patch_generate: represent buffers as void pointers

Remove unused 'sys/remote.h' header

Patch ID calculation

Pointers to general data should usually be used as a void pointer such
that it is possible to hand in variables of a different pointer type
without the need to cast. This is the same when creating patches from
buffers, where the buffers may contain arbitrary data. Instead of
requiring the caller to care whether his buffer is e.g. `char *` or
`unsigned char *`, we should instead just accept a `void *`. This is
also consistent in how we tread other types like for example `git_blob`,
which also just has a void pointer as its raw contents.

The upstream git project provides the ability to calculate a so-called
patch ID. Quoting from git-patch-id(1):

    A "patch ID" is nothing but a sum of SHA-1 of the file diffs
    associated with a patch, with whitespace and line numbers ignored."

Patch IDs can be used to identify two patches which are probably the
same thing, e.g. when a patch has been cherry-picked to another branch.

This commit implements a new function `git_diff_patchid`, which gets a
patch and derives an OID from the diff. Note the different terminology
here: a patch in libgit2 are the differences in a single file and a diff
can contain multiple patches for different files. The implementation
matches the upstream implementation and should derive the same OID for
the same diff. In fact, some code has been directly derived from the
upstream implementation.

The upstream implementation has two different modes to calculate patch
IDs, which is the stable and unstable mode. The old way of calculating
the patch IDs was unstable in a sense that a different ordering the
diffs was leading to different results. This oversight was fixed in git
1.9, but as git tries hard to never break existing workflows, the old
and unstable way is still default. The newer and stable way does not
care for ordering of the diff hunks, and in fact it is the mode that
should probably be used today. So right now, we only implement the
stable way of generating the patch ID.