When a LDAP user signs in the for the first time and if there
is an `Identity` object with `user_id` of `nil`, new users
will not be able to be register until that entry is cleared
because of the way identities are created:

1. First, the User object is built but not saved, so it has no `id`.
2. Then, `user.identities.build(provider: 'ldapmain')` is called,
   but it does not have an associated `user_id` as a result.
3. `User#save` is called, but the `Identity` validation fails if an
   existing entry with `user_id` of `nil` already exists.

The uniqueness validation for `nil` values doesn't make any sense in
this case. We should be enforcing this at the database level with a
foreign key constraint. To work around the issue we can validate
against the user instead, which does the right thing even when
the user isn't saved yet.

Closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/56734

Moving this method to a separate module looks a bit odd, but it allows
for EE to extend the method without also having to redefine a variety of
validation rules.

Partially addresses #47424.

Originates in 'SamlProvider has many linked Identities' from EE