1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
<title>Hints on Running a High-Performance Web Server</title>
</head>
<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) -->
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF"
vlink="#000080" alink="#FF0000">
<!--#include virtual="header.html" -->
<h1 align="CENTER">Hints on Running a High-Performance Web
Server</h1>
Running Apache on a heavily loaded web server, one often
encounters problems related to the machine and OS
configuration. "Heavy" is relative, of course - but if you are
seeing more than a couple hits per second on a sustained basis
you should consult the pointers on this page. In general the
suggestions involve how to tune your kernel for the heavier TCP
load, hardware/software conflicts that arise, <em>etc.</em>
<ul>
<li><a href="#AUX">A/UX (Apple's UNIX)</a></li>
<li><a href="#BSD">BSD-based (BSDI, FreeBSD, etc)</a></li>
<li><a href="#DEC">Digital UNIX</a></li>
<li><a href="perf-hp.html">HPUX</a></li>
<li><a href="#irix">IRIX</a></li>
<li><a href="#Linux">Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="#Solaris">Solaris</a></li>
<li><a href="#SunOS">SunOS 4.x</a></li>
<li><a href="#SVR4">SVR4</a></li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h3><a id="AUX" name="AUX">A/UX (Apple's UNIX)</a></h3>
If you are running Apache on A/UX, a page that gives some
helpful performance hints (concerning the <em>listen()</em>
queue and using virtual hosts) <a
href="http://www.jaguNET.com/apache.html">can be found here</a>
<hr />
<h3><a id="BSD" name="BSD">BSD-based (BSDI, FreeBSD,
etc)</a></h3>
<a href="perf-bsd44.html#initial">Quick</a> and <a
href="perf-bsd44.html#detail">detailed</a> performance tuning
hints for BSD-derived systems. <a
href="perf-bsd44.html#accf">Accept filtering</a> on FreeBSD.
<hr />
<h3><a id="DEC" name="DEC">Digital UNIX</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://www.sean.de/Solaris/tune.html">
Solaris 2.x - tuning your TCP/IP stack</a> contains some good
technical information about tuning various Solaris TCP/IP
parameters.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h3><a id="SunOS" name="SunOS">SunOS 4.x</a></h3>
More information on tuning SOMAXCONN on SunOS can be found at
<a
href="http://www.islandnet.com/~mark/somaxconn.html">http://www.islandnet.com/~mark/somaxconn.html</a>.
<hr />
<h3><a id="SVR4" name="SVR4">SVR4</a></h3>
Some SVR4 versions waste three system calls on every
<samp>gettimeofday()</samp> call. Depending on the syntactic
form of the <samp>TZ</samp> environment variable, these systems
have several different algorithms to determine the local time
zone (presumably <em>compatible</em> with something). The
following example uses the central european time zone to
demonstrate this:
<dl>
<dt><strong>TZ=:MET</strong></dt>
<dd>
This form delegates the knowledge of the time zone
information to an external compiled zoneinfo file (à
la BSD).<br />
<strong>Caveat:</strong> Each time the gettimeofday()
function is called, the external zone info is read in again
(at least on some SVR4 systems). That results in three
wasted system calls with every apache request served.
<pre>
open("/usr/lib/locale/TZ/MET", O_RDONLY) = 3
read(3, "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 7944) = 778
close(3) = 0
</pre>
</dd>
<dt>
<strong>TZ=MET-1MDT,M3.5.0/02:00:00,M10.5.0/03:00:00</strong></dt>
<dd>This syntax form (à la SYSV) contains all the
knowledge about time zone beginning and ending times in its
external representation. It has to be parsed each time it is
evaluated, resulting in a slight computing overhead, but it
requires no system call. Though the table lookup à la
BSD is the more sophisticated technical solution, the bad
SVR4 implementation makes this the preferred syntax on
systems which otherwise access the external zone info file
repeatedly.</dd>
</dl>
You should use the <samp>truss</samp> utility on a
single-process apache server (started with the <samp>-X</samp>
debugging switch) to determine whether your system can profit
from the second form of the <samp>TZ</samp> environment
variable. If it does, you could integrate the setting of the
preferred <samp>TZ</samp> syntax into the httpd startup script,
which is usually simply a copy of (or symbolic link to) the
<samp>apachectl</samp> utility script, or into the system's
<samp>/etc/TIMEZONE</samp> script.
<hr />
<h3>More welcome!</h3>
If you have tips to contribute, please submit them to
the <a href="http://bugs.apache.org/">Apache Bug
Database</a>.
<!--#include virtual="footer.html" -->
</body>
</html>
|
