Fix wiki linking behavior for markdown wiki pages

Related to #18019 

- As per the documentation in !4372 

## TODO
- [ ] !4432 Have wiki linking behave as per the documentation
    - [x] Move `WikiLinkFilter` specs to the pipeline level
    - [x] Verify current behavior on wiki `show` page
    - [x] Fix current behavior on wiki `show` page
    - [x] Verify current behaviour on wiki preview
    - [x] Fix current behaviour on wiki preview
        - [x] Rewrite all links and get preview links working
        - [x] Make sure all links are on-par with the wiki `show` page
        - [x] TDD `WikiLinkFilter` and get it working
        - [x] Hook `WikiLinkFilter` up
    - [x] Fix tests 
        - [x] Fix `markdown_spec`
        - [x] Fix `wiki` spinach feature
        - [x] Wait for [build](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/4f50dd2/builds) to pass
        - [x] Make sure all wiki-related pages are working as expected (history, all pages, etc.)
    - [x] Test in different ruby versions
    - [x] GitLab instances hosted on a relative URL
    - [x] Non-markdown rendering formats?
        - [x] RDoc
        - [x] ASCIIDoc
        - [x] Create issues to fix things for RDoc and ASCIIDoc
    - [x] Gauge performance impact
    - [x] Refactor
    - [x] Re-organize commits
    - [x] Make sure [build](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/f860e9a8dcabe7d5f160c32fc549807c98baa4a1/builds) passes
    - [x] Respond to @rymai's comments
        - [x] `class WikiLinkFilter < HTML::Pipeline::Filter`
        - [x] blank line after guard clause
        - [x] keyword arguments for `wiki` and `slug`
        - [x] invert the condition
        - [x] inline `user` in spec
        - [x] Make sure spec names are not out of date
        - [x] Comment for each rewrite rule
    - [x] Add CHANGELOG entry
    - [x] Reorganize commits
    - [x] Make sure [build](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/19b91e749a6320d12fb299d33f1f6440777e0e26/builds) passes
    - [ ] Wait for merge

See merge request !4432

Original Comments
=================

- Linking behaves as per rules documented here:
  https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/16568-document-wiki-linking-behavior/doc/markdown/wiki.md
- All links (to other wiki pages) are rewritten to be at the level of
  the app root. We can't use links relative to the current
  page ('./foo', 'foo', '../foo'), because they won't work in the
  markdown preview, where the current page is suffixed with `/edit`
- Move existing `WikiLinkFilter` specs to `WikiPipeline` spec. It makes
  sense to run these tests on the combined output of the pipeline,
  rather than a single filter, since we can catch issues with
  conflicting filters.
- Add more tests to cover the new linking

@rymai's Review
===============

- Classes nested under `WikiLinkFilter` should declare `WikiLinkFilter`'s
  inherit, so nothing changes if the nested class is loaded first.
- Add a blank line after a guard clause
- Use keyword arguments for the `Rewriter` constructor
- Invert a condition - use `if` instead of `unless`
- Inline a `let` in `WikiPipeline` spec - it was only used in a single place
- Change out of date spec names
- Add a comment for every rewrite rule in `Rewriter`

This changes UserReferenceFilter so it operates using the following
steps:

1. Grab all username references from the input document.
2. Query the corresponding Namespace objects using a single query.
3. Iterate over all nodes to build links while re-using the objects
   queried in step 2.

The impact of these changes is that a comment mentioning 5 different
usernames no longer runs 5 different queries (1 for every username),
instead it only runs a single query.

This method returns an Array of the HTML nodes as yielded by
ReferenceFilter#each_node. The method's return value is memoized to
allow multiple calls without having to re-query the input document.

This changes ReferenceFilter#each_node so that when it's called without
a block an Enumerator is returned.

Nokogiri's `node.replace` was being unnecessarily called for every text node in
the document due to a comparison bug. The code previously was comparing the
HTML representation of the full document against the text node, which would
always fail. Fix the comparison to just compare the modified text.

Closes #18011

Separate reference gathering from rendering

This is a required step to allow batch processing when gathering references. This in turn would allow grabbing (for example) all mentioned users of an issue/merge request using a single query.

cc @rspeicher @DouweM 

See merge request !3969