# postgresql/psycopg2.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2013 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

"""
.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2
    :name: psycopg2
    :dbapi: psycopg2
    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycopg2/

psycopg2 Connect Arguments
-----------------------------------

psycopg2-specific keyword arguments which are accepted by
:func:`.create_engine()` are:

* *server_side_cursors* - Enable the usage of "server side cursors" for SQL
  statements which support this feature. What this essentially means from a
  psycopg2 point of view is that the cursor is created using a name, e.g.
  ``connection.cursor('some name')``, which has the effect that result rows are
  not immediately pre-fetched and buffered after statement execution, but are
  instead left on the server and only retrieved as needed. SQLAlchemy's
  :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.ResultProxy` uses special row-buffering
  behavior when this feature is enabled, such that groups of 100 rows at a
  time are fetched over the wire to reduce conversational overhead.
  Note that the ``stream_results=True`` execution option is a more targeted
  way of enabling this mode on a per-execution basis.
* *use_native_unicode* - Enable the usage of Psycopg2 "native unicode" mode
  per connection. True by default.

Unix Domain Connections
------------------------

psycopg2 supports connecting via Unix domain connections.   When the ``host``
portion of the URL is omitted, SQLAlchemy passes ``None`` to psycopg2,
which specifies Unix-domain communication rather than TCP/IP communication::

    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname")

By default, the socket file used is to connect to a Unix-domain socket
in ``/tmp``, or whatever socket directory was specified when PostgreSQL
was built.  This value can be overridden by passing a pathname to psycopg2,
using ``host`` as an additional keyword argument::

    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=/var/lib/postgresql")

See also:

`PQconnectdbParams <http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQCONNECTDBPARAMS>`_

Per-Statement/Connection Execution Options
-------------------------------------------

The following DBAPI-specific options are respected when used with
:meth:`.Connection.execution_options`, :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
:meth:`.Query.execution_options`, in addition to those not specific to DBAPIs:

* isolation_level - Set the transaction isolation level for the lifespan of a
  :class:`.Connection` (can only be set on a connection, not a statement
  or query). This includes the options ``SERIALIZABLE``, ``READ COMMITTED``,
  ``READ UNCOMMITTED`` and ``REPEATABLE READ``.
* stream_results - Enable or disable usage of server side cursors.
  If ``None`` or not set, the ``server_side_cursors`` option of the
  :class:`.Engine` is used.

Unicode
-------

By default, the psycopg2 driver uses the ``psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE``
extension, such that the DBAPI receives and returns all strings as Python
Unicode objects directly - SQLAlchemy passes these values through without
change.   Psycopg2 here will encode/decode string values based on the
current "client encoding" setting; by default this is the value in
the ``postgresql.conf`` file, which often defaults to ``SQL_ASCII``.
Typically, this can be changed to ``utf-8``, as a more useful default::

    #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
                                 # encoding
    client_encoding = utf8

A second way to affect the client encoding is to set it within Psycopg2
locally.   SQLAlchemy will call psycopg2's ``set_client_encoding()``
method (see: http://initd.org/psycopg/docs/connection.html#connection.set_client_encoding)
on all new connections based on the value passed to
:func:`.create_engine` using the ``client_encoding`` parameter::

    engine = create_engine("postgresql://user:pass@host/dbname", client_encoding='utf8')

This overrides the encoding specified in the Postgresql client configuration.

.. versionadded:: 0.7.3
    The psycopg2-specific ``client_encoding`` parameter to
    :func:`.create_engine`.

SQLAlchemy can also be instructed to skip the usage of the psycopg2
``UNICODE`` extension and to instead utilize it's own unicode encode/decode
services, which are normally reserved only for those DBAPIs that don't
fully support unicode directly.  Passing ``use_native_unicode=False`` to
:func:`.create_engine` will disable usage of ``psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE``.
SQLAlchemy will instead encode data itself into Python bytestrings on the way
in and coerce from bytes on the way back,
using the value of the :func:`.create_engine` ``encoding`` parameter, which
defaults to ``utf-8``.
SQLAlchemy's own unicode encode/decode functionality is steadily becoming
obsolete as more DBAPIs support unicode fully along with the approach of
Python 3; in modern usage psycopg2 should be relied upon to handle unicode.

Transactions
------------

The psycopg2 dialect fully supports SAVEPOINT and two-phase commit operations.

.. _psycopg2_isolation:

Transaction Isolation Level
---------------------------

The ``isolation_level`` parameter of :func:`.create_engine` here makes use
psycopg2's ``set_isolation_level()`` connection method, rather than
issuing a ``SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS`` command.   This because psycopg2
resets the isolation level on each new transaction, and needs to know
at the API level what level should be used.

NOTICE logging
---------------

The psycopg2 dialect will log Postgresql NOTICE messages via the
``sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql`` logger::

    import logging
    logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql').setLevel(logging.INFO)

HSTORE type
------------

The psycopg2 dialect will make use of the
``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension when using the HSTORE
type.  This replaces SQLAlchemy's pure-Python HSTORE coercion which takes
effect for other DBAPIs.

"""
from __future__ import absolute_import

import re
import logging

from ... import util, exc
import decimal
from ... import processors
from ...engine import result as _result
from ...sql import expression
from ... import types as sqltypes
from .base import PGDialect, PGCompiler, \
                                PGIdentifierPreparer, PGExecutionContext, \
                                ENUM, ARRAY, _DECIMAL_TYPES, _FLOAT_TYPES,\
                                _INT_TYPES
from .hstore import HSTORE


logger = logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql')


class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
        return None

    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
        if self.asdecimal:
            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(decimal.Decimal)
            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
                return None
            else:
                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
                            "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
        else:
            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
                return None
            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
                return processors.to_float
            else:
                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
                            "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)


class _PGEnum(ENUM):
    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
        super(_PGEnum, self).__init__(*arg, **kw)
        if util.py2k:
            if self.convert_unicode:
                self.convert_unicode = "force"


class _PGArray(ARRAY):
    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
        super(_PGArray, self).__init__(*arg, **kw)
        if util.py2k:
            # FIXME: this check won't work for setups that
            # have convert_unicode only on their create_engine().
            if isinstance(self.item_type, sqltypes.String) and \
                        self.item_type.convert_unicode:
                self.item_type.convert_unicode = "force"


class _PGHStore(HSTORE):
    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
            return None
        else:
            return super(_PGHStore, self).bind_processor(dialect)

    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
            return None
        else:
            return super(_PGHStore, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)

# When we're handed literal SQL, ensure it's a SELECT-query. Since
# 8.3, combining cursors and "FOR UPDATE" has been fine.
SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE = re.compile(
    r'\s*SELECT',
    re.I | re.UNICODE)

_server_side_id = util.counter()


class PGExecutionContext_psycopg2(PGExecutionContext):
    def create_cursor(self):
        # TODO: coverage for server side cursors + select.for_update()

        if self.dialect.server_side_cursors:
            is_server_side = \
                self.execution_options.get('stream_results', True) and (
                    (self.compiled and isinstance(self.compiled.statement, expression.Selectable) \
                    or \
                    (
                        (not self.compiled or
                        isinstance(self.compiled.statement, expression.TextClause))
                        and self.statement and SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE.match(self.statement))
                    )
                )
        else:
            is_server_side = \
                self.execution_options.get('stream_results', False)

        self.__is_server_side = is_server_side
        if is_server_side:
            # use server-side cursors:
            # http://lists.initd.org/pipermail/psycopg/2007-January/005251.html
            ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:], hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(ident)
        else:
            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor()

    def get_result_proxy(self):
        # TODO: ouch
        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO):
            self._log_notices(self.cursor)

        if self.__is_server_side:
            return _result.BufferedRowResultProxy(self)
        else:
            return _result.ResultProxy(self)

    def _log_notices(self, cursor):
        for notice in cursor.connection.notices:
            # NOTICE messages have a
            # newline character at the end
            logger.info(notice.rstrip())

        cursor.connection.notices[:] = []


class PGCompiler_psycopg2(PGCompiler):
    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
                self.process(binary.right, **kw)

    def post_process_text(self, text):
        return text.replace('%', '%%')


class PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2(PGIdentifierPreparer):
    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
        return value.replace('%', '%%')


class PGDialect_psycopg2(PGDialect):
    driver = 'psycopg2'
    if util.py2k:
        supports_unicode_statements = False

    default_paramstyle = 'pyformat'
    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_psycopg2
    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_psycopg2
    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2
    psycopg2_version = (0, 0)

    _has_native_hstore = False

    colspecs = util.update_copy(
        PGDialect.colspecs,
        {
            sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumeric,
            ENUM: _PGEnum,  # needs force_unicode
            sqltypes.Enum: _PGEnum,  # needs force_unicode
            ARRAY: _PGArray,  # needs force_unicode
            HSTORE: _PGHStore,
        }
    )

    def __init__(self, server_side_cursors=False, use_native_unicode=True,
                        client_encoding=None,
                        use_native_hstore=True,
                        **kwargs):
        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
        self.server_side_cursors = server_side_cursors
        self.use_native_unicode = use_native_unicode
        self.use_native_hstore = use_native_hstore
        self.supports_unicode_binds = use_native_unicode
        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, '__version__'):
            m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?',
                                self.dbapi.__version__)
            if m:
                self.psycopg2_version = tuple(
                                            int(x)
                                            for x in m.group(1, 2, 3)
                                            if x is not None)

    def initialize(self, connection):
        super(PGDialect_psycopg2, self).initialize(connection)
        self._has_native_hstore = self.use_native_hstore and \
                        self._hstore_oids(connection.connection) \
                            is not None

    @classmethod
    def dbapi(cls):
        import psycopg2
        return psycopg2

    @util.memoized_property
    def _isolation_lookup(self):
        extensions = __import__('psycopg2.extensions').extensions
        return {
            'READ COMMITTED': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_COMMITTED,
            'READ UNCOMMITTED': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_UNCOMMITTED,
            'REPEATABLE READ': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_REPEATABLE_READ,
            'SERIALIZABLE': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE
        }

    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
        try:
            level = self._isolation_lookup[level.replace('_', ' ')]
        except KeyError:
            raise exc.ArgumentError(
                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
                )

        connection.set_isolation_level(level)

    def on_connect(self):
        from psycopg2 import extras, extensions

        fns = []
        if self.client_encoding is not None:
            def on_connect(conn):
                conn.set_client_encoding(self.client_encoding)
            fns.append(on_connect)

        if self.isolation_level is not None:
            def on_connect(conn):
                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
            fns.append(on_connect)

        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_unicode:
            def on_connect(conn):
                extensions.register_type(extensions.UNICODE, conn)
            fns.append(on_connect)

        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_hstore:
            def on_connect(conn):
                hstore_oids = self._hstore_oids(conn)
                if hstore_oids is not None:
                    oid, array_oid = hstore_oids
                    if util.py2k:
                        extras.register_hstore(conn, oid=oid,
                                        array_oid=array_oid,
                                           unicode=True)
                    else:
                        extras.register_hstore(conn, oid=oid,
                                        array_oid=array_oid)
            fns.append(on_connect)

        if fns:
            def on_connect(conn):
                for fn in fns:
                    fn(conn)
            return on_connect
        else:
            return None

    @util.memoized_instancemethod
    def _hstore_oids(self, conn):
        if self.psycopg2_version >= (2, 4):
            from psycopg2 import extras
            oids = extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids(conn)
            if oids is not None and oids[0]:
                return oids[0:2]
        return None

    def create_connect_args(self, url):
        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
        if 'port' in opts:
            opts['port'] = int(opts['port'])
        opts.update(url.query)
        return ([], opts)

    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
            str_e = str(e).partition("\n")[0]
            for msg in [
                # these error messages from libpq: interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
                # and interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c.
                # TODO: these are sent through gettext in libpq and we can't
                # check within other locales - consider using connection.closed
                'terminating connection',
                'closed the connection',
                'connection not open',
                'could not receive data from server',
                # psycopg2 client errors, psycopg2/conenction.h, psycopg2/cursor.h
                'connection already closed',
                'cursor already closed',
                # not sure where this path is originally from, it may
                # be obsolete.   It really says "losed", not "closed".
                'losed the connection unexpectedly'
            ]:
                idx = str_e.find(msg)
                if idx >= 0 and '"' not in str_e[:idx]:
                    return True
        return False

dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2
