/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */

#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "base-filesystem.h"
#include "chase.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "initrd-util.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "missing_syscall.h"
#include "mkdir-label.h"
#include "mount-util.h"
#include "mountpoint-util.h"
#include "path-util.h"
#include "rm-rf.h"
#include "stdio-util.h"
#include "string-util.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "switch-root.h"
#include "user-util.h"

int switch_root(const char *new_root,
                const char *old_root_after,   /* path below the new root, where to place the old root after the transition; may be NULL to unmount it */
                unsigned long mount_flags) {  /* MS_MOVE or MS_BIND used for /proc/, /dev/, /run/, /sys/ */

        _cleanup_close_ int old_root_fd = -EBADF, new_root_fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *resolved_old_root_after = NULL;
        int r, istmp;

        assert(new_root);
        assert(IN_SET(mount_flags, MS_MOVE, MS_BIND));

        if (path_equal(new_root, "/"))
                return 0;

        /* Check if we shall remove the contents of the old root */
        old_root_fd = open("/", O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC);
        if (old_root_fd < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open root directory: %m");

        istmp = fd_is_temporary_fs(old_root_fd);
        if (istmp < 0)
                return log_error_errno(istmp, "Failed to stat root directory: %m");
        if (istmp > 0)
                log_debug("Root directory is on tmpfs, will do cleanup later.");

        new_root_fd = open(new_root, O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC);
        if (new_root_fd < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open target directory '%s': %m", new_root);

        if (old_root_after) {
                /* Determine where we shall place the old root after the transition */
                r = chase(old_root_after, new_root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT|CHASE_NONEXISTENT, &resolved_old_root_after, NULL);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to resolve %s/%s: %m", new_root, old_root_after);
                if (r == 0) /* Doesn't exist yet. Let's create it */
                        (void) mkdir_p_label(resolved_old_root_after, 0755);
        }

        /* Work-around for kernel design: the kernel refuses MS_MOVE if any file systems are mounted
         * MS_SHARED. Hence remount them MS_PRIVATE here as a work-around.
         *
         * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847418 */
        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, NULL) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to set \"/\" mount propagation to private: %m");

        FOREACH_STRING(path, "/sys", "/dev", "/run", "/proc") {
                _cleanup_free_ char *chased = NULL;

                r = chase(path, new_root, CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT|CHASE_NONEXISTENT, &chased, NULL);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to resolve %s/%s: %m", new_root, path);
                if (r > 0) {
                        /* Already exists. Let's see if it is a mount point already. */
                        r = path_is_mount_point(chased, NULL, 0);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether %s is a mount point: %m", chased);
                        if (r > 0) /* If it is already mounted, then do nothing */
                                continue;
                } else
                         /* Doesn't exist yet? */
                        (void) mkdir_p_label(chased, 0755);

                if (mount(path, chased, NULL, mount_flags, NULL) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to mount %s to %s: %m", path, chased);
        }

        /* Do not fail if base_filesystem_create() fails. Not all switch roots are like base_filesystem_create() wants
         * them to look like. They might even boot, if they are RO and don't have the FS layout. Just ignore the error
         * and switch_root() nevertheless. */
        (void) base_filesystem_create_fd(new_root_fd, new_root, UID_INVALID, GID_INVALID);

        if (fchdir(new_root_fd) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change directory to %s: %m", new_root);

        /* We first try a pivot_root() so that we can umount the old root dir. In many cases (i.e. where rootfs is /),
         * that's not possible however, and hence we simply overmount root */
        if (resolved_old_root_after)
                r = RET_NERRNO(pivot_root(".", resolved_old_root_after));
        else {
                r = RET_NERRNO(pivot_root(".", "."));
                if (r >= 0) {
                        /* Now unmount the upper of the two stacked file systems */
                        if (umount2(".", MNT_DETACH) < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to unmount the old root: %m");
                }
        }
        if (r < 0) {
                log_debug_errno(r, "Pivoting root file system failed, moving mounts instead: %m");

                if (mount(".", "/", NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to move %s to /: %m", new_root);

                if (chroot(".") < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change root: %m");

                if (chdir(".") < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change directory: %m");
        }

        if (istmp) {
                struct stat rb;

                if (fstat(old_root_fd, &rb) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat old root directory: %m");

                /* Note: the below won't operate on non-memory file systems (i.e. only on tmpfs, ramfs), and
                 * it will stop at mount boundaries */
                (void) rm_rf_children(TAKE_FD(old_root_fd), 0, &rb); /* takes possession of the dir fd, even on failure */
        }

        return 0;
}