This makes submodule cache refresh actually look at the timestamps
from the data sources for submodules and reload as needed if they
have changed since the last refresh.

This takes the old submodule cache which was just a git_strmap
and makes a real git_submodule_cache object that can contain other
things like a lock and timestamp-ish data to control refreshing of
submodule info.

This cleans up some places I missed that could hold onto submodule
references and cleans up the way in which the repository cache is
both reloaded and released so that existing submodule references
aren't destroyed inappropriately.

`git_submodule` objects were already refcounted internally in case
the submodule name was different from the path at which it was
stored.  This makes that refcounting externally used as well, so
`git_submodule_lookup` and `git_submodule_add_setup` return an
object that requires a `git_submodule_free` when done.

This removes the fetchRecurse compiler warnings and makes the
behavior match the other submodule options (i.e. the in-memory
setting can be reset to the on-disk value).

This adds correct support for an equivalent to --ignore-submodules
in diff, where an actual ignore value can be passed to diff to
override the per submodule settings in the configuration.

This required tweaking the constants for ignore values so that
zero would not be used and could represent an unset option to the
diff.  This was an opportunity to move the submodule values into
include/git2/types.h and to rename the poorly named DEFAULT values
for ignore and update constants to RESET instead.

Now the GIT_DIFF_IGNORE_SUBMODULES flag is exactly the same as
setting the ignore_submodules option to GIT_SUBMODULE_IGNORE_ALL
(which is actually a minor change from the old behavior in that
submodules will now be treated as UNMODIFIED deltas instead of
being left out totally - if you set GIT_DIFF_INCLUDE_UNMODIFIED).

This includes tests for the various new settings.