Fix issue where a signed integer is returned.

Example:

var b = new Buffer(4);
b.writeUInt32BE(0xffffffff);
b.readUInt32BE(0) == -1

Signed-off-by: Trevor Norris <trev.norris@gmail.com>

When our estimates for a storage size are higher than the actual length
of decoded data, the destination buffer should be truncated. Otherwise
`Buffer::Length` will give misleading information to C++ layer.

fix #7365

Signed-off-by: Fedor Indutny <fedor@indutny.com>

Increase the performance and simplify the logic of Buffer#write{U}Int*
and Buffer#read{U}Int* methods by placing the byte manipulation code
directly inline.

Also improve the speed of buffer-write benchmarks by creating a new
call directly to each method by using Function() instead of calling by
buff[fn].

Signed-off-by: Trevor Norris <trev.norris@gmail.com>

Remove unnecessary encoding within writeInt*

In many cases values expected to be unsigned were converted to a signed
integer.

Also include some small code cleanup.

Fixes #6490

Buffer#write() was showing the deprecation warning when only
buf.write('string') was passed. This is incorrect since the encoding is
always optional.

Argument order should follow:
  Buffer#write(string[, offset[, length]][, encoding])

(yeah, not confusing at all)

String#toLowerCase() is incredibly slow and was costing a 15-30%
performance hit for Buffers less than 1KB. Now instead it'll attempt to
find the correct encoding directly from the passed encoding, only then
afterwards it'll lowercase.

The optimization for not passing any encoding at all is still at the top
of the method.

At most this may add 10% performance hit for passing a mixed case
encoding.