libgit2 has two distinct requirements that were previously solved by
`git_buf`.  We require:

1. A general purpose string class that provides a number of utility APIs
   for manipulating data (eg, concatenating, truncating, etc).
2. A structure that we can use to return strings to callers that they
   can take ownership of.

By using a single class (`git_buf`) for both of these purposes, we have
confused the API to the point that refactorings are difficult and
reasoning about correctness is also difficult.

Move the utility class `git_buf` to be called `git_str`: this represents
its general purpose, as an internal string buffer class.  The name also
is an homage to Junio Hamano ("gitstr").

The public API remains `git_buf`, and has a much smaller footprint.  It
is generally only used as an "out" param with strict requirements that
follow the documentation.  (Exceptions exist for some legacy APIs to
avoid breaking callers unnecessarily.)

Utility functions exist to convert a user-specified `git_buf` to a
`git_str` so that we can call internal functions, then converting it
back again.

We have been inconsistent about the way that we handle `git_buf`s
provided by users.  _Usually_ we require that it has been properly
initialized with `GIT_BUF_INIT`, but _sometimes_ we simply overwrite
the data in it regardless.  And even more rarely, we will grow a
user-provided buffer and concatenate data onto it (see
`git_diff_format_email`).

Document the path forward for `git_buf`, which is that we always
require that the buffer is intitialized with `GIT_BUF_INIT`.

`git_diff_format_email` will be kept backward compatible but users
are encouraged to switch to the new `git_email` APIs.

hash: separate hashes and git_oid

git's default rename limit is 1000, ours should match.

In `git_futils_readbuffer_updated`, always take a particular hash
instead of a `git_oid`.  This lets us change the checksum algorithm
independently of `git_oid` usage.

Separate the concerns of the hash functions from the git_oid functions.
The git_oid structure will need to understand either SHA1 or SHA256; the
hash functions should only deal with the appropriate one of these.