/* * Copyright © 2001 Stephen Williams (steve@icarus.com) * Copyright © 2001-2002 David Brownell (dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net) * Copyright © 2008 Roger Williams (rawqux@users.sourceforge.net) * Copyright © 2012 Pete Batard (pete@akeo.ie) * Copyright © 2013 Federico Manzan (f.manzan@gmail.com) * * This source code is free software; you can redistribute it * and/or modify it in source code form under the terms of the GNU * General Public License as published by the Free Software * Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) * any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include "libusb.h" #include "ezusb.h" /* * This file contains functions for uploading firmware into Cypress * EZ-USB microcontrollers. These chips use control endpoint 0 and vendor * specific commands to support writing into the on-chip SRAM. They also * support writing into the CPUCS register, which is how we reset the * processor after loading firmware (including the reset vector). * * These Cypress devices are 8-bit 8051 based microcontrollers with * special support for USB I/O. They come in several packages, and * some can be set up with external memory when device costs allow. * Note that the design was originally by AnchorChips, so you may find * references to that vendor (which was later merged into Cypress). * The Cypress FX parts are largely compatible with the Anchorhip ones. */ int verbose = 1; /* * return true if [addr,addr+len] includes external RAM * for Anchorchips EZ-USB or Cypress EZ-USB FX */ static bool fx_is_external(uint32_t addr, size_t len) { /* with 8KB RAM, 0x0000-0x1b3f can be written * we can't tell if it's a 4KB device here */ if (addr <= 0x1b3f) return ((addr + len) > 0x1b40); /* there may be more RAM; unclear if we can write it. * some bulk buffers may be unused, 0x1b3f-0x1f3f * firmware can set ISODISAB for 2KB at 0x2000-0x27ff */ return true; } /* * return true if [addr,addr+len] includes external RAM * for Cypress EZ-USB FX2 */ static bool fx2_is_external(uint32_t addr, size_t len) { /* 1st 8KB for data/code, 0x0000-0x1fff */ if (addr <= 0x1fff) return ((addr + len) > 0x2000); /* and 512 for data, 0xe000-0xe1ff */ else if (addr >= 0xe000 && addr <= 0xe1ff) return ((addr + len) > 0xe200); /* otherwise, it's certainly external */ else return true; } /* * return true if [addr,addr+len] includes external RAM * for Cypress EZ-USB FX2LP */ static bool fx2lp_is_external(uint32_t addr, size_t len) { /* 1st 16KB for data/code, 0x0000-0x3fff */ if (addr <= 0x3fff) return ((addr + len) > 0x4000); /* and 512 for data, 0xe000-0xe1ff */ else if (addr >= 0xe000 && addr <= 0xe1ff) return ((addr + len) > 0xe200); /* otherwise, it's certainly external */ else return true; } /*****************************************************************************/ /* * These are the requests (bRequest) that the bootstrap loader is expected * to recognize. The codes are reserved by Cypress, and these values match * what EZ-USB hardware, or "Vend_Ax" firmware (2nd stage loader) uses. * Cypress' "a3load" is nice because it supports both FX and FX2, although * it doesn't have the EEPROM support (subset of "Vend_Ax"). */ #define RW_INTERNAL 0xA0 /* hardware implements this one */ #define RW_MEMORY 0xA3 /* * Issues the specified vendor-specific write request. */ static int ezusb_write(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *label, uint8_t opcode, uint32_t addr, const unsigned char *data, size_t len) { int status; if (verbose > 1) logerror("%s, addr 0x%08x len %4u (0x%04x)\n", label, addr, (unsigned)len, (unsigned)len); status = libusb_control_transfer(device, LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE, opcode, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16, (unsigned char*)data, (uint16_t)len, 1000); if (status != (signed)len) { if (status < 0) logerror("%s: %s\n", label, libusb_error_name(status)); else logerror("%s ==> %d\n", label, status); } if (status < 0) { errno = EIO; return -1; } return 0; } /* * Issues the specified vendor-specific read request. */ static int ezusb_read(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *label, uint8_t opcode, uint32_t addr, const unsigned char *data, size_t len) { int status; if (verbose > 1) logerror("%s, addr 0x%08x len %4u (0x%04x)\n", label, addr, (unsigned)len, (unsigned)len); status = libusb_control_transfer(device, LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE, opcode, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16, (unsigned char*)data, (uint16_t)len, 1000); if (status != (signed)len) { if (status < 0) logerror("%s: %s\n", label, libusb_error_name(status)); else logerror("%s ==> %d\n", label, status); } if (status < 0) { errno = EIO; return -1; } return 0; } /* * Modifies the CPUCS register to stop or reset the CPU. * Returns false on error. */ static bool ezusb_cpucs(libusb_device_handle *device, uint32_t addr, bool doRun) { int status; uint8_t data = doRun ? 0x00 : 0x01; if (verbose) logerror("%s\n", data ? "stop CPU" : "reset CPU"); status = libusb_control_transfer(device, LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE, RW_INTERNAL, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16, &data, 1, 1000); if ((status != 1) && /* We may get an I/O error from libusb as the device disappears */ ((!doRun) || (status != LIBUSB_ERROR_IO))) { const char *mesg = "can't modify CPUCS"; if (status < 0) logerror("%s: %s\n", mesg, libusb_error_name(status)); else logerror("%s\n", mesg); return false; } else return true; } /* * Send an FX3 jump to address command * Returns false on error. */ static bool ezusb_fx3_jump(libusb_device_handle *device, uint32_t addr) { int status; if (verbose) logerror("transfer execution to Program Entry at 0x%08x\n", addr); status = libusb_control_transfer(device, LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE, RW_INTERNAL, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16, NULL, 0, 1000); /* We may get an I/O error from libusb as the device disappears */ if ((status != 0) && (status != LIBUSB_ERROR_IO)) { const char *mesg = "failed to send jump command"; if (status < 0) logerror("%s: %s\n", mesg, libusb_error_name(status)); else logerror("%s\n", mesg); return false; } else return true; } /*****************************************************************************/ /* * Parse an Intel HEX image file and invoke the poke() function on the * various segments to implement policies such as writing to RAM (with * a one or two stage loader setup, depending on the firmware) or to * EEPROM (two stages required). * * image - the hex image file * context - for use by poke() * is_external - if non-null, used to check which segments go into * external memory (writable only by software loader) * poke - called with each memory segment; errors indicated * by returning negative values. * * Caller is responsible for halting CPU as needed, such as when * overwriting a second stage loader. */ static int parse_ihex(FILE *image, void *context, bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len), int (*poke) (void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len)) { unsigned char data[1023]; uint32_t data_addr = 0; size_t data_len = 0; int rc; int first_line = 1; bool external = false; /* Read the input file as an IHEX file, and report the memory segments * as we go. Each line holds a max of 16 bytes, but uploading is * faster (and EEPROM space smaller) if we merge those lines into larger * chunks. Most hex files keep memory segments together, which makes * such merging all but free. (But it may still be worth sorting the * hex files to make up for undesirable behavior from tools.) * * Note that EEPROM segments max out at 1023 bytes; the upload protocol * allows segments of up to 64 KBytes (more than a loader could handle). */ for (;;) { char buf[512], *cp; char tmp, type; size_t len; unsigned idx, off; cp = fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), image); if (cp == NULL) { logerror("EOF without EOF record!\n"); break; } /* EXTENSION: "# comment-till-end-of-line", for copyrights etc */ if (buf[0] == '#') continue; if (buf[0] != ':') { logerror("not an ihex record: %s", buf); return -2; } /* ignore any newline */ cp = strchr(buf, '\n'); if (cp) *cp = 0; if (verbose >= 3) logerror("** LINE: %s\n", buf); /* Read the length field (up to 16 bytes) */ tmp = buf[3]; buf[3] = 0; len = strtoul(buf+1, NULL, 16); buf[3] = tmp; /* Read the target offset (address up to 64KB) */ tmp = buf[7]; buf[7] = 0; off = (unsigned int)strtoul(buf+3, NULL, 16); buf[7] = tmp; /* Initialize data_addr */ if (first_line) { data_addr = off; first_line = 0; } /* Read the record type */ tmp = buf[9]; buf[9] = 0; type = (char)strtoul(buf+7, NULL, 16); buf[9] = tmp; /* If this is an EOF record, then make it so. */ if (type == 1) { if (verbose >= 2) logerror("EOF on hexfile\n"); break; } if (type != 0) { logerror("unsupported record type: %u\n", type); return -3; } if ((len * 2) + 11 > strlen(buf)) { logerror("record too short?\n"); return -4; } /* FIXME check for _physically_ contiguous not just virtually * e.g. on FX2 0x1f00-0x2100 includes both on-chip and external * memory so it's not really contiguous */ /* flush the saved data if it's not contiguous, * or when we've buffered as much as we can. */ if (data_len != 0 && (off != (data_addr + data_len) /* || !merge */ || (data_len + len) > sizeof(data))) { if (is_external) external = is_external(data_addr, data_len); rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len); if (rc < 0) return -1; data_addr = off; data_len = 0; } /* append to saved data, flush later */ for (idx = 0, cp = buf+9 ; idx < len ; idx += 1, cp += 2) { tmp = cp[2]; cp[2] = 0; data[data_len + idx] = (uint8_t)strtoul(cp, NULL, 16); cp[2] = tmp; } data_len += len; } /* flush any data remaining */ if (data_len != 0) { if (is_external) external = is_external(data_addr, data_len); rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len); if (rc < 0) return -1; } return 0; } /* * Parse a binary image file and write it as is to the target. * Applies to Cypress BIX images for RAM or Cypress IIC images * for EEPROM. * * image - the BIX image file * context - for use by poke() * is_external - if non-null, used to check which segments go into * external memory (writable only by software loader) * poke - called with each memory segment; errors indicated * by returning negative values. * * Caller is responsible for halting CPU as needed, such as when * overwriting a second stage loader. */ static int parse_bin(FILE *image, void *context, bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len), int (*poke)(void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len)) { unsigned char data[4096]; uint32_t data_addr = 0; size_t data_len = 0; int rc; bool external = false; for (;;) { data_len = fread(data, 1, 4096, image); if (data_len == 0) break; if (is_external) external = is_external(data_addr, data_len); rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len); if (rc < 0) return -1; data_addr += (uint32_t)data_len; } return feof(image)?0:-1; } /* * Parse a Cypress IIC image file and invoke the poke() function on the * various segments for writing to RAM * * image - the IIC image file * context - for use by poke() * is_external - if non-null, used to check which segments go into * external memory (writable only by software loader) * poke - called with each memory segment; errors indicated * by returning negative values. * * Caller is responsible for halting CPU as needed, such as when * overwriting a second stage loader. */ static int parse_iic(FILE *image, void *context, bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len), int (*poke)(void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len)) { unsigned char data[4096]; uint32_t data_addr = 0; size_t data_len = 0, read_len; uint8_t block_header[4]; int rc; bool external = false; long file_size, initial_pos; initial_pos = ftell(image); if (initial_pos < 0) return -1; if (fseek(image, 0L, SEEK_END) != 0) return -1; file_size = ftell(image); if (fseek(image, initial_pos, SEEK_SET) != 0) return -1; for (;;) { /* Ignore the trailing reset IIC data (5 bytes) */ if (ftell(image) >= (file_size - 5)) break; if (fread(&block_header, 1, sizeof(block_header), image) != 4) { logerror("unable to read IIC block header\n"); return -1; } data_len = (block_header[0] << 8) + block_header[1]; data_addr = (block_header[2] << 8) + block_header[3]; if (data_len > sizeof(data)) { /* If this is ever reported as an error, switch to using malloc/realloc */ logerror("IIC data block too small - please report this error to libusb.info\n"); return -1; } read_len = fread(data, 1, data_len, image); if (read_len != data_len) { logerror("read error\n"); return -1; } if (is_external) external = is_external(data_addr, data_len); rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len); if (rc < 0) return -1; } return 0; } /* the parse call will be selected according to the image type */ static int (*parse[IMG_TYPE_MAX])(FILE *image, void *context, bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len), int (*poke)(void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len)) = { parse_ihex, parse_iic, parse_bin }; /*****************************************************************************/ /* * For writing to RAM using a first (hardware) or second (software) * stage loader and 0xA0 or 0xA3 vendor requests */ typedef enum { _undef = 0, internal_only, /* hardware first-stage loader */ skip_internal, /* first phase, second-stage loader */ skip_external /* second phase, second-stage loader */ } ram_mode; struct ram_poke_context { libusb_device_handle *device; ram_mode mode; size_t total, count; }; #define RETRY_LIMIT 5 static int ram_poke(void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len) { struct ram_poke_context *ctx = (struct ram_poke_context*)context; int rc; unsigned retry = 0; switch (ctx->mode) { case internal_only: /* CPU should be stopped */ if (external) { logerror("can't write %u bytes external memory at 0x%08x\n", (unsigned)len, addr); errno = EINVAL; return -1; } break; case skip_internal: /* CPU must be running */ if (!external) { if (verbose >= 2) { logerror("SKIP on-chip RAM, %u bytes at 0x%08x\n", (unsigned)len, addr); } return 0; } break; case skip_external: /* CPU should be stopped */ if (external) { if (verbose >= 2) { logerror("SKIP external RAM, %u bytes at 0x%08x\n", (unsigned)len, addr); } return 0; } break; case _undef: default: logerror("bug\n"); errno = EDOM; return -1; } ctx->total += len; ctx->count++; /* Retry this till we get a real error. Control messages are not * NAKed (just dropped) so time out means is a real problem. */ while ((rc = ezusb_write(ctx->device, external ? "write external" : "write on-chip", external ? RW_MEMORY : RW_INTERNAL, addr, data, len)) < 0 && retry < RETRY_LIMIT) { if (rc != LIBUSB_ERROR_TIMEOUT) break; retry += 1; } return rc; } /* * Load a Cypress Image file into target RAM. * See http://www.cypress.com/?docID=41351 (AN76405 PDF) for more info. */ static int fx3_load_ram(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *path) { uint32_t dCheckSum, dExpectedCheckSum, dAddress, i, dLen, dLength; uint32_t* dImageBuf; unsigned char *bBuf, hBuf[4], blBuf[4], rBuf[4096]; FILE *image; int ret = 0; image = fopen(path, "rb"); if (image == NULL) { logerror("unable to open '%s' for input\n", path); return -2; } else if (verbose) logerror("open firmware image %s for RAM upload\n", path); // Read header if (fread(hBuf, sizeof(char), sizeof(hBuf), image) != sizeof(hBuf)) { logerror("could not read image header"); ret = -3; goto exit; } // check "CY" signature byte and format if ((hBuf[0] != 'C') || (hBuf[1] != 'Y')) { logerror("image doesn't have a CYpress signature\n"); ret = -3; goto exit; } // Check bImageType switch(hBuf[3]) { case 0xB0: if (verbose) logerror("normal FW binary %s image with checksum\n", (hBuf[2]&0x01)?"data":"executable"); break; case 0xB1: logerror("security binary image is not currently supported\n"); ret = -3; goto exit; case 0xB2: logerror("VID:PID image is not currently supported\n"); ret = -3; goto exit; default: logerror("invalid image type 0x%02X\n", hBuf[3]); ret = -3; goto exit; } // Read the bootloader version if (verbose) { if ((ezusb_read(device, "read bootloader version", RW_INTERNAL, 0xFFFF0020, blBuf, 4) < 0)) { logerror("Could not read bootloader version\n"); ret = -8; goto exit; } logerror("FX3 bootloader version: 0x%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", blBuf[3], blBuf[2], blBuf[1], blBuf[0]); } dCheckSum = 0; if (verbose) logerror("writing image...\n"); while (1) { if ((fread(&dLength, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, image) != 1) || // read dLength (fread(&dAddress, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, image) != 1)) { // read dAddress logerror("could not read image"); ret = -3; goto exit; } if (dLength == 0) break; // done // coverity[tainted_data] dImageBuf = (uint32_t*)calloc(dLength, sizeof(uint32_t)); if (dImageBuf == NULL) { logerror("could not allocate buffer for image chunk\n"); ret = -4; goto exit; } // read sections if (fread(dImageBuf, sizeof(uint32_t), dLength, image) != dLength) { logerror("could not read image"); free(dImageBuf); ret = -3; goto exit; } for (i = 0; i < dLength; i++) dCheckSum += dImageBuf[i]; dLength <<= 2; // convert to Byte length bBuf = (unsigned char*) dImageBuf; while (dLength > 0) { dLen = 4096; // 4K max if (dLen > dLength) dLen = dLength; if ((ezusb_write(device, "write firmware", RW_INTERNAL, dAddress, bBuf, dLen) < 0) || (ezusb_read(device, "read firmware", RW_INTERNAL, dAddress, rBuf, dLen) < 0)) { logerror("R/W error\n"); free(dImageBuf); ret = -5; goto exit; } // Verify data: rBuf with bBuf for (i = 0; i < dLen; i++) { if (rBuf[i] != bBuf[i]) { logerror("verify error"); free(dImageBuf); ret = -6; goto exit; } } dLength -= dLen; bBuf += dLen; dAddress += dLen; } free(dImageBuf); } // read pre-computed checksum data if ((fread(&dExpectedCheckSum, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, image) != 1) || (dCheckSum != dExpectedCheckSum)) { logerror("checksum error\n"); ret = -7; goto exit; } // transfer execution to Program Entry if (!ezusb_fx3_jump(device, dAddress)) { ret = -6; } exit: fclose(image); return ret; } /* * Load a firmware file into target RAM. device is the open libusb * device, and the path is the name of the source file. Open the file, * parse the bytes, and write them in one or two phases. * * If stage == 0, this uses the first stage loader, built into EZ-USB * hardware but limited to writing on-chip memory or CPUCS. Everything * is written during one stage, unless there's an error such as the image * holding data that needs to be written to external memory. * * Otherwise, things are written in two stages. First the external * memory is written, expecting a second stage loader to have already * been loaded. Then file is re-parsed and on-chip memory is written. */ int ezusb_load_ram(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *path, int fx_type, int img_type, int stage) { FILE *image; uint32_t cpucs_addr; bool (*is_external)(uint32_t off, size_t len); struct ram_poke_context ctx; int status; uint8_t iic_header[8] = { 0 }; int ret = 0; if (fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX3) return fx3_load_ram(device, path); image = fopen(path, "rb"); if (image == NULL) { logerror("%s: unable to open for input.\n", path); return -2; } else if (verbose > 1) logerror("open firmware image %s for RAM upload\n", path); if (img_type == IMG_TYPE_IIC) { if ( (fread(iic_header, 1, sizeof(iic_header), image) != sizeof(iic_header)) || (((fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX2LP) || (fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX2)) && (iic_header[0] != 0xC2)) || ((fx_type == FX_TYPE_AN21) && (iic_header[0] != 0xB2)) || ((fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX1) && (iic_header[0] != 0xB6)) ) { logerror("IIC image does not contain executable code - cannot load to RAM.\n"); ret = -1; goto exit; } } /* EZ-USB original/FX and FX2 devices differ, apart from the 8051 core */ switch(fx_type) { case FX_TYPE_FX2LP: cpucs_addr = 0xe600; is_external = fx2lp_is_external; break; case FX_TYPE_FX2: cpucs_addr = 0xe600; is_external = fx2_is_external; break; default: cpucs_addr = 0x7f92; is_external = fx_is_external; break; } /* use only first stage loader? */ if (stage == 0) { ctx.mode = internal_only; /* if required, halt the CPU while we overwrite its code/data */ if (cpucs_addr && !ezusb_cpucs(device, cpucs_addr, false)) { ret = -1; goto exit; } /* 2nd stage, first part? loader was already uploaded */ } else { ctx.mode = skip_internal; /* let CPU run; overwrite the 2nd stage loader later */ if (verbose) logerror("2nd stage: write external memory\n"); } /* scan the image, first (maybe only) time */ ctx.device = device; ctx.total = ctx.count = 0; status = parse[img_type](image, &ctx, is_external, ram_poke); if (status < 0) { logerror("unable to upload %s\n", path); ret = status; goto exit; } /* second part of 2nd stage: rescan */ // TODO: what should we do for non HEX images there? if (stage) { ctx.mode = skip_external; /* if needed, halt the CPU while we overwrite the 1st stage loader */ if (cpucs_addr && !ezusb_cpucs(device, cpucs_addr, false)) { ret = -1; goto exit; } /* at least write the interrupt vectors (at 0x0000) for reset! */ rewind(image); if (verbose) logerror("2nd stage: write on-chip memory\n"); status = parse_ihex(image, &ctx, is_external, ram_poke); if (status < 0) { logerror("unable to completely upload %s\n", path); ret = status; goto exit; } } if (verbose && (ctx.count != 0)) { logerror("... WROTE: %d bytes, %d segments, avg %d\n", (int)ctx.total, (int)ctx.count, (int)(ctx.total/ctx.count)); } /* if required, reset the CPU so it runs what we just uploaded */ if (cpucs_addr && !ezusb_cpucs(device, cpucs_addr, true)) ret = -1; exit: fclose(image); return ret; }