<feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<title>delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/test/orm/test_loading.py, branch 2020_tutorial</title>
<subtitle>github.com: zzzeek/sqlalchemy.git
</subtitle>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/'/>
<entry>
<title>Add future=True to create_engine/Session; unify select()</title>
<updated>2020-07-08T15:05:11+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2020-06-26T20:15:19+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=91f376692d472a5bf0c4b4033816250ec1ce3ab6'/>
<id>91f376692d472a5bf0c4b4033816250ec1ce3ab6</id>
<content type='text'>
Several weeks of using the future_select() construct
has led to the proposal there be just one select() construct
again which features the new join() method, and otherwise accepts
both the 1.x and 2.x argument styles.   This would make
migration simpler and reduce confusion.

However, confusion may be increased by the fact that select().join()
is different  Current thinking is we may be better off
with a few hard behavioral changes to old and relatively unknown APIs
rather than trying to play both sides within two extremely similar
but subtly different APIs.  At the moment, the .join() thing seems
to be the only behavioral change that occurs without the user
taking any explicit steps.   Session.execute() will still
behave the old way as we are adding a future flag.

This change also adds the "future" flag to Session() and
session.execute(), so that interpretation of the incoming statement,
as well as that the new style result is returned, does not
occur for existing applications unless they add the use
of this flag.

The change in general is moving the "removed in 2.0" system
further along where we want the test suite to fully pass
even if the SQLALCHEMY_WARN_20 flag is set.

Get many tests to pass when SQLALCHEMY_WARN_20 is set; this
should be ongoing after this patch merges.

Improve the RemovedIn20 warning; these are all deprecated
"since" 1.4, so ensure that's what the messages read.
Make sure the inforamtion link is on all warnings.
Add deprecation warnings for parameters present and
add warnings to all FromClause.select() types of methods.

Fixes: #5379
Fixes: #5284
Change-Id: I765a0b912b3dcd0e995426427d8bb7997cbffd51
References: #5159
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Several weeks of using the future_select() construct
has led to the proposal there be just one select() construct
again which features the new join() method, and otherwise accepts
both the 1.x and 2.x argument styles.   This would make
migration simpler and reduce confusion.

However, confusion may be increased by the fact that select().join()
is different  Current thinking is we may be better off
with a few hard behavioral changes to old and relatively unknown APIs
rather than trying to play both sides within two extremely similar
but subtly different APIs.  At the moment, the .join() thing seems
to be the only behavioral change that occurs without the user
taking any explicit steps.   Session.execute() will still
behave the old way as we are adding a future flag.

This change also adds the "future" flag to Session() and
session.execute(), so that interpretation of the incoming statement,
as well as that the new style result is returned, does not
occur for existing applications unless they add the use
of this flag.

The change in general is moving the "removed in 2.0" system
further along where we want the test suite to fully pass
even if the SQLALCHEMY_WARN_20 flag is set.

Get many tests to pass when SQLALCHEMY_WARN_20 is set; this
should be ongoing after this patch merges.

Improve the RemovedIn20 warning; these are all deprecated
"since" 1.4, so ensure that's what the messages read.
Make sure the inforamtion link is on all warnings.
Add deprecation warnings for parameters present and
add warnings to all FromClause.select() types of methods.

Fixes: #5379
Fixes: #5284
Change-Id: I765a0b912b3dcd0e995426427d8bb7997cbffd51
References: #5159
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Convert execution to move through Session</title>
<updated>2020-05-25T17:56:37+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2020-04-27T16:58:12+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=6930dfc032c3f9f474e71ab4e021c0ef8384930e'/>
<id>6930dfc032c3f9f474e71ab4e021c0ef8384930e</id>
<content type='text'>
This patch replaces the ORM execution flow with a
single pathway through Session.execute() for all queries,
including Core and ORM.

Currently included is full support for ORM Query,
Query.from_statement(), select(), as well as the
baked query and horizontal shard systems.  Initial
changes have also been made to the dogpile caching
example, which like baked query makes use of a
new ORM-specific execution hook that replaces the
use of both QueryEvents.before_compile() as well
as Query._execute_and_instances() as the central
ORM interception hooks.

select() and Query() constructs alike can be passed to
Session.execute() where they will return ORM
results in a Results object.   This API is currently
used internally by Query.   Full support for
Session.execute()-&gt;results to behave in a fully
2.0 fashion will be in later changesets.

bulk update/delete with ORM support will also
be delivered via the update() and delete()
constructs, however these have not yet been adapted
to the new system and may follow in a subsequent
update.

Performance is also beginning to lag as of this
commit and some previous ones.   It is hoped that
a few central functions such as the coercions
functions can be rewritten in C to re-gain
performance.  Additionally, query caching
is now available and some subsequent patches
will attempt to cache more of the per-execution
work from the ORM layer, e.g. column getters
and adapters.

This patch also contains initial "turn on" of the
caching system enginewide via the query_cache_size
parameter to create_engine(). Still defaulting at
zero for "no caching".   The caching system still
needs adjustments in order to gain adequate performance.

Change-Id: I047a7ebb26aa85dc01f6789fac2bff561dcd555d
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
This patch replaces the ORM execution flow with a
single pathway through Session.execute() for all queries,
including Core and ORM.

Currently included is full support for ORM Query,
Query.from_statement(), select(), as well as the
baked query and horizontal shard systems.  Initial
changes have also been made to the dogpile caching
example, which like baked query makes use of a
new ORM-specific execution hook that replaces the
use of both QueryEvents.before_compile() as well
as Query._execute_and_instances() as the central
ORM interception hooks.

select() and Query() constructs alike can be passed to
Session.execute() where they will return ORM
results in a Results object.   This API is currently
used internally by Query.   Full support for
Session.execute()-&gt;results to behave in a fully
2.0 fashion will be in later changesets.

bulk update/delete with ORM support will also
be delivered via the update() and delete()
constructs, however these have not yet been adapted
to the new system and may follow in a subsequent
update.

Performance is also beginning to lag as of this
commit and some previous ones.   It is hoped that
a few central functions such as the coercions
functions can be rewritten in C to re-gain
performance.  Additionally, query caching
is now available and some subsequent patches
will attempt to cache more of the per-execution
work from the ORM layer, e.g. column getters
and adapters.

This patch also contains initial "turn on" of the
caching system enginewide via the query_cache_size
parameter to create_engine(). Still defaulting at
zero for "no caching".   The caching system still
needs adjustments in order to gain adequate performance.

Change-Id: I047a7ebb26aa85dc01f6789fac2bff561dcd555d
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Unify Query and select() , move all processing to compile phase</title>
<updated>2020-05-24T15:54:08+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2019-12-01T22:24:27+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=dce8c7a125cb99fad62c76cd145752d5afefae36'/>
<id>dce8c7a125cb99fad62c76cd145752d5afefae36</id>
<content type='text'>
Convert Query to do virtually all compile state computation
in the _compile_context() phase, and organize it all
such that a plain select() construct may also be used as the
source of information in order to generate ORM query state.
This makes it such that Query is not needed except for
its additional methods like from_self() which are all to
be deprecated.

The construction of ORM state will occur beyond the
caching boundary when the new execution model is integrated.

future select() gains a working join() and filter_by() method.
as we continue to rebase and merge each commit in the steps,
callcounts continue to bump around.  will have to look at
the final result when it's all in.

References: #5159
References: #4705
References: #4639
References: #4871
References: #5010

Change-Id: I19e05b3424b07114cce6c439b05198ac47f7ac10
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Convert Query to do virtually all compile state computation
in the _compile_context() phase, and organize it all
such that a plain select() construct may also be used as the
source of information in order to generate ORM query state.
This makes it such that Query is not needed except for
its additional methods like from_self() which are all to
be deprecated.

The construction of ORM state will occur beyond the
caching boundary when the new execution model is integrated.

future select() gains a working join() and filter_by() method.
as we continue to rebase and merge each commit in the steps,
callcounts continue to bump around.  will have to look at
the final result when it's all in.

References: #5159
References: #4705
References: #4639
References: #4871
References: #5010

Change-Id: I19e05b3424b07114cce6c439b05198ac47f7ac10
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Integrate new Result into ORM query</title>
<updated>2020-05-02T15:18:13+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2020-04-24T19:34:19+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=bbf644862ab05734d153d74abf59aa3492278563'/>
<id>bbf644862ab05734d153d74abf59aa3492278563</id>
<content type='text'>
The next step in the 2.0 ORM changes is to have the
ORM integrate with the new Result object fully.

this patch uses Result to represent ORM objects rather
than lists.  public API to get at this Result is not
added yet.   dogpile.cache and horizontal sharding
recipe/extensions have small adjustments to accommodate
this change.

Callcounts have fluctuated, some slightly better and
some slightly worse.  A few have gone up by a bit,
however as the codebase is still in flux it is anticipated
there will be some performance gains later on as
ORM fetching is refined to no longer need to accommodate
for extensive aliasing.   The addition of caching
will then change the entire story.

References: #5087
References: #4395

Change-Id: If1a23824ffb77d8d58cf2338cf35dd6b5963b17f
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
The next step in the 2.0 ORM changes is to have the
ORM integrate with the new Result object fully.

this patch uses Result to represent ORM objects rather
than lists.  public API to get at this Result is not
added yet.   dogpile.cache and horizontal sharding
recipe/extensions have small adjustments to accommodate
this change.

Callcounts have fluctuated, some slightly better and
some slightly worse.  A few have gone up by a bit,
however as the codebase is still in flux it is anticipated
there will be some performance gains later on as
ORM fetching is refined to no longer need to accommodate
for extensive aliasing.   The addition of caching
will then change the entire story.

References: #5087
References: #4395

Change-Id: If1a23824ffb77d8d58cf2338cf35dd6b5963b17f
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Result initial introduction</title>
<updated>2020-02-21T22:53:33+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2019-06-04T21:29:20+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=f559f378c47811b5528ad1769cb86925e85fd1e5'/>
<id>f559f378c47811b5528ad1769cb86925e85fd1e5</id>
<content type='text'>
This builds on cc718cccc0bf8a01abdf4068c7ea4f3 which moved
RowProxy to Row, allowing Row to be more like a named tuple.

- KeyedTuple in ORM is replaced with Row

- ResultSetMetaData broken out into "simple" and "cursor" versions
  for ORM and Core, as well as LegacyCursor version.

- Row now has _mapping attribute that supplies full mapping behavior.
Row and SimpleRow both have named tuple behavior otherwise.
LegacyRow has some mapping features on the tuple which emit
deprecation warnings (e.g. keys(), values(), etc).   the biggest
change for mapping-&gt;tuple is the behavior of __contains__ which
moves from testing of "key in row" to "value in row".

- ResultProxy breaks into ResultProxy and FutureResult (interim),
the latter has the newer APIs.   Made available to dialects
using execution options.

- internal reflection methods and most tests move off of implicit
Row mapping behavior and move to row._mapping, result.mappings()
method using future result

- a new strategy system for cursor handling replaces the various
subclasses of RowProxy

- some execution context adjustments. We will leave EC in but
refined things like get_result_proxy() and out parameter handling.
Dialects for 1.4 will need to adjust from get_result_proxy()
to get_result_cursor_strategy(), if they are using this method

- out parameter handling now accommodated by get_out_parameter_values()
EC method.   Oracle changes for this.  external dialect for
DB2 for example will also need to adjust for this.

- deprecate case_insensitive flag for engine / result, this
feature is not used

mapping-methods on Row are deprecated, and replaced with
Row._mapping.&lt;meth&gt;, including:

   row.keys()  -&gt; use row._mapping.keys()
   row.items()  -&gt; use row._mapping.items()
   row.values() -&gt; use row._mapping.values()
   key in row  -&gt; use key in row._mapping
   int in row  -&gt; use int &lt; len(row)

Fixes: #4710
Fixes: #4878
Change-Id: Ieb9085e9bcff564359095b754da9ae0af55679f0
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
This builds on cc718cccc0bf8a01abdf4068c7ea4f3 which moved
RowProxy to Row, allowing Row to be more like a named tuple.

- KeyedTuple in ORM is replaced with Row

- ResultSetMetaData broken out into "simple" and "cursor" versions
  for ORM and Core, as well as LegacyCursor version.

- Row now has _mapping attribute that supplies full mapping behavior.
Row and SimpleRow both have named tuple behavior otherwise.
LegacyRow has some mapping features on the tuple which emit
deprecation warnings (e.g. keys(), values(), etc).   the biggest
change for mapping-&gt;tuple is the behavior of __contains__ which
moves from testing of "key in row" to "value in row".

- ResultProxy breaks into ResultProxy and FutureResult (interim),
the latter has the newer APIs.   Made available to dialects
using execution options.

- internal reflection methods and most tests move off of implicit
Row mapping behavior and move to row._mapping, result.mappings()
method using future result

- a new strategy system for cursor handling replaces the various
subclasses of RowProxy

- some execution context adjustments. We will leave EC in but
refined things like get_result_proxy() and out parameter handling.
Dialects for 1.4 will need to adjust from get_result_proxy()
to get_result_cursor_strategy(), if they are using this method

- out parameter handling now accommodated by get_out_parameter_values()
EC method.   Oracle changes for this.  external dialect for
DB2 for example will also need to adjust for this.

- deprecate case_insensitive flag for engine / result, this
feature is not used

mapping-methods on Row are deprecated, and replaced with
Row._mapping.&lt;meth&gt;, including:

   row.keys()  -&gt; use row._mapping.keys()
   row.items()  -&gt; use row._mapping.items()
   row.values() -&gt; use row._mapping.values()
   key in row  -&gt; use key in row._mapping
   int in row  -&gt; use int &lt; len(row)

Fixes: #4710
Fixes: #4878
Change-Id: Ieb9085e9bcff564359095b754da9ae0af55679f0
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>InstanceState default path is RootRegistry, not tuple</title>
<updated>2020-01-22T22:16:51+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2020-01-22T21:27:26+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=f5eeac3d18892206abcaa30a295d12a799a8fb9b'/>
<id>f5eeac3d18892206abcaa30a295d12a799a8fb9b</id>
<content type='text'>
Fixed regression caused in 1.3.13 by :ticket:`5056` where a refactor of the
ORM path registry system made it such that a path could no longer be
compared to an empty tuple, which can occur in a particular kind of joined
eager loading path.   The "empty tuple" use case has been resolved so that
the path registry is compared to a path registry in all cases;  the
:class:`.PathRegistry` object itself now implements ``__eq__()`` and
``__ne__()`` methods which will take place for all equality comparisons and
continue to succeed in the not anticipated case that a non-
:class:`.PathRegistry` object is compared, while emitting a warning that
this object should not be the subject of the comparison.

Fixes: #5110
Change-Id: I6cab6cd771c131d12b17939b369212f12c6bee16
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Fixed regression caused in 1.3.13 by :ticket:`5056` where a refactor of the
ORM path registry system made it such that a path could no longer be
compared to an empty tuple, which can occur in a particular kind of joined
eager loading path.   The "empty tuple" use case has been resolved so that
the path registry is compared to a path registry in all cases;  the
:class:`.PathRegistry` object itself now implements ``__eq__()`` and
``__ne__()`` methods which will take place for all equality comparisons and
continue to succeed in the not anticipated case that a non-
:class:`.PathRegistry` object is compared, while emitting a warning that
this object should not be the subject of the comparison.

Fixes: #5110
Change-Id: I6cab6cd771c131d12b17939b369212f12c6bee16
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Post black reformatting</title>
<updated>2019-01-06T23:23:11+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2019-01-06T06:19:47+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=1e278de4cc9a4181e0747640a960e80efcea1ca9'/>
<id>1e278de4cc9a4181e0747640a960e80efcea1ca9</id>
<content type='text'>
Applied on top of a pure run of black -l 79 in
I7eda77fed3d8e73df84b3651fd6cfcfe858d4dc9,  this set of changes
resolves all remaining flake8 conditions for those codes
we have enabled in setup.cfg.

Included are resolutions for all remaining flake8 issues
including shadowed builtins, long lines, import order, unused
imports, duplicate imports, and docstring issues.

Change-Id: I4f72d3ba1380dd601610ff80b8fb06a2aff8b0fe
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Applied on top of a pure run of black -l 79 in
I7eda77fed3d8e73df84b3651fd6cfcfe858d4dc9,  this set of changes
resolves all remaining flake8 conditions for those codes
we have enabled in setup.cfg.

Included are resolutions for all remaining flake8 issues
including shadowed builtins, long lines, import order, unused
imports, duplicate imports, and docstring issues.

Change-Id: I4f72d3ba1380dd601610ff80b8fb06a2aff8b0fe
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Run black -l 79 against all source files</title>
<updated>2019-01-06T17:34:50+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2019-01-06T06:14:26+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=1e1a38e7801f410f244e4bbb44ec795ae152e04e'/>
<id>1e1a38e7801f410f244e4bbb44ec795ae152e04e</id>
<content type='text'>
This is a straight reformat run using black as is, with no edits
applied at all.

The black run will format code consistently, however in
some cases that are prevalent in SQLAlchemy code it produces
too-long lines.   The too-long lines will be resolved in the
following commit that will resolve all remaining flake8 issues
including shadowed builtins, long lines, import order, unused
imports, duplicate imports, and docstring issues.

Change-Id: I7eda77fed3d8e73df84b3651fd6cfcfe858d4dc9
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
This is a straight reformat run using black as is, with no edits
applied at all.

The black run will format code consistently, however in
some cases that are prevalent in SQLAlchemy code it produces
too-long lines.   The too-long lines will be resolved in the
following commit that will resolve all remaining flake8 issues
including shadowed builtins, long lines, import order, unused
imports, duplicate imports, and docstring issues.

Change-Id: I7eda77fed3d8e73df84b3651fd6cfcfe858d4dc9
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Make all tests to be PEP8 compliant</title>
<updated>2017-02-07T16:21:56+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Khairi Hafsham</name>
<email>jumanjisama@gmail.com</email>
</author>
<published>2017-02-02T18:02:21+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=772374735da27df1ddb907f4a0f5085b46dbe82b'/>
<id>772374735da27df1ddb907f4a0f5085b46dbe82b</id>
<content type='text'>
tested using pycodestyle version 2.2.0

Fixes: #3885
Change-Id: I5df43adc3aefe318f9eeab72a078247a548ec566
Pull-request: https://github.com/zzzeek/sqlalchemy/pull/343
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
tested using pycodestyle version 2.2.0

Fixes: #3885
Change-Id: I5df43adc3aefe318f9eeab72a078247a548ec566
Pull-request: https://github.com/zzzeek/sqlalchemy/pull/343
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>- reworked the way the "select_wraps_for" expression is</title>
<updated>2016-02-21T01:22:38+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Mike Bayer</name>
<email>mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-02-21T01:22:38+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://git.baserock.org/cgit/delta/python-packages/sqlalchemy.git/commit/?id=8ad968f33100baeb3b13c7e0b724b6b79ab4277f'/>
<id>8ad968f33100baeb3b13c7e0b724b6b79ab4277f</id>
<content type='text'>
handled within visit_select(); this attribute was added in the
1.0 series to accommodate the subquery wrapping behavior of
SQL Server and Oracle while also working with positional
column targeting and no longer relying upon "key fallback"
in order to target columns in such a statement.  The IBM DB2
third-party dialect also has this use case, but its implementation
is using regular expressions to rewrite the textual SELECT only
and does not make use of a "wrapped" select at this time.
The logic no longer attempts to reconcile proxy set collections as
this was not deterministic, and instead assumes that the select()
and the wrapper select() match their columns postionally,
at least for the column positions they have in common,
so it is now very simple and safe.  fixes #3657.
- as a side effect of #3657 it was also revealed that the
strategy of calling upon a ResultProxy._getter was not
correctly calling into NoSuchColumnError when an expected
column was not present, and instead returned None up to
loading.instances() to produce NoneType failures; added
a raiseerr argument to _getter() which is called when we
aren't expecting None, fixes #3658.
</content>
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handled within visit_select(); this attribute was added in the
1.0 series to accommodate the subquery wrapping behavior of
SQL Server and Oracle while also working with positional
column targeting and no longer relying upon "key fallback"
in order to target columns in such a statement.  The IBM DB2
third-party dialect also has this use case, but its implementation
is using regular expressions to rewrite the textual SELECT only
and does not make use of a "wrapped" select at this time.
The logic no longer attempts to reconcile proxy set collections as
this was not deterministic, and instead assumes that the select()
and the wrapper select() match their columns postionally,
at least for the column positions they have in common,
so it is now very simple and safe.  fixes #3657.
- as a side effect of #3657 it was also revealed that the
strategy of calling upon a ResultProxy._getter was not
correctly calling into NoSuchColumnError when an expected
column was not present, and instead returned None up to
loading.instances() to produce NoneType failures; added
a raiseerr argument to _getter() which is called when we
aren't expecting None, fixes #3658.
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