# orm/attributes.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2019 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

"""Defines instrumentation for class attributes and their interaction
with instances.

This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.


"""

import operator

from . import collections
from . import exc as orm_exc
from . import interfaces
from .base import ATTR_EMPTY
from .base import ATTR_WAS_SET
from .base import CALLABLES_OK
from .base import INIT_OK
from .base import instance_dict
from .base import instance_state
from .base import instance_str
from .base import LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
from .base import manager_of_class
from .base import NEVER_SET
from .base import NO_AUTOFLUSH
from .base import NO_CHANGE  # noqa
from .base import NO_RAISE
from .base import NO_VALUE
from .base import NON_PERSISTENT_OK  # noqa
from .base import PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
from .base import PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED  # noqa
from .base import PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
from .base import PASSIVE_OFF
from .base import PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
from .base import PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET
from .base import RELATED_OBJECT_OK  # noqa
from .base import SQL_OK  # noqa
from .base import state_str
from .. import event
from .. import inspection
from .. import util


@inspection._self_inspects
class QueryableAttribute(
    interfaces._MappedAttribute,
    interfaces.InspectionAttr,
    interfaces.PropComparator,
):
    """Base class for :term:`descriptor` objects that intercept
    attribute events on behalf of a :class:`.MapperProperty`
    object.  The actual :class:`.MapperProperty` is accessible
    via the :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property`
    attribute.


    .. seealso::

        :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`

        :class:`.MapperProperty`

        :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`

        :attr:`.Mapper.attrs`
    """

    is_attribute = True

    def __init__(
        self,
        class_,
        key,
        impl=None,
        comparator=None,
        parententity=None,
        of_type=None,
    ):
        self.class_ = class_
        self.key = key
        self.impl = impl
        self.comparator = comparator
        self._parententity = parententity
        self._of_type = of_type

        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
        # manager is None in the case of AliasedClass
        if manager:
            # propagate existing event listeners from
            # immediate superclass
            for base in manager._bases:
                if key in base:
                    self.dispatch._update(base[key].dispatch)

    @util.memoized_property
    def _supports_population(self):
        return self.impl.supports_population

    def get_history(self, instance, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        return self.impl.get_history(
            instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance), passive
        )

    def __selectable__(self):
        # TODO: conditionally attach this method based on clause_element ?
        return self

    @util.memoized_property
    def info(self):
        """Return the 'info' dictionary for the underlying SQL element.

        The behavior here is as follows:

        * If the attribute is a column-mapped property, i.e.
          :class:`.ColumnProperty`, which is mapped directly
          to a schema-level :class:`.Column` object, this attribute
          will return the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` dictionary associated
          with the core-level :class:`.Column` object.

        * If the attribute is a :class:`.ColumnProperty` but is mapped to
          any other kind of SQL expression other than a :class:`.Column`,
          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
          dictionary associated directly with the :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
          assuming the SQL expression itself does not have its own ``.info``
          attribute (which should be the case, unless a user-defined SQL
          construct has defined one).

        * If the attribute refers to any other kind of
          :class:`.MapperProperty`, including :class:`.RelationshipProperty`,
          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
          dictionary associated with that :class:`.MapperProperty`.

        * To access the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` dictionary of the
          :class:`.MapperProperty` unconditionally, including for a
          :class:`.ColumnProperty` that's associated directly with a
          :class:`.schema.Column`, the attribute can be referred to using
          :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute, as
          ``MyClass.someattribute.property.info``.

        .. seealso::

            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`

            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`

        """
        return self.comparator.info

    @util.memoized_property
    def parent(self):
        """Return an inspection instance representing the parent.

        This will be either an instance of :class:`.Mapper`
        or :class:`.AliasedInsp`, depending upon the nature
        of the parent entity which this attribute is associated
        with.

        """
        return inspection.inspect(self._parententity)

    @property
    def expression(self):
        return self.comparator.__clause_element__()

    def __clause_element__(self):
        return self.comparator.__clause_element__()

    def _query_clause_element(self):
        """like __clause_element__(), but called specifically
        by :class:`.Query` to allow special behavior."""

        return self.comparator._query_clause_element()

    def _bulk_update_tuples(self, value):
        """Return setter tuples for a bulk UPDATE."""

        return self.comparator._bulk_update_tuples(value)

    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
        assert not self._of_type
        return self.__class__(
            adapt_to_entity.entity,
            self.key,
            impl=self.impl,
            comparator=self.comparator.adapt_to_entity(adapt_to_entity),
            parententity=adapt_to_entity,
        )

    def of_type(self, cls):
        return QueryableAttribute(
            self.class_,
            self.key,
            self.impl,
            self.comparator.of_type(cls),
            self._parententity,
            of_type=cls,
        )

    def label(self, name):
        return self._query_clause_element().label(name)

    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)

    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)

    def hasparent(self, state, optimistic=False):
        return self.impl.hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic) is not False

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
        except AttributeError:
            raise AttributeError(
                "Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s "
                "has an attribute %r"
                % (
                    type(self).__name__,
                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
                    self,
                    key,
                )
            )

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)

    @util.memoized_property
    def property(self):
        """Return the :class:`.MapperProperty` associated with this
        :class:`.QueryableAttribute`.


        Return values here will commonly be instances of
        :class:`.ColumnProperty` or :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.


        """
        return self.comparator.property


class InstrumentedAttribute(QueryableAttribute):
    """Class bound instrumented attribute which adds basic
    :term:`descriptor` methods.

    See :class:`.QueryableAttribute` for a description of most features.


    """

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        self.impl.set(
            instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance), value, None
        )

    def __delete__(self, instance):
        self.impl.delete(instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance))

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        if instance is None:
            return self

        dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
        if self._supports_population and self.key in dict_:
            return dict_[self.key]
        else:
            return self.impl.get(instance_state(instance), dict_)


def create_proxied_attribute(descriptor):
    """Create an QueryableAttribute / user descriptor hybrid.

    Returns a new QueryableAttribute type that delegates descriptor
    behavior and getattr() to the given descriptor.
    """

    # TODO: can move this to descriptor_props if the need for this
    # function is removed from ext/hybrid.py

    class Proxy(QueryableAttribute):
        """Presents the :class:`.QueryableAttribute` interface as a
        proxy on top of a Python descriptor / :class:`.PropComparator`
        combination.

        """

        def __init__(
            self,
            class_,
            key,
            descriptor,
            comparator,
            adapt_to_entity=None,
            doc=None,
            original_property=None,
        ):
            self.class_ = class_
            self.key = key
            self.descriptor = descriptor
            self.original_property = original_property
            self._comparator = comparator
            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
            self.__doc__ = doc

        _is_internal_proxy = True

        @property
        def property(self):
            return self.comparator.property

        @util.memoized_property
        def comparator(self):
            if util.callable(self._comparator):
                self._comparator = self._comparator()
            if self._adapt_to_entity:
                self._comparator = self._comparator.adapt_to_entity(
                    self._adapt_to_entity
                )
            return self._comparator

        def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
            return self.__class__(
                adapt_to_entity.entity,
                self.key,
                self.descriptor,
                self._comparator,
                adapt_to_entity,
            )

        def __get__(self, instance, owner):
            if instance is None:
                return self
            else:
                return self.descriptor.__get__(instance, owner)

        def __str__(self):
            return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)

        def __getattr__(self, attribute):
            """Delegate __getattr__ to the original descriptor and/or
            comparator."""

            try:
                return getattr(descriptor, attribute)
            except AttributeError:
                try:
                    return getattr(self.comparator, attribute)
                except AttributeError:
                    raise AttributeError(
                        "Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s "
                        "has an attribute %r"
                        % (
                            type(descriptor).__name__,
                            type(self.comparator).__name__,
                            self,
                            attribute,
                        )
                    )

    Proxy.__name__ = type(descriptor).__name__ + "Proxy"

    util.monkeypatch_proxied_specials(
        Proxy, type(descriptor), name="descriptor", from_instance=descriptor
    )
    return Proxy


OP_REMOVE = util.symbol("REMOVE")
OP_APPEND = util.symbol("APPEND")
OP_REPLACE = util.symbol("REPLACE")
OP_BULK_REPLACE = util.symbol("BULK_REPLACE")
OP_MODIFIED = util.symbol("MODIFIED")


class Event(object):
    """A token propagated throughout the course of a chain of attribute
    events.

    Serves as an indicator of the source of the event and also provides
    a means of controlling propagation across a chain of attribute
    operations.

    The :class:`.Event` object is sent as the ``initiator`` argument
    when dealing with events such as :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append`,
    :meth:`.AttributeEvents.set`,
    and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.remove`.

    The :class:`.Event` object is currently interpreted by the backref
    event handlers, and is used to control the propagation of operations
    across two mutually-dependent attributes.

    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0

    :var impl: The :class:`.AttributeImpl` which is the current event
     initiator.

    :var op: The symbol :attr:`.OP_APPEND`, :attr:`.OP_REMOVE`,
     :attr:`.OP_REPLACE`, or :attr:`.OP_BULK_REPLACE`, indicating the
     source operation.

    """

    __slots__ = "impl", "op", "parent_token"

    def __init__(self, attribute_impl, op):
        self.impl = attribute_impl
        self.op = op
        self.parent_token = self.impl.parent_token

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return (
            isinstance(other, Event)
            and other.impl is self.impl
            and other.op == self.op
        )

    @property
    def key(self):
        return self.impl.key

    def hasparent(self, state):
        return self.impl.hasparent(state)


class AttributeImpl(object):
    """internal implementation for instrumented attributes."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        class_,
        key,
        callable_,
        dispatch,
        trackparent=False,
        extension=None,
        compare_function=None,
        active_history=False,
        parent_token=None,
        expire_missing=True,
        send_modified_events=True,
        accepts_scalar_loader=None,
        **kwargs
    ):
        r"""Construct an AttributeImpl.

        :param \class_: associated class

        :param key: string name of the attribute

        :param \callable_:
          optional function which generates a callable based on a parent
          instance, which produces the "default" values for a scalar or
          collection attribute when it's first accessed, if not present
          already.

        :param trackparent:
          if True, attempt to track if an instance has a parent attached
          to it via this attribute.

        :param extension:
          a single or list of AttributeExtension object(s) which will
          receive set/delete/append/remove/etc. events.
          The event package is now used.

          .. deprecated::  1.3

            The :paramref:`.AttributeImpl.extension` parameter is deprecated
            and will be removed in a future release, corresponding to the
            "extension" parameter on the :class:`.MapperProprty` classes
            like :func:`.column_property` and :func:`.relationship`  The
            events system is now used.

        :param compare_function:
          a function that compares two values which are normally
          assignable to this attribute.

        :param active_history:
          indicates that get_history() should always return the "old" value,
          even if it means executing a lazy callable upon attribute change.

        :param parent_token:
          Usually references the MapperProperty, used as a key for
          the hasparent() function to identify an "owning" attribute.
          Allows multiple AttributeImpls to all match a single
          owner attribute.

        :param expire_missing:
          if False, don't add an "expiry" callable to this attribute
          during state.expire_attributes(None), if no value is present
          for this key.

        :param send_modified_events:
          if False, the InstanceState._modified_event method will have no
          effect; this means the attribute will never show up as changed in a
          history entry.

        """
        self.class_ = class_
        self.key = key
        self.callable_ = callable_
        self.dispatch = dispatch
        self.trackparent = trackparent
        self.parent_token = parent_token or self
        self.send_modified_events = send_modified_events
        if compare_function is None:
            self.is_equal = operator.eq
        else:
            self.is_equal = compare_function

        if accepts_scalar_loader is not None:
            self.accepts_scalar_loader = accepts_scalar_loader
        else:
            self.accepts_scalar_loader = self.default_accepts_scalar_loader

        # TODO: pass in the manager here
        # instead of doing a lookup
        attr = manager_of_class(class_)[key]

        for ext in util.to_list(extension or []):
            ext._adapt_listener(attr, ext)

        if active_history:
            self.dispatch._active_history = True

        self.expire_missing = expire_missing
        self._modified_token = Event(self, OP_MODIFIED)

    __slots__ = (
        "class_",
        "key",
        "callable_",
        "dispatch",
        "trackparent",
        "parent_token",
        "send_modified_events",
        "is_equal",
        "expire_missing",
        "_modified_token",
        "accepts_scalar_loader",
    )

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)

    def _get_active_history(self):
        """Backwards compat for impl.active_history"""

        return self.dispatch._active_history

    def _set_active_history(self, value):
        self.dispatch._active_history = value

    active_history = property(_get_active_history, _set_active_history)

    def hasparent(self, state, optimistic=False):
        """Return the boolean value of a `hasparent` flag attached to
        the given state.

        The `optimistic` flag determines what the default return value
        should be if no `hasparent` flag can be located.

        As this function is used to determine if an instance is an
        *orphan*, instances that were loaded from storage should be
        assumed to not be orphans, until a True/False value for this
        flag is set.

        An instance attribute that is loaded by a callable function
        will also not have a `hasparent` flag.

        """
        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
        assert self.trackparent, msg

        return (
            state.parents.get(id(self.parent_token), optimistic) is not False
        )

    def sethasparent(self, state, parent_state, value):
        """Set a boolean flag on the given item corresponding to
        whether or not it is attached to a parent object via the
        attribute represented by this ``InstrumentedAttribute``.

        """
        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
        assert self.trackparent, msg

        id_ = id(self.parent_token)
        if value:
            state.parents[id_] = parent_state
        else:
            if id_ in state.parents:
                last_parent = state.parents[id_]

                if (
                    last_parent is not False
                    and last_parent.key != parent_state.key
                ):

                    if last_parent.obj() is None:
                        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
                            "Removing state %s from parent "
                            "state %s along attribute '%s', "
                            "but the parent record "
                            "has gone stale, can't be sure this "
                            "is the most recent parent."
                            % (
                                state_str(state),
                                state_str(parent_state),
                                self.key,
                            )
                        )

                    return

            state.parents[id_] = False

    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
        """Return a list of tuples of (state, obj)
        for all objects in this attribute's current state
        + history.

        Only applies to object-based attributes.

        This is an inlining of existing functionality
        which roughly corresponds to:

            get_state_history(
                        state,
                        key,
                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).sum()

        """
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def initialize(self, state, dict_):
        """Initialize the given state's attribute with an empty value."""

        value = None
        for fn in self.dispatch.init_scalar:
            ret = fn(state, value, dict_)
            if ret is not ATTR_EMPTY:
                value = ret

        return value

    def get(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        """Retrieve a value from the given object.
        If a callable is assembled on this object's attribute, and
        passive is False, the callable will be executed and the
        resulting value will be set as the new value for this attribute.
        """
        if self.key in dict_:
            return dict_[self.key]
        else:
            # if history present, don't load
            key = self.key
            if (
                key not in state.committed_state
                or state.committed_state[key] is NEVER_SET
            ):
                if not passive & CALLABLES_OK:
                    return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT

                if key in state.expired_attributes:
                    value = state._load_expired(state, passive)
                elif key in state.callables:
                    callable_ = state.callables[key]
                    value = callable_(state, passive)
                elif self.callable_:
                    value = self.callable_(state, passive)
                else:
                    value = ATTR_EMPTY

                if value is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or value is NEVER_SET:
                    return value
                elif value is ATTR_WAS_SET:
                    try:
                        return dict_[key]
                    except KeyError:
                        # TODO: no test coverage here.
                        raise KeyError(
                            "Deferred loader for attribute "
                            "%r failed to populate "
                            "correctly" % key
                        )
                elif value is not ATTR_EMPTY:
                    return self.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)

            if not passive & INIT_OK:
                return NEVER_SET
            else:
                # Return a new, empty value
                return self.initialize(state, dict_)

    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        self.set(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)

    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        self.set(
            state, dict_, None, initiator, passive=passive, check_old=value
        )

    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        self.set(
            state,
            dict_,
            None,
            initiator,
            passive=passive,
            check_old=value,
            pop=True,
        )

    def set(
        self,
        state,
        dict_,
        value,
        initiator,
        passive=PASSIVE_OFF,
        check_old=None,
        pop=False,
    ):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_committed_value(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        """return the unchanged value of this attribute"""

        if self.key in state.committed_state:
            value = state.committed_state[self.key]
            if value in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
                return None
            else:
                return value
        else:
            return self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)

    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
        """set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""

        dict_[self.key] = value
        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
        return value


class ScalarAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
    """represents a scalar value-holding InstrumentedAttribute."""

    default_accepts_scalar_loader = True
    uses_objects = False
    supports_population = True
    collection = False
    dynamic = False

    __slots__ = "_replace_token", "_append_token", "_remove_token"

    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
        super(ScalarAttributeImpl, self).__init__(*arg, **kw)
        self._replace_token = self._append_token = Event(self, OP_REPLACE)
        self._remove_token = Event(self, OP_REMOVE)

    def delete(self, state, dict_):
        if self.dispatch._active_history:
            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET)
        else:
            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)

        if self.dispatch.remove:
            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)

        existing = dict_.pop(self.key, NO_VALUE)
        if (
            existing is NO_VALUE
            and old is NO_VALUE
            and not state.expired
            and self.key not in state.expired_attributes
        ):
            raise AttributeError("%s object does not have a value" % self)

    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        if self.key in dict_:
            return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
        else:
            if passive & INIT_OK:
                passive ^= INIT_OK
            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
                return HISTORY_BLANK
            else:
                return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, current)

    def set(
        self,
        state,
        dict_,
        value,
        initiator,
        passive=PASSIVE_OFF,
        check_old=None,
        pop=False,
    ):
        if self.dispatch._active_history:
            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET)
        else:
            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)

        if self.dispatch.set:
            value = self.fire_replace_event(
                state, dict_, value, old, initiator
            )
        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
        dict_[self.key] = value

    def fire_replace_event(self, state, dict_, value, previous, initiator):
        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
            value = fn(
                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token
            )
        return value

    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)

    @property
    def type(self):
        self.property.columns[0].type


class ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(ScalarAttributeImpl):
    """represents a scalar-holding InstrumentedAttribute,
       where the target object is also instrumented.

       Adds events to delete/set operations.

    """

    default_accepts_scalar_loader = False
    uses_objects = True
    supports_population = True
    collection = False

    __slots__ = ()

    def delete(self, state, dict_):
        if self.dispatch._active_history:
            old = self.get(
                state,
                dict_,
                passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
                | NO_AUTOFLUSH
                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
            )
        else:
            old = self.get(
                state,
                dict_,
                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK
                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
                | NO_RAISE,
            )

        self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)

        existing = dict_.pop(self.key, NO_VALUE)

        # if the attribute is expired, we currently have no way to tell
        # that an object-attribute was expired vs. not loaded.   So
        # for this test, we look to see if the object has a DB identity.
        if (
            existing is NO_VALUE
            and old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
            and state.key is None
        ):
            raise AttributeError("%s object does not have a value" % self)

    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        if self.key in dict_:
            return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
        else:
            if passive & INIT_OK:
                passive ^= INIT_OK
            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
                return HISTORY_BLANK
            else:
                return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, current)

    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
        if self.key in dict_:
            current = dict_[self.key]
        elif passive & CALLABLES_OK:
            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
        else:
            return []

        # can't use __hash__(), can't use __eq__() here
        if (
            current is not None
            and current is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
            and current is not NEVER_SET
        ):
            ret = [(instance_state(current), current)]
        else:
            ret = [(None, None)]

        if self.key in state.committed_state:
            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
            if (
                original is not None
                and original is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
                and original is not NEVER_SET
                and original is not current
            ):

                ret.append((instance_state(original), original))
        return ret

    def set(
        self,
        state,
        dict_,
        value,
        initiator,
        passive=PASSIVE_OFF,
        check_old=None,
        pop=False,
    ):
        """Set a value on the given InstanceState.

        """
        if self.dispatch._active_history:
            old = self.get(
                state,
                dict_,
                passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
                | NO_AUTOFLUSH
                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
            )
        else:
            old = self.get(
                state,
                dict_,
                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK
                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
                | NO_RAISE,
            )

        if (
            check_old is not None
            and old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
            and check_old is not old
        ):
            if pop:
                return
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Object %s not associated with %s on attribute '%s'"
                    % (instance_str(check_old), state_str(state), self.key)
                )

        value = self.fire_replace_event(state, dict_, value, old, initiator)
        dict_[self.key] = value

    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)

        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)

        state._modified_event(dict_, self, value)

    def fire_replace_event(self, state, dict_, value, previous, initiator):
        if self.trackparent:
            if previous is not value and previous not in (
                None,
                PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
                NEVER_SET,
            ):
                self.sethasparent(instance_state(previous), state, False)

        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
            value = fn(
                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token
            )

        state._modified_event(dict_, self, previous)

        if self.trackparent:
            if value is not None:
                self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)

        return value


class CollectionAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
    """A collection-holding attribute that instruments changes in membership.

    Only handles collections of instrumented objects.

    InstrumentedCollectionAttribute holds an arbitrary, user-specified
    container object (defaulting to a list) and brokers access to the
    CollectionAdapter, a "view" onto that object that presents consistent bag
    semantics to the orm layer independent of the user data implementation.

    """

    default_accepts_scalar_loader = False
    uses_objects = True
    supports_population = True
    collection = True
    dynamic = False

    __slots__ = (
        "copy",
        "collection_factory",
        "_append_token",
        "_remove_token",
        "_bulk_replace_token",
        "_duck_typed_as",
    )

    def __init__(
        self,
        class_,
        key,
        callable_,
        dispatch,
        typecallable=None,
        trackparent=False,
        extension=None,
        copy_function=None,
        compare_function=None,
        **kwargs
    ):
        super(CollectionAttributeImpl, self).__init__(
            class_,
            key,
            callable_,
            dispatch,
            trackparent=trackparent,
            extension=extension,
            compare_function=compare_function,
            **kwargs
        )

        if copy_function is None:
            copy_function = self.__copy
        self.copy = copy_function
        self.collection_factory = typecallable
        self._append_token = Event(self, OP_APPEND)
        self._remove_token = Event(self, OP_REMOVE)
        self._bulk_replace_token = Event(self, OP_BULK_REPLACE)
        self._duck_typed_as = util.duck_type_collection(
            self.collection_factory()
        )

        if getattr(self.collection_factory, "_sa_linker", None):

            @event.listens_for(self, "init_collection")
            def link(target, collection, collection_adapter):
                collection._sa_linker(collection_adapter)

            @event.listens_for(self, "dispose_collection")
            def unlink(target, collection, collection_adapter):
                collection._sa_linker(None)

    def __copy(self, item):
        return [y for y in collections.collection_adapter(item)]

    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
        if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
            return HISTORY_BLANK
        else:
            return History.from_collection(self, state, current)

    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
        # NOTE: passive is ignored here at the moment

        if self.key not in dict_:
            return []

        current = dict_[self.key]
        current = getattr(current, "_sa_adapter")

        if self.key in state.committed_state:
            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
            if original not in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
                current_states = [
                    ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
                    for c in current
                ]
                original_states = [
                    ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
                    for c in original
                ]

                current_set = dict(current_states)
                original_set = dict(original_states)

                return (
                    [
                        (s, o)
                        for s, o in current_states
                        if s not in original_set
                    ]
                    + [(s, o) for s, o in current_states if s in original_set]
                    + [
                        (s, o)
                        for s, o in original_states
                        if s not in current_set
                    ]
                )

        return [(instance_state(o), o) for o in current]

    def fire_append_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token)

        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)

        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)

        return value

    def fire_pre_remove_event(self, state, dict_, initiator):
        """A special event used for pop() operations.

        The "remove" event needs to have the item to be removed passed to
        it, which in the case of pop from a set, we don't have a way to access
        the item before the operation.   the event is used for all pop()
        operations (even though set.pop is the one where it is really needed).

        """
        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)

    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)

        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)

        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)

    def delete(self, state, dict_):
        if self.key not in dict_:
            return

        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)

        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict)
        collection.clear_with_event()

        # key is always present because we checked above.  e.g.
        # del is a no-op if collection not present.
        del dict_[self.key]

    def initialize(self, state, dict_):
        """Initialize this attribute with an empty collection."""

        _, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
        dict_[self.key] = user_data
        return user_data

    def _initialize_collection(self, state):

        adapter, collection = state.manager.initialize_collection(
            self.key, state, self.collection_factory
        )

        self.dispatch.init_collection(state, collection, adapter)

        return adapter, collection

    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        collection = self.get_collection(state, dict_, passive=passive)
        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
            value = self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
            assert (
                self.key not in dict_
            ), "Collection was loaded during event handling."
            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).append(value)
        else:
            collection.append_with_event(value, initiator)

    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict, passive=passive)
        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
            assert (
                self.key not in dict_
            ), "Collection was loaded during event handling."
            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).remove(value)
        else:
            collection.remove_with_event(value, initiator)

    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
        try:
            # TODO: better solution here would be to add
            # a "popper" role to collections.py to complement
            # "remover".
            self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
        except (ValueError, KeyError, IndexError):
            pass

    def set(
        self,
        state,
        dict_,
        value,
        initiator=None,
        passive=PASSIVE_OFF,
        pop=False,
        _adapt=True,
    ):
        iterable = orig_iterable = value

        # pulling a new collection first so that an adaptation exception does
        # not trigger a lazy load of the old collection.
        new_collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
        if _adapt:
            if new_collection._converter is not None:
                iterable = new_collection._converter(iterable)
            else:
                setting_type = util.duck_type_collection(iterable)
                receiving_type = self._duck_typed_as

                if setting_type is not receiving_type:
                    given = (
                        iterable is None
                        and "None"
                        or iterable.__class__.__name__
                    )
                    wanted = self._duck_typed_as.__name__
                    raise TypeError(
                        "Incompatible collection type: %s is not %s-like"
                        % (given, wanted)
                    )

                # If the object is an adapted collection, return the (iterable)
                # adapter.
                if hasattr(iterable, "_sa_iterator"):
                    iterable = iterable._sa_iterator()
                elif setting_type is dict:
                    if util.py3k:
                        iterable = iterable.values()
                    else:
                        iterable = getattr(
                            iterable, "itervalues", iterable.values
                        )()
                else:
                    iterable = iter(iterable)
        new_values = list(iterable)

        evt = self._bulk_replace_token

        self.dispatch.bulk_replace(state, new_values, evt)

        old = self.get(state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT)
        if old is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
            old = self.initialize(state, dict_)
        elif old is orig_iterable:
            # ignore re-assignment of the current collection, as happens
            # implicitly with in-place operators (foo.collection |= other)
            return

        # place a copy of "old" in state.committed_state
        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old, True)

        old_collection = old._sa_adapter

        dict_[self.key] = user_data

        collections.bulk_replace(
            new_values, old_collection, new_collection, initiator=evt
        )

        del old._sa_adapter
        self.dispatch.dispose_collection(state, old, old_collection)

    def _invalidate_collection(self, collection):
        adapter = getattr(collection, "_sa_adapter")
        adapter.invalidated = True

    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
        """Set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""

        collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)

        if value:
            collection.append_multiple_without_event(value)

        state.dict[self.key] = user_data

        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])

        if self.key in state._pending_mutations:
            # pending items exist.  issue a modified event,
            # add/remove new items.
            state._modified_event(dict_, self, user_data, True)

            pending = state._pending_mutations.pop(self.key)
            added = pending.added_items
            removed = pending.deleted_items
            for item in added:
                collection.append_without_event(item)
            for item in removed:
                collection.remove_without_event(item)

        return user_data

    def get_collection(
        self, state, dict_, user_data=None, passive=PASSIVE_OFF
    ):
        """Retrieve the CollectionAdapter associated with the given state.

        Creates a new CollectionAdapter if one does not exist.

        """
        if user_data is None:
            user_data = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
            if user_data is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
                return user_data

        return getattr(user_data, "_sa_adapter")


def backref_listeners(attribute, key, uselist):
    """Apply listeners to synchronize a two-way relationship."""

    # use easily recognizable names for stack traces.

    # in the sections marked "tokens to test for a recursive loop",
    # this is somewhat brittle and very performance-sensitive logic
    # that is specific to how we might arrive at each event.  a marker
    # that can target us directly to arguments being invoked against
    # the impl might be simpler, but could interfere with other systems.

    parent_token = attribute.impl.parent_token
    parent_impl = attribute.impl

    def _acceptable_key_err(child_state, initiator, child_impl):
        raise ValueError(
            "Bidirectional attribute conflict detected: "
            'Passing object %s to attribute "%s" '
            'triggers a modify event on attribute "%s" '
            'via the backref "%s".'
            % (
                state_str(child_state),
                initiator.parent_token,
                child_impl.parent_token,
                attribute.impl.parent_token,
            )
        )

    def emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event(state, child, oldchild, initiator):
        if oldchild is child:
            return child
        if (
            oldchild is not None
            and oldchild is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
            and oldchild is not NEVER_SET
        ):
            # With lazy=None, there's no guarantee that the full collection is
            # present when updating via a backref.
            old_state, old_dict = (
                instance_state(oldchild),
                instance_dict(oldchild),
            )
            impl = old_state.manager[key].impl

            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
            if not impl.collection and not impl.dynamic:
                check_recursive_token = impl._replace_token
            else:
                check_recursive_token = impl._remove_token

            if initiator is not check_recursive_token:
                impl.pop(
                    old_state,
                    old_dict,
                    state.obj(),
                    parent_impl._append_token,
                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
                )

        if child is not None:
            child_state, child_dict = (
                instance_state(child),
                instance_dict(child),
            )
            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl

            if (
                initiator.parent_token is not parent_token
                and initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token
            ):
                _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)

            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
            check_append_token = child_impl._append_token
            check_bulk_replace_token = (
                child_impl._bulk_replace_token
                if child_impl.collection
                else None
            )

            if (
                initiator is not check_append_token
                and initiator is not check_bulk_replace_token
            ):
                child_impl.append(
                    child_state,
                    child_dict,
                    state.obj(),
                    initiator,
                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
                )
        return child

    def emit_backref_from_collection_append_event(state, child, initiator):
        if child is None:
            return

        child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child), instance_dict(child)
        child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl

        if (
            initiator.parent_token is not parent_token
            and initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token
        ):
            _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)

        # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
        check_append_token = child_impl._append_token
        check_bulk_replace_token = (
            child_impl._bulk_replace_token if child_impl.collection else None
        )

        if (
            initiator is not check_append_token
            and initiator is not check_bulk_replace_token
        ):
            child_impl.append(
                child_state,
                child_dict,
                state.obj(),
                initiator,
                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
            )
        return child

    def emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event(state, child, initiator):
        if (
            child is not None
            and child is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
            and child is not NEVER_SET
        ):
            child_state, child_dict = (
                instance_state(child),
                instance_dict(child),
            )
            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl

            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
            if not child_impl.collection and not child_impl.dynamic:
                check_remove_token = child_impl._remove_token
                check_replace_token = child_impl._replace_token
                check_for_dupes_on_remove = uselist and not parent_impl.dynamic
            else:
                check_remove_token = child_impl._remove_token
                check_replace_token = (
                    child_impl._bulk_replace_token
                    if child_impl.collection
                    else None
                )
                check_for_dupes_on_remove = False

            if (
                initiator is not check_remove_token
                and initiator is not check_replace_token
            ):

                if not check_for_dupes_on_remove or not util.has_dupes(
                    # when this event is called, the item is usually
                    # present in the list, except for a pop() operation.
                    state.dict[parent_impl.key],
                    child,
                ):
                    child_impl.pop(
                        child_state,
                        child_dict,
                        state.obj(),
                        initiator,
                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
                    )

    if uselist:
        event.listen(
            attribute,
            "append",
            emit_backref_from_collection_append_event,
            retval=True,
            raw=True,
        )
    else:
        event.listen(
            attribute,
            "set",
            emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event,
            retval=True,
            raw=True,
        )
    # TODO: need coverage in test/orm/ of remove event
    event.listen(
        attribute,
        "remove",
        emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event,
        retval=True,
        raw=True,
    )


_NO_HISTORY = util.symbol("NO_HISTORY")
_NO_STATE_SYMBOLS = frozenset(
    [id(PASSIVE_NO_RESULT), id(NO_VALUE), id(NEVER_SET)]
)

History = util.namedtuple("History", ["added", "unchanged", "deleted"])


class History(History):
    """A 3-tuple of added, unchanged and deleted values,
    representing the changes which have occurred on an instrumented
    attribute.

    The easiest way to get a :class:`.History` object for a particular
    attribute on an object is to use the :func:`.inspect` function::

        from sqlalchemy import inspect

        hist = inspect(myobject).attrs.myattribute.history

    Each tuple member is an iterable sequence:

    * ``added`` - the collection of items added to the attribute (the first
      tuple element).

    * ``unchanged`` - the collection of items that have not changed on the
      attribute (the second tuple element).

    * ``deleted`` - the collection of items that have been removed from the
      attribute (the third tuple element).

    """

    def __bool__(self):
        return self != HISTORY_BLANK

    __nonzero__ = __bool__

    def empty(self):
        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has no changes
        and no existing, unchanged state.

        """

        return not bool((self.added or self.deleted) or self.unchanged)

    def sum(self):
        """Return a collection of added + unchanged + deleted."""

        return (
            (self.added or []) + (self.unchanged or []) + (self.deleted or [])
        )

    def non_deleted(self):
        """Return a collection of added + unchanged."""

        return (self.added or []) + (self.unchanged or [])

    def non_added(self):
        """Return a collection of unchanged + deleted."""

        return (self.unchanged or []) + (self.deleted or [])

    def has_changes(self):
        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has changes."""

        return bool(self.added or self.deleted)

    def as_state(self):
        return History(
            [
                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
                for c in self.added
            ],
            [
                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
                for c in self.unchanged
            ],
            [
                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
                for c in self.deleted
            ],
        )

    @classmethod
    def from_scalar_attribute(cls, attribute, state, current):
        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)

        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
            if current is NEVER_SET:
                return cls((), (), ())
            else:
                return cls((), [current], ())
        # don't let ClauseElement expressions here trip things up
        elif attribute.is_equal(current, original) is True:
            return cls((), [current], ())
        else:
            # current convention on native scalars is to not
            # include information
            # about missing previous value in "deleted", but
            # we do include None, which helps in some primary
            # key situations
            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
                deleted = ()
                # indicate a "del" operation occurred when we don't have
                # the previous value as: ([None], (), ())
                if id(current) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
                    current = None
            else:
                deleted = [original]
            if current is NEVER_SET:
                return cls((), (), deleted)
            else:
                return cls([current], (), deleted)

    @classmethod
    def from_object_attribute(cls, attribute, state, current):
        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)

        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
            if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
                return cls((), (), ())
            else:
                return cls((), [current], ())
        elif current is original and current is not NEVER_SET:
            return cls((), [current], ())
        else:
            # current convention on related objects is to not
            # include information
            # about missing previous value in "deleted", and
            # to also not include None - the dependency.py rules
            # ignore the None in any case.
            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS or original is None:
                deleted = ()
                # indicate a "del" operation occurred when we don't have
                # the previous value as: ([None], (), ())
                if id(current) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
                    current = None
            else:
                deleted = [original]
            if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
                return cls((), (), deleted)
            else:
                return cls([current], (), deleted)

    @classmethod
    def from_collection(cls, attribute, state, current):
        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)

        if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
            return cls((), (), ())

        current = getattr(current, "_sa_adapter")
        if original in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
            return cls(list(current), (), ())
        elif original is _NO_HISTORY:
            return cls((), list(current), ())
        else:

            current_states = [
                ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
                for c in current
            ]
            original_states = [
                ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
                for c in original
            ]

            current_set = dict(current_states)
            original_set = dict(original_states)

            return cls(
                [o for s, o in current_states if s not in original_set],
                [o for s, o in current_states if s in original_set],
                [o for s, o in original_states if s not in current_set],
            )


HISTORY_BLANK = History(None, None, None)


def get_history(obj, key, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
    """Return a :class:`.History` record for the given object
    and attribute key.

    This is the **pre-flush** history for a given attribute, which is
    reset each time the :class:`.Session` flushes changes to the
    current database transaction.

    .. note::

        Prefer to use the :attr:`.AttributeState.history` and
        :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` accessors to retrieve the
        :class:`.History` for instance attributes.


    :param obj: an object whose class is instrumented by the
      attributes package.

    :param key: string attribute name.

    :param passive: indicates loading behavior for the attribute
       if the value is not already present.   This is a
       bitflag attribute, which defaults to the symbol
       :attr:`.PASSIVE_OFF` indicating all necessary SQL
       should be emitted.

    .. seealso::

        :attr:`.AttributeState.history`

        :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` - retrieve history
        using loader callables if the value is not locally present.

    """
    if passive is True:
        util.warn_deprecated(
            "Passing True for 'passive' is deprecated. "
            "Use attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE"
        )
        passive = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
    elif passive is False:
        util.warn_deprecated(
            "Passing False for 'passive' is "
            "deprecated.  Use attributes.PASSIVE_OFF"
        )
        passive = PASSIVE_OFF

    return get_state_history(instance_state(obj), key, passive)


def get_state_history(state, key, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
    return state.get_history(key, passive)


def has_parent(cls, obj, key, optimistic=False):
    """TODO"""
    manager = manager_of_class(cls)
    state = instance_state(obj)
    return manager.has_parent(state, key, optimistic)


def register_attribute(class_, key, **kw):
    comparator = kw.pop("comparator", None)
    parententity = kw.pop("parententity", None)
    doc = kw.pop("doc", None)
    desc = register_descriptor(class_, key, comparator, parententity, doc=doc)
    register_attribute_impl(class_, key, **kw)
    return desc


def register_attribute_impl(
    class_,
    key,
    uselist=False,
    callable_=None,
    useobject=False,
    impl_class=None,
    backref=None,
    **kw
):

    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
    if uselist:
        factory = kw.pop("typecallable", None)
        typecallable = manager.instrument_collection_class(
            key, factory or list
        )
    else:
        typecallable = kw.pop("typecallable", None)

    dispatch = manager[key].dispatch

    if impl_class:
        impl = impl_class(class_, key, typecallable, dispatch, **kw)
    elif uselist:
        impl = CollectionAttributeImpl(
            class_, key, callable_, dispatch, typecallable=typecallable, **kw
        )
    elif useobject:
        impl = ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(
            class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw
        )
    else:
        impl = ScalarAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw)

    manager[key].impl = impl

    if backref:
        backref_listeners(manager[key], backref, uselist)

    manager.post_configure_attribute(key)
    return manager[key]


def register_descriptor(
    class_, key, comparator=None, parententity=None, doc=None
):
    manager = manager_of_class(class_)

    descriptor = InstrumentedAttribute(
        class_, key, comparator=comparator, parententity=parententity
    )

    descriptor.__doc__ = doc

    manager.instrument_attribute(key, descriptor)
    return descriptor


def unregister_attribute(class_, key):
    manager_of_class(class_).uninstrument_attribute(key)


def init_collection(obj, key):
    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.

    This function is used to provide direct access to collection internals
    for a previously unloaded attribute.  e.g.::

        collection_adapter = init_collection(someobject, 'elements')
        for elem in values:
            collection_adapter.append_without_event(elem)

    For an easier way to do the above, see
    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.set_committed_value`.

    :param obj: a mapped object

    :param key: string attribute name where the collection is located.

    """
    state = instance_state(obj)
    dict_ = state.dict
    return init_state_collection(state, dict_, key)


def init_state_collection(state, dict_, key):
    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter."""

    attr = state.manager[key].impl
    user_data = attr.initialize(state, dict_)
    return attr.get_collection(state, dict_, user_data)


def set_committed_value(instance, key, value):
    """Set the value of an attribute with no history events.

    Cancels any previous history present.  The value should be
    a scalar value for scalar-holding attributes, or
    an iterable for any collection-holding attribute.

    This is the same underlying method used when a lazy loader
    fires off and loads additional data from the database.
    In particular, this method can be used by application code
    which has loaded additional attributes or collections through
    separate queries, which can then be attached to an instance
    as though it were part of its original loaded state.

    """
    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
    state.manager[key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)


def set_attribute(instance, key, value, initiator=None):
    """Set the value of an attribute, firing history events.

    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
    by SQLAlchemy.

    :param instance: the object that will be modified

    :param key: string name of the attribute

    :param value: value to assign

    :param initiator: an instance of :class:`.Event` that would have
     been propagated from a previous event listener.  This argument
     is used when the :func:`.set_attribute` function is being used within
     an existing event listening function where an :class:`.Event` object
     is being supplied; the object may be used to track the origin of the
     chain of events.

     .. versionadded:: 1.2.3

    """
    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
    state.manager[key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, initiator)


def get_attribute(instance, key):
    """Get the value of an attribute, firing any callables required.

    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
    of this method to make usage of attribute state as understood
    by SQLAlchemy.

    """
    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
    return state.manager[key].impl.get(state, dict_)


def del_attribute(instance, key):
    """Delete the value of an attribute, firing history events.

    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
    by SQLAlchemy.

    """
    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
    state.manager[key].impl.delete(state, dict_)


def flag_modified(instance, key):
    """Mark an attribute on an instance as 'modified'.

    This sets the 'modified' flag on the instance and
    establishes an unconditional change event for the given attribute.
    The attribute must have a value present, else an
    :class:`.InvalidRequestError` is raised.

    To mark an object "dirty" without referring to any specific attribute
    so that it is considered within a flush, use the
    :func:`.attributes.flag_dirty` call.

    .. seealso::

        :func:`.attributes.flag_dirty`

    """
    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
    impl = state.manager[key].impl
    impl.dispatch.modified(state, impl._modified_token)
    state._modified_event(dict_, impl, NO_VALUE, is_userland=True)


def flag_dirty(instance):
    """Mark an instance as 'dirty' without any specific attribute mentioned.

    This is a special operation that will allow the object to travel through
    the flush process for interception by events such as
    :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`.   Note that no SQL will be emitted in
    the flush process for an object that has no changes, even if marked dirty
    via this method.  However, a :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` handler
    will be able to see the object in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection and
    may establish changes on it, which will then be included in the SQL
    emitted.

    .. versionadded:: 1.2

    .. seealso::

        :func:`.attributes.flag_modified`

    """

    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
    state._modified_event(dict_, None, NO_VALUE, is_userland=True)
