From ef9e13545a960aecf62d529da7d74cd2d39ec579 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Jan 2011 09:16:53 +0100
Subject: Added support for function annotations

---
 documentation.pdf | 1867 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 943 insertions(+), 924 deletions(-)

(limited to 'documentation.pdf')

diff --git a/documentation.pdf b/documentation.pdf
index f1d4aed..bb5dc97 100644
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 552.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1995,20 +2018,20 @@ q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# I am using Python 2.6+ here) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# I am using Python 2.6+ here) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 508.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 463.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 439.4236 cm
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@@ -2021,26 +2044,26 @@ q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 430.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 406.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 388.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 355.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 331.2236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2053,20 +2076,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 299.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 275.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 146.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.0236 cm
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@@ -2080,21 +2103,31 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B*
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def _memoize\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    if kw: # frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj T* (        key = args, frozenset\(kw.iteritems\(\)\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        key = args) Tj T* (    cache = func.cache # attributed added by memoize) Tj T* (    if key in cache:) Tj T* (        return cache[key]) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        cache[key] = result = func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* (        return result) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def _memoize\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    if kw: # frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj T* (        key = args, frozenset\(kw.iteritems\(\)\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        key = args) Tj T* (    cache = func.cache # attributed added by memoize) Tj T* (    if key in cache:) Tj T* (        return cache[key]) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        cache[key] = result = func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* (        return result) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 126.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 102.0236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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+ 
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 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
-Q
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-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def memoize\(f\):) Tj T* (    f.cache = {}) Tj T* ET
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-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    return decorator\(_memoize, f\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def memoize\(f\):) Tj T* (    f.cache = {}) Tj T* (    return decorator\(_memoize, f\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 653.8236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2171,20 +2174,20 @@ q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 516.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 492.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2197,26 +2200,26 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (trace ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (trace ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 408.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2230,14 +2233,14 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def _trace\(f, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    print "calling %s with args %s, %s" % \(f.__name__, args, kw\)) Tj T* (    return f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def _trace\(f, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    print "calling %s with args %s, %s" % \(f.__name__, args, kw\)) Tj T* (    return f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 306.0236 cm
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@@ -2251,21 +2254,21 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def on_success\(result\): # default implementation) Tj T* (    "Called on the result of the function") Tj T* (    return result) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .865984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance to verify that the thread ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.isAlive\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (async) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (Async) Tj (\() Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\)) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ([]) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# for simplicity the written data are stored into a list.) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@async) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (data) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# append data to the datalist by locking) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Lock) Tj (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# emulate some long running operation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (datalist) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (append) Tj (\() Tj (data) Tj (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# other operations not requiring a lock here) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 2.241412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You may wonder about how the functionality of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is implemented. The basic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.545868 Tw (building block is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class which is able to generate on the fly functions with a given) Tj T* 0 Tw .047485 Tw (name and signature from a function template passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.164983 Tw (to resort to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when writing ordinary decorators, but it is handy in some circumstances.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You will see an example shortly, in the implementation of a cool decorator utility \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.471235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.541235 Tw (even in Python 2.7 and 3.1. There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .103984 Tw /F4 10 Tf (.undecorated ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the decorated function, containing a reference to the original function. The easy way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (get the source code is to call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2942,26 +2975,26 @@ q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (inspect) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getsource) Tj (\() Tj (factorial) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (undecorated) Tj (\)) Tj  T* .666667 .133333 1 rg (@tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (n) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (acc) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("The good old factorial") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (n) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (acc) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (factorial) Tj (\() Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (BLANKLINE) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 602.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dealing with third party decorators) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dealing with third party decorators) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 548.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 386.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .321654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes you find on the net some cool decorator that you would like to include in your code. However,) Tj T* 0 Tw .50061 Tw (more often than not the cool decorator is not signature-preserving. Therefore you may want an easy way) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.814597 Tw (to upgrade third party decorators to signature-preserving decorators without having to rewrite them in) Tj T* 0 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. You can use a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to implement that functionality as follows:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .321654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes you find on the net some cool decorator that you would like to include in your code. However,) Tj T* 0 Tw .50061 Tw (more often than not the cool decorator is not signature-preserving. Therefore you may want an easy way) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.814597 Tw (to upgrade third party decorators to signature-preserving decorators without having to rewrite them in) Tj T* 0 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. You can use a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to implement that functionality as follows:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2975,32 +3008,32 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def decorator_apply\(dec, func\):) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    Decorate a function by preserving the signature even if dec) Tj T* (    is not a signature-preserving decorator.) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    return FunctionMaker.create\() Tj T* (        func, 'return decorated\(%\(signature\)s\)',) Tj T* (        dict\(decorated=dec\(func\)\), undecorated=func\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def decorator_apply\(dec, func\):) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    Decorate a function by preserving the signature even if dec) Tj T* (    is not a signature-preserving decorator.) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    return FunctionMaker.create\() Tj T* (        func, 'return decorated\(%\(signature\)s\)',) Tj T* (        dict\(decorated=dec\(func\)\), undecorated=func\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 399.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .698314 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sets the attribute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.undecorated ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the generated function to the original function,) Tj T* 0 Tw (so that you can get the right source code.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .698314 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sets the attribute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.undecorated ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the generated function to the original function,) Tj T* 0 Tw (so that you can get the right source code.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 357.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .13104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module directly since I think it is best to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.070751 Tw (rewrite the decorator rather than adding an additional level of indirection. However, practicality beats) Tj T* 0 Tw (purity, so you can add ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to your toolbox and use it if you need to.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .13104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module directly since I think it is best to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.070751 Tw (rewrite the decorator rather than adding an additional level of indirection. However, practicality beats) Tj T* 0 Tw (purity, so you can add ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to your toolbox and use it if you need to.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.74881 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In order to give an example of usage of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, I will show a pretty slick decorator that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.276651 Tw (converts a tail-recursive function in an iterative function. I have shamelessly stolen the basic idea from) Tj T* 0 Tw 43.62829 Tw (Kay Schluehr's recipe in the Python Cookbook,) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.74881 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In order to give an example of usage of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, I will show a pretty slick decorator that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.276651 Tw (converts a tail-recursive function in an iterative function. I have shamelessly stolen the basic idea from) Tj T* 0 Tw 43.62829 Tw (Kay Schluehr's recipe in the Python Cookbook,) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 216 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 194 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (class TailRecursive\(object\):) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    tail_recursive decorator based on Kay Schluehr's recipe) Tj T* (    http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj T* (    with improvements by me and George Sakkis.) Tj T* (    """) Tj T*  T* (    def __init__\(self, func\):) Tj T* (        self.func = func) Tj T* (        self.firstcall = True) Tj T* (        self.CONTINUE = object\(\) # sentinel) Tj T*  T* (    def __call__\(self, *args, **kwd\):) Tj T* (        CONTINUE = self.CONTINUE) Tj T* (        if self.firstcall:) Tj T* (            func = self.func) Tj T* (            self.firstcall = False) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (class TailRecursive\(object\):) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    tail_recursive decorator based on Kay Schluehr's recipe) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3022,15 +3055,16 @@ Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (            try:) Tj T* (                while True:) Tj T* (                    result = func\(*args, **kwd\)) Tj T* (                    if result is CONTINUE: # update arguments) Tj T* (                        args, kwd = self.argskwd) Tj T* (                    else: # last call) Tj T* (                        return result) Tj T* (            finally:) Tj T* (                self.firstcall = True) Tj T* (        else: # return the arguments of the tail call) Tj T* (            self.argskwd = args, kwd) Tj T* (            return CONTINUE) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj T* (    with improvements by me and George Sakkis.) Tj T* (    """) Tj T*  T* (    def __init__\(self, func\):) Tj T* (        self.func = func) Tj T* (        self.firstcall = True) Tj T* (        self.CONTINUE = object\(\) # sentinel) Tj T*  T* (    def __call__\(self, *args, **kwd\):) Tj T* (        CONTINUE = self.CONTINUE) Tj T* (        if self.firstcall:) Tj T* (            func = self.func) Tj T* (            self.firstcall = False) Tj T* (            try:) Tj T* (                while True:) Tj T* (                    result = func\(*args, **kwd\)) Tj T* (                    if result is CONTINUE: # update arguments) Tj T* (                        args, kwd = self.argskwd) Tj T* (                    else: # last call) Tj T* (                        return result) Tj T* (            finally:) Tj T* (                self.firstcall = True) Tj T* (        else: # return the arguments of the tail call) Tj T* (            self.argskwd = args, kwd) Tj T* (            return CONTINUE) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here the decorator is implemented as a class returning callable objects.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here the decorator is implemented as a class returning callable objects.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def tail_recursive\(func\):) Tj T* (    return decorator_apply\(TailRecursive, func\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def tail_recursive\(func\):) Tj T* (    return decorator_apply\(TailRecursive, func\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (@tail_recursive) Tj T* (def factorial\(n, acc=1\):) Tj T* (    "The good old factorial") Tj T* (    if n == 0: return acc) Tj T* (    return factorial\(n-1, n*acc\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (factorial) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (24) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (factorial) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (24) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def fact\(n\): # this is not tail-recursive) Tj T* (    if n == 0: return 1) Tj T* (    return n * fact\(n-1\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ cat performance.sh) Tj T* (python -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (from decorator import decorator) Tj T*  T* (@decorator) Tj T* (def do_nothing\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    return func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* ET
-Q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .474987 Tw (The first thing you should be aware of, it the fact that decorators have a performance penalty. The worse) Tj T* 0 Tw (case is shown by the following example:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL  T* (@do_nothing) Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T*  T* (python -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 197.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ cat performance.sh) Tj T* (python -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (from decorator import decorator) Tj T*  T* (@decorator) Tj T* (def do_nothing\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    return func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T*  T* (@do_nothing) Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T*  T* (python -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .266235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my MacBook, using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator instead of the plain function is more than three times) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .266235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my MacBook, using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator instead of the plain function is more than three times) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ bash performance.sh) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.995 usec per loop) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.273 usec per loop) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ bash performance.sh) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.995 usec per loop) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.273 usec per loop) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 498.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .867984 Tw (You should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult to understand.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .867984 Tw (You should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult to understand.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\(\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[18]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (trace) Tj  T* (       ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[47]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj  T* (       ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (integer) Tj ( ) Tj (division) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (or) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (modulo) Tj ( ) Tj (by) Tj ( ) Tj (zero) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which calls ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and a reference to) Tj T* 0 Tw .265868 Tw /F4 10 Tf (File ") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (", line 2, in f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.053318 Tw (module uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to generate the decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.507485 Tw (performance penalty, since is the called ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at function decoration time, and not every time the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which calls ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and a reference to) Tj T* 0 Tw .265868 Tw /F4 10 Tf (File ") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (", line 2, in f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.053318 Tw (module uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to generate the decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.507485 Tw (performance penalty, since is the called ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at function decoration time, and not every time the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .932209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At present, there is no clean way to avoid ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. A clean solution would require to change the CPython) Tj T* 0 Tw .777485 Tw (implementation of functions and add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly. That) Tj T* 0 Tw .74186 Tw (could happen in future versions of Python \(see PEP ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (362) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) and then the decorator module would become) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.385318 Tw (obsolete. However, at present, even in Python 3.1 it is impossible to change the function signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .931751 Tw (directly, therefore the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is still useful. Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I) Tj T* 0 Tw (keep maintaining the module and releasing new versions.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .932209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At present, there is no clean way to avoid ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. A clean solution would require to change the CPython) Tj T* 0 Tw .777485 Tw (implementation of functions and add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly. That) Tj T* 0 Tw .74186 Tw (could happen in future versions of Python \(see PEP ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (362) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) and then the decorator module would become) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.385318 Tw (obsolete. However, at present, even in Python 3.1 it is impossible to change the function signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .931751 Tw (directly, therefore the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is still useful. Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I) Tj T* 0 Tw (keep maintaining the module and releasing new versions.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.043828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the present implementation, decorators generated by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can only be used on user-defined) Tj T* 0 Tw .152485 Tw (Python functions or methods, not on generic callable objects, nor on built-in functions, due to limitations of) Tj T* 0 Tw .591235 Tw (the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library. Moreover, notice that you can decorate a method, but only) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.693516 Tw (before if becomes a bound or unbound method, i.e. inside the class. Here is an example of valid) Tj T* 0 Tw (decoration:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.043828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the present implementation, decorators generated by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can only be used on user-defined) Tj T* 0 Tw .152485 Tw (Python functions or methods, not on generic callable objects, nor on built-in functions, due to limitations of) Tj T* 0 Tw .591235 Tw (the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library. Moreover, notice that you can decorate a method, but only) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.693516 Tw (before if becomes a bound or unbound method, i.e. inside the class. Here is an example of valid) Tj T* 0 Tw (decoration:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (C) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (meth) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (          ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (C) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (meth) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (          ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of invalid decoration, when the decorator in called too late:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of invalid decoration, when the decorator in called too late:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (C) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (meth) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (          ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (trace) Tj (\() Tj (C) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (meth) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (You) Tj ( ) Tj (are) Tj ( ) Tj (decorating) Tj ( ) Tj (a) Tj ( ) Tj (non) Tj ( ) Tj (function) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (unbound) Tj ( ) Tj (method) Tj ( ) Tj (C) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (meth) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The solution is to extract the inner function from the unbound method:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The solution is to extract the inner function from the unbound method:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (trace) Tj (\() Tj (C) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (meth) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (im_func) Tj (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (function) Tj ( ) Tj (meth) Tj ( ) Tj (at) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.19561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (per se ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (does not contain any change, apart from the removal of the functions) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.348314 Tw /F4 10 Tf (get_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (new_wrapper) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which have been deprecated for years. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (get_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been removed) Tj T* 0 Tw .921654 Tw (since it was little used and since it had to be changed anyway to work with Python 3.0; ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (new_wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw .609318 Tw /F1 10 Tf (has been removed since it was useless: its major use case \(converting signature changing decorators to) Tj T* 0 Tw .028443 Tw (signature preserving decorators\) has been subsumed by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and the other use case can) Tj T* 0 Tw (be managed with the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .942651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (cannot be used as a class decorator and the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functionality introduced in version 2.3) Tj T* 0 Tw .241163 Tw 0 0 0 rg (has been removed. That means that in order to define decorator factories with classes you need to define) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.122126 Tw (the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__call__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method explicitly \(no magic anymore\). All these changes should not cause any trouble,) Tj T* 0 Tw .601163 Tw (since they were all rarely used features. Should you have any trouble, you can always downgrade to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (2.3 version.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .196098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples shown here have been tested with Python 2.6. Python 2.4 is also supported - of course the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.649398 Tw (examples requiring the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (with ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (statement will not work there. Python 2.5 works fine, but if you run the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.41784 Tw (examples in the interactive interpreter you will notice a few differences since ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (getargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns an) Tj T* 0 Tw .909982 Tw /F4 10 Tf (ArgSpec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (namedtuple instead of a regular tuple. That means that running the file ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (documentation.py) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (under Python 2.5 will print a few errors, but they are not serious.) Tj T* ET
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