Parse values up to and including `\377` (`0xff`) when unquoting.
Print octal values as an unsigned char when quoting, lest `printf`
think we're talking about negatives.

This explains more closely what happens. While here, set an error
message.

When we don't own a buffer (asize=0) we currently allow the usage of
grow to copy the memory into a buffer we do own. This muddles the
meaning of grow, and lets us be a bit cavalier with ownership semantics.

Don't allow this any more. Usage of grow should be restricted to buffers
which we know own their own memory. If unsure, we must not attempt to
modify it.

Provide a convenience function that creates a buffer that can be provided
to callers but will not be freed via `git_buf_free`, so the buffer
creator maintains the allocation lifecycle of the buffer's contents.

Make our overflow checking look more like gcc and clang's, so that
we can substitute it out with the compiler instrinsics on platforms
that support it.  This means dropping the ability to pass `NULL` as
an out parameter.

As a result, the macros also get updated to reflect this as well.

Have the ALLOC_OVERFLOW testing macros also simply set_oom in the
case where a computation would overflow, so that callers don't
need to.

Introduce `git_buf_grow_by` to incrementally increase the size of a
`git_buf`, performing an overflow calculation on the growth.