Next to including several files, our "common.h" header also declares
various macros which are then used throughout the project. As such, we
have to make sure to always include this file first in all
implementation files. Otherwise, we might encounter problems or even
silent behavioural differences due to macros or defines not being
defined as they should be. So in fact, our header and implementation
files should make sure to always include "common.h" first.

This commit does so by establishing a common include pattern. Header
files inside of "src" will now always include "common.h" as its first
other file, separated by a newline from all the other includes to make
it stand out as special. There are two cases for the implementation
files. If they do have a matching header file, they will always include
this one first, leading to "common.h" being transitively included as
first file. If they do not have a matching header file, they instead
include "common.h" as first file themselves.

This fixes the outlined problems and will become our standard practice
for header and source files inside of the "src/" from now on.

Previously we would set the global filter registry structure before
adding filters to the structure, without a lock, which is quite racy.
Now, register default filters during global registration and use an
rwlock to read and write the filter registry (as appopriate).

Refactor `git_filter_list__load_with_attr_reader` into
`git_filter_list__load_ext`, which takes a `git_filter_options`.

For consistency with the rest of the library, where an opt is an
options *structure*.

Let the filters use the checkout data's temporary buffer, instead
of having to allocate new buffers each time.

During checkout, assume that the .gitattributes files aren't
modified during the checkout.  Instead, create an "attribute session"
during checkout.  Assume that attribute data read in the same
checkout "session" hasn't been modified since the checkout started.
(But allow subsequent checkouts to invalidate the cache.)

Further, cache nonexistent git_attr_file data even when .gitattributes
files are not found to prevent re-scanning for nonexistent files.

This adds the ident filter (that knows how to replace $Id$) and
tweaks the filter APIs and code so that git_filter_source objects
actually have the updated OID of the object being filtered when
it is a known value.

This moves the git_filter_list into the public API so that users
can create, apply, and dispose of filter lists.  This allows more
granular application of filters to user data outside of libgit2
internals.

This also converts all the internal usage of filters to the public
APIs along with a few small tweaks to make it easier to use the
public git_buffer stuff alongside the internal git_buf.