@node The char32_t problem
@appendix The @code{char32_t} problem

@cindex char32_t, type
@cindex char16_t, type
In response to the @code{wchar_t} mess described in the previous section,
ISO C 11 introduces two new types: @code{char32_t} and @code{char16_t}.

@code{char32_t} is a type like @code{wchar_t}, with the added guarantee that it
is 32 bits wide.  So, it is a type that is appropriate for encoding a Unicode
character.  It is meant to resolve the problems of the 16-bit wide
@code{wchar_t} on AIX and Windows platforms, and allow a saner programming model
for wide character strings across all platforms.

@code{char16_t} is a type like @code{wchar_t}, with the added guarantee that it
is 16 bits wide.  It is meant to allow porting programs that use the broken wide
character strings programming model from Windows to all platforms.  Of course,
no one needs this.

These types are accompanied with a syntax for defining wide string literals with
these element types: @code{u"..."} and @code{U"..."}.

So far, so good.  What the ISO C designers forgot, is to provide standardized C
library functions that operate on these wide character strings.  They
standardized only the most basic functions, @code{mbrtoc32} and @code{c32rtomb},
which are analogous to @code{mbrtowc} and @code{wcrtomb}, respectively.  For the
rest, GNU gnulib @url{https://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/} provides the
functions:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Functions for converting an entire string: @code{mbstoc32s} -- like
@code{mbstowcs}, @code{c32stombs} -- like @code{wcstombs}.
@item
Functions for testing the properties of a 32-bit wide character:
@code{c32isalnum}, @code{c32isalpha}, etc. -- like @code{iswalnum},
@code{iswalpha}, etc.
@end itemize

Still, this API has two problems:
@itemize @bullet
@item
The @code{char32_t} encoding is locale dependent and undocumented.  This means,
if you want to know any property of a @code{char32_t} character, other than the
properties defined by @code{<wctype.h>} -- such as whether it's a dash, currency
symbol, paragraph separator, or similar --, you have to convert it to
@code{char *} encoding first, by use of the function @code{c32tomb}.
@item
Even on platforms where @code{wchar_t} is 32 bits wide, the @code{char32_t}
encoding may be different from the @code{wchar_t} encoding.
@end itemize