@node Internal architecture of GnuTLS
@chapter Internal Architecture of GnuTLS
@cindex internal architecture

This chapter is to give a brief description of the
way @acronym{GnuTLS} works. The focus is to give an idea
to potential developers and those who want to know what
happens inside the black box.

@menu
* The TLS Protocol::
* TLS Handshake Protocol::
* TLS Authentication Methods::
* TLS Hello Extension Handling::
* Cryptographic Backend::
* Random Number Generators-internals::
* FIPS140-2 mode::
@end menu

@node The TLS Protocol
@section The TLS Protocol
The main use case for the TLS protocol is shown in @ref{fig-client-server}.
A user of a library implementing the protocol expects no less than this functionality,
i.e., to be able to set parameters such as the accepted security level, perform a
negotiation with the peer and be able to exchange data.

@float Figure,fig-client-server
@image{gnutls-client-server-use-case,9cm}
@caption{TLS protocol use case.}
@end float

@node TLS Handshake Protocol
@section TLS Handshake Protocol
The @acronym{GnuTLS} handshake protocol is implemented as a state
machine that waits for input or returns immediately when the non-blocking
transport layer functions are used. The main idea is shown in @ref{fig-gnutls-handshake}.

@float Figure,fig-gnutls-handshake
@image{gnutls-handshake-state,9cm}
@caption{GnuTLS handshake state machine.}
@end float

Also the way the input is processed varies per ciphersuite. Several
implementations of the internal handlers are available and
@funcref{gnutls_handshake} only multiplexes the input to the appropriate
handler. For example a @acronym{PSK} ciphersuite has a different
implementation of the @code{process_client_key_exchange} than a
certificate ciphersuite. We illustrate the idea in @ref{fig-gnutls-handshake-sequence}.

@float Figure,fig-gnutls-handshake-sequence
@image{gnutls-handshake-sequence,12cm}
@caption{GnuTLS handshake process sequence.}
@end float

@node TLS Authentication Methods
@section TLS Authentication Methods
In @acronym{GnuTLS} authentication methods can be implemented quite
easily.  Since the required changes to add a new authentication method
affect only the handshake protocol, a simple interface is used. An
authentication method needs to implement the functions shown below.

@verbatim
typedef struct
{
  const char *name;
  int (*gnutls_generate_server_certificate) (gnutls_session_t, gnutls_buffer_st*);
  int (*gnutls_generate_client_certificate) (gnutls_session_t, gnutls_buffer_st*);
  int (*gnutls_generate_server_kx) (gnutls_session_t, gnutls_buffer_st*);
  int (*gnutls_generate_client_kx) (gnutls_session_t, gnutls_buffer_st*);
  int (*gnutls_generate_client_cert_vrfy) (gnutls_session_t, gnutls_buffer_st *);
  int (*gnutls_generate_server_certificate_request) (gnutls_session_t,
                                                     gnutls_buffer_st *);

  int (*gnutls_process_server_certificate) (gnutls_session_t, opaque *,
                                            size_t);
  int (*gnutls_process_client_certificate) (gnutls_session_t, opaque *,
                                            size_t);
  int (*gnutls_process_server_kx) (gnutls_session_t, opaque *, size_t);
  int (*gnutls_process_client_kx) (gnutls_session_t, opaque *, size_t);
  int (*gnutls_process_client_cert_vrfy) (gnutls_session_t, opaque *, size_t);
  int (*gnutls_process_server_certificate_request) (gnutls_session_t,
                                                    opaque *, size_t);
} mod_auth_st;
@end verbatim

Those functions are responsible for the
interpretation of the handshake protocol messages. It is common for such
functions to read data from one or more @code{credentials_t}
structures@footnote{such as the
@code{gnutls_certificate_credentials_t} structures} and write data,
such as certificates, usernames etc. to @code{auth_info_t} structures.


Simple examples of existing authentication methods can be seen in
@code{auth/@-psk.c} for PSK ciphersuites and @code{auth/@-srp.c} for SRP
ciphersuites. After implementing these functions the structure holding
its pointers has to be registered in @code{gnutls_@-algorithms.c} in the
@code{_gnutls_@-kx_@-algorithms} structure.

@node TLS Hello Extension Handling
@section TLS Extension Handling
As with authentication methods, adding TLS hello extensions can be done
quite easily by implementing the interface shown below.

@verbatim
typedef int (*gnutls_ext_recv_func) (gnutls_session_t session,
                                     const unsigned char *data, size_t len);
typedef int (*gnutls_ext_send_func) (gnutls_session_t session,
                                     gnutls_buffer_st *extdata);
@end verbatim

Here there are two main functions, one for parsing the received extension data
and one for formatting the extension data that must be send. These functions
have to check internally whether they operate within a client or a server session.

A simple example of an extension handler can be seen in
@code{lib/ext/@-srp.c} in GnuTLS' source code. After implementing these functions,
the extension has to be registered. Registering an extension can be done in two
ways. You can create a GnuTLS internal extension and register it in
@code{hello_ext.c} or write an external extension (not inside GnuTLS but
inside an application using GnuTLS) and register it via the exported functions
@funcref{gnutls_session_ext_register} or @funcref{gnutls_ext_register}.

@subheading Adding a new TLS hello extension

Adding support for a new TLS hello extension is done from time to time, and
the process to do so is not difficult. Here are the steps you need to
follow if you wish to do this yourself. For the sake of discussion, let's
consider adding support for the hypothetical TLS extension @code{foobar}.
The following section is about adding an hello extension to GnuTLS itself.
For custom application extensions you should check the exported functions
@funcref{gnutls_session_ext_register} or @funcref{gnutls_ext_register}.

@subsubheading Add @code{configure} option like @code{--enable-foobar} or @code{--disable-foobar}.

This step is useful when the extension code is large and it might be desirable
under some circumstances to be able to leave out the extension during compilation of GnuTLS.
If you don't need this kind of feature this step can be safely skipped.

Whether to choose enable or disable depends on whether you intend to make the extension be
enabled by default. Look at existing checks (i.e., SRP, authz) for
how to model the code. For example:

@example
AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to disable foobar support])
AC_ARG_ENABLE(foobar,
	AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-foobar],
		[disable foobar support]),
	ac_enable_foobar=no)
if test x$ac_enable_foobar != xno; then
 AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
 AC_DEFINE(ENABLE_FOOBAR, 1, [enable foobar])
else
 ac_full=0
 AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
fi
AM_CONDITIONAL(ENABLE_FOOBAR, test "$ac_enable_foobar" != "no")
@end example

These lines should go in @code{lib/m4/hooks.m4}.

@subsubheading Add an extension identifier to @code{extensions_t} in @code{gnutls_int.h}.

A good name for the identifier would be GNUTLS_EXTENSION_FOOBAR. If the
extension that you are implementing is an extension that is officially
registered by IANA then it is recommended to use its official name such
that the extension can be correctly identified by other developers. Check
with @url{http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-extensiontype-values}
for registered extensions.

@subsubheading Register the extension in @code{lib/hello_ext.c}.

In order for the extension to be executed you need to register it in the
@code{static hello_ext_entry_st const *extfunc[]} list in @code{lib/hello_ext.c}.

A typical entry would be:

@example
#ifdef ENABLE_FOOBAR
	[GNUTLS_EXTENSION_FOOBAR] = &ext_mod_foobar,
#endif
@end example

Also for every extension you need to create an @code{hello_ext_entry_st}
that describes the extension. This structure is placed in the designated
c file for your extension and its name is used in the registration entry
as depicted above.

The structure of @code{hello_ext_entry_st} is as follows:
@example
  const hello_ext_entry_st ext_mod_foobar = @{
    .name = "FOOBAR",
    .tls_id = 255,
    .gid = GNUTLS_EXTENSION_FOOBAR,
    .parse_type = GNUTLS_EXT_TLS,
    .validity = GNUTLS_EXT_FLAG_CLIENT_HELLO |
	GNUTLS_EXT_FLAG_TLS12_SERVER_HELLO |
	GNUTLS_EXT_FLAG_TLS13_SERVER_HELLO |
	GNUTLS_EXT_FLAG_TLS,
    .recv_func = _gnutls_foobar_recv_params,
    .send_func = _gnutls_foobar_send_params,
    .pack_func = _gnutls_foobar_pack,
    .unpack_func = _gnutls_foobar_unpack,
    .deinit_func = _gnutls_foobar_deinit,
    .cannot_be_overriden = 1
  @};
@end example

The GNUTLS_EXTENSION_FOOBAR is the identifier that you've added to
@code{gnutls_int.h} earlier. The @code{.tls_id} should contain the number
that IANA has assigned to this extension, or an unassigned number of your
choice if this is an unregistered extension. In the rest of this structure
you specify the functions to handle the extension data. The @code{receive} function
will be called upon reception of the data and will be used to parse or
interpret the extension data. The @code{send} function will be called prior to
sending the extension data on the wire and will be used to format the data
such that it can be send over the wire. The @code{pack} and @code{unpack}
functions will be used to prepare the data for storage in case of session resumption
(and vice versa). The @code{deinit} function will be called to deinitialize
the extension's private parameters, if any.

Look at @code{gnutls_ext_parse_type_t} and @code{gnutls_ext_flags_t} for a complete
list of available flags.

Note that the conditional @code{ENABLE_FOOBAR} definition should only be
used if step 1 with the @code{configure} options has taken place.

@subsubheading Add new files that implement the hello extension.

To keep things structured every extension should have its own files. The
functions that you should (at least) add are those referenced in the struct
from the previous step. Use descriptive file names such as @code{lib/ext/@-foobar.c}
and for the corresponding header @code{lib/ext/@-foobar.h}.
As a starter, you could add this:

@example
int
_gnutls_foobar_recv_params (gnutls_session_t session, const uint8_t * data,
                     size_t data_size)
@{
  return 0;
@}

int
_gnutls_foobar_send_params (gnutls_session_t session, gnutls_buffer_st* data)
@{
  return 0;
@}

int
_gnutls_foobar_pack (extension_priv_data_t epriv, gnutls_buffer_st * ps)
@{
   /* Append the extension's internal state to buffer */
   return 0;
@}

int
_gnutls_foobar_unpack (gnutls_buffer_st * ps, extension_priv_data_t * epriv)
@{
   /* Read the internal state from buffer */
   return 0;
@}
@end example

The @funcintref{_gnutls_foobar_recv_params} function is responsible for
parsing incoming extension data (both in the client and server).

The @funcintref{_gnutls_foobar_send_params} function is responsible for
formatting extension data such that it can be send over the wire (both in
the client and server). It should append data to provided buffer and
return a positive (or zero) number on success or a negative error code.
Previous to 3.6.0 versions of GnuTLS required that function to return the
number of bytes that were written. If zero is returned and no bytes are
appended the extension will not be sent. If a zero byte extension is to
be sent this function must return @code{GNUTLS_E_INT_RET_0}.

If you receive length fields that don't match, return
@code{GNUTLS_E_@-UNEXPECTED_@-PACKET_@-LENGTH}.  If you receive invalid
data, return @code{GNUTLS_E_@-RECEIVED_@-ILLEGAL_@-PARAMETER}.  You can use
other error codes from the list in @ref{Error codes}. Return 0 on success.

An extension typically stores private information in the @code{session}
data for later usage. That can be done using the functions
@funcintref{_gnutls_hello_ext_set_datum} and
@funcintref{_gnutls_hello_ext_get_datum}. You can check simple examples
at @code{lib/ext/@-max_@-record.c} and @code{lib/ext/@-server_@-name.c} extensions.
That private information can be saved and restored across session
resumption if the following functions are set:

The @funcintref{_gnutls_foobar_pack} function is responsible for packing
internal extension data to save them in the session resumption storage.

The @funcintref{_gnutls_foobar_unpack} function is responsible for
restoring session data from the session resumption storage.

When the internal data is stored using the @funcintref{_gnutls_hello_ext_set_datum},
then you can rely on the default pack and unpack functions:
@funcintref{_gnutls_hello_ext_default_pack} and
@funcintref{_gnutls_hello_ext_default_unpack}.

Recall that both for the client and server, the send and receive
functions most likely will need to do different things
depending on which mode they are in. It may be useful to make this
distinction explicit in the code. Thus, for example, a better
template than above would be:

@example
int
_gnutls_foobar_recv_params (gnutls_session_t session,
                            const uint8_t * data,
                            size_t data_size)
@{
  if (session->security_parameters.entity == GNUTLS_CLIENT)
    return foobar_recv_client (session, data, data_size);
  else
    return foobar_recv_server (session, data, data_size);
@}

int
_gnutls_foobar_send_params (gnutls_session_t session,
                            gnutls_buffer_st * data)
@{
  if (session->security_parameters.entity == GNUTLS_CLIENT)
    return foobar_send_client (session, data);
  else
    return foobar_send_server (session, data);
@}
@end example

The functions used would be declared as @code{static} functions, of
the appropriate prototype, in the same file.

When adding the new extension files, you'll need to add them to @code{lib/ext/@-Makefile.am}
as well, for example:

@example
if ENABLE_FOOBAR
libgnutls_ext_la_SOURCES += ext/foobar.c ext/foobar.h
endif
@end example

@subsubheading Add API functions to use the extension.

It might be desirable to allow users of the extension to
request the use of the extension, or set extension specific data.
This can be implemented by adding extension specific function calls
that can be added to @code{includes/@-gnutls/@-gnutls.h},
as long as the LGPLv2.1+ applies.
The implementation of these functions should lie in the @code{lib/ext/@-foobar.c} file.

To make the API available in the shared library you need to add the added
symbols in @code{lib/@-libgnutls.map}, so that the symbols are exported properly.

When writing GTK-DOC style documentation for your new APIs, don't
forget to add @code{Since:} tags to indicate the GnuTLS version the
API was introduced in.

@subheading Adding a new Supplemental Data Handshake Message

TLS handshake extensions allow to send so called supplemental data
handshake messages @xcite{RFC4680}. This short section explains how to
implement a supplemental data handshake message for a given TLS extension.

First of all, modify your extension @code{foobar} in the way, to instruct
the handshake process to send and receive supplemental data, as shown below.

@example
int
_gnutls_foobar_recv_params (gnutls_session_t session, const opaque * data,
                                 size_t _data_size)
@{
   ...
   gnutls_supplemental_recv(session, 1);
   ...
@}

int
_gnutls_foobar_send_params (gnutls_session_t session, gnutls_buffer_st *extdata)
@{
   ...
   gnutls_supplemental_send(session, 1);
   ...
@}
@end example

Furthermore you'll need two new functions @funcintref{_foobar_supp_recv_params}
and @funcintref{_foobar_supp_send_params}, which must conform to the following
prototypes.

@example
typedef int (*gnutls_supp_recv_func)(gnutls_session_t session,
                                     const unsigned char *data,
                                     size_t data_size);
typedef int (*gnutls_supp_send_func)(gnutls_session_t session,
                                     gnutls_buffer_t buf);
@end example

The following example code shows how to send a
``Hello World'' string in the supplemental data handshake message.

@example
int
_foobar_supp_recv_params(gnutls_session_t session, const opaque *data, size_t _data_size)
@{
   uint8_t len = _data_size;
   unsigned char *msg;

   msg = gnutls_malloc(len);
   if (msg == NULL) return GNUTLS_E_MEMORY_ERROR;

   memcpy(msg, data, len);
   msg[len]='\0';

   /* do something with msg */
   gnutls_free(msg);

   return len;
@}

int
_foobar_supp_send_params(gnutls_session_t session, gnutls_buffer_t buf)
@{
   unsigned char *msg = "hello world";
   int len = strlen(msg);

   if (gnutls_buffer_append_data(buf, msg, len) < 0)
       abort();

   return len;
@}
@end example

Afterwards, register the new supplemental data using @funcref{gnutls_session_supplemental_register},
or @funcref{gnutls_supplemental_register} at some point in your program.

@node Cryptographic Backend
@section Cryptographic Backend

Today most new processors, either for embedded or desktop systems
include either instructions  intended to speed up cryptographic operations,
or a co-processor with cryptographic capabilities. Taking advantage of
those is a challenging task for every cryptographic  application or
library. GnuTLS handles the cryptographic provider in a modular
way, following a layered approach to access
cryptographic operations as in @ref{fig-crypto-layers}.

@float Figure,fig-crypto-layers
@image{gnutls-crypto-layers,12cm}
@caption{GnuTLS cryptographic back-end design.}
@end float

The TLS layer uses a cryptographic provider layer, that will in turn either
use the default crypto provider -- a software crypto library, or use an external
crypto provider, if available in the local system. The reason of handling
the external cryptographic provider in GnuTLS and not delegating it to
the cryptographic libraries, is that none of the supported cryptographic
libraries support @code{/dev/crypto} or CPU-optimized cryptography in
an efficient way.

@subheading Cryptographic library layer
The Cryptographic library layer, currently supports only
libnettle. Older versions of GnuTLS used to support libgcrypt,
but it was switched with nettle mainly for performance reasons@footnote{See
@url{http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/gnutls-devel/2011-02/msg00079.html}.}
and secondary because it is a simpler library to use.
In the future other cryptographic libraries might be supported as well.

@subheading External cryptography provider
Systems that include a cryptographic co-processor, typically come with
kernel drivers to utilize the operations from software. For this reason
GnuTLS provides a layer where each individual algorithm used can be replaced
by another implementation, i.e., the one provided by the driver. The
FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Linux kernels@footnote{Check @url{http://home.gna.org/cryptodev-linux/}
for the Linux kernel implementation of @code{/dev/crypto}.} include already
a number of hardware assisted implementations, and also provide an interface
to access them, called @code{/dev/crypto}.
GnuTLS will take advantage of this interface if compiled with special
options. That is because in most systems where hardware-assisted
cryptographic operations are not available, using this interface might
actually harm performance.

In systems that include cryptographic instructions with the CPU's
instructions set, using the kernel interface will introduce an
unneeded layer. For this reason GnuTLS includes such optimizations
found in popular processors such as the AES-NI or VIA PADLOCK instruction sets.
This is achieved using a mechanism that detects CPU capabilities and
overrides parts of crypto back-end at runtime.
The next section discusses the registration of a detected algorithm
optimization. For more information please consult the @acronym{GnuTLS}
source code in @code{lib/accelerated/}.

@subsubheading Overriding specific algorithms
When an optimized implementation of a single algorithm is available,
say a hardware assisted version of @acronym{AES-CBC} then the
following functions, from @code{crypto.h}, can
be used to register those algorithms.

@itemize

@item @funcref{gnutls_crypto_register_cipher}:
To register a cipher algorithm.

@item @funcref{gnutls_crypto_register_aead_cipher}:
To register an AEAD cipher algorithm.

@item @funcref{gnutls_crypto_register_mac}:
To register a MAC algorithm.

@item @funcref{gnutls_crypto_register_digest}:
To register a hash algorithm.

@end itemize

Those registration functions will only replace the specified algorithm
and leave the rest of subsystem intact.


@subheading Protecting keys through isolation

For asymmetric or public keys, GnuTLS supports PKCS #11 which allows
operation without access to long term keys, in addition to CPU offloading.
For more information see @ref{Hardware security modules and abstract key types}.


@node Random Number Generators-internals
@section Random Number Generators

@subheading About the generators

GnuTLS provides two random generators. The default, and the AES-DRBG random
generator which is only used when the library is compiled with support for
FIPS140-2 and the system is in FIPS140-2 mode.

@subheading The default generator - inner workings

The random number generator levels in @code{gnutls_rnd_level_t} map to two CHACHA-based random generators which
are initially seeded using the OS random device, e.g., @code{/dev/urandom}
or @code{getrandom()}. These random generators are unique per thread, and
are automatically re-seeded when a fork is detected.

The reason the CHACHA cipher was selected for the GnuTLS' PRNG is the fact
that CHACHA is considered a secure and fast stream cipher, and is already
defined for use in TLS protocol. As such, the utilization of it would
not stress the CPU caches, and would allow for better performance on busy
servers, irrespective of their architecture (e.g., even if AES is not
available with an optimized instruction set).

The generators are unique per thread to allow lock-free operation. That
induces a cost of around 140-bytes for the state of the generators per
thread, on threads that would utilize @funcref{gnutls_rnd}. At the same time
it allows fast and lock-free access to the generators. The lock-free access
benefits servers which utilize more than 4 threads, while imposes no cost on
single threaded processes.

On the first call to @funcref{gnutls_rnd} the generators are seeded with two independent
keys obtained from the OS random device. Their seed is used to output a fixed amount
of bytes before re-seeding; the number of bytes output varies per generator.

One generator is dedicated for the @code{GNUTLS_RND_NONCE} level, and the
second is shared for the @code{GNUTLS_RND_KEY} and @code{GNUTLS_RND_RANDOM}
levels. For the rest of this section we refer to the first as the nonce
generator and the second as the key generator.

The nonce generator will reseed after outputting a fixed amount of bytes
(typically few megabytes), or after few hours of operation without reaching
the limit has passed. It is being re-seed using
the key generator to obtain a new key for the CHACHA cipher, which is mixed
with its old one.

Similarly, the key generator, will also re-seed after a fixed amount
of bytes is generated (typically less than the nonce), and will also re-seed
based on time, i.e., after few hours of operation without reaching the limit
for a re-seed. For its re-seed it mixes mixes data obtained from the OS random
device with the previous key.

Although the key generator used to provide data for the @code{GNUTLS_RND_RANDOM}
and @code{GNUTLS_RND_KEY} levels is identical, when used with the @code{GNUTLS_RND_KEY} level
a re-key of the PRNG using its own output, is additionally performed. That ensures that
the recovery of the PRNG state will not be sufficient to recover previously generated values.


@subheading The AES-DRBG generator - inner workings

Similar with the default generator, the random number generator levels in @code{gnutls_rnd_level_t} map to two
AES-DRBG random generators which are initially seeded using the OS random device,
e.g., @code{/dev/urandom} or @code{getrandom()}. These random generators are
unique per thread, and are automatically re-seeded when a fork is detected.

The AES-DRBG generator is based on the AES cipher in counter mode and is
re-seeded after a fixed amount of bytes are generated.


@subheading Defense against PRNG attacks

This section describes the counter-measures available in the Pseudo-random number generator (PRNG)
of GnuTLS for known attacks as described in @xcite{PRNGATTACKS}. Note that, the attacks on a PRNG such as
state-compromise, assume a quite powerful adversary which has in practice
access to the PRNG state.

@subsubheading Cryptanalytic

To defend against cryptanalytic attacks GnuTLS' PRNG is a stream cipher
designed to defend against the same attacks. As such, GnuTLS' PRNG strength
with regards to this attack relies on the underlying crypto block,
which at the time of writing is CHACHA. That is easily replaceable in
the future if attacks are found to be possible in that cipher.

@subsubheading Input-based attacks

These attacks assume that the attacker can influence the input that is used
to form the state of the PRNG. To counter these attacks GnuTLS does not
gather input from the system environment but rather relies on the OS
provided random generator. That is the @code{/dev/urandom} or
@code{getentropy}/@code{getrandom} system calls. As such, GnuTLS' PRNG
is as strong as the system random generator can assure with regards to
input-based attacks.

@subsubheading State-compromise: Backtracking

A backtracking attack, assumes that an adversary obtains at some point of time
access to the generator state, and wants to recover past bytes. As the
GnuTLS generator is fine-tuned to provide multiple levels, such an attack
mainly concerns levels @code{GNUTLS_RND_RANDOM} and @code{GNUTLS_RND_KEY},
since @code{GNUTLS_RND_NONCE} is intended to output non-secret data.
The @code{GNUTLS_RND_RANDOM} generator at the time of writing can output
2MB prior to being re-seeded thus this is its upper bound for previously
generated data recovered using this attack. That assumes that the state
of the operating system random generator is unknown to the attacker, and we carry that
assumption on the next paragraphs. The usage of @code{GNUTLS_RND_KEY} level
ensures that no backtracking is possible for all output data, by re-keying
the PRNG using its own output.

Such an attack reflects the real world scenario where application's memory is
temporarily compromised, while the kernel's memory is inaccessible.

@subsubheading State-compromise: Permanent Compromise Attack

A permanent compromise attack implies that once an attacker compromises the
state of GnuTLS' random generator at a specific time, future and past
outputs from the generator are compromised. For past outputs the
previous paragraph applies. For future outputs, both the @code{GNUTLS_RND_RANDOM}
and the @code{GNUTLS_RND_KEY} will recover after 2MB of data have been generated
or few hours have passed (two at the time of writing). Similarly the @code{GNUTLS_RND_NONCE}
level generator will recover after several megabytes of output is generated,
or its re-key time is reached.

@subsubheading State-compromise: Iterative guessing

This attack assumes that after an attacker obtained the PRNG state
at some point, is able to recover the state at a later time by observing
outputs of the PRNG. That is countered by switching the key to generators
using a combination of a fresh key and the old one (using XOR), at
re-seed time. All levels are immune to such attack after a re-seed.

@subsubheading State-compromise: Meet-in-the-Middle

This attack assumes that the attacker obtained the PRNG state at
two distinct times, and being able to recover the state at the third time
after observing the output of the PRNG. Given the approach described
on the above paragraph, all levels are immune to such attack.

@node FIPS140-2 mode
@section FIPS140-2 mode

GnuTLS can operate in a special mode for FIPS140-2. That mode of operation
is for the conformance to NIST's FIPS140-2 publication, which consists of policies
for cryptographic modules (such as software libraries). Its implementation in
GnuTLS is designed for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and can only be enabled
when the library is explicitly compiled with the '--enable-fips140-mode'
configure option. The operation of the library is then modified, as follows.

@itemize
@item FIPS140-2 mode is enabled when @code{/proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled} contains '1' and @code{/etc/system-fips} is present.
@item Only approved by FIPS140-2 algorithms are enabled
@item Only approved by FIPS140-2 key lengths are allowed for key generation
@item The random generator used switches to DRBG-AES
@item The integrity of the GnuTLS and dependent libraries is checked on startup
@item Algorithm self-tests are run on library load
@item Any cryptographic operation will be refused if any of the self-tests failed
@end itemize


There are also few environment variables which modify that operation. The
environment variable @code{GNUTLS_SKIP_FIPS_INTEGRITY_CHECKS} will disable
the library integrity tests on startup, and the variable
@code{GNUTLS_FORCE_FIPS_MODE} can be set to force a value from
@ref{gnutls_fips_mode_t}, i.e., '1' will enable the FIPS140-2
mode, while '0' will disable it.

The integrity checks for the dependent libraries and GnuTLS are performed
using '.hmac' files which are present at the same path as the library. The
key for the operations can be provided on compile-time with the configure
option '--with-fips140-key'. The MAC algorithm used is HMAC-SHA256.

On runtime an application can verify whether the library is in FIPS140-2
mode using the @funcref{gnutls_fips140_mode_enabled} function.

@subheading Relaxing FIPS140-2 requirements

The library by default operates in a strict enforcing mode, ensuring that
all constraints imposed by the FIPS140-2 specification are enforced. However
the application can relax these requirements via @funcref{gnutls_fips140_set_mode}
which can switch to alternative modes as in @ref{gnutls_fips_mode_t}.

@showenumdesc{gnutls_fips_mode_t,The @code{gnutls_@-fips_@-mode_t} enumeration.}

The intention of this API is to be used by applications which may run in
FIPS140-2 mode, while they utilize few algorithms not in the allowed set,
e.g., for non-security related purposes. In these cases applications should
wrap the non-compliant code within blocks like the following.

@example
GNUTLS_FIPS140_SET_LAX_MODE();

_gnutls_hash_fast(GNUTLS_DIG_MD5, buffer, sizeof(buffer), output);

GNUTLS_FIPS140_SET_STRICT_MODE();
@end example

The @code{GNUTLS_FIPS140_SET_LAX_MODE} and
@code{GNUTLS_FIPS140_SET_STRICT_MODE} are macros to simplify the following
sequence of calls.

@example
if (gnutls_fips140_mode_enabled())
  gnutls_fips140_set_mode(GNUTLS_FIPS140_LAX, GNUTLS_FIPS140_SET_MODE_THREAD);

_gnutls_hash_fast(GNUTLS_DIG_MD5, buffer, sizeof(buffer), output);

if (gnutls_fips140_mode_enabled())
  gnutls_fips140_set_mode(GNUTLS_FIPS140_STRICT, GNUTLS_FIPS140_SET_MODE_THREAD);
@end example

The reason of the @code{GNUTLS_FIPS140_SET_MODE_THREAD} flag in the
previous calls is to localize the change in the mode. Note also, that
such a block has no effect when the library is not operating
under FIPS140-2 mode, and thus it can be considered a no-op.

Applications could also switch FIPS140-2 mode explicitly off, by calling
@example
gnutls_fips140_set_mode(GNUTLS_FIPS140_LAX, 0);
@end example