#!./perl -w #P = start of string Q = start of substr R = end of substr S = end of string BEGIN { chdir 't' if -d 't'; @INC = '../lib'; } use warnings ; $a = 'abcdefxyz'; $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { if ($_[0] =~ /^substr outside of string/) { $w++; } elsif ($_[0] =~ /^Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr/) { $w += 2; } elsif ($_[0] =~ /^Use of uninitialized value/) { $w += 3; } else { warn $_[0]; } }; require './test.pl'; plan(334); run_tests() unless caller; my $krunch = "a"; sub run_tests { $FATAL_MSG = qr/^substr outside of string/; is(substr($a,0,3), 'abc'); # P=Q R S is(substr($a,3,3), 'def'); # P Q R S is(substr($a,6,999), 'xyz'); # P Q S R $b = substr($a,999,999) ; # warn # P R Q S is ($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,999,999) = "" ; };# P R Q S like ($@, $FATAL_MSG); is(substr($a,0,-6), 'abc'); # P=Q R S is(substr($a,-3,1), 'x'); # P Q R S $[ = 1; is(substr($a,1,3), 'abc' ); # P=Q R S is(substr($a,4,3), 'def' ); # P Q R S is(substr($a,7,999), 'xyz');# P Q S R $b = substr($a,999,999) ; # warn # P R Q S is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,999,999) = "" ; } ; # P R Q S like ($@, $FATAL_MSG); is(substr($a,1,-6), 'abc' );# P=Q R S is(substr($a,-3,1), 'x' ); # P Q R S $[ = 0; substr($a,3,3) = 'XYZ'; is($a, 'abcXYZxyz' ); substr($a,0,2) = ''; is($a, 'cXYZxyz' ); substr($a,0,0) = 'ab'; is($a, 'abcXYZxyz' ); substr($a,0,0) = '12345678'; is($a, '12345678abcXYZxyz' ); substr($a,-3,3) = 'def'; is($a, '12345678abcXYZdef'); substr($a,-3,3) = '<'; is($a, '12345678abcXYZ<' ); substr($a,-1,1) = '12345678'; is($a, '12345678abcXYZ12345678' ); $a = 'abcdefxyz'; is(substr($a,6), 'xyz' ); # P Q R=S is(substr($a,-3), 'xyz' ); # P Q R=S $b = substr($a,999,999) ; # warning # P R=S Q is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,999,999) = "" ; } ; # P R=S Q like($@, $FATAL_MSG); is(substr($a,0), 'abcdefxyz'); # P=Q R=S is(substr($a,9), ''); # P Q=R=S is(substr($a,-11), 'abcdefxyz'); # Q P R=S is(substr($a,-9), 'abcdefxyz'); # P=Q R=S $a = '54321'; $b = substr($a,-7, 1) ; # warn # Q R P S is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,-7, 1) = "" ; }; # Q R P S like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a,-7,-6) ; # warn # Q R P S is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,-7,-6) = "" ; }; # Q R P S like($@, $FATAL_MSG); is(substr($a,-5,-7), ''); # R P=Q S is(substr($a, 2,-7), ''); # R P Q S is(substr($a,-3,-7), ''); # R P Q S is(substr($a, 2,-5), ''); # P=R Q S is(substr($a,-3,-5), ''); # P=R Q S is(substr($a, 2,-4), ''); # P R Q S is(substr($a,-3,-4), ''); # P R Q S is(substr($a, 5,-6), ''); # R P Q=S is(substr($a, 5,-5), ''); # P=R Q S is(substr($a, 5,-3), ''); # P R Q=S $b = substr($a, 7,-7) ; # warn # R P S Q is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a, 7,-7) = "" ; }; # R P S Q like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a, 7,-5) ; # warn # P=R S Q is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a, 7,-5) = "" ; }; # P=R S Q like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a, 7,-3) ; # warn # P Q S Q is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a, 7,-3) = "" ; }; # P Q S Q like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a, 7, 0) ; # warn # P S Q=R is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a, 7, 0) = "" ; }; # P S Q=R like($@, $FATAL_MSG); is(substr($a,-7,2), ''); # Q P=R S is(substr($a,-7,4), '54'); # Q P R S is(substr($a,-7,7), '54321');# Q P R=S is(substr($a,-7,9), '54321');# Q P S R is(substr($a,-5,0), ''); # P=Q=R S is(substr($a,-5,3), '543');# P=Q R S is(substr($a,-5,5), '54321');# P=Q R=S is(substr($a,-5,7), '54321');# P=Q S R is(substr($a,-3,0), ''); # P Q=R S is(substr($a,-3,3), '321');# P Q R=S is(substr($a,-2,3), '21'); # P Q S R is(substr($a,0,-5), ''); # P=Q=R S is(substr($a,2,-3), ''); # P Q=R S is(substr($a,0,0), ''); # P=Q=R S is(substr($a,0,5), '54321');# P=Q R=S is(substr($a,0,7), '54321');# P=Q S R is(substr($a,2,0), ''); # P Q=R S is(substr($a,2,3), '321'); # P Q R=S is(substr($a,5,0), ''); # P Q=R=S is(substr($a,5,2), ''); # P Q=S R is(substr($a,-7,-5), ''); # Q P=R S is(substr($a,-7,-2), '543');# Q P R S is(substr($a,-5,-5), ''); # P=Q=R S is(substr($a,-5,-2), '543');# P=Q R S is(substr($a,-3,-3), ''); # P Q=R S is(substr($a,-3,-1), '32');# P Q R S $a = ''; is(substr($a,-2,2), ''); # Q P=R=S is(substr($a,0,0), ''); # P=Q=R=S is(substr($a,0,1), ''); # P=Q=S R is(substr($a,-2,3), ''); # Q P=S R is(substr($a,-2), ''); # Q P=R=S is(substr($a,0), ''); # P=Q=R=S is(substr($a,0,-1), ''); # R P=Q=S $b = substr($a,-2, 0) ; # warn # Q=R P=S is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,-2, 0) = "" ; }; # Q=R P=S like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a,-2, 1) ; # warn # Q R P=S is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,-2, 1) = "" ; }; # Q R P=S like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a,-2,-1) ; # warn # Q R P=S is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,-2,-1) = "" ; }; # Q R P=S like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a,-2,-2) ; # warn # Q=R P=S is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,-2,-2) = "" ; }; # Q=R P=S like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a, 1,-2) ; # warn # R P=S Q is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a, 1,-2) = "" ; }; # R P=S Q like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a, 1, 1) ; # warn # P=S Q R is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a, 1, 1) = "" ; }; # P=S Q R like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a, 1, 0) ;# warn # P=S Q=R is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a, 1, 0) = "" ; }; # P=S Q=R like($@, $FATAL_MSG); $b = substr($a,1) ; # warning # P=R=S Q is($w--, 1); eval{substr($a,1) = "" ; }; # P=R=S Q like($@, $FATAL_MSG); my $a = 'zxcvbnm'; substr($a,2,0) = ''; is($a, 'zxcvbnm'); substr($a,7,0) = ''; is($a, 'zxcvbnm'); substr($a,5,0) = ''; is($a, 'zxcvbnm'); substr($a,0,2) = 'pq'; is($a, 'pqcvbnm'); substr($a,2,0) = 'r'; is($a, 'pqrcvbnm'); substr($a,8,0) = 'asd'; is($a, 'pqrcvbnmasd'); substr($a,0,2) = 'iop'; is($a, 'ioprcvbnmasd'); substr($a,0,5) = 'fgh'; is($a, 'fghvbnmasd'); substr($a,3,5) = 'jkl'; is($a, 'fghjklsd'); substr($a,3,2) = '1234'; is($a, 'fgh1234lsd'); # with lexicals (and in re-entered scopes) for (0,1) { my $txt; unless ($_) { $txt = "Foo"; substr($txt, -1) = "X"; is($txt, "FoX"); } else { substr($txt, 0, 1) = "X"; is($txt, "X"); } } $w = 0 ; # coercion of references { my $s = []; substr($s, 0, 1) = 'Foo'; is (substr($s,0,7), "FooRRAY"); is ($w,2); $w = 0; } # check no spurious warnings is($w, 0); # check new 4 arg replacement syntax $a = "abcxyz"; $w = 0; is(substr($a, 0, 3, ""), "abc"); is($a, "xyz"); is(substr($a, 0, 0, "abc"), ""); is($a, "abcxyz"); is(substr($a, 3, -1, ""), "xy"); is($a, "abcz"); is(substr($a, 3, undef, "xy"), ""); is($a, "abcxyz"); is($w, 3); $w = 0; is(substr($a, 3, 9999999, ""), "xyz"); is($a, "abc"); eval{substr($a, -99, 0, "") }; like($@, $FATAL_MSG); eval{substr($a, 99, 3, "") }; like($@, $FATAL_MSG); substr($a, 0, length($a), "foo"); is ($a, "foo"); is ($w, 0); # using 4 arg substr as lvalue is a compile time error eval 'substr($a,0,0,"") = "abc"'; like ($@, qr/Can't modify substr/); is ($a, "foo"); $a = "abcdefgh"; is(sub { shift }->(substr($a, 0, 4, "xxxx")), 'abcd'); is($a, 'xxxxefgh'); { my $y = 10; $y = "2" . $y; is ($y, 210); } # utf8 sanity { my $x = substr("a\x{263a}b",0); is(length($x), 3); $x = substr($x,1,1); is($x, "\x{263a}"); $x = $x x 2; is(length($x), 2); substr($x,0,1) = "abcd"; is($x, "abcd\x{263a}"); is(length($x), 5); $x = reverse $x; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\x{263a}dcba"); my $z = 10; $z = "21\x{263a}" . $z; is(length($z), 5); is($z, "21\x{263a}10"); } # replacement should work on magical values require Tie::Scalar; my %data; tie $data{'a'}, 'Tie::StdScalar'; # makes $data{'a'} magical $data{a} = "firstlast"; is(substr($data{'a'}, 0, 5, ""), "first"); is($data{'a'}, "last"); # more utf8 # The following two originally from Ignasi Roca. $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 0, 1) = "\x{100}"; # Ignasi had \x{FF} is(length($x), 3); is($x, "\x{100}\xF2\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 0, 1) = "\x{100}\x{FF}"; # Ignasi had \x{FF} is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{100}\x{FF}\xF2\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); # more utf8 lval exercise $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 0, 2) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 3); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 1, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\xF1\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 2, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\xF1\xF2\x{100}\xFF"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 3, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\xF1\xF2\xF3\x{100}\xFF"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{FF}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, -1, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\xF1\xF2\x{100}\xFF"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, -1, 0) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\xF1\xF2\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 0, -1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 3); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 0, -2) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\xF2\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 0, -3) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\xF1\xF2\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, 1, -1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\xF1\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\xF1\xF2\xF3"; substr($x, -1, -1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\xF1\xF2\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{F1}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{F3}"); # And tests for already-UTF8 one $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 0, 1) = "\x{100}"; is(length($x), 3); is($x, "\x{100}\xF2\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 0, 1) = "\x{100}\x{FF}"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{100}\x{FF}\xF2\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 0, 2) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 3); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 1, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{101}\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 2, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{101}\xF2\x{100}\xFF"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 3, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}\x{100}\xFF"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{FF}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, -1, 1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{101}\xF2\x{100}\xFF"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, -1, 0) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\x{101}\xF2\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 0, -1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 3); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 0, -2) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\xF2\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 0, -3) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\x{100}\xFF\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, 1, -1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 4); is($x, "\x{101}\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{F3}"); $x = "\x{101}\x{F2}\x{F3}"; substr($x, -1, -1) = "\x{100}\xFF"; is(length($x), 5); is($x, "\x{101}\xF2\x{100}\xFF\xF3"); is(substr($x, 0, 1), "\x{101}"); is(substr($x, 1, 1), "\x{F2}"); is(substr($x, 2, 1), "\x{100}"); is(substr($x, 3, 1), "\x{FF}"); is(substr($x, 4, 1), "\x{F3}"); substr($x = "ab", 0, 0, "\x{100}\x{200}"); is($x, "\x{100}\x{200}ab"); substr($x = "\x{100}\x{200}", 0, 0, "ab"); is($x, "ab\x{100}\x{200}"); substr($x = "ab", 1, 0, "\x{100}\x{200}"); is($x, "a\x{100}\x{200}b"); substr($x = "\x{100}\x{200}", 1, 0, "ab"); is($x, "\x{100}ab\x{200}"); substr($x = "ab", 2, 0, "\x{100}\x{200}"); is($x, "ab\x{100}\x{200}"); substr($x = "\x{100}\x{200}", 2, 0, "ab"); is($x, "\x{100}\x{200}ab"); substr($x = "\xFFb", 0, 0, "\x{100}\x{200}"); is($x, "\x{100}\x{200}\xFFb"); substr($x = "\x{100}\x{200}", 0, 0, "\xFFb"); is($x, "\xFFb\x{100}\x{200}"); substr($x = "\xFFb", 1, 0, "\x{100}\x{200}"); is($x, "\xFF\x{100}\x{200}b"); substr($x = "\x{100}\x{200}", 1, 0, "\xFFb"); is($x, "\x{100}\xFFb\x{200}"); substr($x = "\xFFb", 2, 0, "\x{100}\x{200}"); is($x, "\xFFb\x{100}\x{200}"); substr($x = "\x{100}\x{200}", 2, 0, "\xFFb"); is($x, "\x{100}\x{200}\xFFb"); # [perl #20933] { my $s = "ab"; my @r; $r[$_] = \ substr $s, $_, 1 for (0, 1); is(join("", map { $$_ } @r), "ab"); } # [perl #23207] { sub ss { substr($_[0],0,1) ^= substr($_[0],1,1) ^= substr($_[0],0,1) ^= substr($_[0],1,1); } my $x = my $y = 'AB'; ss $x; ss $y; is($x, $y); } # [perl #24605] { my $x = "0123456789\x{500}"; my $y = substr $x, 4; is(substr($x, 7, 1), "7"); } # multiple assignments to lvalue [perl #24346] { my $x = "abcdef"; for (substr($x,1,3)) { is($_, 'bcd'); $_ = 'XX'; is($_, 'XX'); is($x, 'aXXef'); $_ = "\xFF"; is($_, "\xFF"); is($x, "a\xFFef"); $_ = "\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6"; is($_, "\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6"); is($x, "a\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6ef"); $_ = 'YYYY'; is($_, 'YYYY'); is($x, 'aYYYYef'); } } # [perl #24200] string corruption with lvalue sub { sub bar: lvalue { substr $krunch, 0 } bar = "XXX"; is(bar, 'XXX'); $krunch = '123456789'; is(bar, '123456789'); } # [perl #29149] { my $text = "0123456789\xED "; utf8::upgrade($text); my $pos = 5; pos($text) = $pos; my $a = substr($text, $pos, $pos); is(substr($text,$pos,1), $pos); } # [perl #23765] { my $a = pack("C", 0xbf); substr($a, -1) &= chr(0xfeff); is($a, "\xbf"); } # [perl #34976] incorrect caching of utf8 substr length { my $a = "abcd\x{100}"; is(substr($a,1,2), 'bc'); is(substr($a,1,1), 'b'); } }