`avatar.present?` goes through CarrierWave, and checks that the file
exists on disk and checks its filesize. Because we're hitting the disk,
this adds extra overhead to something where the worst-case scenario is
rendering a broken image.

Instead, we now just check that the _database attribute_ is present,
which is good enough for our purposes.

See https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/19273

The issue was with the `User#groups` and `User#projects` associations
which goes through the `User#group_members` and `User#project_members`.

Initially I chose to use a secure approach by storing the requester's
user ID in `Member#created_by_id` instead of `Member#user_id` because I
was aware that there was a security risk since I didn't know the
codebase well enough.

Then during the review, we decided to change that and directly store the
requester's user ID into `Member#user_id` (for the sake of simplifying
the code I believe), meaning that every `group_members` / `project_members`
association would include the requesters by default...

My bad for not checking that all the `group_members` / `project_members`
associations and the ones that go through them (e.g. `Group#users` and
`Project#users`) were made safe with the `where(requested_at: nil)` /
`where(members: { requested_at: nil })` scopes.

Now they are all secure.

Signed-off-by: Rémy Coutable <remy@rymai.me>

- As todos are created/updated inside the TodoService
we repopulate the cache just there for both pending/done todos
- Todos as mark as done from the TodosController we update cache
there too
- All the added methods are kept in the User class for cohesion

- Extract a duplicated `redirect_to`
- Fix a typo: "token", not "certificate"
- Have the "Expires at" datepicker be attached to a text field, not inline
- Have both private tokens and personal access tokens verified in a
  single "authenticate_from_private_token" method, both in the
  application and API. Move relevant logic to
  `User#find_by_personal_access_token`
- Remove unnecessary constants relating to API auth. We don't need a
  separate constant for personal access tokens since the param is the
  same as for private tokens.