The C standard does not specify whether an enum is a signed or unsigned
type.  Obviously, any enum that includes negative values _must_ be
signed, but if all values are positive then the compiler is free to
choose signed or unsigned.

Thus, by changing the type signatures to `git_object_t` and declaring
the old `GIT_OBJ_` values as a signed or unsigned int, we risk a
mismatch between what the compiler has chosen for a `git_object_t`'s
type and our type declaration.

Thus, we declare the deprecated values as the enum instead of guessing.

Move `git_ref_t` to `git_reference_t`

Since we now always build the library with cdecl calling conventions,
our callbacks should be decorated as such so that users will not be able
to provide callbacks defined with other calling conventions.

The `GIT_CALLBACK` macro will inject the `__cdecl` attribute as
appropriate.

Update the reference type names from an abbreviation (`git_ref`) to use
the fullname (`git_reference`).  This ensures that we are consistent
with our naming for reference types and functions throughout the
library.

The previous names are now marked as deprecated.

We have no need to take a non-const reference. This does involve some other work
to make sure we don't mix const and non-const variables, but by splitting what
we want each variable to do we can also simplify the logic for when we do want
to free a new reference we might have allocated.

git_object_t is the future; update the public API to use it.  This will
also ensure that we can build our tests which make use of the old API
without modification (and without compiler warnings).

References passed to the callback function of `git_reference_foreach`
are expected to be owned by the callback. As such, they are never being
freed by `git_reference_foreach`, but will have to be freed by the
caller. This small detail is never mentioned in the function's
documentation, though, making it easy to get wrong. Document this to
make it discoverable.