* What we have is "".  This is a minor optimization. */
-	      FREE (temp);
-	      list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-	    }
-
-	  /* The code above *might* return a list (consider the case of "$@",
-	     where it returns "$1", "$2", etc.).  We can't throw away the
-	     rest of the list, and we have to make sure each word gets added
-	     as quoted.  We test on tresult->next:  if it is non-NULL, we
-	     quote the whole list, save it to a string with string_list, and
-	     add that string. We don't need to quote the results of this
-	     (and it would be wrong, since that would quote the separators
-	     as well), so we go directly to add_string. */
-	  if (list)
-	    {
-	      if (list->next)
-		{
-		  /* Testing quoted_dollar_at makes sure that "$@" is
-		     split correctly when $IFS does not contain a space. */
-		  temp = quoted_dollar_at
-				? string_list_dollar_at (list, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)
-				: string_list (quote_list (list));
-		  dispose_words (list);
-		  goto add_string;
-		}
-	      else
-		{
-		  temp = savestring (list->word->word);
-		  tflag = list->word->flags;
-		  dispose_words (list);
-
-		  /* If the string is not a quoted null string, we want
-		     to remove any embedded unquoted CTLNUL characters.
-		     We do not want to turn quoted null strings back into
-		     the empty string, though.  We do this because we
-		     want to remove any quoted nulls from expansions that
-		     contain other characters.  For example, if we have
-		     x"$*"y or "x$*y" and there are no positional parameters,
-		     the $* should expand into nothing. */
-		  /* We use the W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag to differentiate the
-		     cases:  a quoted null character as above and when
-		     CTLNUL is contained in the (non-null) expansion
-		     of some variable.  We use the had_quoted_null flag to
-		     pass the value through this function to its caller. */
-		  if ((tflag & W_HASQUOTEDNULL) && QUOTED_NULL (temp) == 0)
-		    remove_quoted_nulls (temp);	/* XXX */
-		}
-	    }
-	  else
-	    temp = (char *)NULL;
-
-	  /* We do not want to add quoted nulls to strings that are only
-	     partially quoted; we can throw them away.  The exception to
-	     this is when we are going to be performing word splitting,
-	     since we have to preserve a null argument if the next character
-	     will cause word splitting. */
-	  if (temp == 0 && quoted_state == PARTIALLY_QUOTED && (word->flags & (W_NOSPLIT|W_NOSPLIT2)))
-	    continue;
-
-	add_quoted_string:
-
-	  if (temp)
-	    {
-	      temp1 = temp;
-	      temp = quote_string (temp);
-	      free (temp1);
-	      goto add_string;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      /* Add NULL arg. */
-	      c = CTLNUL;
-	      sindex--;		/* add_character: label increments sindex */
-	      goto add_character;
-	    }
-
-	  /* break; */
-
-	case '\'':
-	  if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)))
-	    goto add_character;
-
-	  t_index = ++sindex;
-	  temp = string_extract_single_quoted (string, &sindex);
-
-	  /* If the entire STRING was surrounded by single quotes,
-	     then the string is wholly quoted. */
-	  quoted_state = (t_index == 1 && string[sindex] == '\0')
-			    ? WHOLLY_QUOTED
-			    : PARTIALLY_QUOTED;
-
-	  /* If all we had was '', it is a null expansion. */
-	  if (*temp == '\0')
-	    {
-	      free (temp);
-	      temp = (char *)NULL;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    remove_quoted_escapes (temp);	/* ??? */
-
-	  /* We do not want to add quoted nulls to strings that are only
-	     partially quoted; such nulls are discarded. */
-	  if (temp == 0 && (quoted_state == PARTIALLY_QUOTED))
-	    continue;
-
-	  /* If we have a quoted null expansion, add a quoted NULL to istring. */
-	  if (temp == 0)
-	    {
-	      c = CTLNUL;
-	      sindex--;		/* add_character: label increments sindex */
-	      goto add_character;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    goto add_quoted_string;
-
-	  /* break; */
-
-	default:
-	  /* This is the fix for " $@ " */
-	add_ifs_character:
-	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || (isexp == 0 && isifs (c)))
-	    {
-	      if (string[sindex])	/* from old goto dollar_add_string */
-		sindex++;
-	      if (c == 0)
-		{
-		  c = CTLNUL;
-		  goto add_character;
-		}
-	      else
-		{
-#if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
-		  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
-		    sindex--;
-
-		  if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1)
-		    {
-		      SADD_MBQCHAR_BODY(temp, string, sindex, string_size);
-		    }
-		  else
-#endif
-		    {
-		      twochars[0] = CTLESC;
-		      twochars[1] = c;
-		      goto add_twochars;
-		    }
-		}
-	    }
-
-	  SADD_MBCHAR (temp, string, sindex, string_size);
-
-	add_character:
-	  RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (istring, istring_index, 1, istring_size,
-				  DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE);
-	  istring[istring_index++] = c;
-	  istring[istring_index] = '\0';
-
-	  /* Next character. */
-	  sindex++;
-	}
-    }
-
-finished_with_string:
-  /* OK, we're ready to return.  If we have a quoted string, and
-     quoted_dollar_at is not set, we do no splitting at all; otherwise
-     we split on ' '.  The routines that call this will handle what to
-     do if nothing has been expanded. */
-
-  /* Partially and wholly quoted strings which expand to the empty
-     string are retained as an empty arguments.  Unquoted strings
-     which expand to the empty string are discarded.  The single
-     exception is the case of expanding "$@" when there are no
-     positional parameters.  In that case, we discard the expansion. */
-
-  /* Because of how the code that handles "" and '' in partially
-     quoted strings works, we need to make ISTRING into a QUOTED_NULL
-     if we saw quoting characters, but the expansion was empty.
-     "" and '' are tossed away before we get to this point when
-     processing partially quoted strings.  This makes "" and $xxx""
-     equivalent when xxx is unset.  We also look to see whether we
-     saw a quoted null from a ${} expansion and add one back if we
-     need to. */
-
-  /* If we expand to nothing and there were no single or double quotes
-     in the word, we throw it away.  Otherwise, we return a NULL word.
-     The single exception is for $@ surrounded by double quotes when
-     there are no positional parameters.  In that case, we also throw
-     the word away. */
-
-  if (*istring == '\0')
-    {
-      if (quoted_dollar_at == 0 && (had_quoted_null || quoted_state == PARTIALLY_QUOTED))
-	{
-	  istring[0] = CTLNUL;
-	  istring[1] = '\0';
-	  tword = make_bare_word (istring);
-	  tword->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;		/* XXX */
-	  list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-	  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-	    tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
-	}
-      /* According to sh, ksh, and Posix.2, if a word expands into nothing
-	 and a double-quoted "$@" appears anywhere in it, then the entire
-	 word is removed. */
-      else  if (quoted_state == UNQUOTED || quoted_dollar_at)
-	list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-#if 0
-      else
-	{
-	  tword = make_bare_word (istring);
-	  if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-	    tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
-	  list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-	}
-#else
-      else
-	list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-#endif
-    }
-  else if (word->flags & W_NOSPLIT)
-    {
-      tword = make_bare_word (istring);
-      if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT)
-	tword->flags |= W_ASSIGNMENT;	/* XXX */
-      if (word->flags & W_COMPASSIGN)
-	tword->flags |= W_COMPASSIGN;	/* XXX */
-      if (word->flags & W_NOGLOB)
-	tword->flags |= W_NOGLOB;	/* XXX */
-      if (word->flags & W_NOBRACE)
-	tword->flags |= W_NOBRACE;	/* XXX */
-      if (word->flags & W_NOEXPAND)
-	tword->flags |= W_NOEXPAND;	/* XXX */
-      if (quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES))
-	tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
-      if (had_quoted_null && QUOTED_NULL (istring))
-	tword->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;
-      list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      char *ifs_chars;
-      char *tstring;
-
-      ifs_chars = (quoted_dollar_at || has_dollar_at) ? ifs_value : (char *)NULL;
-
-      /* If we have $@, we need to split the results no matter what.  If
-	 IFS is unset or NULL, string_list_dollar_at has separated the
-	 positional parameters with a space, so we split on space (we have
-	 set ifs_chars to " \t\n" above if ifs is unset).  If IFS is set,
-	 string_list_dollar_at has separated the positional parameters
-	 with the first character of $IFS, so we split on $IFS.  If
-	 SPLIT_ON_SPACES is set, we expanded $* (unquoted) with IFS either
-	 unset or null, and we want to make sure that we split on spaces
-	 regardless of what else has happened to IFS since the expansion. */
-      if (split_on_spaces)
-	list = list_string (istring, " ", 1);	/* XXX quoted == 1? */
-      /* If we have $@ (has_dollar_at != 0) and we are in a context where we
-	 don't want to split the result (W_NOSPLIT2), and we are not quoted,
-	 we have already separated the arguments with the first character of
-	 $IFS.  In this case, we want to return a list with a single word
-	 with the separator possibly replaced with a space (it's what other
-	 shells seem to do).
-	 quoted_dollar_at is internal to this function and is set if we are
-	 passed an argument that is unquoted (quoted == 0) but we encounter a
-	 double-quoted $@ while expanding it. */
-      else if (has_dollar_at && quoted_dollar_at == 0 && ifs_chars && quoted == 0 && (word->flags & W_NOSPLIT2))
-	{
-	  /* Only split and rejoin if we have to */
-	  if (*ifs_chars && *ifs_chars != ' ')
-	    {
-	      list = list_string (istring, *ifs_chars ? ifs_chars : " ", 1);
-	      tstring = string_list (list);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    tstring = istring;
-	  tword = make_bare_word (tstring);
-	  if (tstring != istring)
-	    free (tstring);
-	  goto set_word_flags;
-	}
-      else if (has_dollar_at && ifs_chars)
-	list = list_string (istring, *ifs_chars ? ifs_chars : " ", 1);
-      else
-	{
-	  tword = make_bare_word (istring);
-set_word_flags:
-	  if ((quoted & (Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES|Q_HERE_DOCUMENT)) || (quoted_state == WHOLLY_QUOTED))
-	    tword->flags |= W_QUOTED;
-	  if (word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT)
-	    tword->flags |= W_ASSIGNMENT;
-	  if (word->flags & W_COMPASSIGN)
-	    tword->flags |= W_COMPASSIGN;
-	  if (word->flags & W_NOGLOB)
-	    tword->flags |= W_NOGLOB;
-	  if (word->flags & W_NOBRACE)
-	    tword->flags |= W_NOBRACE;
-	  if (word->flags & W_NOEXPAND)
-	    tword->flags |= W_NOEXPAND;
-	  if (had_quoted_null && QUOTED_NULL (istring))
-	    tword->flags |= W_HASQUOTEDNULL;	/* XXX */
-	  list = make_word_list (tword, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-	}
-    }
-
-  free (istring);
-  return (list);
-}
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*		   Functions for Quote Removal			    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-/* Perform quote removal on STRING.  If QUOTED > 0, assume we are obeying the
-   backslash quoting rules for within double quotes or a here document. */
-char *
-string_quote_removal (string, quoted)
-     char *string;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  size_t slen;
-  char *r, *result_string, *temp, *send;
-  int sindex, tindex, dquote;
-  unsigned char c;
-  DECLARE_MBSTATE;
-
-  /* The result can be no longer than the original string. */
-  slen = strlen (string);
-  send = string + slen;
-
-  r = result_string = (char *)xmalloc (slen + 1);
-
-  for (dquote = sindex = 0; c = string[sindex];)
-    {
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case '\\':
-	  c = string[++sindex];
-	  if (c == 0)
-	    {
-	      *r++ = '\\';
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  if (((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || dquote) && (sh_syntaxtab[c] & CBSDQUOTE) == 0)
-	    *r++ = '\\';
-	  /* FALLTHROUGH */
-
-	default:
-	  SCOPY_CHAR_M (r, string, send, sindex);
-	  break;
-
-	case '\'':
-	  if ((quoted & (Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) || dquote)
-	    {
-	      *r++ = c;
-	      sindex++;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	  tindex = sindex + 1;
-	  temp = string_extract_single_quoted (string, &tindex);
-	  if (temp)
-	    {
-	      strcpy (r, temp);
-	      r += strlen (r);
-	      free (temp);
-	    }
-	  sindex = tindex;
-	  break;
-
-	case '"':
-	  dquote = 1 - dquote;
-	  sindex++;
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-    *r = '\0';
-    return (result_string);
-}
-
-#if 0
-/* UNUSED */
-/* Perform quote removal on word WORD.  This allocates and returns a new
-   WORD_DESC *. */
-WORD_DESC *
-word_quote_removal (word, quoted)
-     WORD_DESC *word;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  char *t;
-
-  t = string_quote_removal (word->word, quoted);
-  w = alloc_word_desc ();
-  w->word = t ? t : savestring ("");
-  return (w);
-}
-
-/* Perform quote removal on all words in LIST.  If QUOTED is non-zero,
-   the members of the list are treated as if they are surrounded by
-   double quotes.  Return a new list, or NULL if LIST is NULL. */
-WORD_LIST *
-word_list_quote_removal (list, quoted)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     int quoted;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result, *t, *tresult, *e;
-
-  for (t = list, result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; t; t = t->next)
-    {
-      tresult = make_word_list (word_quote_removal (t->word, quoted), (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-#if 0
-      result = (WORD_LIST *) list_append (result, tresult);
-#else
-      if (result == 0)
-	result = e = tresult;
-      else
-	{
-	  e->next = tresult;
-	  while (e->next)
-	    e = e->next;
-	}
-#endif
-    }
-  return (result);
-}
-#endif
-
-/*******************************************
- *					   *
- *    Functions to perform word splitting  *
- *					   *
- *******************************************/
-
-void
-setifs (v)
-     SHELL_VAR *v;
-{
-  char *t;
-  unsigned char uc;
-
-  ifs_var = v;
-  ifs_value = (v && value_cell (v)) ? value_cell (v) : " \t\n";
-
-  ifs_is_set = ifs_var != 0;
-  ifs_is_null = ifs_is_set && (*ifs_value == 0);
-
-  /* Should really merge ifs_cmap with sh_syntaxtab.  XXX - doesn't yet
-     handle multibyte chars in IFS */
-  memset (ifs_cmap, '\0', sizeof (ifs_cmap));
-  for (t = ifs_value ; t && *t; t++)
-    {
-      uc = *t;
-      ifs_cmap[uc] = 1;
-    }
-
-#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
-  if (ifs_value == 0)
-    {
-      ifs_firstc[0] = '\0';
-      ifs_firstc_len = 1;
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      size_t ifs_len;
-      ifs_len = strnlen (ifs_value, MB_CUR_MAX);
-      ifs_firstc_len = MBLEN (ifs_value, ifs_len);
-      if (ifs_firstc_len == 1 || ifs_firstc_len == 0 || MB_INVALIDCH (ifs_firstc_len))
-	{
-	  ifs_firstc[0] = ifs_value[0];
-	  ifs_firstc[1] = '\0';
-	  ifs_firstc_len = 1;
-	}
-      else
-	memcpy (ifs_firstc, ifs_value, ifs_firstc_len);
-    }
-#else
-  ifs_firstc = ifs_value ? *ifs_value : 0;
-#endif
-}
-
-char *
-getifs ()
-{
-  return ifs_value;
-}
-
-/* This splits a single word into a WORD LIST on $IFS, but only if the word
-   is not quoted.  list_string () performs quote removal for us, even if we
-   don't do any splitting. */
-WORD_LIST *
-word_split (w, ifs_chars)
-     WORD_DESC *w;
-     char *ifs_chars;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result;
-
-  if (w)
-    {
-      char *xifs;
-
-      xifs = ((w->flags & W_QUOTED) || ifs_chars == 0) ? "" : ifs_chars;
-      result = list_string (w->word, xifs, w->flags & W_QUOTED);
-    }
-  else
-    result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/* Perform word splitting on LIST and return the RESULT.  It is possible
-   to return (WORD_LIST *)NULL. */
-static WORD_LIST *
-word_list_split (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *result, *t, *tresult, *e;
-
-  for (t = list, result = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; t; t = t->next)
-    {
-      tresult = word_split (t->word, ifs_value);
-      if (result == 0)
-        result = e = tresult;
-      else
-	{
-	  e->next = tresult;
-	  while (e->next)
-	    e = e->next;
-	}
-    }
-  return (result);
-}
-
-/**************************************************
- * 						  *
- *    Functions to expand an entire WORD_LIST	  *
- *						  *
- **************************************************/
-
-/* Do any word-expansion-specific cleanup and jump to top_level */
-static void
-exp_jump_to_top_level (v)
-     int v;
-{
-  set_pipestatus_from_exit (last_command_exit_value);
-
-  /* Cleanup code goes here. */
-  expand_no_split_dollar_star = 0;	/* XXX */
-  expanding_redir = 0;
-  assigning_in_environment = 0;
-
-  if (parse_and_execute_level == 0)
-    top_level_cleanup ();			/* from sig.c */
-
-  jump_to_top_level (v);
-}
-
-/* Put NLIST (which is a WORD_LIST * of only one element) at the front of
-   ELIST, and set ELIST to the new list. */
-#define PREPEND_LIST(nlist, elist) \
-	do { nlist->next = elist; elist = nlist; } while (0)
-
-/* Separate out any initial variable assignments from TLIST.  If set -k has
-   been executed, remove all assignment statements from TLIST.  Initial
-   variable assignments and other environment assignments are placed
-   on SUBST_ASSIGN_VARLIST. */
-static WORD_LIST *
-separate_out_assignments (tlist)
-     WORD_LIST *tlist;
-{
-  register WORD_LIST *vp, *lp;
-
-  if (tlist == 0)
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  if (subst_assign_varlist)
-    dispose_words (subst_assign_varlist);	/* Clean up after previous error */
-
-  subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-  vp = lp = tlist;
-
-  /* Separate out variable assignments at the start of the command.
-     Loop invariant: vp->next == lp
-     Loop postcondition:
-	lp = list of words left after assignment statements skipped
-	tlist = original list of words
-  */
-  while (lp && (lp->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT))
-    {
-      vp = lp;
-      lp = lp->next;
-    }
-
-  /* If lp != tlist, we have some initial assignment statements.
-     We make SUBST_ASSIGN_VARLIST point to the list of assignment
-     words and TLIST point to the remaining words.  */
-  if (lp != tlist)
-    {
-      subst_assign_varlist = tlist;
-      /* ASSERT(vp->next == lp); */
-      vp->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;	/* terminate variable list */
-      tlist = lp;			/* remainder of word list */
-    }
-
-  /* vp == end of variable list */
-  /* tlist == remainder of original word list without variable assignments */
-  if (!tlist)
-    /* All the words in tlist were assignment statements */
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  /* ASSERT(tlist != NULL); */
-  /* ASSERT((tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT) == 0); */
-
-  /* If the -k option is in effect, we need to go through the remaining
-     words, separate out the assignment words, and place them on
-     SUBST_ASSIGN_VARLIST. */
-  if (place_keywords_in_env)
-    {
-      WORD_LIST *tp;	/* tp == running pointer into tlist */
-
-      tp = tlist;
-      lp = tlist->next;
-
-      /* Loop Invariant: tp->next == lp */
-      /* Loop postcondition: tlist == word list without assignment statements */
-      while (lp)
-	{
-	  if (lp->word->flags & W_ASSIGNMENT)
-	    {
-	      /* Found an assignment statement, add this word to end of
-		 subst_assign_varlist (vp). */
-	      if (!subst_assign_varlist)
-		subst_assign_varlist = vp = lp;
-	      else
-		{
-		  vp->next = lp;
-		  vp = lp;
-		}
-
-	      /* Remove the word pointed to by LP from TLIST. */
-	      tp->next = lp->next;
-	      /* ASSERT(vp == lp); */
-	      lp->next = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-	      lp = tp->next;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      tp = lp;
-	      lp = lp->next;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-  return (tlist);
-}
-
-#define WEXP_VARASSIGN	0x001
-#define WEXP_BRACEEXP	0x002
-#define WEXP_TILDEEXP	0x004
-#define WEXP_PARAMEXP	0x008
-#define WEXP_PATHEXP	0x010
-
-/* All of the expansions, including variable assignments at the start of
-   the list. */
-#define WEXP_ALL	(WEXP_VARASSIGN|WEXP_BRACEEXP|WEXP_TILDEEXP|WEXP_PARAMEXP|WEXP_PATHEXP)
-
-/* All of the expansions except variable assignments at the start of
-   the list. */
-#define WEXP_NOVARS	(WEXP_BRACEEXP|WEXP_TILDEEXP|WEXP_PARAMEXP|WEXP_PATHEXP)
-
-/* All of the `shell expansions': brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter
-   expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and
-   quote removal. */
-#define WEXP_SHELLEXP	(WEXP_BRACEEXP|WEXP_TILDEEXP|WEXP_PARAMEXP)
-
-/* Take the list of words in LIST and do the various substitutions.  Return
-   a new list of words which is the expanded list, and without things like
-   variable assignments. */
-
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_words (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  return (expand_word_list_internal (list, WEXP_ALL));
-}
-
-/* Same as expand_words (), but doesn't hack variable or environment
-   variables. */
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_words_no_vars (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  return (expand_word_list_internal (list, WEXP_NOVARS));
-}
-
-WORD_LIST *
-expand_words_shellexp (list)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-{
-  return (expand_word_list_internal (list, WEXP_SHELLEXP));
-}
-
-static WORD_LIST *
-glob_expand_word_list (tlist, eflags)
-     WORD_LIST *tlist;
-     int eflags;
-{
-  char **glob_array, *temp_string;
-  register int glob_index;
-  WORD_LIST *glob_list, *output_list, *disposables, *next;
-  WORD_DESC *tword;
-
-  output_list = disposables = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-  glob_array = (char **)NULL;
-  while (tlist)
-    {
-      /* For each word, either globbing is attempted or the word is
-	 added to orig_list.  If globbing succeeds, the results are
-	 added to orig_list and the word (tlist) is added to the list
-	 of disposable words.  If globbing fails and failed glob
-	 expansions are left unchanged (the shell default), the
-	 original word is added to orig_list.  If globbing fails and
-	 failed glob expansions are removed, the original word is
-	 added to the list of disposable words.  orig_list ends up
-	 in reverse order and requires a call to REVERSE_LIST to
-	 be set right.  After all words are examined, the disposable
-	 words are freed. */
-      next = tlist->next;
-
-      /* If the word isn't an assignment and contains an unquoted
-	 pattern matching character, then glob it. */
-      if ((tlist->word->flags & W_NOGLOB) == 0 &&
-	  unquoted_glob_pattern_p (tlist->word->word))
-	{
-	  glob_array = shell_glob_filename (tlist->word->word);
-
-	  /* Handle error cases.
-	     I don't think we should report errors like "No such file
-	     or directory".  However, I would like to report errors
-	     like "Read failed". */
-
-	  if (glob_array == 0 || GLOB_FAILED (glob_array))
-	    {
-	      glob_array = (char **)xmalloc (sizeof (char *));
-	      glob_array[0] = (char *)NULL;
-	    }
-
-	  /* Dequote the current word in case we have to use it. */
-	  if (glob_array[0] == NULL)
-	    {
-	      temp_string = dequote_string (tlist->word->word);
-	      free (tlist->word->word);
-	      tlist->word->word = temp_string;
-	    }
-
-	  /* Make the array into a word list. */
-	  glob_list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-	  for (glob_index = 0; glob_array[glob_index]; glob_index++)
-	    {
-	      tword = make_bare_word (glob_array[glob_index]);
-	      glob_list = make_word_list (tword, glob_list);
-	    }
-
-	  if (glob_list)
-	    {
-	      output_list = (WORD_LIST *)list_append (glob_list, output_list);
-	      PREPEND_LIST (tlist, disposables);
-	    }
-	  else if (fail_glob_expansion != 0)
-	    {
-	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	      report_error (_("no match: %s"), tlist->word->word);
-	      exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-	    }
-	  else if (allow_null_glob_expansion == 0)
-	    {
-	      /* Failed glob expressions are left unchanged. */
-	      PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      /* Failed glob expressions are removed. */
-	      PREPEND_LIST (tlist, disposables);
-	    }
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  /* Dequote the string. */
-	  temp_string = dequote_string (tlist->word->word);
-	  free (tlist->word->word);
-	  tlist->word->word = temp_string;
-	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
-	}
-
-      strvec_dispose (glob_array);
-      glob_array = (char **)NULL;
-
-      tlist = next;
-    }
-
-  if (disposables)
-    dispose_words (disposables);
-
-  if (output_list)
-    output_list = REVERSE_LIST (output_list, WORD_LIST *);
-
-  return (output_list);
-}
-
-#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
-static WORD_LIST *
-brace_expand_word_list (tlist, eflags)
-     WORD_LIST *tlist;
-     int eflags;
-{
-  register char **expansions;
-  char *temp_string;
-  WORD_LIST *disposables, *output_list, *next;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-  int eindex;
-
-  for (disposables = output_list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; tlist; tlist = next)
-    {
-      next = tlist->next;
-
-      if (tlist->word->flags & W_NOBRACE)
-        {
-/*itrace("brace_expand_word_list: %s: W_NOBRACE", tlist->word->word);*/
-	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
-	  continue;
-        }
-
-      if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG)) == (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG))
-        {
-/*itrace("brace_expand_word_list: %s: W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG", tlist->word->word);*/
-	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
-	  continue;
-        }
-
-      /* Only do brace expansion if the word has a brace character.  If
-	 not, just add the word list element to BRACES and continue.  In
-	 the common case, at least when running shell scripts, this will
-	 degenerate to a bunch of calls to `mbschr', and then what is
-	 basically a reversal of TLIST into BRACES, which is corrected
-	 by a call to REVERSE_LIST () on BRACES when the end of TLIST
-	 is reached. */
-      if (mbschr (tlist->word->word, LBRACE))
-	{
-	  expansions = brace_expand (tlist->word->word);
-
-	  for (eindex = 0; temp_string = expansions[eindex]; eindex++)
-	    {
-	      w = alloc_word_desc ();
-	      w->word = temp_string;
-
-	      /* If brace expansion didn't change the word, preserve
-		 the flags.  We may want to preserve the flags
-		 unconditionally someday -- XXX */
-	      if (STREQ (temp_string, tlist->word->word))
-		w->flags = tlist->word->flags;
-	      else
-		w = make_word_flags (w, temp_string);
-
-	      output_list = make_word_list (w, output_list);
-	    }
-	  free (expansions);
-
-	  /* Add TLIST to the list of words to be freed after brace
-	     expansion has been performed. */
-	  PREPEND_LIST (tlist, disposables);
-	}
-      else
-	PREPEND_LIST (tlist, output_list);
-    }
-
-  if (disposables)
-    dispose_words (disposables);
-
-  if (output_list)
-    output_list = REVERSE_LIST (output_list, WORD_LIST *);
-
-  return (output_list);
-}
-#endif
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-/* Take WORD, a compound associative array assignment, and internally run
-   'declare -A w', where W is the variable name portion of WORD. */
-static int
-make_internal_declare (word, option)
-     char *word;
-     char *option;
-{
-  int t;
-  WORD_LIST *wl;
-  WORD_DESC *w;
-
-  w = make_word (word);
-
-  t = assignment (w->word, 0);
-  w->word[t] = '\0';
-
-  wl = make_word_list (w, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-  wl = make_word_list (make_word (option), wl);
-
-  return (declare_builtin (wl));  
-}  
-#endif
-
-static WORD_LIST *
-shell_expand_word_list (tlist, eflags)
-     WORD_LIST *tlist;
-     int eflags;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *expanded, *orig_list, *new_list, *next, *temp_list;
-  int expanded_something, has_dollar_at;
-  char *temp_string;
-
-  /* We do tilde expansion all the time.  This is what 1003.2 says. */
-  new_list = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-  for (orig_list = tlist; tlist; tlist = next)
-    {
-      temp_string = tlist->word->word;
-
-      next = tlist->next;
-
-#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
-      /* If this is a compound array assignment to a builtin that accepts
-         such assignments (e.g., `declare'), take the assignment and perform
-         it separately, handling the semantics of declarations inside shell
-         functions.  This avoids the double-evaluation of such arguments,
-         because `declare' does some evaluation of compound assignments on
-         its own. */
-      if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG)) == (W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG))
-	{
-	  int t;
-	  char opts[8], opti;
-
-	  opti = 0;
-	  if (tlist->word->flags & (W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSNGLOBAL|W_ASSIGNARRAY))
-	    opts[opti++] = '-';
-
-	  if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSNGLOBAL)) == (W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSNGLOBAL))
-	    {
-	      opts[opti++] = 'g';
-	      opts[opti++] = 'A';
-	    }
-	  else if (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNASSOC)
-	    opts[opti++] = 'A';
-	  else if ((tlist->word->flags & (W_ASSIGNARRAY|W_ASSNGLOBAL)) == (W_ASSIGNARRAY|W_ASSNGLOBAL))
-	    {
-	      opts[opti++] = 'g';
-	      opts[opti++] = 'a';
-	    }
-	  else if (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNARRAY)
-	    opts[opti++] = 'a';
-	  else if (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSNGLOBAL)
-	    opts[opti++] = 'g';
-
-#if 0
-	  /* If we have special handling note the integer attribute */
-	  if (opti > 0 && (tlist->word->flags & W_ASSIGNINT))
-	    opts[opti++] = 'i';
-#endif
-
-	  opts[opti] = '\0';
-	  if (opti > 0)
-	    make_internal_declare (tlist->word->word, opts);
-
-	  t = do_word_assignment (tlist->word, 0);
-	  if (t == 0)
-	    {
-	      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	      exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-	    }
-
-	  /* Now transform the word as ksh93 appears to do and go on */
-	  t = assignment (tlist->word->word, 0);
-	  tlist->word->word[t] = '\0';
-	  tlist->word->flags &= ~(W_ASSIGNMENT|W_NOSPLIT|W_COMPASSIGN|W_ASSIGNARG|W_ASSIGNASSOC|W_ASSIGNARRAY);
-	}
-#endif
-
-      expanded_something = 0;
-      expanded = expand_word_internal
-	(tlist->word, 0, 0, &has_dollar_at, &expanded_something);
-
-      if (expanded == &expand_word_error || expanded == &expand_word_fatal)
-	{
-	  /* By convention, each time this error is returned,
-	     tlist->word->word has already been freed. */
-	  tlist->word->word = (char *)NULL;
-
-	  /* Dispose our copy of the original list. */
-	  dispose_words (orig_list);
-	  /* Dispose the new list we're building. */
-	  dispose_words (new_list);
-
-	  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-	  if (expanded == &expand_word_error)
-	    exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-	  else
-	    exp_jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
-	}
-
-      /* Don't split words marked W_NOSPLIT. */
-      if (expanded_something && (tlist->word->flags & W_NOSPLIT) == 0)
-	{
-	  temp_list = word_list_split (expanded);
-	  dispose_words (expanded);
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  /* If no parameter expansion, command substitution, process
-	     substitution, or arithmetic substitution took place, then
-	     do not do word splitting.  We still have to remove quoted
-	     null characters from the result. */
-	  word_list_remove_quoted_nulls (expanded);
-	  temp_list = expanded;
-	}
-
-      expanded = REVERSE_LIST (temp_list, WORD_LIST *);
-      new_list = (WORD_LIST *)list_append (expanded, new_list);
-    }
-
-  if (orig_list)  
-    dispose_words (orig_list);
-
-  if (new_list)
-    new_list = REVERSE_LIST (new_list, WORD_LIST *);
-
-  return (new_list);
-}
-
-/* The workhorse for expand_words () and expand_words_no_vars ().
-   First arg is LIST, a WORD_LIST of words.
-   Second arg EFLAGS is a flags word controlling which expansions are
-   performed.
-
-   This does all of the substitutions: brace expansion, tilde expansion,
-   parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
-   process substitution, word splitting, and pathname expansion, according
-   to the bits set in EFLAGS.  Words with the W_QUOTED or W_NOSPLIT bits
-   set, or for which no expansion is done, do not undergo word splitting.
-   Words with the W_NOGLOB bit set do not undergo pathname expansion; words
-   with W_NOBRACE set do not undergo brace expansion (see
-   brace_expand_word_list above). */
-static WORD_LIST *
-expand_word_list_internal (list, eflags)
-     WORD_LIST *list;
-     int eflags;
-{
-  WORD_LIST *new_list, *temp_list;
-  int tint;
-
-  tempenv_assign_error = 0;
-  if (list == 0)
-    return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-
-  garglist = new_list = copy_word_list (list);
-  if (eflags & WEXP_VARASSIGN)
-    {
-      garglist = new_list = separate_out_assignments (new_list);
-      if (new_list == 0)
-	{
-	  if (subst_assign_varlist)
-	    {
-	      /* All the words were variable assignments, so they are placed
-		 into the shell's environment. */
-	      for (temp_list = subst_assign_varlist; temp_list; temp_list = temp_list->next)
-		{
-		  this_command_name = (char *)NULL;	/* no arithmetic errors */
-		  tint = do_word_assignment (temp_list->word, 0);
-		  /* Variable assignment errors in non-interactive shells
-		     running in Posix.2 mode cause the shell to exit. */
-		  if (tint == 0)
-		    {
-		      last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-		      if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
-			exp_jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
-		      else
-			exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-		    }
-		}
-	      dispose_words (subst_assign_varlist);
-	      subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-	    }
-	  return ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* Begin expanding the words that remain.  The expansions take place on
-     things that aren't really variable assignments. */
-
-#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
-  /* Do brace expansion on this word if there are any brace characters
-     in the string. */
-  if ((eflags & WEXP_BRACEEXP) && brace_expansion && new_list)
-    new_list = brace_expand_word_list (new_list, eflags);
-#endif /* BRACE_EXPANSION */
-
-  /* Perform the `normal' shell expansions: tilde expansion, parameter and
-     variable substitution, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
-     and word splitting. */
-  new_list = shell_expand_word_list (new_list, eflags);
-
-  /* Okay, we're almost done.  Now let's just do some filename
-     globbing. */
-  if (new_list)
-    {
-      if ((eflags & WEXP_PATHEXP) && disallow_filename_globbing == 0)
-	/* Glob expand the word list unless globbing has been disabled. */
-	new_list = glob_expand_word_list (new_list, eflags);
-      else
-	/* Dequote the words, because we're not performing globbing. */
-	new_list = dequote_list (new_list);
-    }
-
-  if ((eflags & WEXP_VARASSIGN) && subst_assign_varlist)
-    {
-      sh_wassign_func_t *assign_func;
-      int is_special_builtin, is_builtin_or_func;
-
-      /* If the remainder of the words expand to nothing, Posix.2 requires
-	 that the variable and environment assignments affect the shell's
-	 environment. */
-      assign_func = new_list ? assign_in_env : do_word_assignment;
-      tempenv_assign_error = 0;
-
-      is_builtin_or_func = (new_list && new_list->word && (find_shell_builtin (new_list->word->word) || find_function (new_list->word->word)));
-      /* Posix says that special builtins exit if a variable assignment error
-	 occurs in an assignment preceding it. */
-      is_special_builtin = (posixly_correct && new_list && new_list->word && find_special_builtin (new_list->word->word));
-      
-      for (temp_list = subst_assign_varlist; temp_list; temp_list = temp_list->next)
-	{
-	  this_command_name = (char *)NULL;
-	  assigning_in_environment = (assign_func == assign_in_env);
-	  tint = (*assign_func) (temp_list->word, is_builtin_or_func);
-	  assigning_in_environment = 0;
-	  /* Variable assignment errors in non-interactive shells running
-	     in Posix.2 mode cause the shell to exit. */
-	  if (tint == 0)
-	    {
-	      if (assign_func == do_word_assignment)
-		{
-		  last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-		  if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct && is_special_builtin)
-		    exp_jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
-		  else
-		    exp_jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
-		}
-	      else
-		tempenv_assign_error++;
-	    }
-	}
-
-      dispose_words (subst_assign_varlist);
-      subst_assign_varlist = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
-    }
-
-  return (new_list);
-}
diff --git a/tests/RUN-ONE-TEST~ b/tests/RUN-ONE-TEST~
deleted file mode 100755
index 3efcf32d..00000000
--- a/tests/RUN-ONE-TEST~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-BUILD_DIR=/usr/local/build/chet/bash/bash-current
-THIS_SH=$BUILD_DIR/bash
-PATH=$PATH:$BUILD_DIR
-
-export THIS_SH PATH
-
-rm -f /tmp/xx
-
-/bin/sh "$@"
diff --git a/tests/array.tests~ b/tests/array.tests~
deleted file mode 100644
index bed63708..00000000
--- a/tests/array.tests~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,402 +0,0 @@
-# this is needed so that the bad assignments (b[]=bcde, for example) do not
-# cause fatal shell errors when in posix mode
-set +o posix
-
-set +a
-# The calls to egrep -v are to filter out builtin array variables that are
-# automatically set and possibly contain values that vary.
-
-# first make sure we handle the basics
-x=()
-echo ${x[@]}
-unset x
-
-# this should be an error
-test=(first & second)
-echo $?
-unset test
-
-# make sure declare -a converts an existing variable to an array
-unset a
-a=abcde
-declare -a a
-echo ${a[0]}
-
-unset a
-a=abcde
-a[2]=bdef
-
-unset b
-declare -a b[256]
-
-unset c[2]
-unset c[*]
-
-a[1]=
-
-_ENV=/bin/true
-x=${_ENV[(_$-=0)+(_=1)-_${-%%*i*}]}
-
-declare -r c[100]
-
-echo ${a[0]} ${a[4]}
-echo ${a[@]}
-
-echo ${a[*]}
-
-# this should print out values, too
-declare -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS|FUNCNAME)'
-
-unset a[7]
-echo ${a[*]}
-
-unset a[4]
-echo ${a[*]}
-
-echo ${a}
-echo "${a}"
-echo $a
-
-unset a[0]
-echo ${a}
-
-echo ${a[@]}
-
-a[5]="hello world"
-echo ${a[5]}
-echo ${#a[5]}
-
-echo ${#a[@]}
-
-a[4+5/2]="test expression"
-declare a["7 + 8"]="test 2"
-a[7 + 8]="test 2"
-echo ${a[@]}
-
-readonly a[5]
-readonly a
-# these two lines should output `declare' commands
-readonly -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)'
-declare -ar | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)'
-# this line should output `readonly' commands, even for arrays
-set -o posix
-readonly -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)'
-set +o posix
-
-declare -a d='([1]="" [2]="bdef" [5]="hello world" "test")'
-d[9]="ninth element"
-
-declare -a e[10]=test	# this works in post-bash-2.05 versions
-declare -a e[10]='(test)'
-
-pass=/etc/passwd
-declare -a f='("${d[@]}")'
-b=([0]=this [1]=is [2]=a [3]=test [4]="$PS1" [5]=$pass)
-
-echo ${b[@]:2:3}
-
-declare -pa | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)'
-
-a[3]="this is a test"
-
-b[]=bcde
-b[*]=aaa
-echo ${b[   ]}
-
-c[-2]=4
-echo ${c[-4]}
-
-d[7]=(abdedfegeee)
-
-d=([]=abcde [1]="test test" [*]=last [-65]=negative )
-
-unset d[12]
-unset e[*]
-
-declare -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)'
-
-ps1='hello'
-unset ps1[2]
-unset ${ps1[2]}
-
-declare +a ps1
-declare +a c
-
-# the prompt should not print when using a here doc
-read -p "array test: " -a rv <<!
-this is a test of read using arrays
-!
-
-echo ${rv[0]} ${rv[4]}
-echo ${rv[@]}
-
-# the variable should be converted to an array when `read -a' is done
-vv=1
-read -a vv <<!
-this is a test of arrays
-!
-echo ${vv[0]} ${vv[3]}
-echo ${vv[@]}
-unset vv
-
-declare -a | egrep -v '(BASH_VERSINFO|PIPESTATUS|GROUPS)'
-
-export rv
-#set
-
-x[4]=bbb
-x=abde
-echo $x
-echo ${x[0]}
-echo ${x[4]}
-echo efgh | ( read x[1] ; echo ${x[1]} )
-echo wxyz | ( declare -a x ; read x ; echo $x ; echo ${x[0]} )
-
-# Make sure that arrays can be used to save the positional paramters verbatim
-set -- a 'b c' d 'e f g' h
-
-ARGV=( [0]=$0 "$@" )
-
-for z in "${ARGV[@]}"
-do
-	echo "$z"
-done
-
-echo "$0"
-for z in "$@"
-do
-	echo "$z"
-done
-
-# do various pattern removal and length tests
-XPATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/local/bin:.:/sbin:/usr/sbin
-
-xpath=( $( IFS=: ; echo $XPATH ) )
-
-echo ${xpath[@]}
-echo ${xpath[@]##*/}
-echo ${xpath[0]##*/}
-echo ${xpath[@]%%[!/]*}
-echo ${xpath[0]%%[!/]*}
-recho ${xpath##*/}
-recho ${xpath%%[!/]*}
-recho ${xpath[5]##*/}
-recho ${xpath[5]%%[!/]*}
-
-# let's try to make it a DOS-style path
-
-zecho "${xpath[@]/\//\\}"
-zecho "${xpath[@]//\//\\}"
-zecho "${xpath[@]//[\/]/\\}"
-
-# length of the first element of the array, since array without subscript
-# is equivalent to referencing first element
-echo ${#xpath} -- ${#xpath[0]}
-
-# number of elements in the array
-nelem=${#xpath[@]}
-echo ${#xpath[@]} -- $nelem
-
-# total length of all elements in the array, including space separators
-xx="${xpath[*]}"
-echo ${#xx}
-
-# total length of all elements in the array
-xx=$( IFS='' ; echo "${xpath[*]}" )
-echo ${#xx}
-
-unset xpath[nelem-1]
-
-nelem=${#xpath[@]}
-echo ${#xpath[@]} -- $nelem
-
-# arrays and things that look like index assignments
-array=(42 [1]=14 [2]=44)
-
-array2=(grep [ 123 ] \*)
-
-echo ${array[@]}
-echo "${array2[@]}"
-
-# arrays and implicit arithmetic evaluation
-declare -i -a iarray
-
-iarray=( 2+4 1+6 7+2 )
-echo ${iarray[@]}
-
-iarray[4]=4+1
-echo ${iarray[@]}
-
-# make sure assignment using the compound assignment syntax removes all
-# of the old elements from the array value
-barray=(old1 old2 old3 old4 old5)
-barray=(new1 new2 new3)
-echo "length = ${#barray[@]}"
-echo "value = ${barray[*]}"
-
-# make sure the array code behaves correctly with respect to unset variables
-set -u
-( echo ${#narray[4]} )
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array1.sub
-${THIS_SH} ./array2.sub
-
-# some old bugs and ksh93 compatibility tests
-${THIS_SH} ./array3.sub
-
-# some compound assingment parsing problems that showed up in bash-3.1-release
-${THIS_SH} ./array4.sub
-
-set +u
-cd /tmp
-
-touch 1=bar
-foo=([10]="bar")
-echo ${foo[0]}
-rm 1=bar
-
-cd $OLDPWD
-
-foo=(a b c d e f g)
-echo ${foo[@]}
-
-# quoted reserved words are ok
-foo=(\for \case \if \then \else)
-echo ${foo[@]}
-
-# quoted metacharacters are ok
-foo=( [1]='<>' [2]='<' [3]='>' [4]='!' )
-echo ${foo[@]}
-
-# numbers are just words when not in a redirection context
-foo=( 12 14 16 18 20 )
-echo ${foo[@]}
-
-foo=( 4414758999202 )
-echo ${foo[@]}
-
-# this was a bug in all versions of bash 2.x up to and including bash-2.04
-declare -a ddd=(aaa
-bbb)
-echo ${ddd[@]}
-
-# errors until post-bash-2.05a; now reserved words are OK
-foo=(a b c for case if then else)
-
-foo=(for case if then else)
-
-# errors
-metas=( <> < > ! )
-metas=( [1]=<> [2]=< [3]=> [4]=! )
-
-# various expansions that didn't really work right until post-bash-2.04
-foo='abc'
-echo ${foo[0]} ${#foo[0]}
-echo ${foo[1]} ${#foo[1]}
-echo ${foo[@]} ${#foo[@]}
-echo ${foo[*]} ${#foo[*]}
-
-foo=''
-echo ${foo[0]} ${#foo[0]}
-echo ${foo[1]} ${#foo[1]}
-echo ${foo[@]} ${#foo[@]}
-echo ${foo[*]} ${#foo[*]}
-
-# new expansions added after bash-2.05b
-x[0]=zero
-x[1]=one
-x[4]=four
-x[10]=ten
-
-recho ${!x[@]}
-recho "${!x[@]}"
-recho ${!x[*]}
-recho "${!x[*]}"
-
-# sparse array tests for code fixed in bash-3.0
-unset av
-av[1]='one'
-av[2]=''
-
-av[3]=three
-av[5]=five
-av[7]=seven
-
-echo include null element -- expect one
-echo ${av[@]:1:2}	# what happens when we include a null element?
-echo include unset element -- expect three five
-echo ${av[@]:3:2}	# what happens when we include an unset element?
-echo start at unset element -- expect five seven
-echo ${av[@]:4:2}	# what happens when we start at an unset element?
-
-echo too many elements -- expect three five seven
-echo ${av[@]:3:5}	# how about too many elements?
-
-echo positive offset - expect five seven
-echo ${av[@]:5:2}
-echo negative offset to unset element - expect seven
-echo ${av[@]: -2:2}
-
-echo positive offset 2 - expect seven
-echo ${av[@]: 6:2}
-echo negative offset 2 - expect seven
-echo ${av[@]: -1:2}
-
-echo out-of-range offset
-echo ${av[@]:12}
-
-# parsing problems and other inconsistencies not fixed until post bash-3.0
-unset x
-declare -a x=(')' $$)
-[ ${x[1]} -eq $$ ] || echo bad
-
-unset x
-declare -a x=(a b c d e)
-echo ${x[4]}
-
-z=([1]=one [4]=four [7]=seven [10]=ten)
-
-echo ${#z[@]}
-
-echo ${!z[@]}
-
-unset x
-declare -a x=(a \'b  c\')
-
-echo "${x[1]}"
-
-unset x
-declare -a x=(a 'b  c')
-
-echo "${x[1]}"
-
-unset x
-declare -a x=($0)
-[ "${x[@]}" = $0 ] || echo double expansion of \$0
-declare -a x=(\$0)
-echo "${x[@]}"
-
-# tests for bash-3.1 problems
-${THIS_SH} ./array5.sub
-
-# tests for post-bash-3.2 problems, most fixed in bash-3.2 patches
-${THIS_SH} ./array6.sub
-${THIS_SH} ./array7.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array8.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array9.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array10.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array11.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array12.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array13.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array14.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array15.sub
-
-${THIS_SH} ./array16.sub
diff --git a/tests/mapfile.tests~ b/tests/mapfile.tests~
deleted file mode 100644
index a9170c13..00000000
--- a/tests/mapfile.tests~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-declare -a A
-mapfile A < mapfile.data
-for (( i = 0 ; i < ${#A[@]} ; i++ )); do
-    echo -n "${A[${i}]}"
-done
-
-declare -a B
-mapfile -t B < mapfile.data
-for (( i = 0 ; i < ${#B[@]} ; i++ )); do
-    echo "${B[${i}]}"
-done
-
-mapfile -C "echo" -c 1 A < mapfile.data
-mapfile -C "echo" -c 3 A < mapfile.data
-mapfile -C "echo" -c 19 A < mapfile.data
-
-declare -a C
-mapfile -t -u 3 C 3< mapfile.data < mapfile.tests
-for (( i = 0 ; i < ${#C[@]} ; i++ )); do
-    echo "${C[${i}]}"
-done
-
-
-declare -a D
-for (( i = 0 ; i < 30; i++ )); do
-    D[${i}]="[$i] aaa"
-done
-mapfile -O 10 -t D < mapfile.data
-for (( i = 0 ; i < ${#D[@]} ; i++ )); do
-    echo "${D[${i}]}"
-done
-
-declare -a E
-for (( i = 0 ; i < 30; i++ )); do
-    E[${i}]="[$i] aaa"
-done
-mapfile -O 10 -n 5 -t E < mapfile.data
-for (( i = 0 ; i < ${#E[@]} ; i++ )); do
-    echo "${E[${i}]}"
-done
-
-${THIS_SH} ./mapfile1.sub
diff --git a/tests/misc/regress/log.orig b/tests/misc/regress/log.orig
deleted file mode 100644
index c1f1e199..00000000
--- a/tests/misc/regress/log.orig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-:; ./shx
-
-sh:
-<&$fd	ok
-nlbq	Mon Aug  3 02:45:00 EDT 1992
-bang	geoff
-quote	712824302
-setbq	defmsgid=<1992Aug3.024502.6176@host>
-bgwait	sleep done... wait 6187
-
-
-bash:
-<&$fd	ok
-nlbq	Mon Aug  3 02:45:09 EDT 1992
-bang	geoff
-quote	712824311
-setbq	defmsgid=<1992Aug3.024512.6212@host>
-bgwait	sleep done... wait 6223
-
-
-ash:
-<&$fd	shx1: 4: Syntax error: Bad fd number
-nlbq	Mon Aug  3 02:45:19 EDT 1992
-bang	geoff
-quote	getdate: `"now"' not a valid date
-
-setbq	defmsgid=<1992Aug3.` echo 024521
-bgwait	sleep done... wait 6241
-
-
-ksh:
-<&$fd	ok
-nlbq	./shx: 6248 Memory fault - core dumped
-bang	geoff
-quote	getdate: `"now"' not a valid date
-
-setbq	defmsgid=<1992Aug3.024530.6257@host>
-bgwait	no such job: 6265
-wait 6265
-sleep done... 
-
-zsh:
-<&$fd	ok
-nlbq	Mon Aug 3 02:45:36 EDT 1992
-bang	shx3: event not found: /s/ [4]
-quote	712824337
-setbq	defmsgid=<..6290@host>
-bgwait	shx7: unmatched " [9]
-sleep done... 
-:; 
diff --git a/tests/misc/regress/shx.orig b/tests/misc/regress/shx.orig
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b3bf2b8..00000000
--- a/tests/misc/regress/shx.orig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#! /bin/sh
-for cmd in sh bash ash ksh zsh
-do
-	echo
-	echo $cmd:
-	for demo in shx?
-	do
-		$cmd $demo
-	done
-done
diff --git a/unwind_prot.c~ b/unwind_prot.c~
deleted file mode 100644
index fef1d993..00000000
--- a/unwind_prot.c~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,372 +0,0 @@
-/* unwind_prot.c - a simple unwind-protect system for internal variables */
-
-/* I can't stand it anymore!  Please can't we just write the
-   whole Unix system in lisp or something? */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1987-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*		      Unwind Protection Scheme for Bash		    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-#include "config.h"
-
-#include "bashtypes.h"
-#include "bashansi.h"
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#if STDC_HEADERS
-#  include <stddef.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifndef offsetof
-#  define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)
-#endif
-
-#include "command.h"
-#include "general.h"
-#include "unwind_prot.h"
-#include "sig.h"
-#include "quit.h"
-#include "error.h"	/* for internal_warning */
-
-/* Structure describing a saved variable and the value to restore it to.  */
-typedef struct {
-  char *variable;
-  int size;
-  char desired_setting[1]; /* actual size is `size' */
-} SAVED_VAR;
-
-/* If HEAD.CLEANUP is null, then ARG.V contains a tag to throw back to.
-   If HEAD.CLEANUP is restore_variable, then SV.V contains the saved
-   variable.  Otherwise, call HEAD.CLEANUP (ARG.V) to clean up.  */
-typedef union uwp {
-  struct uwp_head {
-    union uwp *next;
-    Function *cleanup;
-  } head;
-  struct {
-    struct uwp_head uwp_head;
-    char *v;
-  } arg;
-  struct {
-    struct uwp_head uwp_head;
-    SAVED_VAR v;
-  } sv;
-} UNWIND_ELT;
-
-
-static void without_interrupts __P((VFunction *, char *, char *));
-static void unwind_frame_discard_internal __P((char *, char *));
-static void unwind_frame_run_internal __P((char *, char *));
-static void add_unwind_protect_internal __P((Function *, char *));
-static void remove_unwind_protect_internal __P((char *, char *));
-static void run_unwind_protects_internal __P((char *, char *));
-static void clear_unwind_protects_internal __P((char *, char *));
-static inline void restore_variable __P((SAVED_VAR *));
-static void unwind_protect_mem_internal __P((char *, char *));
-
-static UNWIND_ELT *unwind_protect_list = (UNWIND_ELT *)NULL;
-
-#define uwpalloc(elt)	(elt) = (UNWIND_ELT *)xmalloc (sizeof (UNWIND_ELT))
-#define uwpfree(elt)	free(elt)
-
-/* Run a function without interrupts.  This relies on the fact that the
-   FUNCTION cannot change the value of interrupt_immediately.  (I.e., does
-   not call QUIT (). */
-static void
-without_interrupts (function, arg1, arg2)
-     VFunction *function;
-     char *arg1, *arg2;
-{
-  int old_interrupt_immediately;
-
-  old_interrupt_immediately = interrupt_immediately;
-  interrupt_immediately = 0;
-
-  (*function)(arg1, arg2);
-
-  interrupt_immediately = old_interrupt_immediately;
-}
-
-/* Start the beginning of a region. */
-void
-begin_unwind_frame (tag)
-     char *tag;
-{
-  add_unwind_protect ((Function *)NULL, tag);
-}
-
-/* Discard the unwind protects back to TAG. */
-void
-discard_unwind_frame (tag)
-     char *tag;
-{
-  if (unwind_protect_list)
-    without_interrupts (unwind_frame_discard_internal, tag, (char *)NULL);
-}
-
-/* Run the unwind protects back to TAG. */
-void
-run_unwind_frame (tag)
-     char *tag;
-{
-  if (unwind_protect_list)
-    without_interrupts (unwind_frame_run_internal, tag, (char *)NULL);
-}
-
-/* Add the function CLEANUP with ARG to the list of unwindable things. */
-void
-add_unwind_protect (cleanup, arg)
-     Function *cleanup;
-     char *arg;
-{
-  without_interrupts (add_unwind_protect_internal, (char *)cleanup, arg);
-}
-
-/* Remove the top unwind protect from the list. */
-void
-remove_unwind_protect ()
-{
-  if (unwind_protect_list)
-    without_interrupts
-      (remove_unwind_protect_internal, (char *)NULL, (char *)NULL);
-}
-
-/* Run the list of cleanup functions in unwind_protect_list. */
-void
-run_unwind_protects ()
-{
-  if (unwind_protect_list)
-    without_interrupts
-      (run_unwind_protects_internal, (char *)NULL, (char *)NULL);
-}
-
-/* Erase the unwind-protect list.  If flags is 1, free the elements. */
-void
-clear_unwind_protect_list (flags)
-     int flags;
-{
-  char *flag;
-
-  if (unwind_protect_list)
-    {
-      flag = flags ? "" : (char *)NULL;
-      without_interrupts
-        (clear_unwind_protects_internal, flag, (char *)NULL);
-    }
-}
-
-int
-have_unwind_protects ()
-{
-  return (unwind_protect_list != 0);
-}
-
-int
-unwind_protect_tag_on_stack (tag)
-     const char *tag;
-{
-  UNWIND_ELT *elt;
-
-  elt = unwind_protect_list;
-  while (elt)
-    {
-      if (elt->head.cleanup == 0 && STREQ (elt->arg.v, tag))
-	return 1;
-      elt = unwind_protect_list->head.next;
-    }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* **************************************************************** */
-/*								    */
-/*			The Actual Functions		 	    */
-/*								    */
-/* **************************************************************** */
-
-static void
-add_unwind_protect_internal (cleanup, arg)
-     Function *cleanup;
-     char *arg;
-{
-  UNWIND_ELT *elt;
-
-  uwpalloc (elt);
-  elt->head.next = unwind_protect_list;
-  elt->head.cleanup = cleanup;
-  elt->arg.v = arg;
-  unwind_protect_list = elt;
-}
-
-static void
-remove_unwind_protect_internal (ignore1, ignore2)
-     char *ignore1, *ignore2;
-{
-  UNWIND_ELT *elt;
-
-  elt = unwind_protect_list;
-  if (elt)
-    {
-      unwind_protect_list = unwind_protect_list->head.next;
-      uwpfree (elt);
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-run_unwind_protects_internal (ignore1, ignore2)
-     char *ignore1, *ignore2;
-{
-  unwind_frame_run_internal ((char *) NULL, (char *) NULL);
-}
-
-static void
-clear_unwind_protects_internal (flag, ignore)
-     char *flag, *ignore;
-{
-  if (flag)
-    {
-      while (unwind_protect_list)
-	remove_unwind_protect_internal ((char *)NULL, (char *)NULL);
-    }
-  unwind_protect_list = (UNWIND_ELT *)NULL;
-}
-
-static void
-unwind_frame_discard_internal (tag, ignore)
-     char *tag, *ignore;
-{
-  UNWIND_ELT *elt;
-  int found;
-
-  found = 0;
-  while (elt = unwind_protect_list)
-    {
-      unwind_protect_list = unwind_protect_list->head.next;
-      if (elt->head.cleanup == 0 && (STREQ (elt->arg.v, tag)))
-	{
-	  uwpfree (elt);
-	  found = 1;
-	  break;
-	}
-      else
-	uwpfree (elt);
-    }
-
-  if (found == 0)
-    internal_warning ("unwind_frame_discard: %s: frame not found", tag);
-}
-
-/* Restore the value of a variable, based on the contents of SV.
-   sv->desired_setting is a block of memory SIZE bytes long holding the
-   value itself.  This block of memory is copied back into the variable. */
-static inline void
-restore_variable (sv)
-     SAVED_VAR *sv;
-{
-  FASTCOPY (sv->desired_setting, sv->variable, sv->size);
-}
-
-static void
-unwind_frame_run_internal (tag, ignore)
-     char *tag, *ignore;
-{
-  UNWIND_ELT *elt;
-  int found;
-
-  found = 0;
-  while (elt = unwind_protect_list)
-    {
-      unwind_protect_list = elt->head.next;
-
-      /* If tag, then compare. */
-      if (elt->head.cleanup == 0)
-	{
-	  if (tag && STREQ (elt->arg.v, tag))
-	    {
-	      uwpfree (elt);
-	      found = 1;
-	      break;
-	    }
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  if (elt->head.cleanup == (Function *) restore_variable)
-	    restore_variable (&elt->sv.v);
-	  else
-	    (*(elt->head.cleanup)) (elt->arg.v);
-	}
-
-      uwpfree (elt);
-    }
-  if (tag && found == 0)
-    internal_warning ("unwind_frame_run: %s: frame not found", tag);
-}
-
-static void
-unwind_protect_mem_internal (var, psize)
-     char *var;
-     char *psize;
-{
-  int size, allocated;
-  UNWIND_ELT *elt;
-
-  size = *(int *) psize;
-  allocated = size + offsetof (UNWIND_ELT, sv.v.desired_setting[0]);
-  elt = (UNWIND_ELT *)xmalloc (allocated);
-  elt->head.next = unwind_protect_list;
-  elt->head.cleanup = (Function *) restore_variable;
-  elt->sv.v.variable = var;
-  elt->sv.v.size = size;
-  FASTCOPY (var, elt->sv.v.desired_setting, size);
-  unwind_protect_list = elt;
-}
-
-/* Save the value of a variable so it will be restored when unwind-protects
-   are run.  VAR is a pointer to the variable.  SIZE is the size in
-   bytes of VAR.  */
-void
-unwind_protect_mem (var, size)
-     char *var;
-     int size;
-{
-  without_interrupts (unwind_protect_mem_internal, var, (char *) &size);
-}
-
-#if defined (DEBUG)
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-void
-print_unwind_protect_tags ()
-{
-  UNWIND_ELT *elt;
-
-  elt = unwind_protect_list;
-  while (elt)
-    {
-      if (elt->head.cleanup == 0)
-        fprintf(stderr, "tag: %s\n", elt->arg.v);
-      elt = elt->head.next;
-    }
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/unwind_prot.h~ b/unwind_prot.h~
deleted file mode 100644
index cc556f74..00000000
--- a/unwind_prot.h~
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-/* unwind_prot.h - Macros and functions for hacking unwind protection. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1993-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-   This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-   Bash is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-   (at your option) any later version.
-
-   Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-   GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bash.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-*/
-
-#if !defined (_UNWIND_PROT_H)
-#define _UNWIND_PROT_H
-
-/* Run a function without interrupts. */
-extern void begin_unwind_frame __P((char *));
-extern void discard_unwind_frame __P((char *));
-extern void run_unwind_frame __P((char *));
-extern void add_unwind_protect (); /* Not portable to arbitrary C99 hosts.  */
-extern void remove_unwind_protect __P((void));
-extern void run_unwind_protects __P((void));
-extern void clear_unwind_protect_list __P((int));
-extern int have_unwind_protects __P((void));
-extern void uwp_init __P((void));
-
-/* Define for people who like their code to look a certain way. */
-#define end_unwind_frame()
-
-/* How to protect a variable.  */
-#define unwind_protect_var(X) unwind_protect_mem ((char *)&(X), sizeof (X))
-extern void unwind_protect_mem __P((char *, int));
-
-/* Backwards compatibility */
-#define unwind_protect_int	unwind_protect_var
-#define unwind_protect_short	unwind_protect_var
-#define unwind_protect_string	unwind_protect_var
-#define unwind_protect_pointer	unwind_protect_var
-#define unwind_protect_jmp_buf	unwind_protect_var
-
-#endif /* _UNWIND_PROT_H */