/*
 * This test is for ICU collations.
 */
/* skip test if not UTF8 server encoding or no ICU collations installed */
SELECT getdatabaseencoding() <> 'UTF8' OR
       (SELECT count(*) FROM pg_collation WHERE collprovider = 'i' AND collname <> 'unicode') = 0
       AS skip_test \gset
\if :skip_test
\quit
\endif
SET client_encoding TO UTF8;
CREATE SCHEMA collate_tests;
SET search_path = collate_tests;
CREATE TABLE collate_test1 (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "en-x-icu" NOT NULL
);
\d collate_test1
        Table "collate_tests.collate_test1"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
 a      | integer |           |          | 
 b      | text    | en-x-icu  | not null | 

CREATE TABLE collate_test_fail (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "ja_JP.eucjp-x-icu"
);
ERROR:  collation "ja_JP.eucjp-x-icu" for encoding "UTF8" does not exist
LINE 3:     b text COLLATE "ja_JP.eucjp-x-icu"
                   ^
CREATE TABLE collate_test_fail (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "foo-x-icu"
);
ERROR:  collation "foo-x-icu" for encoding "UTF8" does not exist
LINE 3:     b text COLLATE "foo-x-icu"
                   ^
CREATE TABLE collate_test_fail (
    a int COLLATE "en-x-icu",
    b text
);
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
LINE 2:     a int COLLATE "en-x-icu",
                  ^
CREATE TABLE collate_test_like (
    LIKE collate_test1
);
\d collate_test_like
      Table "collate_tests.collate_test_like"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
 a      | integer |           |          | 
 b      | text    | en-x-icu  | not null | 

CREATE TABLE collate_test2 (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "sv-x-icu"
);
CREATE TABLE collate_test3 (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "C"
);
INSERT INTO collate_test1 VALUES (1, 'abc'), (2, 'äbc'), (3, 'bbc'), (4, 'ABC');
INSERT INTO collate_test2 SELECT * FROM collate_test1;
INSERT INTO collate_test3 SELECT * FROM collate_test1;
SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b >= 'bbc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 3 | bbc
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM collate_test2 WHERE b >= 'bbc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test3 WHERE b >= 'bbc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test3 WHERE b >= 'BBC';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b >= 'bbc' COLLATE "C";
 a |  b  
---+-----
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc' COLLATE "C";
 a |  b  
---+-----
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc' COLLATE "en-x-icu";
ERROR:  collation mismatch between explicit collations "C" and "en-x-icu"
LINE 1: ...* FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc' COLLATE "e...
                                                             ^
CREATE DOMAIN testdomain_sv AS text COLLATE "sv-x-icu";
CREATE DOMAIN testdomain_i AS int COLLATE "sv-x-icu"; -- fails
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
CREATE TABLE collate_test4 (
    a int,
    b testdomain_sv
);
INSERT INTO collate_test4 SELECT * FROM collate_test1;
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test4 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

CREATE TABLE collate_test5 (
    a int,
    b testdomain_sv COLLATE "en-x-icu"
);
INSERT INTO collate_test5 SELECT * FROM collate_test1;
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test5 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b COLLATE "C";
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

-- star expansion
SELECT * FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

-- constant expression folding
SELECT 'bbc' COLLATE "en-x-icu" > 'äbc' COLLATE "en-x-icu" AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'bbc' COLLATE "sv-x-icu" > 'äbc' COLLATE "sv-x-icu" AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- upper/lower
CREATE TABLE collate_test10 (
    a int,
    x text COLLATE "en-x-icu",
    y text COLLATE "tr-x-icu"
);
INSERT INTO collate_test10 VALUES (1, 'hij', 'hij'), (2, 'HIJ', 'HIJ');
SELECT a, lower(x), lower(y), upper(x), upper(y), initcap(x), initcap(y) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower | upper | upper | initcap | initcap 
---+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------
 1 | hij   | hij   | HIJ   | HİJ   | Hij     | Hij
 2 | hij   | hıj   | HIJ   | HIJ   | Hij     | Hıj
(2 rows)

SELECT a, lower(x COLLATE "C"), lower(y COLLATE "C") FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hij
(2 rows)

SELECT a, x, y FROM collate_test10 ORDER BY lower(y), a;
 a |  x  |  y  
---+-----+-----
 2 | HIJ | HIJ
 1 | hij | hij
(2 rows)

-- LIKE/ILIKE
SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b LIKE 'abc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b LIKE 'abc%';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b LIKE '%bc%';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ILIKE 'abc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ILIKE 'abc%';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ILIKE '%bc%';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
 4 | ABC
(4 rows)

SELECT 'Türkiye' COLLATE "en-x-icu" ILIKE '%KI%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'Türkiye' COLLATE "tr-x-icu" ILIKE '%KI%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'bıt' ILIKE 'BIT' COLLATE "en-x-icu" AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'bıt' ILIKE 'BIT' COLLATE "tr-x-icu" AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- The following actually exercises the selectivity estimation for ILIKE.
SELECT relname FROM pg_class WHERE relname ILIKE 'abc%';
 relname 
---------
(0 rows)

-- regular expressions
SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ~ '^abc$';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ~ '^abc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ~ 'bc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ~* '^abc$';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ~* '^abc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b ~* 'bc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
 4 | ABC
(4 rows)

CREATE TABLE collate_test6 (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "en-x-icu"
);
INSERT INTO collate_test6 VALUES (1, 'abc'), (2, 'ABC'), (3, '123'), (4, 'ab1'),
                                 (5, 'a1!'), (6, 'a c'), (7, '!.;'), (8, '   '),
                                 (9, 'äbç'), (10, 'ÄBÇ');
SELECT b,
       b ~ '^[[:alpha:]]+$' AS is_alpha,
       b ~ '^[[:upper:]]+$' AS is_upper,
       b ~ '^[[:lower:]]+$' AS is_lower,
       b ~ '^[[:digit:]]+$' AS is_digit,
       b ~ '^[[:alnum:]]+$' AS is_alnum,
       b ~ '^[[:graph:]]+$' AS is_graph,
       b ~ '^[[:print:]]+$' AS is_print,
       b ~ '^[[:punct:]]+$' AS is_punct,
       b ~ '^[[:space:]]+$' AS is_space
FROM collate_test6;
  b  | is_alpha | is_upper | is_lower | is_digit | is_alnum | is_graph | is_print | is_punct | is_space 
-----+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------
 abc | t        | f        | t        | f        | t        | t        | t        | f        | f
 ABC | t        | t        | f        | f        | t        | t        | t        | f        | f
 123 | f        | f        | f        | t        | t        | t        | t        | f        | f
 ab1 | f        | f        | f        | f        | t        | t        | t        | f        | f
 a1! | f        | f        | f        | f        | f        | t        | t        | f        | f
 a c | f        | f        | f        | f        | f        | f        | t        | f        | f
 !.; | f        | f        | f        | f        | f        | t        | t        | t        | f
     | f        | f        | f        | f        | f        | f        | t        | f        | t
 äbç | t        | f        | t        | f        | t        | t        | t        | f        | f
 ÄBÇ | t        | t        | f        | f        | t        | t        | t        | f        | f
(10 rows)

SELECT 'Türkiye' COLLATE "en-x-icu" ~* 'KI' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'Türkiye' COLLATE "tr-x-icu" ~* 'KI' AS "true";  -- true with ICU
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'bıt' ~* 'BIT' COLLATE "en-x-icu" AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'bıt' ~* 'BIT' COLLATE "tr-x-icu" AS "false";  -- false with ICU
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- The following actually exercises the selectivity estimation for ~*.
SELECT relname FROM pg_class WHERE relname ~* '^abc';
 relname 
---------
(0 rows)

/* not run by default because it requires tr_TR system locale
-- to_char

SET lc_time TO 'tr_TR';
SELECT to_char(date '2010-04-01', 'DD TMMON YYYY');
SELECT to_char(date '2010-04-01', 'DD TMMON YYYY' COLLATE "tr-x-icu");
*/
-- backwards parsing
CREATE VIEW collview1 AS SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc';
CREATE VIEW collview2 AS SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b COLLATE "C";
CREATE VIEW collview3 AS SELECT a, lower((x || x) COLLATE "C") FROM collate_test10;
SELECT table_name, view_definition FROM information_schema.views
  WHERE table_name LIKE 'collview%' ORDER BY 1;
 table_name |              view_definition               
------------+--------------------------------------------
 collview1  |  SELECT a,                                +
            |     b                                     +
            |    FROM collate_test1                     +
            |   WHERE ((b COLLATE "C") >= 'bbc'::text);
 collview2  |  SELECT a,                                +
            |     b                                     +
            |    FROM collate_test1                     +
            |   ORDER BY (b COLLATE "C");
 collview3  |  SELECT a,                                +
            |     lower(((x || x) COLLATE "C")) AS lower+
            |    FROM collate_test10;
(3 rows)

-- collation propagation in various expression types
SELECT a, coalesce(b, 'foo') FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a | coalesce 
---+----------
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, coalesce(b, 'foo') FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a | coalesce 
---+----------
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, coalesce(b, 'foo') FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2;
 a | coalesce 
---+----------
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, lower(coalesce(x, 'foo')), lower(coalesce(y, 'foo')) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hıj
(2 rows)

SELECT a, b, greatest(b, 'CCC') FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 3;
 a |  b  | greatest 
---+-----+----------
 1 | abc | CCC
 2 | äbc | CCC
 3 | bbc | CCC
 4 | ABC | CCC
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b, greatest(b, 'CCC') FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 3;
 a |  b  | greatest 
---+-----+----------
 1 | abc | CCC
 3 | bbc | CCC
 4 | ABC | CCC
 2 | äbc | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b, greatest(b, 'CCC') FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 3;
 a |  b  | greatest 
---+-----+----------
 4 | ABC | CCC
 1 | abc | abc
 3 | bbc | bbc
 2 | äbc | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, x, y, lower(greatest(x, 'foo')), lower(greatest(y, 'foo')) FROM collate_test10;
 a |  x  |  y  | lower | lower 
---+-----+-----+-------+-------
 1 | hij | hij | hij   | hij
 2 | HIJ | HIJ | hij   | hıj
(2 rows)

SELECT a, nullif(b, 'abc') FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a | nullif 
---+--------
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
 1 | 
(4 rows)

SELECT a, nullif(b, 'abc') FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a | nullif 
---+--------
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
 1 | 
(4 rows)

SELECT a, nullif(b, 'abc') FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2;
 a | nullif 
---+--------
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
 1 | 
(4 rows)

SELECT a, lower(nullif(x, 'foo')), lower(nullif(y, 'foo')) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hıj
(2 rows)

SELECT a, CASE b WHEN 'abc' THEN 'abcd' ELSE b END FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b   
---+------
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 1 | abcd
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, CASE b WHEN 'abc' THEN 'abcd' ELSE b END FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b   
---+------
 4 | ABC
 1 | abcd
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, CASE b WHEN 'abc' THEN 'abcd' ELSE b END FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b   
---+------
 4 | ABC
 1 | abcd
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

CREATE DOMAIN testdomain AS text;
SELECT a, b::testdomain FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b::testdomain FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b::testdomain FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b::testdomain_sv FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, lower(x::testdomain), lower(y::testdomain) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hıj
(2 rows)

SELECT min(b), max(b) FROM collate_test1;
 min | max 
-----+-----
 abc | bbc
(1 row)

SELECT min(b), max(b) FROM collate_test2;
 min | max 
-----+-----
 abc | äbc
(1 row)

SELECT min(b), max(b) FROM collate_test3;
 min | max 
-----+-----
 ABC | äbc
(1 row)

SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test1;
     array_agg     
-------------------
 {abc,ABC,äbc,bbc}
(1 row)

SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test2;
     array_agg     
-------------------
 {abc,ABC,bbc,äbc}
(1 row)

SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test3;
     array_agg     
-------------------
 {ABC,abc,bbc,äbc}
(1 row)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
 3 | bbc
(8 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 WHERE a < 4 INTERSECT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 WHERE a > 1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(2 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 EXCEPT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 WHERE a < 2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(3 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  could not determine which collation to use for string comparison
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3; -- ok
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
 4 | ABC
(8 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "en-x-icu" and "C"
LINE 1: SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collat...
                                                       ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
SELECT a, b COLLATE "C" FROM collate_test1 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2; -- ok
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 INTERSECT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "en-x-icu" and "C"
LINE 1: ...ELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 INTERSECT SELECT a, b FROM col...
                                                             ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 EXCEPT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "en-x-icu" and "C"
LINE 1: SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 EXCEPT SELECT a, b FROM colla...
                                                        ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
CREATE TABLE test_u AS SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test3; -- fail
ERROR:  no collation was derived for column "b" with collatable type text
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.
-- ideally this would be a parse-time error, but for now it must be run-time:
select x < y from collate_test10; -- fail
ERROR:  could not determine which collation to use for string comparison
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.
select x || y from collate_test10; -- ok, because || is not collation aware
 ?column? 
----------
 hijhij
 HIJHIJ
(2 rows)

select x, y from collate_test10 order by x || y; -- not so ok
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "en-x-icu" and "tr-x-icu"
LINE 1: select x, y from collate_test10 order by x || y;
                                                      ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
-- collation mismatch between recursive and non-recursive term
WITH RECURSIVE foo(x) AS
   (SELECT x FROM (VALUES('a' COLLATE "en-x-icu"),('b')) t(x)
   UNION ALL
   SELECT (x || 'c') COLLATE "de-x-icu" FROM foo WHERE length(x) < 10)
SELECT * FROM foo;
ERROR:  recursive query "foo" column 1 has collation "en-x-icu" in non-recursive term but collation "de-x-icu" overall
LINE 2:    (SELECT x FROM (VALUES('a' COLLATE "en-x-icu"),('b')) t(x...
                   ^
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term.
-- casting
SELECT CAST('42' AS text COLLATE "C");
ERROR:  syntax error at or near "COLLATE"
LINE 1: SELECT CAST('42' AS text COLLATE "C");
                                 ^
SELECT a, CAST(b AS varchar) FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, CAST(b AS varchar) FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, CAST(b AS varchar) FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

-- propagation of collation in SQL functions (inlined and non-inlined cases)
-- and plpgsql functions too
CREATE FUNCTION mylt (text, text) RETURNS boolean LANGUAGE sql
    AS $$ select $1 < $2 $$;
CREATE FUNCTION mylt_noninline (text, text) RETURNS boolean LANGUAGE sql
    AS $$ select $1 < $2 limit 1 $$;
CREATE FUNCTION mylt_plpgsql (text, text) RETURNS boolean LANGUAGE plpgsql
    AS $$ begin return $1 < $2; end $$;
SELECT a.b AS a, b.b AS b, a.b < b.b AS lt,
       mylt(a.b, b.b), mylt_noninline(a.b, b.b), mylt_plpgsql(a.b, b.b)
FROM collate_test1 a, collate_test1 b
ORDER BY a.b, b.b;
  a  |  b  | lt | mylt | mylt_noninline | mylt_plpgsql 
-----+-----+----+------+----------------+--------------
 abc | abc | f  | f    | f              | f
 abc | ABC | t  | t    | t              | t
 abc | äbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 abc | bbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 ABC | abc | f  | f    | f              | f
 ABC | ABC | f  | f    | f              | f
 ABC | äbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 ABC | bbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 äbc | abc | f  | f    | f              | f
 äbc | ABC | f  | f    | f              | f
 äbc | äbc | f  | f    | f              | f
 äbc | bbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 bbc | abc | f  | f    | f              | f
 bbc | ABC | f  | f    | f              | f
 bbc | äbc | f  | f    | f              | f
 bbc | bbc | f  | f    | f              | f
(16 rows)

SELECT a.b AS a, b.b AS b, a.b < b.b COLLATE "C" AS lt,
       mylt(a.b, b.b COLLATE "C"), mylt_noninline(a.b, b.b COLLATE "C"),
       mylt_plpgsql(a.b, b.b COLLATE "C")
FROM collate_test1 a, collate_test1 b
ORDER BY a.b, b.b;
  a  |  b  | lt | mylt | mylt_noninline | mylt_plpgsql 
-----+-----+----+------+----------------+--------------
 abc | abc | f  | f    | f              | f
 abc | ABC | f  | f    | f              | f
 abc | äbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 abc | bbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 ABC | abc | t  | t    | t              | t
 ABC | ABC | f  | f    | f              | f
 ABC | äbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 ABC | bbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 äbc | abc | f  | f    | f              | f
 äbc | ABC | f  | f    | f              | f
 äbc | äbc | f  | f    | f              | f
 äbc | bbc | f  | f    | f              | f
 bbc | abc | f  | f    | f              | f
 bbc | ABC | f  | f    | f              | f
 bbc | äbc | t  | t    | t              | t
 bbc | bbc | f  | f    | f              | f
(16 rows)

-- collation override in plpgsql
CREATE FUNCTION mylt2 (x text, y text) RETURNS boolean LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
declare
  xx text := x;
  yy text := y;
begin
  return xx < yy;
end
$$;
SELECT mylt2('a', 'B' collate "en-x-icu") as t, mylt2('a', 'B' collate "C") as f;
 t | f 
---+---
 t | f
(1 row)

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION
  mylt2 (x text, y text) RETURNS boolean LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
declare
  xx text COLLATE "POSIX" := x;
  yy text := y;
begin
  return xx < yy;
end
$$;
SELECT mylt2('a', 'B') as f;
 f 
---
 f
(1 row)

SELECT mylt2('a', 'B' collate "C") as fail; -- conflicting collations
ERROR:  could not determine which collation to use for string comparison
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.
CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function mylt2(text,text) line 6 at RETURN
SELECT mylt2('a', 'B' collate "POSIX") as f;
 f 
---
 f
(1 row)

-- polymorphism
SELECT * FROM unnest((SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test1)) ORDER BY 1;
 unnest 
--------
 abc
 ABC
 äbc
 bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM unnest((SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test2)) ORDER BY 1;
 unnest 
--------
 abc
 ABC
 bbc
 äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM unnest((SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test3)) ORDER BY 1;
 unnest 
--------
 ABC
 abc
 bbc
 äbc
(4 rows)

CREATE FUNCTION dup (anyelement) RETURNS anyelement
    AS 'select $1' LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT a, dup(b) FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a | dup 
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, dup(b) FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a | dup 
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, dup(b) FROM collate_test3 ORDER BY 2;
 a | dup 
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

-- indexes
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx1 ON collate_test1 (b);
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx2 ON collate_test1 (b COLLATE "C");
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx3 ON collate_test1 ((b COLLATE "C")); -- this is different grammatically
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx4 ON collate_test1 (((b||'foo') COLLATE "POSIX"));
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx5 ON collate_test1 (a COLLATE "C"); -- fail
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx6 ON collate_test1 ((a COLLATE "C")); -- fail
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
LINE 1: ...ATE INDEX collate_test1_idx6 ON collate_test1 ((a COLLATE "C...
                                                             ^
SELECT relname, pg_get_indexdef(oid) FROM pg_class WHERE relname LIKE 'collate_test%_idx%' ORDER BY 1;
      relname       |                                                  pg_get_indexdef                                                  
--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 collate_test1_idx1 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx1 ON collate_tests.collate_test1 USING btree (b)
 collate_test1_idx2 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx2 ON collate_tests.collate_test1 USING btree (b COLLATE "C")
 collate_test1_idx3 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx3 ON collate_tests.collate_test1 USING btree (b COLLATE "C")
 collate_test1_idx4 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx4 ON collate_tests.collate_test1 USING btree (((b || 'foo'::text)) COLLATE "POSIX")
(4 rows)

set enable_seqscan = off;
explain (costs off)
select * from collate_test1 where b ilike 'abc';
          QUERY PLAN           
-------------------------------
 Seq Scan on collate_test1
   Filter: (b ~~* 'abc'::text)
(2 rows)

select * from collate_test1 where b ilike 'abc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
(2 rows)

explain (costs off)
select * from collate_test1 where b ilike 'ABC';
          QUERY PLAN           
-------------------------------
 Seq Scan on collate_test1
   Filter: (b ~~* 'ABC'::text)
(2 rows)

select * from collate_test1 where b ilike 'ABC';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
(2 rows)

reset enable_seqscan;
-- schema manipulation commands
CREATE ROLE regress_test_role;
CREATE SCHEMA test_schema;
-- We need to do this this way to cope with varying names for encodings:
SET client_min_messages TO WARNING;
SET icu_validation_level = disabled;
do $$
BEGIN
  EXECUTE 'CREATE COLLATION test0 (provider = icu, locale = ' ||
          quote_literal(current_setting('lc_collate')) || ');';
END
$$;
CREATE COLLATION test0 FROM "C"; -- fail, duplicate name
ERROR:  collation "test0" already exists
do $$
BEGIN
  EXECUTE 'CREATE COLLATION test1 (provider = icu, locale = ' ||
          quote_literal(current_setting('lc_collate')) || ');';
END
$$;
RESET icu_validation_level;
RESET client_min_messages;
CREATE COLLATION test3 (provider = icu, lc_collate = 'en_US.utf8'); -- fail, needs "locale"
ERROR:  parameter "locale" must be specified
CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'nonsense-nowhere'); -- fails
ERROR:  ICU locale "nonsense-nowhere" has unknown language "nonsense"
HINT:  To disable ICU locale validation, set parameter icu_validation_level to DISABLED.
CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'C'); -- fails
ERROR:  could not convert locale name "C" to language tag: U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes'); -- fails
ERROR:  could not convert locale name "@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes" to language tag: U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
SET icu_validation_level = WARNING;
CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes'); DROP COLLATION testx;
WARNING:  could not convert locale name "@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes" to language tag: U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'C'); DROP COLLATION testx;
WARNING:  could not convert locale name "C" to language tag: U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
WARNING:  ICU locale "C" has unknown language "c"
HINT:  To disable ICU locale validation, set parameter icu_validation_level to DISABLED.
CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'nonsense-nowhere'); DROP COLLATION testx;
WARNING:  ICU locale "nonsense-nowhere" has unknown language "nonsense"
HINT:  To disable ICU locale validation, set parameter icu_validation_level to DISABLED.
RESET icu_validation_level;
CREATE COLLATION test4 FROM nonsense;
ERROR:  collation "nonsense" for encoding "UTF8" does not exist
CREATE COLLATION test5 FROM test0;
SELECT collname FROM pg_collation WHERE collname LIKE 'test%' ORDER BY 1;
 collname 
----------
 test0
 test1
 test5
(3 rows)

ALTER COLLATION test1 RENAME TO test11;
ALTER COLLATION test0 RENAME TO test11; -- fail
ERROR:  collation "test11" already exists in schema "collate_tests"
ALTER COLLATION test1 RENAME TO test22; -- fail
ERROR:  collation "test1" for encoding "UTF8" does not exist
ALTER COLLATION test11 OWNER TO regress_test_role;
ALTER COLLATION test11 OWNER TO nonsense;
ERROR:  role "nonsense" does not exist
ALTER COLLATION test11 SET SCHEMA test_schema;
COMMENT ON COLLATION test0 IS 'US English';
SELECT collname, nspname, obj_description(pg_collation.oid, 'pg_collation')
    FROM pg_collation JOIN pg_namespace ON (collnamespace = pg_namespace.oid)
    WHERE collname LIKE 'test%'
    ORDER BY 1;
 collname |    nspname    | obj_description 
----------+---------------+-----------------
 test0    | collate_tests | US English
 test11   | test_schema   | 
 test5    | collate_tests | 
(3 rows)

DROP COLLATION test0, test_schema.test11, test5;
DROP COLLATION test0; -- fail
ERROR:  collation "test0" for encoding "UTF8" does not exist
DROP COLLATION IF EXISTS test0;
NOTICE:  collation "test0" does not exist, skipping
SELECT collname FROM pg_collation WHERE collname LIKE 'test%';
 collname 
----------
(0 rows)

DROP SCHEMA test_schema;
DROP ROLE regress_test_role;
-- ALTER
ALTER COLLATION "en-x-icu" REFRESH VERSION;
NOTICE:  version has not changed
-- also test for database while we are here
SELECT current_database() AS datname \gset
ALTER DATABASE :"datname" REFRESH COLLATION VERSION;
NOTICE:  version has not changed
-- dependencies
CREATE COLLATION test0 FROM "C";
CREATE TABLE collate_dep_test1 (a int, b text COLLATE test0);
CREATE DOMAIN collate_dep_dom1 AS text COLLATE test0;
CREATE TYPE collate_dep_test2 AS (x int, y text COLLATE test0);
CREATE VIEW collate_dep_test3 AS SELECT text 'foo' COLLATE test0 AS foo;
CREATE TABLE collate_dep_test4t (a int, b text);
CREATE INDEX collate_dep_test4i ON collate_dep_test4t (b COLLATE test0);
DROP COLLATION test0 RESTRICT; -- fail
ERROR:  cannot drop collation test0 because other objects depend on it
DETAIL:  column b of table collate_dep_test1 depends on collation test0
type collate_dep_dom1 depends on collation test0
column y of composite type collate_dep_test2 depends on collation test0
view collate_dep_test3 depends on collation test0
index collate_dep_test4i depends on collation test0
HINT:  Use DROP ... CASCADE to drop the dependent objects too.
DROP COLLATION test0 CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 5 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to column b of table collate_dep_test1
drop cascades to type collate_dep_dom1
drop cascades to column y of composite type collate_dep_test2
drop cascades to view collate_dep_test3
drop cascades to index collate_dep_test4i
\d collate_dep_test1
      Table "collate_tests.collate_dep_test1"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
 a      | integer |           |          | 

\d collate_dep_test2
 Composite type "collate_tests.collate_dep_test2"
 Column |  Type   | Collation | Nullable | Default 
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
 x      | integer |           |          | 

DROP TABLE collate_dep_test1, collate_dep_test4t;
DROP TYPE collate_dep_test2;
-- test range types and collations
create type textrange_c as range(subtype=text, collation="C");
create type textrange_en_us as range(subtype=text, collation="en-x-icu");
select textrange_c('A','Z') @> 'b'::text;
 ?column? 
----------
 f
(1 row)

select textrange_en_us('A','Z') @> 'b'::text;
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

drop type textrange_c;
drop type textrange_en_us;
-- standard collations
SELECT * FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b COLLATE UCS_BASIC;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABC
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 2 | äbc
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b COLLATE UNICODE;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 4 | ABC
 2 | äbc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

-- test ICU collation customization
-- test the attributes handled by icu_set_collation_attributes()
SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
CREATE COLLATION testcoll_ignore_accents (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;colCaseLevel=yes');
RESET client_min_messages;
SELECT 'aaá' > 'AAA' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'aaá' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_ignore_accents;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | t
(1 row)

SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
CREATE COLLATION testcoll_backwards (provider = icu, locale = '@colBackwards=yes');
RESET client_min_messages;
SELECT 'coté' < 'côte' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'coté' > 'côte' COLLATE testcoll_backwards;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | t
(1 row)

CREATE COLLATION testcoll_lower_first (provider = icu, locale = '@colCaseFirst=lower');
NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-lower" for locale "@colCaseFirst=lower"
CREATE COLLATION testcoll_upper_first (provider = icu, locale = '@colCaseFirst=upper');
NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-upper" for locale "@colCaseFirst=upper"
SELECT 'aaa' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_lower_first, 'aaa' > 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_upper_first;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | t
(1 row)

CREATE COLLATION testcoll_shifted (provider = icu, locale = '@colAlternate=shifted');
NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ka-shifted" for locale "@colAlternate=shifted"
SELECT 'de-luge' < 'deanza' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'de-luge' > 'deanza' COLLATE testcoll_shifted;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | t
(1 row)

SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
CREATE COLLATION testcoll_numeric (provider = icu, locale = '@colNumeric=yes');
RESET client_min_messages;
SELECT 'A-21' > 'A-123' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'A-21' < 'A-123' COLLATE testcoll_numeric;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | t
(1 row)

CREATE COLLATION testcoll_error1 (provider = icu, locale = '@colNumeric=lower');
NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kn-lower" for locale "@colNumeric=lower"
ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "und-u-kn-lower": U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
-- test that attributes not handled by icu_set_collation_attributes()
-- (handled by ucol_open() directly) also work
CREATE COLLATION testcoll_de_phonebook (provider = icu, locale = 'de@collation=phonebook');
NOTICE:  using standard form "de-u-co-phonebk" for locale "de@collation=phonebook"
SELECT 'Goldmann' < 'Götz' COLLATE "de-x-icu", 'Goldmann' > 'Götz' COLLATE testcoll_de_phonebook;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | t
(1 row)

-- rules
CREATE COLLATION testcoll_rules1 (provider = icu, locale = '', rules = '&a < g');
NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
CREATE TABLE test7 (a text);
-- example from https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/collation/customization/#syntax
INSERT INTO test7 VALUES ('Abernathy'), ('apple'), ('bird'), ('Boston'), ('Graham'), ('green');
SELECT * FROM test7 ORDER BY a COLLATE "en-x-icu";
     a     
-----------
 Abernathy
 apple
 bird
 Boston
 Graham
 green
(6 rows)

SELECT * FROM test7 ORDER BY a COLLATE testcoll_rules1;
     a     
-----------
 Abernathy
 apple
 green
 bird
 Boston
 Graham
(6 rows)

DROP TABLE test7;
CREATE COLLATION testcoll_rulesx (provider = icu, locale = '', rules = '!!wrong!!');
NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "und" with rules "!!wrong!!": U_INVALID_FORMAT_ERROR
-- nondeterministic collations
CREATE COLLATION ctest_det (provider = icu, locale = '', deterministic = true);
NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
CREATE COLLATION ctest_nondet (provider = icu, locale = '', deterministic = false);
NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
CREATE TABLE test6 (a int, b text);
-- same string in different normal forms
INSERT INTO test6 VALUES (1, U&'\00E4bc');
INSERT INTO test6 VALUES (2, U&'\0061\0308bc');
SELECT * FROM test6;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | äbc
 2 | äbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM test6 WHERE b = 'äbc' COLLATE ctest_det;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | äbc
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM test6 WHERE b = 'äbc' COLLATE ctest_nondet;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | äbc
 2 | äbc
(2 rows)

-- same with arrays
CREATE TABLE test6a (a int, b text[]);
INSERT INTO test6a VALUES (1, ARRAY[U&'\00E4bc']);
INSERT INTO test6a VALUES (2, ARRAY[U&'\0061\0308bc']);
SELECT * FROM test6a;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 1 | {äbc}
 2 | {äbc}
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM test6a WHERE b = ARRAY['äbc'] COLLATE ctest_det;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 1 | {äbc}
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM test6a WHERE b = ARRAY['äbc'] COLLATE ctest_nondet;
 a |   b   
---+-------
 1 | {äbc}
 2 | {äbc}
(2 rows)

CREATE COLLATION case_sensitive (provider = icu, locale = '');
NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
CREATE COLLATION case_insensitive (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=secondary', deterministic = false);
NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ks-level2" for locale "@colStrength=secondary"
SELECT 'abc' <= 'ABC' COLLATE case_sensitive, 'abc' >= 'ABC' COLLATE case_sensitive;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'abc' <= 'ABC' COLLATE case_insensitive, 'abc' >= 'ABC' COLLATE case_insensitive;
 ?column? | ?column? 
----------+----------
 t        | t
(1 row)

-- test language tags
CREATE COLLATION lt_insensitive (provider = icu, locale = 'en-u-ks-level1', deterministic = false);
SELECT 'aBcD' COLLATE lt_insensitive = 'AbCd' COLLATE lt_insensitive;
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

CREATE COLLATION lt_upperfirst (provider = icu, locale = 'und-u-kf-upper');
SELECT 'Z' COLLATE lt_upperfirst < 'z' COLLATE lt_upperfirst;
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

CREATE TABLE test1cs (x text COLLATE case_sensitive);
CREATE TABLE test2cs (x text COLLATE case_sensitive);
CREATE TABLE test3cs (x text COLLATE case_sensitive);
INSERT INTO test1cs VALUES ('abc'), ('def'), ('ghi');
INSERT INTO test2cs VALUES ('ABC'), ('ghi');
INSERT INTO test3cs VALUES ('abc'), ('ABC'), ('def'), ('ghi');
SELECT x FROM test3cs WHERE x = 'abc';
  x  
-----
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test3cs WHERE x <> 'abc';
  x  
-----
 ABC
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT x FROM test3cs WHERE x LIKE 'a%';
  x  
-----
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test3cs WHERE x ILIKE 'a%';
  x  
-----
 abc
 ABC
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test3cs WHERE x SIMILAR TO 'a%';
  x  
-----
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test3cs WHERE x ~ 'a';
  x  
-----
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test1cs UNION SELECT x FROM test2cs ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 ABC
 def
 ghi
(4 rows)

SELECT x FROM test2cs UNION SELECT x FROM test1cs ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 ABC
 def
 ghi
(4 rows)

SELECT x FROM test1cs INTERSECT SELECT x FROM test2cs;
  x  
-----
 ghi
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test2cs INTERSECT SELECT x FROM test1cs;
  x  
-----
 ghi
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test1cs EXCEPT SELECT x FROM test2cs;
  x  
-----
 abc
 def
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test2cs EXCEPT SELECT x FROM test1cs;
  x  
-----
 ABC
(1 row)

SELECT DISTINCT x FROM test3cs ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 ABC
 def
 ghi
(4 rows)

SELECT count(DISTINCT x) FROM test3cs;
 count 
-------
     4
(1 row)

SELECT x, count(*) FROM test3cs GROUP BY x ORDER BY x;
  x  | count 
-----+-------
 abc |     1
 ABC |     1
 def |     1
 ghi |     1
(4 rows)

SELECT x, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY x), rank() OVER (ORDER BY x) FROM test3cs ORDER BY x;
  x  | row_number | rank 
-----+------------+------
 abc |          1 |    1
 ABC |          2 |    2
 def |          3 |    3
 ghi |          4 |    4
(4 rows)

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON test1cs (x);  -- ok
INSERT INTO test1cs VALUES ('ABC');  -- ok
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON test3cs (x);  -- ok
SELECT string_to_array('ABC,DEF,GHI' COLLATE case_sensitive, ',', 'abc');
 string_to_array 
-----------------
 {ABC,DEF,GHI}
(1 row)

SELECT string_to_array('ABCDEFGHI' COLLATE case_sensitive, NULL, 'b');
   string_to_array   
---------------------
 {A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I}
(1 row)

CREATE TABLE test1ci (x text COLLATE case_insensitive);
CREATE TABLE test2ci (x text COLLATE case_insensitive);
CREATE TABLE test3ci (x text COLLATE case_insensitive);
CREATE INDEX ON test3ci (x text_pattern_ops);  -- error
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for operator class "text_pattern_ops"
INSERT INTO test1ci VALUES ('abc'), ('def'), ('ghi');
INSERT INTO test2ci VALUES ('ABC'), ('ghi');
INSERT INTO test3ci VALUES ('abc'), ('ABC'), ('def'), ('ghi');
SELECT x FROM test3ci WHERE x = 'abc';
  x  
-----
 abc
 ABC
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test3ci WHERE x <> 'abc';
  x  
-----
 def
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test3ci WHERE x LIKE 'a%';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for LIKE
SELECT x FROM test3ci WHERE x ILIKE 'a%';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for ILIKE
SELECT x FROM test3ci WHERE x SIMILAR TO 'a%';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for regular expressions
SELECT x FROM test3ci WHERE x ~ 'a';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for regular expressions
SELECT x FROM test1ci UNION SELECT x FROM test2ci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT x FROM test2ci UNION SELECT x FROM test1ci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 ABC
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT x FROM test1ci INTERSECT SELECT x FROM test2ci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test2ci INTERSECT SELECT x FROM test1ci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 ABC
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test1ci EXCEPT SELECT x FROM test2ci;
  x  
-----
 def
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test2ci EXCEPT SELECT x FROM test1ci;
 x 
---
(0 rows)

SELECT DISTINCT x FROM test3ci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT count(DISTINCT x) FROM test3ci;
 count 
-------
     3
(1 row)

SELECT x, count(*) FROM test3ci GROUP BY x ORDER BY x;
  x  | count 
-----+-------
 abc |     2
 def |     1
 ghi |     1
(3 rows)

SELECT x, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY x), rank() OVER (ORDER BY x) FROM test3ci ORDER BY x;
  x  | row_number | rank 
-----+------------+------
 abc |          1 |    1
 ABC |          2 |    1
 def |          3 |    3
 ghi |          4 |    4
(4 rows)

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON test1ci (x);  -- ok
INSERT INTO test1ci VALUES ('ABC');  -- error
ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "test1ci_x_idx"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(ABC) already exists.
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON test3ci (x);  -- error
ERROR:  could not create unique index "test3ci_x_idx"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(abc) is duplicated.
SELECT string_to_array('ABC,DEF,GHI' COLLATE case_insensitive, ',', 'abc');
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for substring searches
SELECT string_to_array('ABCDEFGHI' COLLATE case_insensitive, NULL, 'b');
    string_to_array     
------------------------
 {A,NULL,C,D,E,F,G,H,I}
(1 row)

-- bpchar
CREATE TABLE test1bpci (x char(3) COLLATE case_insensitive);
CREATE TABLE test2bpci (x char(3) COLLATE case_insensitive);
CREATE TABLE test3bpci (x char(3) COLLATE case_insensitive);
CREATE INDEX ON test3bpci (x bpchar_pattern_ops);  -- error
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for operator class "bpchar_pattern_ops"
INSERT INTO test1bpci VALUES ('abc'), ('def'), ('ghi');
INSERT INTO test2bpci VALUES ('ABC'), ('ghi');
INSERT INTO test3bpci VALUES ('abc'), ('ABC'), ('def'), ('ghi');
SELECT x FROM test3bpci WHERE x = 'abc';
  x  
-----
 abc
 ABC
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test3bpci WHERE x <> 'abc';
  x  
-----
 def
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test3bpci WHERE x LIKE 'a%';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for LIKE
SELECT x FROM test3bpci WHERE x ILIKE 'a%';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for ILIKE
SELECT x FROM test3bpci WHERE x SIMILAR TO 'a%';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for regular expressions
SELECT x FROM test3bpci WHERE x ~ 'a';
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for regular expressions
SELECT x FROM test1bpci UNION SELECT x FROM test2bpci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT x FROM test2bpci UNION SELECT x FROM test1bpci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 ABC
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT x FROM test1bpci INTERSECT SELECT x FROM test2bpci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test2bpci INTERSECT SELECT x FROM test1bpci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 ABC
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT x FROM test1bpci EXCEPT SELECT x FROM test2bpci;
  x  
-----
 def
(1 row)

SELECT x FROM test2bpci EXCEPT SELECT x FROM test1bpci;
 x 
---
(0 rows)

SELECT DISTINCT x FROM test3bpci ORDER BY x;
  x  
-----
 abc
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT count(DISTINCT x) FROM test3bpci;
 count 
-------
     3
(1 row)

SELECT x, count(*) FROM test3bpci GROUP BY x ORDER BY x;
  x  | count 
-----+-------
 abc |     2
 def |     1
 ghi |     1
(3 rows)

SELECT x, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY x), rank() OVER (ORDER BY x) FROM test3bpci ORDER BY x;
  x  | row_number | rank 
-----+------------+------
 abc |          1 |    1
 ABC |          2 |    1
 def |          3 |    3
 ghi |          4 |    4
(4 rows)

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON test1bpci (x);  -- ok
INSERT INTO test1bpci VALUES ('ABC');  -- error
ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "test1bpci_x_idx"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(ABC) already exists.
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON test3bpci (x);  -- error
ERROR:  could not create unique index "test3bpci_x_idx"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(abc) is duplicated.
SELECT string_to_array('ABC,DEF,GHI'::char(11) COLLATE case_insensitive, ',', 'abc');
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for substring searches
SELECT string_to_array('ABCDEFGHI'::char(9) COLLATE case_insensitive, NULL, 'b');
    string_to_array     
------------------------
 {A,NULL,C,D,E,F,G,H,I}
(1 row)

-- This tests the issue described in match_pattern_prefix().  In the
-- absence of that check, the case_insensitive tests below would
-- return no rows where they should logically return one.
CREATE TABLE test4c (x text COLLATE "C");
INSERT INTO test4c VALUES ('abc');
CREATE INDEX ON test4c (x);
SET enable_seqscan = off;
SELECT x FROM test4c WHERE x LIKE 'ABC' COLLATE case_sensitive;  -- ok, no rows
 x 
---
(0 rows)

SELECT x FROM test4c WHERE x LIKE 'ABC%' COLLATE case_sensitive;  -- ok, no rows
 x 
---
(0 rows)

SELECT x FROM test4c WHERE x LIKE 'ABC' COLLATE case_insensitive;  -- error
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for LIKE
SELECT x FROM test4c WHERE x LIKE 'ABC%' COLLATE case_insensitive;  -- error
ERROR:  nondeterministic collations are not supported for LIKE
RESET enable_seqscan;
-- Unicode special case: different variants of Greek lower case sigma.
-- A naive implementation like citext that just does lower(x) =
-- lower(y) will do the wrong thing here, because lower('Σ') is 'σ'
-- but upper('ς') is 'Σ'.
SELECT 'ὀδυσσεύς' = 'ὈΔΥΣΣΕΎΣ' COLLATE case_sensitive;
 ?column? 
----------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'ὀδυσσεύς' = 'ὈΔΥΣΣΕΎΣ' COLLATE case_insensitive;
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

-- name vs. text comparison operators
SELECT relname FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'PG_CLASS'::text COLLATE case_insensitive;
 relname  
----------
 pg_class
(1 row)

SELECT relname FROM pg_class WHERE 'PG_CLASS'::text = relname COLLATE case_insensitive;
 relname  
----------
 pg_class
(1 row)

SELECT typname FROM pg_type WHERE typname LIKE 'int_' AND typname <> 'INT2'::text
  COLLATE case_insensitive ORDER BY typname;
 typname 
---------
 int4
 int8
(2 rows)

SELECT typname FROM pg_type WHERE typname LIKE 'int_' AND 'INT2'::text <> typname
  COLLATE case_insensitive ORDER BY typname;
 typname 
---------
 int4
 int8
(2 rows)

-- test case adapted from subselect.sql
CREATE TEMP TABLE outer_text (f1 text COLLATE case_insensitive, f2 text);
INSERT INTO outer_text VALUES ('a', 'a');
INSERT INTO outer_text VALUES ('b', 'a');
INSERT INTO outer_text VALUES ('A', NULL);
INSERT INTO outer_text VALUES ('B', NULL);
CREATE TEMP TABLE inner_text (c1 text COLLATE case_insensitive, c2 text);
INSERT INTO inner_text VALUES ('a', NULL);
SELECT * FROM outer_text WHERE (f1, f2) NOT IN (SELECT * FROM inner_text);
 f1 | f2 
----+----
 b  | a
 B  | 
(2 rows)

-- accents
SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
CREATE COLLATION ignore_accents (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;colCaseLevel=yes', deterministic = false);
RESET client_min_messages;
CREATE TABLE test4 (a int, b text);
INSERT INTO test4 VALUES (1, 'cote'), (2, 'côte'), (3, 'coté'), (4, 'côté');
SELECT * FROM test4 WHERE b = 'cote';
 a |  b   
---+------
 1 | cote
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM test4 WHERE b = 'cote' COLLATE ignore_accents;
 a |  b   
---+------
 1 | cote
 2 | côte
 3 | coté
 4 | côté
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM test4 WHERE b = 'Cote' COLLATE ignore_accents;  -- still case-sensitive
 a | b 
---+---
(0 rows)

SELECT * FROM test4 WHERE b = 'Cote' COLLATE case_insensitive;
 a |  b   
---+------
 1 | cote
(1 row)

-- foreign keys (should use collation of primary key)
-- PK is case-sensitive, FK is case-insensitive
CREATE TABLE test10pk (x text COLLATE case_sensitive PRIMARY KEY);
INSERT INTO test10pk VALUES ('abc'), ('def'), ('ghi');
CREATE TABLE test10fk (x text COLLATE case_insensitive REFERENCES test10pk (x) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE);
INSERT INTO test10fk VALUES ('abc');  -- ok
INSERT INTO test10fk VALUES ('ABC');  -- error
ERROR:  insert or update on table "test10fk" violates foreign key constraint "test10fk_x_fkey"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(ABC) is not present in table "test10pk".
INSERT INTO test10fk VALUES ('xyz');  -- error
ERROR:  insert or update on table "test10fk" violates foreign key constraint "test10fk_x_fkey"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(xyz) is not present in table "test10pk".
SELECT * FROM test10pk;
  x  
-----
 abc
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM test10fk;
  x  
-----
 abc
(1 row)

-- restrict update even though the values are "equal" in the FK table
UPDATE test10fk SET x = 'ABC' WHERE x = 'abc';  -- error
ERROR:  insert or update on table "test10fk" violates foreign key constraint "test10fk_x_fkey"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(ABC) is not present in table "test10pk".
SELECT * FROM test10fk;
  x  
-----
 abc
(1 row)

DELETE FROM test10pk WHERE x = 'abc';
SELECT * FROM test10pk;
  x  
-----
 def
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM test10fk;
 x 
---
(0 rows)

-- PK is case-insensitive, FK is case-sensitive
CREATE TABLE test11pk (x text COLLATE case_insensitive PRIMARY KEY);
INSERT INTO test11pk VALUES ('abc'), ('def'), ('ghi');
CREATE TABLE test11fk (x text COLLATE case_sensitive REFERENCES test11pk (x) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE);
INSERT INTO test11fk VALUES ('abc');  -- ok
INSERT INTO test11fk VALUES ('ABC');  -- ok
INSERT INTO test11fk VALUES ('xyz');  -- error
ERROR:  insert or update on table "test11fk" violates foreign key constraint "test11fk_x_fkey"
DETAIL:  Key (x)=(xyz) is not present in table "test11pk".
SELECT * FROM test11pk;
  x  
-----
 abc
 def
 ghi
(3 rows)

SELECT * FROM test11fk;
  x  
-----
 abc
 ABC
(2 rows)

-- cascade update even though the values are "equal" in the PK table
UPDATE test11pk SET x = 'ABC' WHERE x = 'abc';
SELECT * FROM test11fk;
  x  
-----
 ABC
 ABC
(2 rows)

DELETE FROM test11pk WHERE x = 'abc';
SELECT * FROM test11pk;
  x  
-----
 def
 ghi
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM test11fk;
 x 
---
(0 rows)

-- partitioning
CREATE TABLE test20 (a int, b text COLLATE case_insensitive) PARTITION BY LIST (b);
CREATE TABLE test20_1 PARTITION OF test20 FOR VALUES IN ('abc');
INSERT INTO test20 VALUES (1, 'abc');
INSERT INTO test20 VALUES (2, 'ABC');
SELECT * FROM test20_1;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | ABC
(2 rows)

CREATE TABLE test21 (a int, b text COLLATE case_insensitive) PARTITION BY RANGE (b);
CREATE TABLE test21_1 PARTITION OF test21 FOR VALUES FROM ('ABC') TO ('DEF');
INSERT INTO test21 VALUES (1, 'abc');
INSERT INTO test21 VALUES (2, 'ABC');
SELECT * FROM test21_1;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | ABC
(2 rows)

CREATE TABLE test22 (a int, b text COLLATE case_sensitive) PARTITION BY HASH (b);
CREATE TABLE test22_0 PARTITION OF test22 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
CREATE TABLE test22_1 PARTITION OF test22 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1);
INSERT INTO test22 VALUES (1, 'def');
INSERT INTO test22 VALUES (2, 'DEF');
-- they end up in different partitions
SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM test22_0) = (SELECT count(*) FROM test22_1);
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

-- same with arrays
CREATE TABLE test22a (a int, b text[] COLLATE case_sensitive) PARTITION BY HASH (b);
CREATE TABLE test22a_0 PARTITION OF test22a FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
CREATE TABLE test22a_1 PARTITION OF test22a FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1);
INSERT INTO test22a VALUES (1, ARRAY['def']);
INSERT INTO test22a VALUES (2, ARRAY['DEF']);
-- they end up in different partitions
SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM test22a_0) = (SELECT count(*) FROM test22a_1);
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

CREATE TABLE test23 (a int, b text COLLATE case_insensitive) PARTITION BY HASH (b);
CREATE TABLE test23_0 PARTITION OF test23 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
CREATE TABLE test23_1 PARTITION OF test23 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1);
INSERT INTO test23 VALUES (1, 'def');
INSERT INTO test23 VALUES (2, 'DEF');
-- they end up in the same partition (but it's platform-dependent which one)
SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM test23_0) <> (SELECT count(*) FROM test23_1);
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

-- same with arrays
CREATE TABLE test23a (a int, b text[] COLLATE case_insensitive) PARTITION BY HASH (b);
CREATE TABLE test23a_0 PARTITION OF test23a FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
CREATE TABLE test23a_1 PARTITION OF test23a FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1);
INSERT INTO test23a VALUES (1, ARRAY['def']);
INSERT INTO test23a VALUES (2, ARRAY['DEF']);
-- they end up in the same partition (but it's platform-dependent which one)
SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM test23a_0) <> (SELECT count(*) FROM test23a_1);
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

CREATE TABLE test30 (a int, b char(3) COLLATE case_insensitive) PARTITION BY LIST (b);
CREATE TABLE test30_1 PARTITION OF test30 FOR VALUES IN ('abc');
INSERT INTO test30 VALUES (1, 'abc');
INSERT INTO test30 VALUES (2, 'ABC');
SELECT * FROM test30_1;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | ABC
(2 rows)

CREATE TABLE test31 (a int, b char(3) COLLATE case_insensitive) PARTITION BY RANGE (b);
CREATE TABLE test31_1 PARTITION OF test31 FOR VALUES FROM ('ABC') TO ('DEF');
INSERT INTO test31 VALUES (1, 'abc');
INSERT INTO test31 VALUES (2, 'ABC');
SELECT * FROM test31_1;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | ABC
(2 rows)

CREATE TABLE test32 (a int, b char(3) COLLATE case_sensitive) PARTITION BY HASH (b);
CREATE TABLE test32_0 PARTITION OF test32 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
CREATE TABLE test32_1 PARTITION OF test32 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1);
INSERT INTO test32 VALUES (1, 'def');
INSERT INTO test32 VALUES (2, 'DEF');
-- they end up in different partitions
SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM test32_0) = (SELECT count(*) FROM test32_1);
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

CREATE TABLE test33 (a int, b char(3) COLLATE case_insensitive) PARTITION BY HASH (b);
CREATE TABLE test33_0 PARTITION OF test33 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
CREATE TABLE test33_1 PARTITION OF test33 FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1);
INSERT INTO test33 VALUES (1, 'def');
INSERT INTO test33 VALUES (2, 'DEF');
-- they end up in the same partition (but it's platform-dependent which one)
SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM test33_0) <> (SELECT count(*) FROM test33_1);
 ?column? 
----------
 t
(1 row)

-- cleanup
RESET search_path;
SET client_min_messages TO warning;
DROP SCHEMA collate_tests CASCADE;
RESET client_min_messages;
-- leave a collation for pg_upgrade test
CREATE COLLATION coll_icu_upgrade FROM "und-x-icu";