Add sign capability to git_rebase_commit

Use ci_git_fail_with where appropriate.
Use correct initializer for callback.

The rebase struct stores fields with information about the current
rebase process, which were not accessible via a public interface.

Accessors for getting the `orig_head` and `onto` branch
names and object ids have been added.

In the case that we want to build merge + commit, cherrypick + commit, or even just build a commit with signing callback, `git_rebase_commit_signature_cb` particular callback should be made more generic. We also renamed `signature_cb` to `signing_cb` to improve clarity on the purpose of the callback (build a difference between a git_signature and the act of signing).

So we've ended up with `git_commit_signing_cb`.

Reduces the number of callbacks for signing a commit during a rebase operation to just one callback. That callback has 2 out git_buf parameters for signature and signature field. We use git_buf here, because we cannot make any assumptions about the heap allocator a user of the library might be using.

Update internal usage to use the `git_reference` names for constants.

Use the new object_type enumeration names within the codebase.

C++ style comment ("//") are not specified by the ISO C90 standard and
thus do not conform to it. While libgit2 aims to conform to C90, we did
not enforce it until now, which is why quite a lot of these
non-conforming comments have snuck into our codebase. Do a tree-wide
conversion of all C++ style comments to the supported C style comments
to allow us enforcing strict C90 compliance in a later commit.