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fixtures: Fixtures with cleanups for testing and convenience.
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  Copyright (c) 2010, Robert Collins <robertc@robertcollins.net>
  
  Licensed under either the Apache License, Version 2.0 or the BSD 3-clause
  license at the users choice. A copy of both licenses are available in the
  project source as Apache-2.0 and BSD. You may not use this file except in
  compliance with one of these two licences.
  
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under these licenses is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
  WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.  See the
  license you chose for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under that license.


Fixtures defines a Python contract for reusable state / support logic,
primarily for unit testing. Helper and adaption logic is included to make it
easy to write your own fixtures using the fixtures contract. Glue code is
provided that makes using fixtures that meet the Fixtures contract in unittest
compatible test cases easy and straight forward.

Dependencies
============

* Python 2.6+
  This is the base language fixtures is written in and for.

* pbr
  Used for version and release management of fixtures.

* testtools <https://launchpad.net/testtools> 0.9.22 or newer.
  testtools provides helpful glue functions for the details API used to report
  information about a fixture (whether its used in a testing or production
  environment).

For use in a unit test suite using the included glue, one of:

* Python 2.7+

* unittest2

* bzrlib.tests

* Or any other test environment that supports TestCase.addCleanup.

Writing your own glue code is easy, or you can simply use Fixtures directly
without any support code.

To run the test suite for fixtures, testtools is needed.

Why Fixtures
============

Standard Python unittest.py provides no obvious method for making and reusing
state needed in a test case other than by adding a method on the test class.
This scales poorly - complex helper functions propogating up a test class
hierarchy is a regular pattern when this is done. Mocking while a great tool
doesn't itself prevent this (and helpers to mock complex things can accumulate
in the same way if placed on the test class).

By defining a uniform contract where helpers have no dependency on the test
class we permit all the regular code hygiene activities to take place without
the distorting influence of being in a class hierarchy that is modelling an
entirely different thing - which is what helpers on a TestCase suffer from.

About Fixtures
==============

A Fixture represents some state. Each fixture has attributes on it that are
specific to the fixture. For instance, a fixture representing a directory that
can be used for temporary files might have a attribute 'path'.

Most fixtures have complete ``pydoc`` documentation, so be sure to check
``pydoc fixtures`` for usage information.

Creating Fixtures
=================

Minimally, subclass Fixture, define setUp to initialize your state and schedule
a cleanup for when cleanUp is called and you're done::

  >>> import unittest
  >>> import fixtures
  >>> class NoddyFixture(fixtures.Fixture):
  ...     def setUp(self):
  ...         super(NoddyFixture, self).setUp()
  ...         self.frobnozzle = 42
  ...         self.addCleanup(delattr, self, 'frobnozzle')

This will initialize frobnozzle when setUp is called, and when cleanUp is
called get rid of the frobnozzle attribute.

If your fixture has diagnostic data - for instance the log file of an
application server, or log messages, it can expose that by creating a content
object (``testtools.content.Content``) and calling ``addDetail``.

  >>> from testtools.content import text_content
  >>> class WithLog(fixtures.Fixture):
  ...     def setUp(self):
  ...         super(WithLog, self).setUp()
  ...         self.addDetail('message', text_content('foo bar baz'))

The method ``useFixture`` will use another fixture, call ``setUp`` on it, call
``self.addCleanup(thefixture.cleanUp)``, attach any details from it and return
the fixture. This allows simple composition of different fixtures.

  >>> class ReusingFixture(fixtures.Fixture):
  ...     def setUp(self):
  ...         super(ReusingFixture, self).setUp()
  ...         self.noddy = self.useFixture(NoddyFixture())

There is a helper for adapting a function or function pair into Fixtures. it
puts the result of the function in fn_result::

  >>> import os.path
  >>> import shutil
  >>> import tempfile
  >>> def setup_function():
  ...     return tempfile.mkdtemp()
  >>> def teardown_function(fixture):
  ...     shutil.rmtree(fixture)
  >>> fixture = fixtures.FunctionFixture(setup_function, teardown_function)
  >>> fixture.setUp()
  >>> print (os.path.isdir(fixture.fn_result))
  True
  >>> fixture.cleanUp()

This can be expressed even more pithily:

  >>> fixture = fixtures.FunctionFixture(tempfile.mkdtemp, shutil.rmtree)
  >>> fixture.setUp()
  >>> print (os.path.isdir(fixture.fn_result))
  True
  >>> fixture.cleanUp()

Another variation is MethodFixture which is useful for adapting alternate
fixture implementations to Fixture::

  >>> class MyServer:
  ...    def start(self):
  ...        pass
  ...    def stop(self):
  ...        pass
  >>> server = MyServer()
  >>> fixture = fixtures.MethodFixture(server, server.start, server.stop)

The Fixture API
===============

The example above introduces some of the Fixture API. In order to be able to
clean up after a fixture has been used, all fixtures define a ``cleanUp``
method which should be called when a fixture is finished with.

Because its nice to be able to build a particular set of related fixtures in
advance of using them, fixtures also have define a ``setUp`` method which
should be called before trying to use them.

One common desire with fixtures that are expensive to create is to reuse them
in many test cases; to support this the base Fixture also defines a ``reset``
which calls ``self.cleanUp(); self.setUp()``. Fixtures that can more
efficiently make themselves reusable should override this method. This can then
be used with multiple test state via things like ``testresources``,
``setUpClass``, or ``setUpModule``.

When using a fixture with a test you can manually call the setUp and cleanUp
methods. More convenient though is to use the included glue from
``fixtures.TestWithFixtures`` which provides a mixin defining
``useFixture`` (camel case because unittest is camel case throughout) method.
It will call setUp on the fixture, call self.addCleanup(fixture) to schedule a
cleanup, and return the fixture. This lets one write::

  >>> import testtools
  >>> import unittest

Note that we use testtools TestCase here as we need to guarantee a
TestCase.addCleanup method in this doctest. Unittest2 - Python2.7 and above -
also have ``addCleanup``. testtools has it's own implementation of
``useFixture`` so there is no need to use ``fixtures.TestWithFixtures`` with
``testtools.TestCase``.

  >>> class NoddyTest(testtools.TestCase, fixtures.TestWithFixtures):
  ...     def test_example(self):
  ...         fixture = self.useFixture(NoddyFixture())
  ...         self.assertEqual(42, fixture.frobnozzle)
  >>> result = unittest.TestResult()
  >>> _ = NoddyTest('test_example').run(result)
  >>> print (result.wasSuccessful())
  True

Fixtures implement the context protocol, so you can also use a fixture as a
context manager::

  >>> with fixtures.FunctionFixture(setup_function, teardown_function) as fixture:
  ...    print (os.path.isdir(fixture.fn_result))
  True

When multiple cleanups error, fixture.cleanUp() will raise a wrapper exception
rather than choosing an arbitrary single exception to raise::

  >>> import sys
  >>> from fixtures.fixture import MultipleExceptions
  >>> class BrokenFixture(fixtures.Fixture):
  ...     def setUp(self):
  ...         fixtures.Fixture.setUp(self)
  ...         self.addCleanup(lambda:1/0)
  ...         self.addCleanup(lambda:1/0)
  >>> fixture = BrokenFixture()
  >>> fixture.setUp()
  >>> try:
  ...    fixture.cleanUp()
  ... except MultipleExceptions:
  ...    exc_info = sys.exc_info()
  >>> print (exc_info[1].args[0][0].__name__)
  ZeroDivisionError

Fixtures often expose diagnostic details that can be useful for tracking down
issues. The ``getDetails`` method will return a dict of all the attached
details. Each detail object is an instance of ``testtools.content.Content``.

  >>> with WithLog() as l:
  ...     print(l.getDetails()['message'].as_text())
  foo bar baz

Shared Dependencies
+++++++++++++++++++

A common use case within complex environments is having some fixtures shared by
other ones.

Consider the case of testing using a ``TempDir`` with two fixtures built on top
of it; say a small database and a web server. Writing either one is nearly
trivial. However handling ``reset()`` correctly is hard: both the database and
web server would reasonably expect to be able to discard operating system
resources they may have open within the temporary directory before its removed.
A recursive ``reset()`` implementation would work for one, but not both.
Calling ``reset()`` on the ``TempDir`` instance between each test is probably
desirable but we don't want to have to do a complete ``cleanUp`` of the higher
layer fixtures (which would make the ``TempDir`` be unused and trivially
resettable. We have a few options available to us.

Imagine that the webserver does not depend on the DB fixture in any way - we
just want the webserver and DB fixture to coexist in the same tempdir.

A simple option is to just provide an explicit dependency fixture for the
higher layer fixtures to use.  This pushes complexity out of the core and onto
users of fixtures::

  >>> class WithDep(fixtures.Fixture):
  ...     def __init__(self, tempdir, dependency_fixture):
  ...         super(WithDep, self).__init__()
  ...         self.tempdir = tempdir
  ...         self.dependency_fixture = dependency_fixture
  ...     def setUp(self):
  ...         super(WithDep, self).setUp()
  ...         self.addCleanup(self.dependency_fixture.cleanUp)
  ...         self.dependency_fixture.setUp()
  ...         # we assume that at this point self.tempdir is usable.
  >>> DB = WithDep
  >>> WebServer = WithDep
  >>> tempdir = fixtures.TempDir()
  >>> db = DB(tempdir, tempdir)
  >>> server = WebServer(tempdir, db)
  >>> server.setUp()
  >>> server.cleanUp()

Another option is to write the fixtures to gracefully handle a dependency
being reset underneath them. This is insufficient if the fixtures would
block the dependency resetting (for instance by holding file locks open
in a tempdir - on Windows this will prevent the directory being deleted).

Another approach which ``fixtures`` neither helps nor hinders is to raise
a signal of some sort for each user of a fixture before it is reset. In the
example here, ``TempDir`` might offer a subscribers attribute that both the
DB and web server would be registered in. Calling ``reset`` or ``cleanUp``
on the tempdir would trigger a callback to all the subscribers; the DB and
web server reset methods would look something like:

  >>> def reset(self):
  ...     if not self._cleaned:
  ...         self._clean()

(Their action on the callback from the tempdir would be to do whatever work
was needed and set ``self._cleaned``.) This approach has the (perhaps)
suprising effect that resetting the webserver may reset the DB - if the
webserver were to be depending on ``tempdir.reset`` as a way to reset the
webservers state.

Another approach which is not currently implemented is to provide an object
graph of dependencies and a reset mechanism that can traverse that, along with
a separation between 'reset starting' and 'reset finishing' - the DB and
webserver would both have their ``reset_starting`` methods called, then the
tempdir would be reset, and finally the DB and webserver would have
``reset_finishing`` called.

Stock Fixtures
==============

In addition to the Fixture, FunctionFixture and MethodFixture classes fixtures
includes a number of precanned fixtures. The API docs for fixtures will list
the complete set of these, should the dcs be out of date or not to hand.

ByteStream
++++++++++

Trivial adapter to make a BytesIO (though it may in future auto-spill to disk
for large content) and expose that as a detail object, for automatic inclusion
in test failure descriptions. Very useful in combination with MonkeyPatch.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.StringStream('my-content')
  >>> fixture.setUp()
  >>> with fixtures.MonkeyPatch('sys.something', fixture.stream):
  ...     pass
  >>> fixture.cleanUp()

EnvironmentVariable
+++++++++++++++++++

Isolate your code from environmental variables, delete them or set them to a
new value.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.EnvironmentVariable('HOME')

FakeLogger
++++++++++

Isolate your code from an external logging configuration - so that your test
gets the output from logged messages, but they don't go to e.g. the console.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.FakeLogger()

FakePopen
+++++++++

Pretend to run an external command rather than needing it to be present to run
tests.

  >>> from testtools.compat import BytesIO
  >>> fixture = fixtures.FakePopen(lambda _:{'stdout': BytesIO('foobar')})

MonkeyPatch
+++++++++++

Control the value of a named python attribute.

  >>> def fake_open(path, mode):
  ...     pass
  >>> fixture = fixtures.MonkeyPatch('__builtin__.open', fake_open)

NestedTempfile
++++++++++++++

Change the default directory that the tempfile module places temporary files
and directories in. This can be useful for containing the noise created by
code which doesn't clean up its temporary files. This does not affect
temporary file creation where an explicit containing directory was provided.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.NestedTempfile()

PackagePathEntry
++++++++++++++++

Adds a single directory to the path for an existing python package. This adds
to the package.__path__ list. If the directory is already in the path, nothing
happens, if it isn't then it is added on setUp and removed on cleanUp.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.PackagePathEntry('package/name', '/foo/bar')

PythonPackage
+++++++++++++

Creates a python package directory. Particularly useful for testing code that
dynamically loads packages/modules, or for mocking out the command line entry
points to Python programs.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.PythonPackage('foo.bar', [('quux.py', '')])

PythonPathEntry
+++++++++++++++

Adds a single directory to sys.path. If the directory is already in the path,
nothing happens, if it isn't then it is added on setUp and removed on cleanUp.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.PythonPathEntry('/foo/bar')

StringStream
++++++++++++

Trivial adapter to make a StringIO (though it may in future auto-spill to disk
for large content) and expose that as a detail object, for automatic inclusion
in test failure descriptions. Very useful in combination with MonkeyPatch.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.StringStream('stdout')
  >>> fixture.setUp()
  >>> with fixtures.MonkeyPatch('sys.stdout', fixture.stream):
  ...     pass
  >>> fixture.cleanUp()

TempDir
+++++++

Create a temporary directory and clean it up later.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.TempDir()

The created directory is stored in the ``path`` attribute of the fixture after
setUp.

TempHomeDir
+++++++++++

Create a temporary directory and set it as $HOME in the environment.

  >>> fixture = fixtures.TempHomeDir()

The created directory is stored in the ``path`` attribute of the fixture after
setUp.

The environment will now have $HOME set to the same path, and the value
will be returned to its previous value after tearDown.

Timeout
+++++++

Aborts if the covered code takes more than a specified number of whole wall-clock
seconds.

There are two possibilities, controlled by the 'gentle' argument: when gentle,
an exception will be raised and the test (or other covered code) will fail.
When not gentle, the entire process will be terminated, which is less clean,
but more likely to break hangs where no Python code is running.  

*Caution:* Only one timeout can be active at any time across all threads in a
single process.  Using more than one has undefined results.  (This could be
improved by chaining alarms.)

*Note:* Currently supported only on Unix because it relies on the ``alarm``
system call.