@c Copyright (C) 1988-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c This is part of the GCC manual. @c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi. @node C Extensions @chapter Extensions to the C Language Family @cindex extensions, C language @cindex C language extensions @opindex pedantic GNU C provides several language features not found in ISO standard C@. (The @option{-pedantic} option directs GCC to print a warning message if any of these features is used.) To test for the availability of these features in conditional compilation, check for a predefined macro @code{__GNUC__}, which is always defined under GCC@. These extensions are available in C and Objective-C@. Most of them are also available in C++. @xref{C++ Extensions,,Extensions to the C++ Language}, for extensions that apply @emph{only} to C++. Some features that are in ISO C99 but not C90 or C++ are also, as extensions, accepted by GCC in C90 mode and in C++. @menu * Statement Exprs:: Putting statements and declarations inside expressions. * Local Labels:: Labels local to a block. * Labels as Values:: Getting pointers to labels, and computed gotos. * Nested Functions:: As in Algol and Pascal, lexical scoping of functions. * Constructing Calls:: Dispatching a call to another function. * Typeof:: @code{typeof}: referring to the type of an expression. * Conditionals:: Omitting the middle operand of a @samp{?:} expression. * __int128:: 128-bit integers---@code{__int128}. * Long Long:: Double-word integers---@code{long long int}. * Complex:: Data types for complex numbers. * Floating Types:: Additional Floating Types. * Half-Precision:: Half-Precision Floating Point. * Decimal Float:: Decimal Floating Types. * Hex Floats:: Hexadecimal floating-point constants. * Fixed-Point:: Fixed-Point Types. * Named Address Spaces::Named address spaces. * Zero Length:: Zero-length arrays. * Empty Structures:: Structures with no members. * Variable Length:: Arrays whose length is computed at run time. * Variadic Macros:: Macros with a variable number of arguments. * Escaped Newlines:: Slightly looser rules for escaped newlines. * Subscripting:: Any array can be subscripted, even if not an lvalue. * Pointer Arith:: Arithmetic on @code{void}-pointers and function pointers. * Pointers to Arrays:: Pointers to arrays with qualifiers work as expected. * Initializers:: Non-constant initializers. * Compound Literals:: Compound literals give structures, unions or arrays as values. * Designated Inits:: Labeling elements of initializers. * Case Ranges:: `case 1 ... 9' and such. * Cast to Union:: Casting to union type from any member of the union. * Mixed Declarations:: Mixing declarations and code. * Function Attributes:: Declaring that functions have no side effects, or that they can never return. * Label Attributes:: Specifying attributes on labels. * Attribute Syntax:: Formal syntax for attributes. * Function Prototypes:: Prototype declarations and old-style definitions. * C++ Comments:: C++ comments are recognized. * Dollar Signs:: Dollar sign is allowed in identifiers. * Character Escapes:: @samp{\e} stands for the character @key{ESC}. * Variable Attributes:: Specifying attributes of variables. * Type Attributes:: Specifying attributes of types. * Alignment:: Inquiring about the alignment of a type or variable. * Inline:: Defining inline functions (as fast as macros). * Volatiles:: What constitutes an access to a volatile object. * Using Assembly Language with C:: Instructions and extensions for interfacing C with assembler. * Alternate Keywords:: @code{__const__}, @code{__asm__}, etc., for header files. * Incomplete Enums:: @code{enum foo;}, with details to follow. * Function Names:: Printable strings which are the name of the current function. * Return Address:: Getting the return or frame address of a function. * Vector Extensions:: Using vector instructions through built-in functions. * Offsetof:: Special syntax for implementing @code{offsetof}. * __sync Builtins:: Legacy built-in functions for atomic memory access. * __atomic Builtins:: Atomic built-in functions with memory model. * Integer Overflow Builtins:: Built-in functions to perform arithmetics and arithmetic overflow checking. * x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory:: x86 memory models. * Object Size Checking:: Built-in functions for limited buffer overflow checking. * Pointer Bounds Checker builtins:: Built-in functions for Pointer Bounds Checker. * Cilk Plus Builtins:: Built-in functions for the Cilk Plus language extension. * Other Builtins:: Other built-in functions. * Target Builtins:: Built-in functions specific to particular targets. * Target Format Checks:: Format checks specific to particular targets. * Pragmas:: Pragmas accepted by GCC. * Unnamed Fields:: Unnamed struct/union fields within structs/unions. * Thread-Local:: Per-thread variables. * Binary constants:: Binary constants using the @samp{0b} prefix. @end menu @node Statement Exprs @section Statements and Declarations in Expressions @cindex statements inside expressions @cindex declarations inside expressions @cindex expressions containing statements @cindex macros, statements in expressions @c the above section title wrapped and causes an underfull hbox.. i @c changed it from "within" to "in". --mew 4feb93 A compound statement enclosed in parentheses may appear as an expression in GNU C@. This allows you to use loops, switches, and local variables within an expression. Recall that a compound statement is a sequence of statements surrounded by braces; in this construct, parentheses go around the braces. For example: @smallexample (@{ int y = foo (); int z; if (y > 0) z = y; else z = - y; z; @}) @end smallexample @noindent is a valid (though slightly more complex than necessary) expression for the absolute value of @code{foo ()}. The last thing in the compound statement should be an expression followed by a semicolon; the value of this subexpression serves as the value of the entire construct. (If you use some other kind of statement last within the braces, the construct has type @code{void}, and thus effectively no value.) This feature is especially useful in making macro definitions ``safe'' (so that they evaluate each operand exactly once). For example, the ``maximum'' function is commonly defined as a macro in standard C as follows: @smallexample #define max(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b)) @end smallexample @noindent @cindex side effects, macro argument But this definition computes either @var{a} or @var{b} twice, with bad results if the operand has side effects. In GNU C, if you know the type of the operands (here taken as @code{int}), you can define the macro safely as follows: @smallexample #define maxint(a,b) \ (@{int _a = (a), _b = (b); _a > _b ? _a : _b; @}) @end smallexample Embedded statements are not allowed in constant expressions, such as the value of an enumeration constant, the width of a bit-field, or the initial value of a static variable. If you don't know the type of the operand, you can still do this, but you must use @code{typeof} or @code{__auto_type} (@pxref{Typeof}). In G++, the result value of a statement expression undergoes array and function pointer decay, and is returned by value to the enclosing expression. For instance, if @code{A} is a class, then @smallexample A a; (@{a;@}).Foo () @end smallexample @noindent constructs a temporary @code{A} object to hold the result of the statement expression, and that is used to invoke @code{Foo}. Therefore the @code{this} pointer observed by @code{Foo} is not the address of @code{a}. In a statement expression, any temporaries created within a statement are destroyed at that statement's end. This makes statement expressions inside macros slightly different from function calls. In the latter case temporaries introduced during argument evaluation are destroyed at the end of the statement that includes the function call. In the statement expression case they are destroyed during the statement expression. For instance, @smallexample #define macro(a) (@{__typeof__(a) b = (a); b + 3; @}) template T function(T a) @{ T b = a; return b + 3; @} void foo () @{ macro (X ()); function (X ()); @} @end smallexample @noindent has different places where temporaries are destroyed. For the @code{macro} case, the temporary @code{X} is destroyed just after the initialization of @code{b}. In the @code{function} case that temporary is destroyed when the function returns. These considerations mean that it is probably a bad idea to use statement expressions of this form in header files that are designed to work with C++. (Note that some versions of the GNU C Library contained header files using statement expressions that lead to precisely this bug.) Jumping into a statement expression with @code{goto} or using a @code{switch} statement outside the statement expression with a @code{case} or @code{default} label inside the statement expression is not permitted. Jumping into a statement expression with a computed @code{goto} (@pxref{Labels as Values}) has undefined behavior. Jumping out of a statement expression is permitted, but if the statement expression is part of a larger expression then it is unspecified which other subexpressions of that expression have been evaluated except where the language definition requires certain subexpressions to be evaluated before or after the statement expression. In any case, as with a function call, the evaluation of a statement expression is not interleaved with the evaluation of other parts of the containing expression. For example, @smallexample foo (), ((@{ bar1 (); goto a; 0; @}) + bar2 ()), baz(); @end smallexample @noindent calls @code{foo} and @code{bar1} and does not call @code{baz} but may or may not call @code{bar2}. If @code{bar2} is called, it is called after @code{foo} and before @code{bar1}. @node Local Labels @section Locally Declared Labels @cindex local labels @cindex macros, local labels GCC allows you to declare @dfn{local labels} in any nested block scope. A local label is just like an ordinary label, but you can only reference it (with a @code{goto} statement, or by taking its address) within the block in which it is declared. A local label declaration looks like this: @smallexample __label__ @var{label}; @end smallexample @noindent or @smallexample __label__ @var{label1}, @var{label2}, /* @r{@dots{}} */; @end smallexample Local label declarations must come at the beginning of the block, before any ordinary declarations or statements. The label declaration defines the label @emph{name}, but does not define the label itself. You must do this in the usual way, with @code{@var{label}:}, within the statements of the statement expression. The local label feature is useful for complex macros. If a macro contains nested loops, a @code{goto} can be useful for breaking out of them. However, an ordinary label whose scope is the whole function cannot be used: if the macro can be expanded several times in one function, the label is multiply defined in that function. A local label avoids this problem. For example: @smallexample #define SEARCH(value, array, target) \ do @{ \ __label__ found; \ typeof (target) _SEARCH_target = (target); \ typeof (*(array)) *_SEARCH_array = (array); \ int i, j; \ int value; \ for (i = 0; i < max; i++) \ for (j = 0; j < max; j++) \ if (_SEARCH_array[i][j] == _SEARCH_target) \ @{ (value) = i; goto found; @} \ (value) = -1; \ found:; \ @} while (0) @end smallexample This could also be written using a statement expression: @smallexample #define SEARCH(array, target) \ (@{ \ __label__ found; \ typeof (target) _SEARCH_target = (target); \ typeof (*(array)) *_SEARCH_array = (array); \ int i, j; \ int value; \ for (i = 0; i < max; i++) \ for (j = 0; j < max; j++) \ if (_SEARCH_array[i][j] == _SEARCH_target) \ @{ value = i; goto found; @} \ value = -1; \ found: \ value; \ @}) @end smallexample Local label declarations also make the labels they declare visible to nested functions, if there are any. @xref{Nested Functions}, for details. @node Labels as Values @section Labels as Values @cindex labels as values @cindex computed gotos @cindex goto with computed label @cindex address of a label You can get the address of a label defined in the current function (or a containing function) with the unary operator @samp{&&}. The value has type @code{void *}. This value is a constant and can be used wherever a constant of that type is valid. For example: @smallexample void *ptr; /* @r{@dots{}} */ ptr = &&foo; @end smallexample To use these values, you need to be able to jump to one. This is done with the computed goto statement@footnote{The analogous feature in Fortran is called an assigned goto, but that name seems inappropriate in C, where one can do more than simply store label addresses in label variables.}, @code{goto *@var{exp};}. For example, @smallexample goto *ptr; @end smallexample @noindent Any expression of type @code{void *} is allowed. One way of using these constants is in initializing a static array that serves as a jump table: @smallexample static void *array[] = @{ &&foo, &&bar, &&hack @}; @end smallexample @noindent Then you can select a label with indexing, like this: @smallexample goto *array[i]; @end smallexample @noindent Note that this does not check whether the subscript is in bounds---array indexing in C never does that. Such an array of label values serves a purpose much like that of the @code{switch} statement. The @code{switch} statement is cleaner, so use that rather than an array unless the problem does not fit a @code{switch} statement very well. Another use of label values is in an interpreter for threaded code. The labels within the interpreter function can be stored in the threaded code for super-fast dispatching. You may not use this mechanism to jump to code in a different function. If you do that, totally unpredictable things happen. The best way to avoid this is to store the label address only in automatic variables and never pass it as an argument. An alternate way to write the above example is @smallexample static const int array[] = @{ &&foo - &&foo, &&bar - &&foo, &&hack - &&foo @}; goto *(&&foo + array[i]); @end smallexample @noindent This is more friendly to code living in shared libraries, as it reduces the number of dynamic relocations that are needed, and by consequence, allows the data to be read-only. This alternative with label differences is not supported for the AVR target, please use the first approach for AVR programs. The @code{&&foo} expressions for the same label might have different values if the containing function is inlined or cloned. If a program relies on them being always the same, @code{__attribute__((__noinline__,__noclone__))} should be used to prevent inlining and cloning. If @code{&&foo} is used in a static variable initializer, inlining and cloning is forbidden. @node Nested Functions @section Nested Functions @cindex nested functions @cindex downward funargs @cindex thunks A @dfn{nested function} is a function defined inside another function. Nested functions are supported as an extension in GNU C, but are not supported by GNU C++. The nested function's name is local to the block where it is defined. For example, here we define a nested function named @code{square}, and call it twice: @smallexample @group foo (double a, double b) @{ double square (double z) @{ return z * z; @} return square (a) + square (b); @} @end group @end smallexample The nested function can access all the variables of the containing function that are visible at the point of its definition. This is called @dfn{lexical scoping}. For example, here we show a nested function which uses an inherited variable named @code{offset}: @smallexample @group bar (int *array, int offset, int size) @{ int access (int *array, int index) @{ return array[index + offset]; @} int i; /* @r{@dots{}} */ for (i = 0; i < size; i++) /* @r{@dots{}} */ access (array, i) /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end group @end smallexample Nested function definitions are permitted within functions in the places where variable definitions are allowed; that is, in any block, mixed with the other declarations and statements in the block. It is possible to call the nested function from outside the scope of its name by storing its address or passing the address to another function: @smallexample hack (int *array, int size) @{ void store (int index, int value) @{ array[index] = value; @} intermediate (store, size); @} @end smallexample Here, the function @code{intermediate} receives the address of @code{store} as an argument. If @code{intermediate} calls @code{store}, the arguments given to @code{store} are used to store into @code{array}. But this technique works only so long as the containing function (@code{hack}, in this example) does not exit. If you try to call the nested function through its address after the containing function exits, all hell breaks loose. If you try to call it after a containing scope level exits, and if it refers to some of the variables that are no longer in scope, you may be lucky, but it's not wise to take the risk. If, however, the nested function does not refer to anything that has gone out of scope, you should be safe. GCC implements taking the address of a nested function using a technique called @dfn{trampolines}. This technique was described in @cite{Lexical Closures for C++} (Thomas M. Breuel, USENIX C++ Conference Proceedings, October 17-21, 1988). A nested function can jump to a label inherited from a containing function, provided the label is explicitly declared in the containing function (@pxref{Local Labels}). Such a jump returns instantly to the containing function, exiting the nested function that did the @code{goto} and any intermediate functions as well. Here is an example: @smallexample @group bar (int *array, int offset, int size) @{ __label__ failure; int access (int *array, int index) @{ if (index > size) goto failure; return array[index + offset]; @} int i; /* @r{@dots{}} */ for (i = 0; i < size; i++) /* @r{@dots{}} */ access (array, i) /* @r{@dots{}} */ /* @r{@dots{}} */ return 0; /* @r{Control comes here from @code{access} if it detects an error.} */ failure: return -1; @} @end group @end smallexample A nested function always has no linkage. Declaring one with @code{extern} or @code{static} is erroneous. If you need to declare the nested function before its definition, use @code{auto} (which is otherwise meaningless for function declarations). @smallexample bar (int *array, int offset, int size) @{ __label__ failure; auto int access (int *, int); /* @r{@dots{}} */ int access (int *array, int index) @{ if (index > size) goto failure; return array[index + offset]; @} /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end smallexample @node Constructing Calls @section Constructing Function Calls @cindex constructing calls @cindex forwarding calls Using the built-in functions described below, you can record the arguments a function received, and call another function with the same arguments, without knowing the number or types of the arguments. You can also record the return value of that function call, and later return that value, without knowing what data type the function tried to return (as long as your caller expects that data type). However, these built-in functions may interact badly with some sophisticated features or other extensions of the language. It is, therefore, not recommended to use them outside very simple functions acting as mere forwarders for their arguments. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void *} __builtin_apply_args () This built-in function returns a pointer to data describing how to perform a call with the same arguments as are passed to the current function. The function saves the arg pointer register, structure value address, and all registers that might be used to pass arguments to a function into a block of memory allocated on the stack. Then it returns the address of that block. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void *} __builtin_apply (void (*@var{function})(), void *@var{arguments}, size_t @var{size}) This built-in function invokes @var{function} with a copy of the parameters described by @var{arguments} and @var{size}. The value of @var{arguments} should be the value returned by @code{__builtin_apply_args}. The argument @var{size} specifies the size of the stack argument data, in bytes. This function returns a pointer to data describing how to return whatever value is returned by @var{function}. The data is saved in a block of memory allocated on the stack. It is not always simple to compute the proper value for @var{size}. The value is used by @code{__builtin_apply} to compute the amount of data that should be pushed on the stack and copied from the incoming argument area. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void} __builtin_return (void *@var{result}) This built-in function returns the value described by @var{result} from the containing function. You should specify, for @var{result}, a value returned by @code{__builtin_apply}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} __builtin_va_arg_pack () This built-in function represents all anonymous arguments of an inline function. It can be used only in inline functions that are always inlined, never compiled as a separate function, such as those using @code{__attribute__ ((__always_inline__))} or @code{__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))} extern inline functions. It must be only passed as last argument to some other function with variable arguments. This is useful for writing small wrapper inlines for variable argument functions, when using preprocessor macros is undesirable. For example: @smallexample extern int myprintf (FILE *f, const char *format, ...); extern inline __attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__)) int myprintf (FILE *f, const char *format, ...) @{ int r = fprintf (f, "myprintf: "); if (r < 0) return r; int s = fprintf (f, format, __builtin_va_arg_pack ()); if (s < 0) return s; return r + s; @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {size_t} __builtin_va_arg_pack_len () This built-in function returns the number of anonymous arguments of an inline function. It can be used only in inline functions that are always inlined, never compiled as a separate function, such as those using @code{__attribute__ ((__always_inline__))} or @code{__attribute__ ((__gnu_inline__))} extern inline functions. For example following does link- or run-time checking of open arguments for optimized code: @smallexample #ifdef __OPTIMIZE__ extern inline __attribute__((__gnu_inline__)) int myopen (const char *path, int oflag, ...) @{ if (__builtin_va_arg_pack_len () > 1) warn_open_too_many_arguments (); if (__builtin_constant_p (oflag)) @{ if ((oflag & O_CREAT) != 0 && __builtin_va_arg_pack_len () < 1) @{ warn_open_missing_mode (); return __open_2 (path, oflag); @} return open (path, oflag, __builtin_va_arg_pack ()); @} if (__builtin_va_arg_pack_len () < 1) return __open_2 (path, oflag); return open (path, oflag, __builtin_va_arg_pack ()); @} #endif @end smallexample @end deftypefn @node Typeof @section Referring to a Type with @code{typeof} @findex typeof @findex sizeof @cindex macros, types of arguments Another way to refer to the type of an expression is with @code{typeof}. The syntax of using of this keyword looks like @code{sizeof}, but the construct acts semantically like a type name defined with @code{typedef}. There are two ways of writing the argument to @code{typeof}: with an expression or with a type. Here is an example with an expression: @smallexample typeof (x[0](1)) @end smallexample @noindent This assumes that @code{x} is an array of pointers to functions; the type described is that of the values of the functions. Here is an example with a typename as the argument: @smallexample typeof (int *) @end smallexample @noindent Here the type described is that of pointers to @code{int}. If you are writing a header file that must work when included in ISO C programs, write @code{__typeof__} instead of @code{typeof}. @xref{Alternate Keywords}. A @code{typeof} construct can be used anywhere a typedef name can be used. For example, you can use it in a declaration, in a cast, or inside of @code{sizeof} or @code{typeof}. The operand of @code{typeof} is evaluated for its side effects if and only if it is an expression of variably modified type or the name of such a type. @code{typeof} is often useful in conjunction with statement expressions (@pxref{Statement Exprs}). Here is how the two together can be used to define a safe ``maximum'' macro which operates on any arithmetic type and evaluates each of its arguments exactly once: @smallexample #define max(a,b) \ (@{ typeof (a) _a = (a); \ typeof (b) _b = (b); \ _a > _b ? _a : _b; @}) @end smallexample @cindex underscores in variables in macros @cindex @samp{_} in variables in macros @cindex local variables in macros @cindex variables, local, in macros @cindex macros, local variables in The reason for using names that start with underscores for the local variables is to avoid conflicts with variable names that occur within the expressions that are substituted for @code{a} and @code{b}. Eventually we hope to design a new form of declaration syntax that allows you to declare variables whose scopes start only after their initializers; this will be a more reliable way to prevent such conflicts. @noindent Some more examples of the use of @code{typeof}: @itemize @bullet @item This declares @code{y} with the type of what @code{x} points to. @smallexample typeof (*x) y; @end smallexample @item This declares @code{y} as an array of such values. @smallexample typeof (*x) y[4]; @end smallexample @item This declares @code{y} as an array of pointers to characters: @smallexample typeof (typeof (char *)[4]) y; @end smallexample @noindent It is equivalent to the following traditional C declaration: @smallexample char *y[4]; @end smallexample To see the meaning of the declaration using @code{typeof}, and why it might be a useful way to write, rewrite it with these macros: @smallexample #define pointer(T) typeof(T *) #define array(T, N) typeof(T [N]) @end smallexample @noindent Now the declaration can be rewritten this way: @smallexample array (pointer (char), 4) y; @end smallexample @noindent Thus, @code{array (pointer (char), 4)} is the type of arrays of 4 pointers to @code{char}. @end itemize In GNU C, but not GNU C++, you may also declare the type of a variable as @code{__auto_type}. In that case, the declaration must declare only one variable, whose declarator must just be an identifier, the declaration must be initialized, and the type of the variable is determined by the initializer; the name of the variable is not in scope until after the initializer. (In C++, you should use C++11 @code{auto} for this purpose.) Using @code{__auto_type}, the ``maximum'' macro above could be written as: @smallexample #define max(a,b) \ (@{ __auto_type _a = (a); \ __auto_type _b = (b); \ _a > _b ? _a : _b; @}) @end smallexample Using @code{__auto_type} instead of @code{typeof} has two advantages: @itemize @bullet @item Each argument to the macro appears only once in the expansion of the macro. This prevents the size of the macro expansion growing exponentially when calls to such macros are nested inside arguments of such macros. @item If the argument to the macro has variably modified type, it is evaluated only once when using @code{__auto_type}, but twice if @code{typeof} is used. @end itemize @emph{Compatibility Note:} In addition to @code{typeof}, GCC 2 supported a more limited extension that permitted one to write @smallexample typedef @var{T} = @var{expr}; @end smallexample @noindent with the effect of declaring @var{T} to have the type of the expression @var{expr}. This extension does not work with GCC 3 (versions between 3.0 and 3.2 crash; 3.2.1 and later give an error). Code that relies on it should be rewritten to use @code{typeof}: @smallexample typedef typeof(@var{expr}) @var{T}; @end smallexample @noindent This works with all versions of GCC@. @node Conditionals @section Conditionals with Omitted Operands @cindex conditional expressions, extensions @cindex omitted middle-operands @cindex middle-operands, omitted @cindex extensions, @code{?:} @cindex @code{?:} extensions The middle operand in a conditional expression may be omitted. Then if the first operand is nonzero, its value is the value of the conditional expression. Therefore, the expression @smallexample x ? : y @end smallexample @noindent has the value of @code{x} if that is nonzero; otherwise, the value of @code{y}. This example is perfectly equivalent to @smallexample x ? x : y @end smallexample @cindex side effect in @code{?:} @cindex @code{?:} side effect @noindent In this simple case, the ability to omit the middle operand is not especially useful. When it becomes useful is when the first operand does, or may (if it is a macro argument), contain a side effect. Then repeating the operand in the middle would perform the side effect twice. Omitting the middle operand uses the value already computed without the undesirable effects of recomputing it. @node __int128 @section 128-bit integers @cindex @code{__int128} data types As an extension the integer scalar type @code{__int128} is supported for targets which have an integer mode wide enough to hold 128 bits. Simply write @code{__int128} for a signed 128-bit integer, or @code{unsigned __int128} for an unsigned 128-bit integer. There is no support in GCC for expressing an integer constant of type @code{__int128} for targets with @code{long long} integer less than 128 bits wide. @node Long Long @section Double-Word Integers @cindex @code{long long} data types @cindex double-word arithmetic @cindex multiprecision arithmetic @cindex @code{LL} integer suffix @cindex @code{ULL} integer suffix ISO C99 supports data types for integers that are at least 64 bits wide, and as an extension GCC supports them in C90 mode and in C++. Simply write @code{long long int} for a signed integer, or @code{unsigned long long int} for an unsigned integer. To make an integer constant of type @code{long long int}, add the suffix @samp{LL} to the integer. To make an integer constant of type @code{unsigned long long int}, add the suffix @samp{ULL} to the integer. You can use these types in arithmetic like any other integer types. Addition, subtraction, and bitwise boolean operations on these types are open-coded on all types of machines. Multiplication is open-coded if the machine supports a fullword-to-doubleword widening multiply instruction. Division and shifts are open-coded only on machines that provide special support. The operations that are not open-coded use special library routines that come with GCC@. There may be pitfalls when you use @code{long long} types for function arguments without function prototypes. If a function expects type @code{int} for its argument, and you pass a value of type @code{long long int}, confusion results because the caller and the subroutine disagree about the number of bytes for the argument. Likewise, if the function expects @code{long long int} and you pass @code{int}. The best way to avoid such problems is to use prototypes. @node Complex @section Complex Numbers @cindex complex numbers @cindex @code{_Complex} keyword @cindex @code{__complex__} keyword ISO C99 supports complex floating data types, and as an extension GCC supports them in C90 mode and in C++. GCC also supports complex integer data types which are not part of ISO C99. You can declare complex types using the keyword @code{_Complex}. As an extension, the older GNU keyword @code{__complex__} is also supported. For example, @samp{_Complex double x;} declares @code{x} as a variable whose real part and imaginary part are both of type @code{double}. @samp{_Complex short int y;} declares @code{y} to have real and imaginary parts of type @code{short int}; this is not likely to be useful, but it shows that the set of complex types is complete. To write a constant with a complex data type, use the suffix @samp{i} or @samp{j} (either one; they are equivalent). For example, @code{2.5fi} has type @code{_Complex float} and @code{3i} has type @code{_Complex int}. Such a constant always has a pure imaginary value, but you can form any complex value you like by adding one to a real constant. This is a GNU extension; if you have an ISO C99 conforming C library (such as the GNU C Library), and want to construct complex constants of floating type, you should include @code{} and use the macros @code{I} or @code{_Complex_I} instead. @cindex @code{__real__} keyword @cindex @code{__imag__} keyword To extract the real part of a complex-valued expression @var{exp}, write @code{__real__ @var{exp}}. Likewise, use @code{__imag__} to extract the imaginary part. This is a GNU extension; for values of floating type, you should use the ISO C99 functions @code{crealf}, @code{creal}, @code{creall}, @code{cimagf}, @code{cimag} and @code{cimagl}, declared in @code{} and also provided as built-in functions by GCC@. @cindex complex conjugation The operator @samp{~} performs complex conjugation when used on a value with a complex type. This is a GNU extension; for values of floating type, you should use the ISO C99 functions @code{conjf}, @code{conj} and @code{conjl}, declared in @code{} and also provided as built-in functions by GCC@. GCC can allocate complex automatic variables in a noncontiguous fashion; it's even possible for the real part to be in a register while the imaginary part is on the stack (or vice versa). Only the DWARF 2 debug info format can represent this, so use of DWARF 2 is recommended. If you are using the stabs debug info format, GCC describes a noncontiguous complex variable as if it were two separate variables of noncomplex type. If the variable's actual name is @code{foo}, the two fictitious variables are named @code{foo$real} and @code{foo$imag}. You can examine and set these two fictitious variables with your debugger. @node Floating Types @section Additional Floating Types @cindex additional floating types @cindex @code{__float80} data type @cindex @code{__float128} data type @cindex @code{w} floating point suffix @cindex @code{q} floating point suffix @cindex @code{W} floating point suffix @cindex @code{Q} floating point suffix As an extension, GNU C supports additional floating types, @code{__float80} and @code{__float128} to support 80-bit (@code{XFmode}) and 128-bit (@code{TFmode}) floating types. Support for additional types includes the arithmetic operators: add, subtract, multiply, divide; unary arithmetic operators; relational operators; equality operators; and conversions to and from integer and other floating types. Use a suffix @samp{w} or @samp{W} in a literal constant of type @code{__float80} and @samp{q} or @samp{Q} for @code{_float128}. You can declare complex types using the corresponding internal complex type, @code{XCmode} for @code{__float80} type and @code{TCmode} for @code{__float128} type: @smallexample typedef _Complex float __attribute__((mode(TC))) _Complex128; typedef _Complex float __attribute__((mode(XC))) _Complex80; @end smallexample Not all targets support additional floating-point types. @code{__float80} and @code{__float128} types are supported on x86 and IA-64 targets. The @code{__float128} type is supported on hppa HP-UX targets. @node Half-Precision @section Half-Precision Floating Point @cindex half-precision floating point @cindex @code{__fp16} data type On ARM targets, GCC supports half-precision (16-bit) floating point via the @code{__fp16} type. You must enable this type explicitly with the @option{-mfp16-format} command-line option in order to use it. ARM supports two incompatible representations for half-precision floating-point values. You must choose one of the representations and use it consistently in your program. Specifying @option{-mfp16-format=ieee} selects the IEEE 754-2008 format. This format can represent normalized values in the range of @math{2^{-14}} to 65504. There are 11 bits of significand precision, approximately 3 decimal digits. Specifying @option{-mfp16-format=alternative} selects the ARM alternative format. This representation is similar to the IEEE format, but does not support infinities or NaNs. Instead, the range of exponents is extended, so that this format can represent normalized values in the range of @math{2^{-14}} to 131008. The @code{__fp16} type is a storage format only. For purposes of arithmetic and other operations, @code{__fp16} values in C or C++ expressions are automatically promoted to @code{float}. In addition, you cannot declare a function with a return value or parameters of type @code{__fp16}. Note that conversions from @code{double} to @code{__fp16} involve an intermediate conversion to @code{float}. Because of rounding, this can sometimes produce a different result than a direct conversion. ARM provides hardware support for conversions between @code{__fp16} and @code{float} values as an extension to VFP and NEON (Advanced SIMD). GCC generates code using these hardware instructions if you compile with options to select an FPU that provides them; for example, @option{-mfpu=neon-fp16 -mfloat-abi=softfp}, in addition to the @option{-mfp16-format} option to select a half-precision format. Language-level support for the @code{__fp16} data type is independent of whether GCC generates code using hardware floating-point instructions. In cases where hardware support is not specified, GCC implements conversions between @code{__fp16} and @code{float} values as library calls. @node Decimal Float @section Decimal Floating Types @cindex decimal floating types @cindex @code{_Decimal32} data type @cindex @code{_Decimal64} data type @cindex @code{_Decimal128} data type @cindex @code{df} integer suffix @cindex @code{dd} integer suffix @cindex @code{dl} integer suffix @cindex @code{DF} integer suffix @cindex @code{DD} integer suffix @cindex @code{DL} integer suffix As an extension, GNU C supports decimal floating types as defined in the N1312 draft of ISO/IEC WDTR24732. Support for decimal floating types in GCC will evolve as the draft technical report changes. Calling conventions for any target might also change. Not all targets support decimal floating types. The decimal floating types are @code{_Decimal32}, @code{_Decimal64}, and @code{_Decimal128}. They use a radix of ten, unlike the floating types @code{float}, @code{double}, and @code{long double} whose radix is not specified by the C standard but is usually two. Support for decimal floating types includes the arithmetic operators add, subtract, multiply, divide; unary arithmetic operators; relational operators; equality operators; and conversions to and from integer and other floating types. Use a suffix @samp{df} or @samp{DF} in a literal constant of type @code{_Decimal32}, @samp{dd} or @samp{DD} for @code{_Decimal64}, and @samp{dl} or @samp{DL} for @code{_Decimal128}. GCC support of decimal float as specified by the draft technical report is incomplete: @itemize @bullet @item When the value of a decimal floating type cannot be represented in the integer type to which it is being converted, the result is undefined rather than the result value specified by the draft technical report. @item GCC does not provide the C library functionality associated with @file{math.h}, @file{fenv.h}, @file{stdio.h}, @file{stdlib.h}, and @file{wchar.h}, which must come from a separate C library implementation. Because of this the GNU C compiler does not define macro @code{__STDC_DEC_FP__} to indicate that the implementation conforms to the technical report. @end itemize Types @code{_Decimal32}, @code{_Decimal64}, and @code{_Decimal128} are supported by the DWARF 2 debug information format. @node Hex Floats @section Hex Floats @cindex hex floats ISO C99 supports floating-point numbers written not only in the usual decimal notation, such as @code{1.55e1}, but also numbers such as @code{0x1.fp3} written in hexadecimal format. As a GNU extension, GCC supports this in C90 mode (except in some cases when strictly conforming) and in C++. In that format the @samp{0x} hex introducer and the @samp{p} or @samp{P} exponent field are mandatory. The exponent is a decimal number that indicates the power of 2 by which the significant part is multiplied. Thus @samp{0x1.f} is @tex $1 {15\over16}$, @end tex @ifnottex 1 15/16, @end ifnottex @samp{p3} multiplies it by 8, and the value of @code{0x1.fp3} is the same as @code{1.55e1}. Unlike for floating-point numbers in the decimal notation the exponent is always required in the hexadecimal notation. Otherwise the compiler would not be able to resolve the ambiguity of, e.g., @code{0x1.f}. This could mean @code{1.0f} or @code{1.9375} since @samp{f} is also the extension for floating-point constants of type @code{float}. @node Fixed-Point @section Fixed-Point Types @cindex fixed-point types @cindex @code{_Fract} data type @cindex @code{_Accum} data type @cindex @code{_Sat} data type @cindex @code{hr} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{r} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{lr} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{llr} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{uhr} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ur} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ulr} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ullr} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{hk} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{k} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{lk} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{llk} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{uhk} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{uk} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ulk} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ullk} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{HR} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{R} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{LR} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{LLR} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{UHR} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{UR} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ULR} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ULLR} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{HK} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{K} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{LK} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{LLK} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{UHK} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{UK} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ULK} fixed-suffix @cindex @code{ULLK} fixed-suffix As an extension, GNU C supports fixed-point types as defined in the N1169 draft of ISO/IEC DTR 18037. Support for fixed-point types in GCC will evolve as the draft technical report changes. Calling conventions for any target might also change. Not all targets support fixed-point types. The fixed-point types are @code{short _Fract}, @code{_Fract}, @code{long _Fract}, @code{long long _Fract}, @code{unsigned short _Fract}, @code{unsigned _Fract}, @code{unsigned long _Fract}, @code{unsigned long long _Fract}, @code{_Sat short _Fract}, @code{_Sat _Fract}, @code{_Sat long _Fract}, @code{_Sat long long _Fract}, @code{_Sat unsigned short _Fract}, @code{_Sat unsigned _Fract}, @code{_Sat unsigned long _Fract}, @code{_Sat unsigned long long _Fract}, @code{short _Accum}, @code{_Accum}, @code{long _Accum}, @code{long long _Accum}, @code{unsigned short _Accum}, @code{unsigned _Accum}, @code{unsigned long _Accum}, @code{unsigned long long _Accum}, @code{_Sat short _Accum}, @code{_Sat _Accum}, @code{_Sat long _Accum}, @code{_Sat long long _Accum}, @code{_Sat unsigned short _Accum}, @code{_Sat unsigned _Accum}, @code{_Sat unsigned long _Accum}, @code{_Sat unsigned long long _Accum}. Fixed-point data values contain fractional and optional integral parts. The format of fixed-point data varies and depends on the target machine. Support for fixed-point types includes: @itemize @bullet @item prefix and postfix increment and decrement operators (@code{++}, @code{--}) @item unary arithmetic operators (@code{+}, @code{-}, @code{!}) @item binary arithmetic operators (@code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*}, @code{/}) @item binary shift operators (@code{<<}, @code{>>}) @item relational operators (@code{<}, @code{<=}, @code{>=}, @code{>}) @item equality operators (@code{==}, @code{!=}) @item assignment operators (@code{+=}, @code{-=}, @code{*=}, @code{/=}, @code{<<=}, @code{>>=}) @item conversions to and from integer, floating-point, or fixed-point types @end itemize Use a suffix in a fixed-point literal constant: @itemize @item @samp{hr} or @samp{HR} for @code{short _Fract} and @code{_Sat short _Fract} @item @samp{r} or @samp{R} for @code{_Fract} and @code{_Sat _Fract} @item @samp{lr} or @samp{LR} for @code{long _Fract} and @code{_Sat long _Fract} @item @samp{llr} or @samp{LLR} for @code{long long _Fract} and @code{_Sat long long _Fract} @item @samp{uhr} or @samp{UHR} for @code{unsigned short _Fract} and @code{_Sat unsigned short _Fract} @item @samp{ur} or @samp{UR} for @code{unsigned _Fract} and @code{_Sat unsigned _Fract} @item @samp{ulr} or @samp{ULR} for @code{unsigned long _Fract} and @code{_Sat unsigned long _Fract} @item @samp{ullr} or @samp{ULLR} for @code{unsigned long long _Fract} and @code{_Sat unsigned long long _Fract} @item @samp{hk} or @samp{HK} for @code{short _Accum} and @code{_Sat short _Accum} @item @samp{k} or @samp{K} for @code{_Accum} and @code{_Sat _Accum} @item @samp{lk} or @samp{LK} for @code{long _Accum} and @code{_Sat long _Accum} @item @samp{llk} or @samp{LLK} for @code{long long _Accum} and @code{_Sat long long _Accum} @item @samp{uhk} or @samp{UHK} for @code{unsigned short _Accum} and @code{_Sat unsigned short _Accum} @item @samp{uk} or @samp{UK} for @code{unsigned _Accum} and @code{_Sat unsigned _Accum} @item @samp{ulk} or @samp{ULK} for @code{unsigned long _Accum} and @code{_Sat unsigned long _Accum} @item @samp{ullk} or @samp{ULLK} for @code{unsigned long long _Accum} and @code{_Sat unsigned long long _Accum} @end itemize GCC support of fixed-point types as specified by the draft technical report is incomplete: @itemize @bullet @item Pragmas to control overflow and rounding behaviors are not implemented. @end itemize Fixed-point types are supported by the DWARF 2 debug information format. @node Named Address Spaces @section Named Address Spaces @cindex Named Address Spaces As an extension, GNU C supports named address spaces as defined in the N1275 draft of ISO/IEC DTR 18037. Support for named address spaces in GCC will evolve as the draft technical report changes. Calling conventions for any target might also change. At present, only the AVR, SPU, M32C, and RL78 targets support address spaces other than the generic address space. Address space identifiers may be used exactly like any other C type qualifier (e.g., @code{const} or @code{volatile}). See the N1275 document for more details. @anchor{AVR Named Address Spaces} @subsection AVR Named Address Spaces On the AVR target, there are several address spaces that can be used in order to put read-only data into the flash memory and access that data by means of the special instructions @code{LPM} or @code{ELPM} needed to read from flash. Per default, any data including read-only data is located in RAM (the generic address space) so that non-generic address spaces are needed to locate read-only data in flash memory @emph{and} to generate the right instructions to access this data without using (inline) assembler code. @table @code @item __flash @cindex @code{__flash} AVR Named Address Spaces The @code{__flash} qualifier locates data in the @code{.progmem.data} section. Data is read using the @code{LPM} instruction. Pointers to this address space are 16 bits wide. @item __flash1 @itemx __flash2 @itemx __flash3 @itemx __flash4 @itemx __flash5 @cindex @code{__flash1} AVR Named Address Spaces @cindex @code{__flash2} AVR Named Address Spaces @cindex @code{__flash3} AVR Named Address Spaces @cindex @code{__flash4} AVR Named Address Spaces @cindex @code{__flash5} AVR Named Address Spaces These are 16-bit address spaces locating data in section @code{.progmem@var{N}.data} where @var{N} refers to address space @code{__flash@var{N}}. The compiler sets the @code{RAMPZ} segment register appropriately before reading data by means of the @code{ELPM} instruction. @item __memx @cindex @code{__memx} AVR Named Address Spaces This is a 24-bit address space that linearizes flash and RAM: If the high bit of the address is set, data is read from RAM using the lower two bytes as RAM address. If the high bit of the address is clear, data is read from flash with @code{RAMPZ} set according to the high byte of the address. @xref{AVR Built-in Functions,,@code{__builtin_avr_flash_segment}}. Objects in this address space are located in @code{.progmemx.data}. @end table @b{Example} @smallexample char my_read (const __flash char ** p) @{ /* p is a pointer to RAM that points to a pointer to flash. The first indirection of p reads that flash pointer from RAM and the second indirection reads a char from this flash address. */ return **p; @} /* Locate array[] in flash memory */ const __flash int array[] = @{ 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 @}; int i = 1; int main (void) @{ /* Return 17 by reading from flash memory */ return array[array[i]]; @} @end smallexample @noindent For each named address space supported by avr-gcc there is an equally named but uppercase built-in macro defined. The purpose is to facilitate testing if respective address space support is available or not: @smallexample #ifdef __FLASH const __flash int var = 1; int read_var (void) @{ return var; @} #else #include /* From AVR-LibC */ const int var PROGMEM = 1; int read_var (void) @{ return (int) pgm_read_word (&var); @} #endif /* __FLASH */ @end smallexample @noindent Notice that attribute @ref{AVR Variable Attributes,,@code{progmem}} locates data in flash but accesses to these data read from generic address space, i.e.@: from RAM, so that you need special accessors like @code{pgm_read_byte} from @w{@uref{http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/,AVR-LibC}} together with attribute @code{progmem}. @noindent @b{Limitations and caveats} @itemize @item Reading across the 64@tie{}KiB section boundary of the @code{__flash} or @code{__flash@var{N}} address spaces shows undefined behavior. The only address space that supports reading across the 64@tie{}KiB flash segment boundaries is @code{__memx}. @item If you use one of the @code{__flash@var{N}} address spaces you must arrange your linker script to locate the @code{.progmem@var{N}.data} sections according to your needs. @item Any data or pointers to the non-generic address spaces must be qualified as @code{const}, i.e.@: as read-only data. This still applies if the data in one of these address spaces like software version number or calibration lookup table are intended to be changed after load time by, say, a boot loader. In this case the right qualification is @code{const} @code{volatile} so that the compiler must not optimize away known values or insert them as immediates into operands of instructions. @item The following code initializes a variable @code{pfoo} located in static storage with a 24-bit address: @smallexample extern const __memx char foo; const __memx void *pfoo = &foo; @end smallexample @noindent Such code requires at least binutils 2.23, see @w{@uref{http://sourceware.org/PR13503,PR13503}}. @end itemize @subsection M32C Named Address Spaces @cindex @code{__far} M32C Named Address Spaces On the M32C target, with the R8C and M16C CPU variants, variables qualified with @code{__far} are accessed using 32-bit addresses in order to access memory beyond the first 64@tie{}Ki bytes. If @code{__far} is used with the M32CM or M32C CPU variants, it has no effect. @subsection RL78 Named Address Spaces @cindex @code{__far} RL78 Named Address Spaces On the RL78 target, variables qualified with @code{__far} are accessed with 32-bit pointers (20-bit addresses) rather than the default 16-bit addresses. Non-far variables are assumed to appear in the topmost 64@tie{}KiB of the address space. @subsection SPU Named Address Spaces @cindex @code{__ea} SPU Named Address Spaces On the SPU target variables may be declared as belonging to another address space by qualifying the type with the @code{__ea} address space identifier: @smallexample extern int __ea i; @end smallexample @noindent The compiler generates special code to access the variable @code{i}. It may use runtime library support, or generate special machine instructions to access that address space. @node Zero Length @section Arrays of Length Zero @cindex arrays of length zero @cindex zero-length arrays @cindex length-zero arrays @cindex flexible array members Zero-length arrays are allowed in GNU C@. They are very useful as the last element of a structure that is really a header for a variable-length object: @smallexample struct line @{ int length; char contents[0]; @}; struct line *thisline = (struct line *) malloc (sizeof (struct line) + this_length); thisline->length = this_length; @end smallexample In ISO C90, you would have to give @code{contents} a length of 1, which means either you waste space or complicate the argument to @code{malloc}. In ISO C99, you would use a @dfn{flexible array member}, which is slightly different in syntax and semantics: @itemize @bullet @item Flexible array members are written as @code{contents[]} without the @code{0}. @item Flexible array members have incomplete type, and so the @code{sizeof} operator may not be applied. As a quirk of the original implementation of zero-length arrays, @code{sizeof} evaluates to zero. @item Flexible array members may only appear as the last member of a @code{struct} that is otherwise non-empty. @item A structure containing a flexible array member, or a union containing such a structure (possibly recursively), may not be a member of a structure or an element of an array. (However, these uses are permitted by GCC as extensions.) @end itemize GCC versions before 3.0 allowed zero-length arrays to be statically initialized, as if they were flexible arrays. In addition to those cases that were useful, it also allowed initializations in situations that would corrupt later data. Non-empty initialization of zero-length arrays is now treated like any case where there are more initializer elements than the array holds, in that a suitable warning about ``excess elements in array'' is given, and the excess elements (all of them, in this case) are ignored. Instead GCC allows static initialization of flexible array members. This is equivalent to defining a new structure containing the original structure followed by an array of sufficient size to contain the data. E.g.@: in the following, @code{f1} is constructed as if it were declared like @code{f2}. @smallexample struct f1 @{ int x; int y[]; @} f1 = @{ 1, @{ 2, 3, 4 @} @}; struct f2 @{ struct f1 f1; int data[3]; @} f2 = @{ @{ 1 @}, @{ 2, 3, 4 @} @}; @end smallexample @noindent The convenience of this extension is that @code{f1} has the desired type, eliminating the need to consistently refer to @code{f2.f1}. This has symmetry with normal static arrays, in that an array of unknown size is also written with @code{[]}. Of course, this extension only makes sense if the extra data comes at the end of a top-level object, as otherwise we would be overwriting data at subsequent offsets. To avoid undue complication and confusion with initialization of deeply nested arrays, we simply disallow any non-empty initialization except when the structure is the top-level object. For example: @smallexample struct foo @{ int x; int y[]; @}; struct bar @{ struct foo z; @}; struct foo a = @{ 1, @{ 2, 3, 4 @} @}; // @r{Valid.} struct bar b = @{ @{ 1, @{ 2, 3, 4 @} @} @}; // @r{Invalid.} struct bar c = @{ @{ 1, @{ @} @} @}; // @r{Valid.} struct foo d[1] = @{ @{ 1, @{ 2, 3, 4 @} @} @}; // @r{Invalid.} @end smallexample @node Empty Structures @section Structures With No Members @cindex empty structures @cindex zero-size structures GCC permits a C structure to have no members: @smallexample struct empty @{ @}; @end smallexample The structure has size zero. In C++, empty structures are part of the language. G++ treats empty structures as if they had a single member of type @code{char}. @node Variable Length @section Arrays of Variable Length @cindex variable-length arrays @cindex arrays of variable length @cindex VLAs Variable-length automatic arrays are allowed in ISO C99, and as an extension GCC accepts them in C90 mode and in C++. These arrays are declared like any other automatic arrays, but with a length that is not a constant expression. The storage is allocated at the point of declaration and deallocated when the block scope containing the declaration exits. For example: @smallexample FILE * concat_fopen (char *s1, char *s2, char *mode) @{ char str[strlen (s1) + strlen (s2) + 1]; strcpy (str, s1); strcat (str, s2); return fopen (str, mode); @} @end smallexample @cindex scope of a variable length array @cindex variable-length array scope @cindex deallocating variable length arrays Jumping or breaking out of the scope of the array name deallocates the storage. Jumping into the scope is not allowed; you get an error message for it. @cindex variable-length array in a structure As an extension, GCC accepts variable-length arrays as a member of a structure or a union. For example: @smallexample void foo (int n) @{ struct S @{ int x[n]; @}; @} @end smallexample @cindex @code{alloca} vs variable-length arrays You can use the function @code{alloca} to get an effect much like variable-length arrays. The function @code{alloca} is available in many other C implementations (but not in all). On the other hand, variable-length arrays are more elegant. There are other differences between these two methods. Space allocated with @code{alloca} exists until the containing @emph{function} returns. The space for a variable-length array is deallocated as soon as the array name's scope ends. (If you use both variable-length arrays and @code{alloca} in the same function, deallocation of a variable-length array also deallocates anything more recently allocated with @code{alloca}.) You can also use variable-length arrays as arguments to functions: @smallexample struct entry tester (int len, char data[len][len]) @{ /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end smallexample The length of an array is computed once when the storage is allocated and is remembered for the scope of the array in case you access it with @code{sizeof}. If you want to pass the array first and the length afterward, you can use a forward declaration in the parameter list---another GNU extension. @smallexample struct entry tester (int len; char data[len][len], int len) @{ /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end smallexample @cindex parameter forward declaration The @samp{int len} before the semicolon is a @dfn{parameter forward declaration}, and it serves the purpose of making the name @code{len} known when the declaration of @code{data} is parsed. You can write any number of such parameter forward declarations in the parameter list. They can be separated by commas or semicolons, but the last one must end with a semicolon, which is followed by the ``real'' parameter declarations. Each forward declaration must match a ``real'' declaration in parameter name and data type. ISO C99 does not support parameter forward declarations. @node Variadic Macros @section Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments. @cindex variable number of arguments @cindex macro with variable arguments @cindex rest argument (in macro) @cindex variadic macros In the ISO C standard of 1999, a macro can be declared to accept a variable number of arguments much as a function can. The syntax for defining the macro is similar to that of a function. Here is an example: @smallexample #define debug(format, ...) fprintf (stderr, format, __VA_ARGS__) @end smallexample @noindent Here @samp{@dots{}} is a @dfn{variable argument}. In the invocation of such a macro, it represents the zero or more tokens until the closing parenthesis that ends the invocation, including any commas. This set of tokens replaces the identifier @code{__VA_ARGS__} in the macro body wherever it appears. See the CPP manual for more information. GCC has long supported variadic macros, and used a different syntax that allowed you to give a name to the variable arguments just like any other argument. Here is an example: @smallexample #define debug(format, args...) fprintf (stderr, format, args) @end smallexample @noindent This is in all ways equivalent to the ISO C example above, but arguably more readable and descriptive. GNU CPP has two further variadic macro extensions, and permits them to be used with either of the above forms of macro definition. In standard C, you are not allowed to leave the variable argument out entirely; but you are allowed to pass an empty argument. For example, this invocation is invalid in ISO C, because there is no comma after the string: @smallexample debug ("A message") @end smallexample GNU CPP permits you to completely omit the variable arguments in this way. In the above examples, the compiler would complain, though since the expansion of the macro still has the extra comma after the format string. To help solve this problem, CPP behaves specially for variable arguments used with the token paste operator, @samp{##}. If instead you write @smallexample #define debug(format, ...) fprintf (stderr, format, ## __VA_ARGS__) @end smallexample @noindent and if the variable arguments are omitted or empty, the @samp{##} operator causes the preprocessor to remove the comma before it. If you do provide some variable arguments in your macro invocation, GNU CPP does not complain about the paste operation and instead places the variable arguments after the comma. Just like any other pasted macro argument, these arguments are not macro expanded. @node Escaped Newlines @section Slightly Looser Rules for Escaped Newlines @cindex escaped newlines @cindex newlines (escaped) Recently, the preprocessor has relaxed its treatment of escaped newlines. Previously, the newline had to immediately follow a backslash. The current implementation allows whitespace in the form of spaces, horizontal and vertical tabs, and form feeds between the backslash and the subsequent newline. The preprocessor issues a warning, but treats it as a valid escaped newline and combines the two lines to form a single logical line. This works within comments and tokens, as well as between tokens. Comments are @emph{not} treated as whitespace for the purposes of this relaxation, since they have not yet been replaced with spaces. @node Subscripting @section Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts @cindex subscripting @cindex arrays, non-lvalue @cindex subscripting and function values In ISO C99, arrays that are not lvalues still decay to pointers, and may be subscripted, although they may not be modified or used after the next sequence point and the unary @samp{&} operator may not be applied to them. As an extension, GNU C allows such arrays to be subscripted in C90 mode, though otherwise they do not decay to pointers outside C99 mode. For example, this is valid in GNU C though not valid in C90: @smallexample @group struct foo @{int a[4];@}; struct foo f(); bar (int index) @{ return f().a[index]; @} @end group @end smallexample @node Pointer Arith @section Arithmetic on @code{void}- and Function-Pointers @cindex void pointers, arithmetic @cindex void, size of pointer to @cindex function pointers, arithmetic @cindex function, size of pointer to In GNU C, addition and subtraction operations are supported on pointers to @code{void} and on pointers to functions. This is done by treating the size of a @code{void} or of a function as 1. A consequence of this is that @code{sizeof} is also allowed on @code{void} and on function types, and returns 1. @opindex Wpointer-arith The option @option{-Wpointer-arith} requests a warning if these extensions are used. @node Pointers to Arrays @section Pointers to arrays with qualifiers work as expected @cindex pointers to arrays @cindex const qualifier In GNU C, pointers to arrays with qualifiers work similar to pointers to other qualified types. For example, a value of type @code{int (*)[5]} can be used to initialize a variable of type @code{const int (*)[5]}. These types are incompatible in ISO C because the @code{const} qualifier is formally attached to the element type of the array and not the array itself. @smallexample extern void transpose (int N, int M, double out[M][N], const double in[N][M]); double x[3][2]; double y[2][3]; @r{@dots{}} transpose(3, 2, y, x); @end smallexample @node Initializers @section Non-Constant Initializers @cindex initializers, non-constant @cindex non-constant initializers As in standard C++ and ISO C99, the elements of an aggregate initializer for an automatic variable are not required to be constant expressions in GNU C@. Here is an example of an initializer with run-time varying elements: @smallexample foo (float f, float g) @{ float beat_freqs[2] = @{ f-g, f+g @}; /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end smallexample @node Compound Literals @section Compound Literals @cindex constructor expressions @cindex initializations in expressions @cindex structures, constructor expression @cindex expressions, constructor @cindex compound literals @c The GNU C name for what C99 calls compound literals was "constructor expressions". ISO C99 supports compound literals. A compound literal looks like a cast containing an initializer. Its value is an object of the type specified in the cast, containing the elements specified in the initializer; it is an lvalue. As an extension, GCC supports compound literals in C90 mode and in C++, though the semantics are somewhat different in C++. Usually, the specified type is a structure. Assume that @code{struct foo} and @code{structure} are declared as shown: @smallexample struct foo @{int a; char b[2];@} structure; @end smallexample @noindent Here is an example of constructing a @code{struct foo} with a compound literal: @smallexample structure = ((struct foo) @{x + y, 'a', 0@}); @end smallexample @noindent This is equivalent to writing the following: @smallexample @{ struct foo temp = @{x + y, 'a', 0@}; structure = temp; @} @end smallexample You can also construct an array, though this is dangerous in C++, as explained below. If all the elements of the compound literal are (made up of) simple constant expressions, suitable for use in initializers of objects of static storage duration, then the compound literal can be coerced to a pointer to its first element and used in such an initializer, as shown here: @smallexample char **foo = (char *[]) @{ "x", "y", "z" @}; @end smallexample Compound literals for scalar types and union types are also allowed, but then the compound literal is equivalent to a cast. As a GNU extension, GCC allows initialization of objects with static storage duration by compound literals (which is not possible in ISO C99, because the initializer is not a constant). It is handled as if the object is initialized only with the bracket enclosed list if the types of the compound literal and the object match. The initializer list of the compound literal must be constant. If the object being initialized has array type of unknown size, the size is determined by compound literal size. @smallexample static struct foo x = (struct foo) @{1, 'a', 'b'@}; static int y[] = (int []) @{1, 2, 3@}; static int z[] = (int [3]) @{1@}; @end smallexample @noindent The above lines are equivalent to the following: @smallexample static struct foo x = @{1, 'a', 'b'@}; static int y[] = @{1, 2, 3@}; static int z[] = @{1, 0, 0@}; @end smallexample In C, a compound literal designates an unnamed object with static or automatic storage duration. In C++, a compound literal designates a temporary object, which only lives until the end of its full-expression. As a result, well-defined C code that takes the address of a subobject of a compound literal can be undefined in C++. For instance, if the array compound literal example above appeared inside a function, any subsequent use of @samp{foo} in C++ has undefined behavior because the lifetime of the array ends after the declaration of @samp{foo}. As a result, the C++ compiler now rejects the conversion of a temporary array to a pointer. As an optimization, the C++ compiler sometimes gives array compound literals longer lifetimes: when the array either appears outside a function or has const-qualified type. If @samp{foo} and its initializer had elements of @samp{char *const} type rather than @samp{char *}, or if @samp{foo} were a global variable, the array would have static storage duration. But it is probably safest just to avoid the use of array compound literals in code compiled as C++. @node Designated Inits @section Designated Initializers @cindex initializers with labeled elements @cindex labeled elements in initializers @cindex case labels in initializers @cindex designated initializers Standard C90 requires the elements of an initializer to appear in a fixed order, the same as the order of the elements in the array or structure being initialized. In ISO C99 you can give the elements in any order, specifying the array indices or structure field names they apply to, and GNU C allows this as an extension in C90 mode as well. This extension is not implemented in GNU C++. To specify an array index, write @samp{[@var{index}] =} before the element value. For example, @smallexample int a[6] = @{ [4] = 29, [2] = 15 @}; @end smallexample @noindent is equivalent to @smallexample int a[6] = @{ 0, 0, 15, 0, 29, 0 @}; @end smallexample @noindent The index values must be constant expressions, even if the array being initialized is automatic. An alternative syntax for this that has been obsolete since GCC 2.5 but GCC still accepts is to write @samp{[@var{index}]} before the element value, with no @samp{=}. To initialize a range of elements to the same value, write @samp{[@var{first} ... @var{last}] = @var{value}}. This is a GNU extension. For example, @smallexample int widths[] = @{ [0 ... 9] = 1, [10 ... 99] = 2, [100] = 3 @}; @end smallexample @noindent If the value in it has side-effects, the side-effects happen only once, not for each initialized field by the range initializer. @noindent Note that the length of the array is the highest value specified plus one. In a structure initializer, specify the name of a field to initialize with @samp{.@var{fieldname} =} before the element value. For example, given the following structure, @smallexample struct point @{ int x, y; @}; @end smallexample @noindent the following initialization @smallexample struct point p = @{ .y = yvalue, .x = xvalue @}; @end smallexample @noindent is equivalent to @smallexample struct point p = @{ xvalue, yvalue @}; @end smallexample Another syntax that has the same meaning, obsolete since GCC 2.5, is @samp{@var{fieldname}:}, as shown here: @smallexample struct point p = @{ y: yvalue, x: xvalue @}; @end smallexample Omitted field members are implicitly initialized the same as objects that have static storage duration. @cindex designators The @samp{[@var{index}]} or @samp{.@var{fieldname}} is known as a @dfn{designator}. You can also use a designator (or the obsolete colon syntax) when initializing a union, to specify which element of the union should be used. For example, @smallexample union foo @{ int i; double d; @}; union foo f = @{ .d = 4 @}; @end smallexample @noindent converts 4 to a @code{double} to store it in the union using the second element. By contrast, casting 4 to type @code{union foo} stores it into the union as the integer @code{i}, since it is an integer. (@xref{Cast to Union}.) You can combine this technique of naming elements with ordinary C initialization of successive elements. Each initializer element that does not have a designator applies to the next consecutive element of the array or structure. For example, @smallexample int a[6] = @{ [1] = v1, v2, [4] = v4 @}; @end smallexample @noindent is equivalent to @smallexample int a[6] = @{ 0, v1, v2, 0, v4, 0 @}; @end smallexample Labeling the elements of an array initializer is especially useful when the indices are characters or belong to an @code{enum} type. For example: @smallexample int whitespace[256] = @{ [' '] = 1, ['\t'] = 1, ['\h'] = 1, ['\f'] = 1, ['\n'] = 1, ['\r'] = 1 @}; @end smallexample @cindex designator lists You can also write a series of @samp{.@var{fieldname}} and @samp{[@var{index}]} designators before an @samp{=} to specify a nested subobject to initialize; the list is taken relative to the subobject corresponding to the closest surrounding brace pair. For example, with the @samp{struct point} declaration above: @smallexample struct point ptarray[10] = @{ [2].y = yv2, [2].x = xv2, [0].x = xv0 @}; @end smallexample @noindent If the same field is initialized multiple times, it has the value from the last initialization. If any such overridden initialization has side-effect, it is unspecified whether the side-effect happens or not. Currently, GCC discards them and issues a warning. @node Case Ranges @section Case Ranges @cindex case ranges @cindex ranges in case statements You can specify a range of consecutive values in a single @code{case} label, like this: @smallexample case @var{low} ... @var{high}: @end smallexample @noindent This has the same effect as the proper number of individual @code{case} labels, one for each integer value from @var{low} to @var{high}, inclusive. This feature is especially useful for ranges of ASCII character codes: @smallexample case 'A' ... 'Z': @end smallexample @strong{Be careful:} Write spaces around the @code{...}, for otherwise it may be parsed wrong when you use it with integer values. For example, write this: @smallexample case 1 ... 5: @end smallexample @noindent rather than this: @smallexample case 1...5: @end smallexample @node Cast to Union @section Cast to a Union Type @cindex cast to a union @cindex union, casting to a A cast to union type is similar to other casts, except that the type specified is a union type. You can specify the type either with @code{union @var{tag}} or with a typedef name. A cast to union is actually a constructor, not a cast, and hence does not yield an lvalue like normal casts. (@xref{Compound Literals}.) The types that may be cast to the union type are those of the members of the union. Thus, given the following union and variables: @smallexample union foo @{ int i; double d; @}; int x; double y; @end smallexample @noindent both @code{x} and @code{y} can be cast to type @code{union foo}. Using the cast as the right-hand side of an assignment to a variable of union type is equivalent to storing in a member of the union: @smallexample union foo u; /* @r{@dots{}} */ u = (union foo) x @equiv{} u.i = x u = (union foo) y @equiv{} u.d = y @end smallexample You can also use the union cast as a function argument: @smallexample void hack (union foo); /* @r{@dots{}} */ hack ((union foo) x); @end smallexample @node Mixed Declarations @section Mixed Declarations and Code @cindex mixed declarations and code @cindex declarations, mixed with code @cindex code, mixed with declarations ISO C99 and ISO C++ allow declarations and code to be freely mixed within compound statements. As an extension, GNU C also allows this in C90 mode. For example, you could do: @smallexample int i; /* @r{@dots{}} */ i++; int j = i + 2; @end smallexample Each identifier is visible from where it is declared until the end of the enclosing block. @node Function Attributes @section Declaring Attributes of Functions @cindex function attributes @cindex declaring attributes of functions @cindex functions that never return @cindex functions that return more than once @cindex functions that have no side effects @cindex functions in arbitrary sections @cindex functions that behave like malloc @cindex @code{volatile} applied to function @cindex @code{const} applied to function @cindex functions with @code{printf}, @code{scanf}, @code{strftime} or @code{strfmon} style arguments @cindex functions with non-null pointer arguments @cindex functions that are passed arguments in registers on x86-32 @cindex functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32 @cindex functions that do not pop the argument stack on x86-32 @cindex functions that have different compilation options on x86-32 @cindex functions that have different optimization options @cindex functions that are dynamically resolved In GNU C, you declare certain things about functions called in your program which help the compiler optimize function calls and check your code more carefully. The keyword @code{__attribute__} allows you to specify special attributes when making a declaration. This keyword is followed by an attribute specification inside double parentheses. The following attributes are currently defined for functions on all targets: @code{aligned}, @code{alloc_size}, @code{alloc_align}, @code{assume_aligned}, @code{noreturn}, @code{returns_twice}, @code{noinline}, @code{noclone}, @code{no_icf}, @code{always_inline}, @code{flatten}, @code{pure}, @code{const}, @code{nothrow}, @code{sentinel}, @code{format}, @code{format_arg}, @code{no_instrument_function}, @code{no_split_stack}, @code{section}, @code{constructor}, @code{destructor}, @code{used}, @code{unused}, @code{deprecated}, @code{weak}, @code{malloc}, @code{alias}, @code{ifunc}, @code{warn_unused_result}, @code{nonnull}, @code{returns_nonnull}, @code{gnu_inline}, @code{externally_visible}, @code{hot}, @code{cold}, @code{artificial}, @code{no_sanitize_address}, @code{no_address_safety_analysis}, @code{no_sanitize_thread}, @code{no_sanitize_undefined}, @code{no_reorder}, @code{bnd_legacy}, @code{bnd_instrument}, @code{stack_protect}, @code{error} and @code{warning}. Several other attributes are defined for functions on particular target systems. Other attributes, including @code{section} are supported for variables declarations (@pxref{Variable Attributes}), labels (@pxref{Label Attributes}) and for types (@pxref{Type Attributes}). GCC plugins may provide their own attributes. You may also specify attributes with @samp{__} preceding and following each keyword. This allows you to use them in header files without being concerned about a possible macro of the same name. For example, you may use @code{__noreturn__} instead of @code{noreturn}. @xref{Attribute Syntax}, for details of the exact syntax for using attributes. @table @code @c Keep this table alphabetized by attribute name. Treat _ as space. @item alias ("@var{target}") @cindex @code{alias} attribute The @code{alias} attribute causes the declaration to be emitted as an alias for another symbol, which must be specified. For instance, @smallexample void __f () @{ /* @r{Do something.} */; @} void f () __attribute__ ((weak, alias ("__f"))); @end smallexample @noindent defines @samp{f} to be a weak alias for @samp{__f}. In C++, the mangled name for the target must be used. It is an error if @samp{__f} is not defined in the same translation unit. Not all target machines support this attribute. @item aligned (@var{alignment}) @cindex @code{aligned} attribute This attribute specifies a minimum alignment for the function, measured in bytes. You cannot use this attribute to decrease the alignment of a function, only to increase it. However, when you explicitly specify a function alignment this overrides the effect of the @option{-falign-functions} (@pxref{Optimize Options}) option for this function. Note that the effectiveness of @code{aligned} attributes may be limited by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the linker is only able to arrange for functions to be aligned up to a certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum supported alignment may be very very small.) See your linker documentation for further information. The @code{aligned} attribute can also be used for variables and fields (@pxref{Variable Attributes}.) @item alloc_size @cindex @code{alloc_size} attribute The @code{alloc_size} attribute is used to tell the compiler that the function return value points to memory, where the size is given by one or two of the functions parameters. GCC uses this information to improve the correctness of @code{__builtin_object_size}. The function parameter(s) denoting the allocated size are specified by one or two integer arguments supplied to the attribute. The allocated size is either the value of the single function argument specified or the product of the two function arguments specified. Argument numbering starts at one. For instance, @smallexample void* my_calloc(size_t, size_t) __attribute__((alloc_size(1,2))) void* my_realloc(void*, size_t) __attribute__((alloc_size(2))) @end smallexample @noindent declares that @code{my_calloc} returns memory of the size given by the product of parameter 1 and 2 and that @code{my_realloc} returns memory of the size given by parameter 2. @item alloc_align @cindex @code{alloc_align} attribute The @code{alloc_align} attribute is used to tell the compiler that the function return value points to memory, where the returned pointer minimum alignment is given by one of the functions parameters. GCC uses this information to improve pointer alignment analysis. The function parameter denoting the allocated alignment is specified by one integer argument, whose number is the argument of the attribute. Argument numbering starts at one. For instance, @smallexample void* my_memalign(size_t, size_t) __attribute__((alloc_align(1))) @end smallexample @noindent declares that @code{my_memalign} returns memory with minimum alignment given by parameter 1. @item assume_aligned @cindex @code{assume_aligned} attribute The @code{assume_aligned} attribute is used to tell the compiler that the function return value points to memory, where the returned pointer minimum alignment is given by the first argument. If the attribute has two arguments, the second argument is misalignment offset. For instance @smallexample void* my_alloc1(size_t) __attribute__((assume_aligned(16))) void* my_alloc2(size_t) __attribute__((assume_aligned(32, 8))) @end smallexample @noindent declares that @code{my_alloc1} returns 16-byte aligned pointer and that @code{my_alloc2} returns a pointer whose value modulo 32 is equal to 8. @item always_inline @cindex @code{always_inline} function attribute Generally, functions are not inlined unless optimization is specified. For functions declared inline, this attribute inlines the function independent of any restrictions that otherwise apply to inlining. Failure to inline such a function is diagnosed as an error. Note that if such a function is called indirectly the compiler may or may not inline it depending on optimization level and a failure to inline an indirect call may or may not be diagnosed. @item gnu_inline @cindex @code{gnu_inline} function attribute This attribute should be used with a function that is also declared with the @code{inline} keyword. It directs GCC to treat the function as if it were defined in gnu90 mode even when compiling in C99 or gnu99 mode. If the function is declared @code{extern}, then this definition of the function is used only for inlining. In no case is the function compiled as a standalone function, not even if you take its address explicitly. Such an address becomes an external reference, as if you had only declared the function, and had not defined it. This has almost the effect of a macro. The way to use this is to put a function definition in a header file with this attribute, and put another copy of the function, without @code{extern}, in a library file. The definition in the header file causes most calls to the function to be inlined. If any uses of the function remain, they refer to the single copy in the library. Note that the two definitions of the functions need not be precisely the same, although if they do not have the same effect your program may behave oddly. In C, if the function is neither @code{extern} nor @code{static}, then the function is compiled as a standalone function, as well as being inlined where possible. This is how GCC traditionally handled functions declared @code{inline}. Since ISO C99 specifies a different semantics for @code{inline}, this function attribute is provided as a transition measure and as a useful feature in its own right. This attribute is available in GCC 4.1.3 and later. It is available if either of the preprocessor macros @code{__GNUC_GNU_INLINE__} or @code{__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__} are defined. @xref{Inline,,An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro}. In C++, this attribute does not depend on @code{extern} in any way, but it still requires the @code{inline} keyword to enable its special behavior. @item artificial @cindex @code{artificial} function attribute This attribute is useful for small inline wrappers that if possible should appear during debugging as a unit. Depending on the debug info format it either means marking the function as artificial or using the caller location for all instructions within the inlined body. @item bank_switch @cindex interrupt handler functions When added to an interrupt handler with the M32C port, causes the prologue and epilogue to use bank switching to preserve the registers rather than saving them on the stack. @item flatten @cindex @code{flatten} function attribute Generally, inlining into a function is limited. For a function marked with this attribute, every call inside this function is inlined, if possible. Whether the function itself is considered for inlining depends on its size and the current inlining parameters. @item error ("@var{message}") @cindex @code{error} function attribute If this attribute is used on a function declaration and a call to such a function is not eliminated through dead code elimination or other optimizations, an error that includes @var{message} is diagnosed. This is useful for compile-time checking, especially together with @code{__builtin_constant_p} and inline functions where checking the inline function arguments is not possible through @code{extern char [(condition) ? 1 : -1];} tricks. While it is possible to leave the function undefined and thus invoke a link failure, when using this attribute the problem is diagnosed earlier and with exact location of the call even in presence of inline functions or when not emitting debugging information. @item warning ("@var{message}") @cindex @code{warning} function attribute If this attribute is used on a function declaration and a call to such a function is not eliminated through dead code elimination or other optimizations, a warning that includes @var{message} is diagnosed. This is useful for compile-time checking, especially together with @code{__builtin_constant_p} and inline functions. While it is possible to define the function with a message in @code{.gnu.warning*} section, when using this attribute the problem is diagnosed earlier and with exact location of the call even in presence of inline functions or when not emitting debugging information. @item cdecl @cindex functions that do pop the argument stack on x86-32 @opindex mrtd On the x86-32 targets, the @code{cdecl} attribute causes the compiler to assume that the calling function pops off the stack space used to pass arguments. This is useful to override the effects of the @option{-mrtd} switch. @item const @cindex @code{const} function attribute Many functions do not examine any values except their arguments, and have no effects except the return value. Basically this is just slightly more strict class than the @code{pure} attribute below, since function is not allowed to read global memory. @cindex pointer arguments Note that a function that has pointer arguments and examines the data pointed to must @emph{not} be declared @code{const}. Likewise, a function that calls a non-@code{const} function usually must not be @code{const}. It does not make sense for a @code{const} function to return @code{void}. The attribute @code{const} is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 2.5. An alternative way to declare that a function has no side effects, which works in the current version and in some older versions, is as follows: @smallexample typedef int intfn (); extern const intfn square; @end smallexample @noindent This approach does not work in GNU C++ from 2.6.0 on, since the language specifies that the @samp{const} must be attached to the return value. @item constructor @itemx destructor @itemx constructor (@var{priority}) @itemx destructor (@var{priority}) @cindex @code{constructor} function attribute @cindex @code{destructor} function attribute The @code{constructor} attribute causes the function to be called automatically before execution enters @code{main ()}. Similarly, the @code{destructor} attribute causes the function to be called automatically after @code{main ()} completes or @code{exit ()} is called. Functions with these attributes are useful for initializing data that is used implicitly during the execution of the program. You may provide an optional integer priority to control the order in which constructor and destructor functions are run. A constructor with a smaller priority number runs before a constructor with a larger priority number; the opposite relationship holds for destructors. So, if you have a constructor that allocates a resource and a destructor that deallocates the same resource, both functions typically have the same priority. The priorities for constructor and destructor functions are the same as those specified for namespace-scope C++ objects (@pxref{C++ Attributes}). These attributes are not currently implemented for Objective-C@. @item deprecated @itemx deprecated (@var{msg}) @cindex @code{deprecated} attribute. The @code{deprecated} attribute results in a warning if the function is used anywhere in the source file. This is useful when identifying functions that are expected to be removed in a future version of a program. The warning also includes the location of the declaration of the deprecated function, to enable users to easily find further information about why the function is deprecated, or what they should do instead. Note that the warnings only occurs for uses: @smallexample int old_fn () __attribute__ ((deprecated)); int old_fn (); int (*fn_ptr)() = old_fn; @end smallexample @noindent results in a warning on line 3 but not line 2. The optional @var{msg} argument, which must be a string, is printed in the warning if present. The @code{deprecated} attribute can also be used for variables and types (@pxref{Variable Attributes}, @pxref{Type Attributes}.) @item disinterrupt @cindex @code{disinterrupt} attribute On Epiphany and MeP targets, this attribute causes the compiler to emit instructions to disable interrupts for the duration of the given function. @item dllexport @cindex @code{__declspec(dllexport)} On Microsoft Windows targets and Symbian OS targets the @code{dllexport} attribute causes the compiler to provide a global pointer to a pointer in a DLL, so that it can be referenced with the @code{dllimport} attribute. On Microsoft Windows targets, the pointer name is formed by combining @code{_imp__} and the function or variable name. You can use @code{__declspec(dllexport)} as a synonym for @code{__attribute__ ((dllexport))} for compatibility with other compilers. On systems that support the @code{visibility} attribute, this attribute also implies ``default'' visibility. It is an error to explicitly specify any other visibility. In previous versions of GCC, the @code{dllexport} attribute was ignored for inlined functions, unless the @option{-fkeep-inline-functions} flag had been used. The default behavior now is to emit all dllexported inline functions; however, this can cause object file-size bloat, in which case the old behavior can be restored by using @option{-fno-keep-inline-dllexport}. The attribute is also ignored for undefined symbols. When applied to C++ classes, the attribute marks defined non-inlined member functions and static data members as exports. Static consts initialized in-class are not marked unless they are also defined out-of-class. For Microsoft Windows targets there are alternative methods for including the symbol in the DLL's export table such as using a @file{.def} file with an @code{EXPORTS} section or, with GNU ld, using the @option{--export-all} linker flag. @item dllimport @cindex @code{__declspec(dllimport)} On Microsoft Windows and Symbian OS targets, the @code{dllimport} attribute causes the compiler to reference a function or variable via a global pointer to a pointer that is set up by the DLL exporting the symbol. The attribute implies @code{extern}. On Microsoft Windows targets, the pointer name is formed by combining @code{_imp__} and the function or variable name. You can use @code{__declspec(dllimport)} as a synonym for @code{__attribute__ ((dllimport))} for compatibility with other compilers. On systems that support the @code{visibility} attribute, this attribute also implies ``default'' visibility. It is an error to explicitly specify any other visibility. Currently, the attribute is ignored for inlined functions. If the attribute is applied to a symbol @emph{definition}, an error is reported. If a symbol previously declared @code{dllimport} is later defined, the attribute is ignored in subsequent references, and a warning is emitted. The attribute is also overridden by a subsequent declaration as @code{dllexport}. When applied to C++ classes, the attribute marks non-inlined member functions and static data members as imports. However, the attribute is ignored for virtual methods to allow creation of vtables using thunks. On the SH Symbian OS target the @code{dllimport} attribute also has another affect---it can cause the vtable and run-time type information for a class to be exported. This happens when the class has a dllimported constructor or a non-inline, non-pure virtual function and, for either of those two conditions, the class also has an inline constructor or destructor and has a key function that is defined in the current translation unit. For Microsoft Windows targets the use of the @code{dllimport} attribute on functions is not necessary, but provides a small performance benefit by eliminating a thunk in the DLL@. The use of the @code{dllimport} attribute on imported variables was required on older versions of the GNU linker, but can now be avoided by passing the @option{--enable-auto-import} switch to the GNU linker. As with functions, using the attribute for a variable eliminates a thunk in the DLL@. One drawback to using this attribute is that a pointer to a @emph{variable} marked as @code{dllimport} cannot be used as a constant address. However, a pointer to a @emph{function} with the @code{dllimport} attribute can be used as a constant initializer; in this case, the address of a stub function in the import lib is referenced. On Microsoft Windows targets, the attribute can be disabled for functions by setting the @option{-mnop-fun-dllimport} flag. @item eightbit_data @cindex eight-bit data on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S Use this attribute on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S to indicate that the specified variable should be placed into the eight-bit data section. The compiler generates more efficient code for certain operations on data in the eight-bit data area. Note the eight-bit data area is limited to 256 bytes of data. You must use GAS and GLD from GNU binutils version 2.7 or later for this attribute to work correctly. @item exception @cindex exception handler functions Use this attribute on the NDS32 target to indicate that the specified function is an exception handler. The compiler will generate corresponding sections for use in an exception handler. @item exception_handler @cindex exception handler functions on the Blackfin processor Use this attribute on the Blackfin to indicate that the specified function is an exception handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an exception handler when this attribute is present. @item externally_visible @cindex @code{externally_visible} attribute. This attribute, attached to a global variable or function, nullifies the effect of the @option{-fwhole-program} command-line option, so the object remains visible outside the current compilation unit. If @option{-fwhole-program} is used together with @option{-flto} and @command{gold} is used as the linker plugin, @code{externally_visible} attributes are automatically added to functions (not variable yet due to a current @command{gold} issue) that are accessed outside of LTO objects according to resolution file produced by @command{gold}. For other linkers that cannot generate resolution file, explicit @code{externally_visible} attributes are still necessary. @item far @cindex functions that handle memory bank switching On 68HC11 and 68HC12 the @code{far} attribute causes the compiler to use a calling convention that takes care of switching memory banks when entering and leaving a function. This calling convention is also the default when using the @option{-mlong-calls} option. On 68HC12 the compiler uses the @code{call} and @code{rtc} instructions to call and return from a function. On 68HC11 the compiler generates a sequence of instructions to invoke a board-specific routine to switch the memory bank and call the real function. The board-specific routine simulates a @code{call}. At the end of a function, it jumps to a board-specific routine instead of using @code{rts}. The board-specific return routine simulates the @code{rtc}. On MeP targets this causes the compiler to use a calling convention that assumes the called function is too far away for the built-in addressing modes. @item fast_interrupt @cindex interrupt handler functions Use this attribute on the M32C and RX ports to indicate that the specified function is a fast interrupt handler. This is just like the @code{interrupt} attribute, except that @code{freit} is used to return instead of @code{reit}. @item fastcall @cindex functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32 On x86-32 targets, the @code{fastcall} attribute causes the compiler to pass the first argument (if of integral type) in the register ECX and the second argument (if of integral type) in the register EDX@. Subsequent and other typed arguments are passed on the stack. The called function pops the arguments off the stack. If the number of arguments is variable all arguments are pushed on the stack. @item thiscall @cindex functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32 On x86-32 targets, the @code{thiscall} attribute causes the compiler to pass the first argument (if of integral type) in the register ECX. Subsequent and other typed arguments are passed on the stack. The called function pops the arguments off the stack. If the number of arguments is variable all arguments are pushed on the stack. The @code{thiscall} attribute is intended for C++ non-static member functions. As a GCC extension, this calling convention can be used for C functions and for static member methods. @item format (@var{archetype}, @var{string-index}, @var{first-to-check}) @cindex @code{format} function attribute @opindex Wformat The @code{format} attribute specifies that a function takes @code{printf}, @code{scanf}, @code{strftime} or @code{strfmon} style arguments that should be type-checked against a format string. For example, the declaration: @smallexample extern int my_printf (void *my_object, const char *my_format, ...) __attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3))); @end smallexample @noindent causes the compiler to check the arguments in calls to @code{my_printf} for consistency with the @code{printf} style format string argument @code{my_format}. The parameter @var{archetype} determines how the format string is interpreted, and should be @code{printf}, @code{scanf}, @code{strftime}, @code{gnu_printf}, @code{gnu_scanf}, @code{gnu_strftime} or @code{strfmon}. (You can also use @code{__printf__}, @code{__scanf__}, @code{__strftime__} or @code{__strfmon__}.) On MinGW targets, @code{ms_printf}, @code{ms_scanf}, and @code{ms_strftime} are also present. @var{archetype} values such as @code{printf} refer to the formats accepted by the system's C runtime library, while values prefixed with @samp{gnu_} always refer to the formats accepted by the GNU C Library. On Microsoft Windows targets, values prefixed with @samp{ms_} refer to the formats accepted by the @file{msvcrt.dll} library. The parameter @var{string-index} specifies which argument is the format string argument (starting from 1), while @var{first-to-check} is the number of the first argument to check against the format string. For functions where the arguments are not available to be checked (such as @code{vprintf}), specify the third parameter as zero. In this case the compiler only checks the format string for consistency. For @code{strftime} formats, the third parameter is required to be zero. Since non-static C++ methods have an implicit @code{this} argument, the arguments of such methods should be counted from two, not one, when giving values for @var{string-index} and @var{first-to-check}. In the example above, the format string (@code{my_format}) is the second argument of the function @code{my_print}, and the arguments to check start with the third argument, so the correct parameters for the format attribute are 2 and 3. @opindex ffreestanding @opindex fno-builtin The @code{format} attribute allows you to identify your own functions that take format strings as arguments, so that GCC can check the calls to these functions for errors. The compiler always (unless @option{-ffreestanding} or @option{-fno-builtin} is used) checks formats for the standard library functions @code{printf}, @code{fprintf}, @code{sprintf}, @code{scanf}, @code{fscanf}, @code{sscanf}, @code{strftime}, @code{vprintf}, @code{vfprintf} and @code{vsprintf} whenever such warnings are requested (using @option{-Wformat}), so there is no need to modify the header file @file{stdio.h}. In C99 mode, the functions @code{snprintf}, @code{vsnprintf}, @code{vscanf}, @code{vfscanf} and @code{vsscanf} are also checked. Except in strictly conforming C standard modes, the X/Open function @code{strfmon} is also checked as are @code{printf_unlocked} and @code{fprintf_unlocked}. @xref{C Dialect Options,,Options Controlling C Dialect}. For Objective-C dialects, @code{NSString} (or @code{__NSString__}) is recognized in the same context. Declarations including these format attributes are parsed for correct syntax, however the result of checking of such format strings is not yet defined, and is not carried out by this version of the compiler. The target may also provide additional types of format checks. @xref{Target Format Checks,,Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines}. @item format_arg (@var{string-index}) @cindex @code{format_arg} function attribute @opindex Wformat-nonliteral The @code{format_arg} attribute specifies that a function takes a format string for a @code{printf}, @code{scanf}, @code{strftime} or @code{strfmon} style function and modifies it (for example, to translate it into another language), so the result can be passed to a @code{printf}, @code{scanf}, @code{strftime} or @code{strfmon} style function (with the remaining arguments to the format function the same as they would have been for the unmodified string). For example, the declaration: @smallexample extern char * my_dgettext (char *my_domain, const char *my_format) __attribute__ ((format_arg (2))); @end smallexample @noindent causes the compiler to check the arguments in calls to a @code{printf}, @code{scanf}, @code{strftime} or @code{strfmon} type function, whose format string argument is a call to the @code{my_dgettext} function, for consistency with the format string argument @code{my_format}. If the @code{format_arg} attribute had not been specified, all the compiler could tell in such calls to format functions would be that the format string argument is not constant; this would generate a warning when @option{-Wformat-nonliteral} is used, but the calls could not be checked without the attribute. The parameter @var{string-index} specifies which argument is the format string argument (starting from one). Since non-static C++ methods have an implicit @code{this} argument, the arguments of such methods should be counted from two. The @code{format_arg} attribute allows you to identify your own functions that modify format strings, so that GCC can check the calls to @code{printf}, @code{scanf}, @code{strftime} or @code{strfmon} type function whose operands are a call to one of your own function. The compiler always treats @code{gettext}, @code{dgettext}, and @code{dcgettext} in this manner except when strict ISO C support is requested by @option{-ansi} or an appropriate @option{-std} option, or @option{-ffreestanding} or @option{-fno-builtin} is used. @xref{C Dialect Options,,Options Controlling C Dialect}. For Objective-C dialects, the @code{format-arg} attribute may refer to an @code{NSString} reference for compatibility with the @code{format} attribute above. The target may also allow additional types in @code{format-arg} attributes. @xref{Target Format Checks,,Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines}. @item function_vector @cindex calling functions through the function vector on H8/300, M16C, M32C and SH2A processors Use this attribute on the H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S to indicate that the specified function should be called through the function vector. Calling a function through the function vector reduces code size, however; the function vector has a limited size (maximum 128 entries on the H8/300 and 64 entries on the H8/300H and H8S) and shares space with the interrupt vector. On SH2A targets, this attribute declares a function to be called using the TBR relative addressing mode. The argument to this attribute is the entry number of the same function in a vector table containing all the TBR relative addressable functions. For correct operation the TBR must be setup accordingly to point to the start of the vector table before any functions with this attribute are invoked. Usually a good place to do the initialization is the startup routine. The TBR relative vector table can have at max 256 function entries. The jumps to these functions are generated using a SH2A specific, non delayed branch instruction JSR/N @@(disp8,TBR). You must use GAS and GLD from GNU binutils version 2.7 or later for this attribute to work correctly. Please refer the example of M16C target, to see the use of this attribute while declaring a function, In an application, for a function being called once, this attribute saves at least 8 bytes of code; and if other successive calls are being made to the same function, it saves 2 bytes of code per each of these calls. On M16C/M32C targets, the @code{function_vector} attribute declares a special page subroutine call function. Use of this attribute reduces the code size by 2 bytes for each call generated to the subroutine. The argument to the attribute is the vector number entry from the special page vector table which contains the 16 low-order bits of the subroutine's entry address. Each vector table has special page number (18 to 255) that is used in @code{jsrs} instructions. Jump addresses of the routines are generated by adding 0x0F0000 (in case of M16C targets) or 0xFF0000 (in case of M32C targets), to the 2-byte addresses set in the vector table. Therefore you need to ensure that all the special page vector routines should get mapped within the address range 0x0F0000 to 0x0FFFFF (for M16C) and 0xFF0000 to 0xFFFFFF (for M32C). In the following example 2 bytes are saved for each call to function @code{foo}. @smallexample void foo (void) __attribute__((function_vector(0x18))); void foo (void) @{ @} void bar (void) @{ foo(); @} @end smallexample If functions are defined in one file and are called in another file, then be sure to write this declaration in both files. This attribute is ignored for R8C target. @item ifunc ("@var{resolver}") @cindex @code{ifunc} attribute The @code{ifunc} attribute is used to mark a function as an indirect function using the STT_GNU_IFUNC symbol type extension to the ELF standard. This allows the resolution of the symbol value to be determined dynamically at load time, and an optimized version of the routine can be selected for the particular processor or other system characteristics determined then. To use this attribute, first define the implementation functions available, and a resolver function that returns a pointer to the selected implementation function. The implementation functions' declarations must match the API of the function being implemented, the resolver's declaration is be a function returning pointer to void function returning void: @smallexample void *my_memcpy (void *dst, const void *src, size_t len) @{ @dots{} @} static void (*resolve_memcpy (void)) (void) @{ return my_memcpy; // we'll just always select this routine @} @end smallexample @noindent The exported header file declaring the function the user calls would contain: @smallexample extern void *memcpy (void *, const void *, size_t); @end smallexample @noindent allowing the user to call this as a regular function, unaware of the implementation. Finally, the indirect function needs to be defined in the same translation unit as the resolver function: @smallexample void *memcpy (void *, const void *, size_t) __attribute__ ((ifunc ("resolve_memcpy"))); @end smallexample Indirect functions cannot be weak, and require a recent binutils (at least version 2.20.1), and GNU C library (at least version 2.11.1). @item interrupt @cindex interrupt handler functions Use this attribute on the ARC, ARM, AVR, CR16, Epiphany, M32C, M32R/D, m68k, MeP, MIPS, MSP430, RL78, RX, Visium and Xstormy16 ports to indicate that the specified function is an interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this attribute is present. With Epiphany targets it may also generate a special section with code to initialize the interrupt vector table. Note, interrupt handlers for the Blackfin, H8/300, H8/300H, H8S, MicroBlaze, and SH processors can be specified via the @code{interrupt_handler} attribute. Note, on the ARC, you must specify the kind of interrupt to be handled in a parameter to the interrupt attribute like this: @smallexample void f () __attribute__ ((interrupt ("ilink1"))); @end smallexample Permissible values for this parameter are: @w{@code{ilink1}} and @w{@code{ilink2}}. Note, on the AVR, the hardware globally disables interrupts when an interrupt is executed. The first instruction of an interrupt handler declared with this attribute is a @code{SEI} instruction to re-enable interrupts. See also the @code{signal} function attribute that does not insert a @code{SEI} instruction. If both @code{signal} and @code{interrupt} are specified for the same function, @code{signal} is silently ignored. Note, for the ARM, you can specify the kind of interrupt to be handled by adding an optional parameter to the interrupt attribute like this: @smallexample void f () __attribute__ ((interrupt ("IRQ"))); @end smallexample @noindent Permissible values for this parameter are: @code{IRQ}, @code{FIQ}, @code{SWI}, @code{ABORT} and @code{UNDEF}. On ARMv7-M the interrupt type is ignored, and the attribute means the function may be called with a word-aligned stack pointer. Note, for the MSP430 you can provide an argument to the interrupt attribute which specifies a name or number. If the argument is a number it indicates the slot in the interrupt vector table (0 - 31) to which this handler should be assigned. If the argument is a name it is treated as a symbolic name for the vector slot. These names should match up with appropriate entries in the linker script. By default the names @code{watchdog} for vector 26, @code{nmi} for vector 30 and @code{reset} for vector 31 are recognised. You can also use the following function attributes to modify how normal functions interact with interrupt functions: @table @code @item critical @cindex @code{critical} attribute Critical functions disable interrupts upon entry and restore the previous interrupt state upon exit. Critical functions cannot also have the @code{naked} or @code{reentrant} attributes. They can have the @code{interrupt} attribute. @item reentrant @cindex @code{reentrant} attribute Reentrant functions disable interrupts upon entry and enable them upon exit. Reentrant functions cannot also have the @code{naked} or @code{critical} attributes. They can have the @code{interrupt} attribute. @item wakeup @cindex @code{wakeup} attribute This attribute only applies to interrupt functions. It is silently ignored if applied to a non-interrupt function. A wakeup interrupt function will rouse the processor from any low-power state that it might be in when the function exits. @end table On Epiphany targets one or more optional parameters can be added like this: @smallexample void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma0, dma1"))) universal_dma_handler (); @end smallexample Permissible values for these parameters are: @w{@code{reset}}, @w{@code{software_exception}}, @w{@code{page_miss}}, @w{@code{timer0}}, @w{@code{timer1}}, @w{@code{message}}, @w{@code{dma0}}, @w{@code{dma1}}, @w{@code{wand}} and @w{@code{swi}}. Multiple parameters indicate that multiple entries in the interrupt vector table should be initialized for this function, i.e.@: for each parameter @w{@var{name}}, a jump to the function is emitted in the section @w{ivt_entry_@var{name}}. The parameter(s) may be omitted entirely, in which case no interrupt vector table entry is provided. Note, on Epiphany targets, interrupts are enabled inside the function unless the @code{disinterrupt} attribute is also specified. On Epiphany targets, you can also use the following attribute to modify the behavior of an interrupt handler: @table @code @item forwarder_section @cindex @code{forwarder_section} attribute The interrupt handler may be in external memory which cannot be reached by a branch instruction, so generate a local memory trampoline to transfer control. The single parameter identifies the section where the trampoline is placed. @end table The following examples are all valid uses of these attributes on Epiphany targets: @smallexample void __attribute__ ((interrupt)) universal_handler (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma1"))) dma1_handler (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma0, dma1"))) universal_dma_handler (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("timer0"), disinterrupt)) fast_timer_handler (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt ("dma0, dma1"), forwarder_section ("tramp"))) external_dma_handler (); @end smallexample On MIPS targets, you can use the following attributes to modify the behavior of an interrupt handler: @table @code @item use_shadow_register_set @cindex @code{use_shadow_register_set} attribute Assume that the handler uses a shadow register set, instead of the main general-purpose registers. @item keep_interrupts_masked @cindex @code{keep_interrupts_masked} attribute Keep interrupts masked for the whole function. Without this attribute, GCC tries to reenable interrupts for as much of the function as it can. @item use_debug_exception_return @cindex @code{use_debug_exception_return} attribute Return using the @code{deret} instruction. Interrupt handlers that don't have this attribute return using @code{eret} instead. @end table You can use any combination of these attributes, as shown below: @smallexample void __attribute__ ((interrupt)) v0 (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set)) v1 (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt, keep_interrupts_masked)) v2 (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_debug_exception_return)) v3 (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set, keep_interrupts_masked)) v4 (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set, use_debug_exception_return)) v5 (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt, keep_interrupts_masked, use_debug_exception_return)) v6 (); void __attribute__ ((interrupt, use_shadow_register_set, keep_interrupts_masked, use_debug_exception_return)) v7 (); @end smallexample On NDS32 target, this attribute is to indicate that the specified function is an interrupt handler. The compiler will generate corresponding sections for use in an interrupt handler. You can use the following attributes to modify the behavior: @table @code @item nested @cindex @code{nested} attribute This interrupt service routine is interruptible. @item not_nested @cindex @code{not_nested} attribute This interrupt service routine is not interruptible. @item nested_ready @cindex @code{nested_ready} attribute This interrupt service routine is interruptible after @code{PSW.GIE} (global interrupt enable) is set. This allows interrupt service routine to finish some short critical code before enabling interrupts. @item save_all @cindex @code{save_all} attribute The system will help save all registers into stack before entering interrupt handler. @item partial_save @cindex @code{partial_save} attribute The system will help save caller registers into stack before entering interrupt handler. @end table On RL78, use @code{brk_interrupt} instead of @code{interrupt} for handlers intended to be used with the @code{BRK} opcode (i.e.@: those that must end with @code{RETB} instead of @code{RETI}). On RX targets, you may specify one or more vector numbers as arguments to the attribute, as well as naming an alternate table name. Parameters are handled sequentially, so one handler can be assigned to multiple entries in multiple tables. One may also pass the magic string @code{"$default"} which causes the function to be used for any unfilled slots in the current table. This example shows a simple assignment of a function to one vector in the default table (note that preprocessor macros may be used for chip-specific symbolic vector names): @smallexample void __attribute__ ((interrupt (5))) txd1_handler (); @end smallexample This example assigns a function to two slots in the default table (using preprocessor macros defined elsewhere) and makes it the default for the @code{dct} table: @smallexample void __attribute__ ((interrupt (RXD1_VECT,RXD2_VECT,"dct","$default"))) txd1_handler (); @end smallexample @item interrupt_handler @cindex interrupt handler functions on the Blackfin, m68k, H8/300 and SH processors Use this attribute on the Blackfin, m68k, H8/300, H8/300H, H8S, and SH to indicate that the specified function is an interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this attribute is present. @item interrupt_thread @cindex interrupt thread functions on fido Use this attribute on fido, a subarchitecture of the m68k, to indicate that the specified function is an interrupt handler that is designed to run as a thread. The compiler omits generate prologue/epilogue sequences and replaces the return instruction with a @code{sleep} instruction. This attribute is available only on fido. @item isr @cindex interrupt service routines on ARM Use this attribute on ARM to write Interrupt Service Routines. This is an alias to the @code{interrupt} attribute above. @item kspisusp @cindex User stack pointer in interrupts on the Blackfin When used together with @code{interrupt_handler}, @code{exception_handler} or @code{nmi_handler}, code is generated to load the stack pointer from the USP register in the function prologue. @item l1_text @cindex @code{l1_text} function attribute This attribute specifies a function to be placed into L1 Instruction SRAM@. The function is put into a specific section named @code{.l1.text}. With @option{-mfdpic}, function calls with a such function as the callee or caller uses inlined PLT. @item l2 @cindex @code{l2} function attribute On the Blackfin, this attribute specifies a function to be placed into L2 SRAM. The function is put into a specific section named @code{.l1.text}. With @option{-mfdpic}, callers of such functions use an inlined PLT. @item leaf @cindex @code{leaf} function attribute Calls to external functions with this attribute must return to the current compilation unit only by return or by exception handling. In particular, leaf functions are not allowed to call callback function passed to it from the current compilation unit or directly call functions exported by the unit or longjmp into the unit. Leaf function might still call functions from other compilation units and thus they are not necessarily leaf in the sense that they contain no function calls at all. The attribute is intended for library functions to improve dataflow analysis. The compiler takes the hint that any data not escaping the current compilation unit can not be used or modified by the leaf function. For example, the @code{sin} function is a leaf function, but @code{qsort} is not. Note that leaf functions might invoke signals and signal handlers might be defined in the current compilation unit and use static variables. The only compliant way to write such a signal handler is to declare such variables @code{volatile}. The attribute has no effect on functions defined within the current compilation unit. This is to allow easy merging of multiple compilation units into one, for example, by using the link-time optimization. For this reason the attribute is not allowed on types to annotate indirect calls. @item long_call/medium_call/short_call @cindex indirect calls on ARC @cindex indirect calls on ARM @cindex indirect calls on Epiphany These attributes specify how a particular function is called on ARC, ARM and Epiphany - with @code{medium_call} being specific to ARC. These attributes override the @option{-mlong-calls} (@pxref{ARM Options} and @ref{ARC Options}) and @option{-mmedium-calls} (@pxref{ARC Options}) command-line switches and @code{#pragma long_calls} settings. For ARM, the @code{long_call} attribute indicates that the function might be far away from the call site and require a different (more expensive) calling sequence. The @code{short_call} attribute always places the offset to the function from the call site into the @samp{BL} instruction directly. For ARC, a function marked with the @code{long_call} attribute is always called using register-indirect jump-and-link instructions, thereby enabling the called function to be placed anywhere within the 32-bit address space. A function marked with the @code{medium_call} attribute will always be close enough to be called with an unconditional branch-and-link instruction, which has a 25-bit offset from the call site. A function marked with the @code{short_call} attribute will always be close enough to be called with a conditional branch-and-link instruction, which has a 21-bit offset from the call site. @item longcall/shortcall @cindex functions called via pointer on the RS/6000 and PowerPC On the Blackfin, RS/6000 and PowerPC, the @code{longcall} attribute indicates that the function might be far away from the call site and require a different (more expensive) calling sequence. The @code{shortcall} attribute indicates that the function is always close enough for the shorter calling sequence to be used. These attributes override both the @option{-mlongcall} switch and, on the RS/6000 and PowerPC, the @code{#pragma longcall} setting. @xref{RS/6000 and PowerPC Options}, for more information on whether long calls are necessary. @item long_call/near/far @cindex indirect calls on MIPS These attributes specify how a particular function is called on MIPS@. The attributes override the @option{-mlong-calls} (@pxref{MIPS Options}) command-line switch. The @code{long_call} and @code{far} attributes are synonyms, and cause the compiler to always call the function by first loading its address into a register, and then using the contents of that register. The @code{near} attribute has the opposite effect; it specifies that non-PIC calls should be made using the more efficient @code{jal} instruction. @item malloc @cindex @code{malloc} attribute This tells the compiler that a function is @code{malloc}-like, i.e., that the pointer @var{P} returned by the function cannot alias any other pointer valid when the function returns, and moreover no pointers to valid objects occur in any storage addressed by @var{P}. Using this attribute can improve optimization. Functions like @code{malloc} and @code{calloc} have this property because they return a pointer to uninitialized or zeroed-out storage. However, functions like @code{realloc} do not have this property, as they can return a pointer to storage containing pointers. @item mips16/nomips16 @cindex @code{mips16} attribute @cindex @code{nomips16} attribute On MIPS targets, you can use the @code{mips16} and @code{nomips16} function attributes to locally select or turn off MIPS16 code generation. A function with the @code{mips16} attribute is emitted as MIPS16 code, while MIPS16 code generation is disabled for functions with the @code{nomips16} attribute. These attributes override the @option{-mips16} and @option{-mno-mips16} options on the command line (@pxref{MIPS Options}). When compiling files containing mixed MIPS16 and non-MIPS16 code, the preprocessor symbol @code{__mips16} reflects the setting on the command line, not that within individual functions. Mixed MIPS16 and non-MIPS16 code may interact badly with some GCC extensions such as @code{__builtin_apply} (@pxref{Constructing Calls}). @item micromips/nomicromips @cindex @code{micromips} attribute @cindex @code{nomicromips} attribute On MIPS targets, you can use the @code{micromips} and @code{nomicromips} function attributes to locally select or turn off microMIPS code generation. A function with the @code{micromips} attribute is emitted as microMIPS code, while microMIPS code generation is disabled for functions with the @code{nomicromips} attribute. These attributes override the @option{-mmicromips} and @option{-mno-micromips} options on the command line (@pxref{MIPS Options}). When compiling files containing mixed microMIPS and non-microMIPS code, the preprocessor symbol @code{__mips_micromips} reflects the setting on the command line, not that within individual functions. Mixed microMIPS and non-microMIPS code may interact badly with some GCC extensions such as @code{__builtin_apply} (@pxref{Constructing Calls}). @item model (@var{model-name}) @cindex function addressability on the M32R/D @cindex variable addressability on the IA-64 On the M32R/D, use this attribute to set the addressability of an object, and of the code generated for a function. The identifier @var{model-name} is one of @code{small}, @code{medium}, or @code{large}, representing each of the code models. Small model objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their addresses can be loaded with the @code{ld24} instruction), and are callable with the @code{bl} instruction. Medium model objects may live anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the compiler generates @code{seth/add3} instructions to load their addresses), and are callable with the @code{bl} instruction. Large model objects may live anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the compiler generates @code{seth/add3} instructions to load their addresses), and may not be reachable with the @code{bl} instruction (the compiler generates the much slower @code{seth/add3/jl} instruction sequence). On IA-64, use this attribute to set the addressability of an object. At present, the only supported identifier for @var{model-name} is @code{small}, indicating addressability via ``small'' (22-bit) addresses (so that their addresses can be loaded with the @code{addl} instruction). Caveat: such addressing is by definition not position independent and hence this attribute must not be used for objects defined by shared libraries. @item ms_abi/sysv_abi @cindex @code{ms_abi} attribute @cindex @code{sysv_abi} attribute On 32-bit and 64-bit x86 targets, you can use an ABI attribute to indicate which calling convention should be used for a function. The @code{ms_abi} attribute tells the compiler to use the Microsoft ABI, while the @code{sysv_abi} attribute tells the compiler to use the ABI used on GNU/Linux and other systems. The default is to use the Microsoft ABI when targeting Windows. On all other systems, the default is the x86/AMD ABI. Note, the @code{ms_abi} attribute for Microsoft Windows 64-bit targets currently requires the @option{-maccumulate-outgoing-args} option. @item callee_pop_aggregate_return (@var{number}) @cindex @code{callee_pop_aggregate_return} attribute On x86-32 targets, you can use this attribute to control how aggregates are returned in memory. If the caller is responsible for popping the hidden pointer together with the rest of the arguments, specify @var{number} equal to zero. If callee is responsible for popping the hidden pointer, specify @var{number} equal to one. The default x86-32 ABI assumes that the callee pops the stack for hidden pointer. However, on x86-32 Microsoft Windows targets, the compiler assumes that the caller pops the stack for hidden pointer. @item ms_hook_prologue @cindex @code{ms_hook_prologue} attribute On 32-bit and 64-bit x86 targets, you can use this function attribute to make GCC generate the ``hot-patching'' function prologue used in Win32 API functions in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2 and newer. @item hotpatch (@var{halfwords-before-function-label},@var{halfwords-after-function-label}) @cindex @code{hotpatch} attribute On S/390 System z targets, you can use this function attribute to make GCC generate a ``hot-patching'' function prologue. If the @option{-mhotpatch=} command-line option is used at the same time, the @code{hotpatch} attribute takes precedence. The first of the two arguments specifies the number of halfwords to be added before the function label. A second argument can be used to specify the number of halfwords to be added after the function label. For both arguments the maximum allowed value is 1000000. If both ar guments are zero, hotpatching is disabled. @item naked @cindex function without a prologue/epilogue code This attribute is available on the ARM, AVR, MCORE, MSP430, NDS32, RL78, RX and SPU ports. It allows the compiler to construct the requisite function declaration, while allowing the body of the function to be assembly code. The specified function will not have prologue/epilogue sequences generated by the compiler. Only basic @code{asm} statements can safely be included in naked functions (@pxref{Basic Asm}). While using extended @code{asm} or a mixture of basic @code{asm} and C code may appear to work, they cannot be depended upon to work reliably and are not supported. @item near @cindex functions that do not handle memory bank switching on 68HC11/68HC12 On 68HC11 and 68HC12 the @code{near} attribute causes the compiler to use the normal calling convention based on @code{jsr} and @code{rts}. This attribute can be used to cancel the effect of the @option{-mlong-calls} option. On MeP targets this attribute causes the compiler to assume the called function is close enough to use the normal calling convention, overriding the @option{-mtf} command-line option. @item nesting @cindex Allow nesting in an interrupt handler on the Blackfin processor. Use this attribute together with @code{interrupt_handler}, @code{exception_handler} or @code{nmi_handler} to indicate that the function entry code should enable nested interrupts or exceptions. @item nmi_handler @cindex NMI handler functions on the Blackfin processor Use this attribute on the Blackfin to indicate that the specified function is an NMI handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an NMI handler when this attribute is present. @item nocompression @cindex @code{nocompression} attribute On MIPS targets, you can use the @code{nocompression} function attribute to locally turn off MIPS16 and microMIPS code generation. This attribute overrides the @option{-mips16} and @option{-mmicromips} options on the command line (@pxref{MIPS Options}). @item no_instrument_function @cindex @code{no_instrument_function} function attribute @opindex finstrument-functions If @option{-finstrument-functions} is given, profiling function calls are generated at entry and exit of most user-compiled functions. Functions with this attribute are not so instrumented. @item no_split_stack @cindex @code{no_split_stack} function attribute @opindex fsplit-stack If @option{-fsplit-stack} is given, functions have a small prologue which decides whether to split the stack. Functions with the @code{no_split_stack} attribute do not have that prologue, and thus may run with only a small amount of stack space available. @item stack_protect @cindex @code{stack_protect} function attribute This function attribute make a stack protection of the function if flags @option{fstack-protector} or @option{fstack-protector-strong} or @option{fstack-protector-explicit} are set. @item noinline @cindex @code{noinline} function attribute This function attribute prevents a function from being considered for inlining. @c Don't enumerate the optimizations by name here; we try to be @c future-compatible with this mechanism. If the function does not have side-effects, there are optimizations other than inlining that cause function calls to be optimized away, although the function call is live. To keep such calls from being optimized away, put @smallexample asm (""); @end smallexample @noindent (@pxref{Extended Asm}) in the called function, to serve as a special side-effect. @item noclone @cindex @code{noclone} function attribute This function attribute prevents a function from being considered for cloning---a mechanism that produces specialized copies of functions and which is (currently) performed by interprocedural constant propagation. @item no_icf @cindex @code{no_icf} function attribute This function attribute prevents a functions from being merged with another semantically equivalent function. @item nonnull (@var{arg-index}, @dots{}) @cindex @code{nonnull} function attribute The @code{nonnull} attribute specifies that some function parameters should be non-null pointers. For instance, the declaration: @smallexample extern void * my_memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t len) __attribute__((nonnull (1, 2))); @end smallexample @noindent causes the compiler to check that, in calls to @code{my_memcpy}, arguments @var{dest} and @var{src} are non-null. If the compiler determines that a null pointer is passed in an argument slot marked as non-null, and the @option{-Wnonnull} option is enabled, a warning is issued. The compiler may also choose to make optimizations based on the knowledge that certain function arguments will never be null. If no argument index list is given to the @code{nonnull} attribute, all pointer arguments are marked as non-null. To illustrate, the following declaration is equivalent to the previous example: @smallexample extern void * my_memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t len) __attribute__((nonnull)); @end smallexample @item no_reorder @cindex @code{no_reorder} function or variable attribute Do not reorder functions or variables marked @code{no_reorder} against each other or top level assembler statements the executable. The actual order in the program will depend on the linker command line. Static variables marked like this are also not removed. This has a similar effect as the @option{-fno-toplevel-reorder} option, but only applies to the marked symbols. @item returns_nonnull @cindex @code{returns_nonnull} function attribute The @code{returns_nonnull} attribute specifies that the function return value should be a non-null pointer. For instance, the declaration: @smallexample extern void * mymalloc (size_t len) __attribute__((returns_nonnull)); @end smallexample @noindent lets the compiler optimize callers based on the knowledge that the return value will never be null. @item noreturn @cindex @code{noreturn} function attribute A few standard library functions, such as @code{abort} and @code{exit}, cannot return. GCC knows this automatically. Some programs define their own functions that never return. You can declare them @code{noreturn} to tell the compiler this fact. For example, @smallexample @group void fatal () __attribute__ ((noreturn)); void fatal (/* @r{@dots{}} */) @{ /* @r{@dots{}} */ /* @r{Print error message.} */ /* @r{@dots{}} */ exit (1); @} @end group @end smallexample The @code{noreturn} keyword tells the compiler to assume that @code{fatal} cannot return. It can then optimize without regard to what would happen if @code{fatal} ever did return. This makes slightly better code. More importantly, it helps avoid spurious warnings of uninitialized variables. The @code{noreturn} keyword does not affect the exceptional path when that applies: a @code{noreturn}-marked function may still return to the caller by throwing an exception or calling @code{longjmp}. Do not assume that registers saved by the calling function are restored before calling the @code{noreturn} function. It does not make sense for a @code{noreturn} function to have a return type other than @code{void}. The attribute @code{noreturn} is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 2.5. An alternative way to declare that a function does not return, which works in the current version and in some older versions, is as follows: @smallexample typedef void voidfn (); volatile voidfn fatal; @end smallexample @noindent This approach does not work in GNU C++. @item nothrow @cindex @code{nothrow} function attribute The @code{nothrow} attribute is used to inform the compiler that a function cannot throw an exception. For example, most functions in the standard C library can be guaranteed not to throw an exception with the notable exceptions of @code{qsort} and @code{bsearch} that take function pointer arguments. The @code{nothrow} attribute is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 3.3. @item nosave_low_regs @cindex @code{nosave_low_regs} attribute Use this attribute on SH targets to indicate that an @code{interrupt_handler} function should not save and restore registers R0..R7. This can be used on SH3* and SH4* targets that have a second R0..R7 register bank for non-reentrant interrupt handlers. @item optimize @cindex @code{optimize} function attribute The @code{optimize} attribute is used to specify that a function is to be compiled with different optimization options than specified on the command line. Arguments can either be numbers or strings. Numbers are assumed to be an optimization level. Strings that begin with @code{O} are assumed to be an optimization option, while other options are assumed to be used with a @code{-f} prefix. You can also use the @samp{#pragma GCC optimize} pragma to set the optimization options that affect more than one function. @xref{Function Specific Option Pragmas}, for details about the @samp{#pragma GCC optimize} pragma. This can be used for instance to have frequently-executed functions compiled with more aggressive optimization options that produce faster and larger code, while other functions can be compiled with less aggressive options. @item OS_main/OS_task @cindex @code{OS_main} AVR function attribute @cindex @code{OS_task} AVR function attribute On AVR, functions with the @code{OS_main} or @code{OS_task} attribute do not save/restore any call-saved register in their prologue/epilogue. The @code{OS_main} attribute can be used when there @emph{is guarantee} that interrupts are disabled at the time when the function is entered. This saves resources when the stack pointer has to be changed to set up a frame for local variables. The @code{OS_task} attribute can be used when there is @emph{no guarantee} that interrupts are disabled at that time when the function is entered like for, e@.g@. task functions in a multi-threading operating system. In that case, changing the stack pointer register is guarded by save/clear/restore of the global interrupt enable flag. The differences to the @code{naked} function attribute are: @itemize @bullet @item @code{naked} functions do not have a return instruction whereas @code{OS_main} and @code{OS_task} functions have a @code{RET} or @code{RETI} return instruction. @item @code{naked} functions do not set up a frame for local variables or a frame pointer whereas @code{OS_main} and @code{OS_task} do this as needed. @end itemize @item pcs @cindex @code{pcs} function attribute The @code{pcs} attribute can be used to control the calling convention used for a function on ARM. The attribute takes an argument that specifies the calling convention to use. When compiling using the AAPCS ABI (or a variant of it) then valid values for the argument are @code{"aapcs"} and @code{"aapcs-vfp"}. In order to use a variant other than @code{"aapcs"} then the compiler must be permitted to use the appropriate co-processor registers (i.e., the VFP registers must be available in order to use @code{"aapcs-vfp"}). For example, @smallexample /* Argument passed in r0, and result returned in r0+r1. */ double f2d (float) __attribute__((pcs("aapcs"))); @end smallexample Variadic functions always use the @code{"aapcs"} calling convention and the compiler rejects attempts to specify an alternative. @item pure @cindex @code{pure} function attribute Many functions have no effects except the return value and their return value depends only on the parameters and/or global variables. Such a function can be subject to common subexpression elimination and loop optimization just as an arithmetic operator would be. These functions should be declared with the attribute @code{pure}. For example, @smallexample int square (int) __attribute__ ((pure)); @end smallexample @noindent says that the hypothetical function @code{square} is safe to call fewer times than the program says. Some of common examples of pure functions are @code{strlen} or @code{memcmp}. Interesting non-pure functions are functions with infinite loops or those depending on volatile memory or other system resource, that may change between two consecutive calls (such as @code{feof} in a multithreading environment). The attribute @code{pure} is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 2.96. @item hot @cindex @code{hot} function attribute The @code{hot} attribute on a function is used to inform the compiler that the function is a hot spot of the compiled program. The function is optimized more aggressively and on many targets it is placed into a special subsection of the text section so all hot functions appear close together, improving locality. When profile feedback is available, via @option{-fprofile-use}, hot functions are automatically detected and this attribute is ignored. The @code{hot} attribute on functions is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 4.3. @item cold @cindex @code{cold} function attribute The @code{cold} attribute on functions is used to inform the compiler that the function is unlikely to be executed. The function is optimized for size rather than speed and on many targets it is placed into a special subsection of the text section so all cold functions appear close together, improving code locality of non-cold parts of program. The paths leading to calls of cold functions within code are marked as unlikely by the branch prediction mechanism. It is thus useful to mark functions used to handle unlikely conditions, such as @code{perror}, as cold to improve optimization of hot functions that do call marked functions in rare occasions. When profile feedback is available, via @option{-fprofile-use}, cold functions are automatically detected and this attribute is ignored. The @code{cold} attribute on functions is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 4.3. @item no_sanitize_address @itemx no_address_safety_analysis @cindex @code{no_sanitize_address} function attribute The @code{no_sanitize_address} attribute on functions is used to inform the compiler that it should not instrument memory accesses in the function when compiling with the @option{-fsanitize=address} option. The @code{no_address_safety_analysis} is a deprecated alias of the @code{no_sanitize_address} attribute, new code should use @code{no_sanitize_address}. @item no_sanitize_thread @cindex @code{no_sanitize_thread} function attribute The @code{no_sanitize_thread} attribute on functions is used to inform the compiler that it should not instrument memory accesses in the function when compiling with the @option{-fsanitize=thread} option. @item no_sanitize_undefined @cindex @code{no_sanitize_undefined} function attribute The @code{no_sanitize_undefined} attribute on functions is used to inform the compiler that it should not check for undefined behavior in the function when compiling with the @option{-fsanitize=undefined} option. @item bnd_legacy @cindex @code{bnd_legacy} function attribute The @code{bnd_legacy} attribute on functions is used to inform compiler that function should not be instrumented when compiled with @option{-fcheck-pointer-bounds} option. @item bnd_instrument @cindex @code{bnd_instrument} function attribute The @code{bnd_instrument} attribute on functions is used to inform compiler that function should be instrumented when compiled with @option{-fchkp-instrument-marked-only} option. @item regparm (@var{number}) @cindex @code{regparm} attribute @cindex functions that are passed arguments in registers on x86-32 On x86-32 targets, the @code{regparm} attribute causes the compiler to pass arguments number one to @var{number} if they are of integral type in registers EAX, EDX, and ECX instead of on the stack. Functions that take a variable number of arguments continue to be passed all of their arguments on the stack. Beware that on some ELF systems this attribute is unsuitable for global functions in shared libraries with lazy binding (which is the default). Lazy binding sends the first call via resolving code in the loader, which might assume EAX, EDX and ECX can be clobbered, as per the standard calling conventions. Solaris 8 is affected by this. Systems with the GNU C Library version 2.1 or higher and FreeBSD are believed to be safe since the loaders there save EAX, EDX and ECX. (Lazy binding can be disabled with the linker or the loader if desired, to avoid the problem.) @item reset @cindex reset handler functions Use this attribute on the NDS32 target to indicate that the specified function is a reset handler. The compiler will generate corresponding sections for use in a reset handler. You can use the following attributes to provide extra exception handling: @table @code @item nmi @cindex @code{nmi} attribute Provide a user-defined function to handle NMI exception. @item warm @cindex @code{warm} attribute Provide a user-defined function to handle warm reset exception. @end table @item sseregparm @cindex @code{sseregparm} attribute On x86-32 targets with SSE support, the @code{sseregparm} attribute causes the compiler to pass up to 3 floating-point arguments in SSE registers instead of on the stack. Functions that take a variable number of arguments continue to pass all of their floating-point arguments on the stack. @item force_align_arg_pointer @cindex @code{force_align_arg_pointer} attribute On x86 targets, the @code{force_align_arg_pointer} attribute may be applied to individual function definitions, generating an alternate prologue and epilogue that realigns the run-time stack if necessary. This supports mixing legacy codes that run with a 4-byte aligned stack with modern codes that keep a 16-byte stack for SSE compatibility. @item renesas @cindex @code{renesas} attribute On SH targets this attribute specifies that the function or struct follows the Renesas ABI. @item resbank @cindex @code{resbank} attribute On the SH2A target, this attribute enables the high-speed register saving and restoration using a register bank for @code{interrupt_handler} routines. Saving to the bank is performed automatically after the CPU accepts an interrupt that uses a register bank. The nineteen 32-bit registers comprising general register R0 to R14, control register GBR, and system registers MACH, MACL, and PR and the vector table address offset are saved into a register bank. Register banks are stacked in first-in last-out (FILO) sequence. Restoration from the bank is executed by issuing a RESBANK instruction. @item returns_twice @cindex @code{returns_twice} attribute The @code{returns_twice} attribute tells the compiler that a function may return more than one time. The compiler ensures that all registers are dead before calling such a function and emits a warning about the variables that may be clobbered after the second return from the function. Examples of such functions are @code{setjmp} and @code{vfork}. The @code{longjmp}-like counterpart of such function, if any, might need to be marked with the @code{noreturn} attribute. @item saveall @cindex save all registers on the Blackfin, H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S Use this attribute on the Blackfin, H8/300, H8/300H, and H8S to indicate that all registers except the stack pointer should be saved in the prologue regardless of whether they are used or not. @item save_volatiles @cindex save volatile registers on the MicroBlaze Use this attribute on the MicroBlaze to indicate that the function is an interrupt handler. All volatile registers (in addition to non-volatile registers) are saved in the function prologue. If the function is a leaf function, only volatiles used by the function are saved. A normal function return is generated instead of a return from interrupt. @item break_handler @cindex break handler functions Use this attribute on the MicroBlaze ports to indicate that the specified function is an break handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an break handler when this attribute is present. The return from @code{break_handler} is done through the @code{rtbd} instead of @code{rtsd}. @smallexample void f () __attribute__ ((break_handler)); @end smallexample @item section ("@var{section-name}") @cindex @code{section} function attribute Normally, the compiler places the code it generates in the @code{text} section. Sometimes, however, you need additional sections, or you need certain particular functions to appear in special sections. The @code{section} attribute specifies that a function lives in a particular section. For example, the declaration: @smallexample extern void foobar (void) __attribute__ ((section ("bar"))); @end smallexample @noindent puts the function @code{foobar} in the @code{bar} section. Some file formats do not support arbitrary sections so the @code{section} attribute is not available on all platforms. If you need to map the entire contents of a module to a particular section, consider using the facilities of the linker instead. @item sentinel @cindex @code{sentinel} function attribute This function attribute ensures that a parameter in a function call is an explicit @code{NULL}. The attribute is only valid on variadic functions. By default, the sentinel is located at position zero, the last parameter of the function call. If an optional integer position argument P is supplied to the attribute, the sentinel must be located at position P counting backwards from the end of the argument list. @smallexample __attribute__ ((sentinel)) is equivalent to __attribute__ ((sentinel(0))) @end smallexample The attribute is automatically set with a position of 0 for the built-in functions @code{execl} and @code{execlp}. The built-in function @code{execle} has the attribute set with a position of 1. A valid @code{NULL} in this context is defined as zero with any pointer type. If your system defines the @code{NULL} macro with an integer type then you need to add an explicit cast. GCC replaces @code{stddef.h} with a copy that redefines NULL appropriately. The warnings for missing or incorrect sentinels are enabled with @option{-Wformat}. @item short_call See @code{long_call/short_call}. @item shortcall See @code{longcall/shortcall}. @item signal @cindex interrupt handler functions on the AVR processors Use this attribute on the AVR to indicate that the specified function is an interrupt handler. The compiler generates function entry and exit sequences suitable for use in an interrupt handler when this attribute is present. See also the @code{interrupt} function attribute. The AVR hardware globally disables interrupts when an interrupt is executed. Interrupt handler functions defined with the @code{signal} attribute do not re-enable interrupts. It is save to enable interrupts in a @code{signal} handler. This ``save'' only applies to the code generated by the compiler and not to the IRQ layout of the application which is responsibility of the application. If both @code{signal} and @code{interrupt} are specified for the same function, @code{signal} is silently ignored. @item sp_switch @cindex @code{sp_switch} attribute Use this attribute on the SH to indicate an @code{interrupt_handler} function should switch to an alternate stack. It expects a string argument that names a global variable holding the address of the alternate stack. @smallexample void *alt_stack; void f () __attribute__ ((interrupt_handler, sp_switch ("alt_stack"))); @end smallexample @item stdcall @cindex functions that pop the argument stack on x86-32 On x86-32 targets, the @code{stdcall} attribute causes the compiler to assume that the called function pops off the stack space used to pass arguments, unless it takes a variable number of arguments. @item syscall_linkage @cindex @code{syscall_linkage} attribute This attribute is used to modify the IA-64 calling convention by marking all input registers as live at all function exits. This makes it possible to restart a system call after an interrupt without having to save/restore the input registers. This also prevents kernel data from leaking into application code. @item target @cindex @code{target} function attribute The @code{target} attribute is used to specify that a function is to be compiled with different target options than specified on the command line. This can be used for instance to have functions compiled with a different ISA (instruction set architecture) than the default. You can also use the @samp{#pragma GCC target} pragma to set more than one function to be compiled with specific target options. @xref{Function Specific Option Pragmas}, for details about the @samp{#pragma GCC target} pragma. For instance on an x86, you could compile one function with @code{target("sse4.1,arch=core2")} and another with @code{target("sse4a,arch=amdfam10")}. This is equivalent to compiling the first function with @option{-msse4.1} and @option{-march=core2} options, and the second function with @option{-msse4a} and @option{-march=amdfam10} options. It is up to the user to make sure that a function is only invoked on a machine that supports the particular ISA it is compiled for (for example by using @code{cpuid} on x86 to determine what feature bits and architecture family are used). @smallexample int core2_func (void) __attribute__ ((__target__ ("arch=core2"))); int sse3_func (void) __attribute__ ((__target__ ("sse3"))); @end smallexample You can either use multiple strings to specify multiple options, or separate the options with a comma (@samp{,}). The @code{target} attribute is presently implemented for x86, PowerPC, and Nios II targets only. The options supported are specific to each target. On the x86, the following options are allowed: @table @samp @item abm @itemx no-abm @cindex @code{target("abm")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the advanced bit instructions. @item aes @itemx no-aes @cindex @code{target("aes")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the AES instructions. @item default @cindex @code{target("default")} attribute @xref{Function Multiversioning}, where it is used to specify the default function version. @item mmx @itemx no-mmx @cindex @code{target("mmx")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the MMX instructions. @item pclmul @itemx no-pclmul @cindex @code{target("pclmul")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the PCLMUL instructions. @item popcnt @itemx no-popcnt @cindex @code{target("popcnt")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the POPCNT instruction. @item sse @itemx no-sse @cindex @code{target("sse")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the SSE instructions. @item sse2 @itemx no-sse2 @cindex @code{target("sse2")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the SSE2 instructions. @item sse3 @itemx no-sse3 @cindex @code{target("sse3")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the SSE3 instructions. @item sse4 @itemx no-sse4 @cindex @code{target("sse4")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the SSE4 instructions (both SSE4.1 and SSE4.2). @item sse4.1 @itemx no-sse4.1 @cindex @code{target("sse4.1")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the sse4.1 instructions. @item sse4.2 @itemx no-sse4.2 @cindex @code{target("sse4.2")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the sse4.2 instructions. @item sse4a @itemx no-sse4a @cindex @code{target("sse4a")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the SSE4A instructions. @item fma4 @itemx no-fma4 @cindex @code{target("fma4")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the FMA4 instructions. @item xop @itemx no-xop @cindex @code{target("xop")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the XOP instructions. @item lwp @itemx no-lwp @cindex @code{target("lwp")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the LWP instructions. @item ssse3 @itemx no-ssse3 @cindex @code{target("ssse3")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the SSSE3 instructions. @item cld @itemx no-cld @cindex @code{target("cld")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the CLD before string moves. @item fancy-math-387 @itemx no-fancy-math-387 @cindex @code{target("fancy-math-387")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the @code{sin}, @code{cos}, and @code{sqrt} instructions on the 387 floating-point unit. @item fused-madd @itemx no-fused-madd @cindex @code{target("fused-madd")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the fused multiply/add instructions. @item ieee-fp @itemx no-ieee-fp @cindex @code{target("ieee-fp")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of floating point that depends on IEEE arithmetic. @item inline-all-stringops @itemx no-inline-all-stringops @cindex @code{target("inline-all-stringops")} attribute Enable/disable inlining of string operations. @item inline-stringops-dynamically @itemx no-inline-stringops-dynamically @cindex @code{target("inline-stringops-dynamically")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of the inline code to do small string operations and calling the library routines for large operations. @item align-stringops @itemx no-align-stringops @cindex @code{target("align-stringops")} attribute Do/do not align destination of inlined string operations. @item recip @itemx no-recip @cindex @code{target("recip")} attribute Enable/disable the generation of RCPSS, RCPPS, RSQRTSS and RSQRTPS instructions followed an additional Newton-Raphson step instead of doing a floating-point division. @item arch=@var{ARCH} @cindex @code{target("arch=@var{ARCH}")} attribute Specify the architecture to generate code for in compiling the function. @item tune=@var{TUNE} @cindex @code{target("tune=@var{TUNE}")} attribute Specify the architecture to tune for in compiling the function. @item fpmath=@var{FPMATH} @cindex @code{target("fpmath=@var{FPMATH}")} attribute Specify which floating-point unit to use. The @code{target("fpmath=sse,387")} option must be specified as @code{target("fpmath=sse+387")} because the comma would separate different options. @end table On the PowerPC, the following options are allowed: @table @samp @item altivec @itemx no-altivec @cindex @code{target("altivec")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) AltiVec instructions. In 32-bit code, you cannot enable AltiVec instructions unless @option{-mabi=altivec} is used on the command line. @item cmpb @itemx no-cmpb @cindex @code{target("cmpb")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the compare bytes instruction implemented on the POWER6 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC V2.05 architecture. @item dlmzb @itemx no-dlmzb @cindex @code{target("dlmzb")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the string-search @samp{dlmzb} instruction on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476 processors. This instruction is generated by default when targeting those processors. @item fprnd @itemx no-fprnd @cindex @code{target("fprnd")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the FP round to integer instructions implemented on the POWER5+ processor and other processors that support the PowerPC V2.03 architecture. @item hard-dfp @itemx no-hard-dfp @cindex @code{target("hard-dfp")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the decimal floating-point instructions implemented on some POWER processors. @item isel @itemx no-isel @cindex @code{target("isel")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) ISEL instruction. @item mfcrf @itemx no-mfcrf @cindex @code{target("mfcrf")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the move from condition register field instruction implemented on the POWER4 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC V2.01 architecture. @item mfpgpr @itemx no-mfpgpr @cindex @code{target("mfpgpr")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the FP move to/from general purpose register instructions implemented on the POWER6X processor and other processors that support the extended PowerPC V2.05 architecture. @item mulhw @itemx no-mulhw @cindex @code{target("mulhw")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the half-word multiply and multiply-accumulate instructions on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476 processors. These instructions are generated by default when targeting those processors. @item multiple @itemx no-multiple @cindex @code{target("multiple")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word instructions and the store multiple word instructions. @item update @itemx no-update @cindex @code{target("update")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the load or store instructions that update the base register to the address of the calculated memory location. @item popcntb @itemx no-popcntb @cindex @code{target("popcntb")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the popcount and double-precision FP reciprocal estimate instruction implemented on the POWER5 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC V2.02 architecture. @item popcntd @itemx no-popcntd @cindex @code{target("popcntd")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the popcount instruction implemented on the POWER7 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC V2.06 architecture. @item powerpc-gfxopt @itemx no-powerpc-gfxopt @cindex @code{target("powerpc-gfxopt")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the Graphics group, including floating-point select. @item powerpc-gpopt @itemx no-powerpc-gpopt @cindex @code{target("powerpc-gpopt")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the General Purpose group, including floating-point square root. @item recip-precision @itemx no-recip-precision @cindex @code{target("recip-precision")} attribute Assume (do not assume) that the reciprocal estimate instructions provide higher-precision estimates than is mandated by the powerpc ABI. @item string @itemx no-string @cindex @code{target("string")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the load string instructions and the store string word instructions to save multiple registers and do small block moves. @item vsx @itemx no-vsx @cindex @code{target("vsx")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) vector/scalar (VSX) instructions, and also enable the use of built-in functions that allow more direct access to the VSX instruction set. In 32-bit code, you cannot enable VSX or AltiVec instructions unless @option{-mabi=altivec} is used on the command line. @item friz @itemx no-friz @cindex @code{target("friz")} attribute Generate (do not generate) the @code{friz} instruction when the @option{-funsafe-math-optimizations} option is used to optimize rounding a floating-point value to 64-bit integer and back to floating point. The @code{friz} instruction does not return the same value if the floating-point number is too large to fit in an integer. @item avoid-indexed-addresses @itemx no-avoid-indexed-addresses @cindex @code{target("avoid-indexed-addresses")} attribute Generate code that tries to avoid (not avoid) the use of indexed load or store instructions. @item paired @itemx no-paired @cindex @code{target("paired")} attribute Generate code that uses (does not use) the generation of PAIRED simd instructions. @item longcall @itemx no-longcall @cindex @code{target("longcall")} attribute Generate code that assumes (does not assume) that all calls are far away so that a longer more expensive calling sequence is required. @item cpu=@var{CPU} @cindex @code{target("cpu=@var{CPU}")} attribute Specify the architecture to generate code for when compiling the function. If you select the @code{target("cpu=power7")} attribute when generating 32-bit code, VSX and AltiVec instructions are not generated unless you use the @option{-mabi=altivec} option on the command line. @item tune=@var{TUNE} @cindex @code{target("tune=@var{TUNE}")} attribute Specify the architecture to tune for when compiling the function. If you do not specify the @code{target("tune=@var{TUNE}")} attribute and you do specify the @code{target("cpu=@var{CPU}")} attribute, compilation tunes for the @var{CPU} architecture, and not the default tuning specified on the command line. @end table When compiling for Nios II, the following options are allowed: @table @samp @item custom-@var{insn}=@var{N} @itemx no-custom-@var{insn} @cindex @code{target("custom-@var{insn}=@var{N}")} attribute @cindex @code{target("no-custom-@var{insn}")} attribute Each @samp{custom-@var{insn}=@var{N}} attribute locally enables use of a custom instruction with encoding @var{N} when generating code that uses @var{insn}. Similarly, @samp{no-custom-@var{insn}} locally inhibits use of the custom instruction @var{insn}. These target attributes correspond to the @option{-mcustom-@var{insn}=@var{N}} and @option{-mno-custom-@var{insn}} command-line options, and support the same set of @var{insn} keywords. @xref{Nios II Options}, for more information. @item custom-fpu-cfg=@var{name} @cindex @code{target("custom-fpu-cfg=@var{name}")} attribute This attribute corresponds to the @option{-mcustom-fpu-cfg=@var{name}} command-line option, to select a predefined set of custom instructions named @var{name}. @xref{Nios II Options}, for more information. @end table On the x86 and PowerPC back ends, the inliner does not inline a function that has different target options than the caller, unless the callee has a subset of the target options of the caller. For example a function declared with @code{target("sse3")} can inline a function with @code{target("sse2")}, since @code{-msse3} implies @code{-msse2}. @item tiny_data @cindex tiny data section on the H8/300H and H8S Use this attribute on the H8/300H and H8S to indicate that the specified variable should be placed into the tiny data section. The compiler generates more efficient code for loads and stores on data in the tiny data section. Note the tiny data area is limited to slightly under 32KB of data. @item trap_exit @cindex @code{trap_exit} attribute Use this attribute on the SH for an @code{interrupt_handler} to return using @code{trapa} instead of @code{rte}. This attribute expects an integer argument specifying the trap number to be used. @item trapa_handler @cindex @code{trapa_handler} attribute On SH targets this function attribute is similar to @code{interrupt_handler} but it does not save and restore all registers. @item unused @cindex @code{unused} attribute. This attribute, attached to a function, means that the function is meant to be possibly unused. GCC does not produce a warning for this function. @item used @cindex @code{used} attribute. This attribute, attached to a function, means that code must be emitted for the function even if it appears that the function is not referenced. This is useful, for example, when the function is referenced only in inline assembly. When applied to a member function of a C++ class template, the attribute also means that the function is instantiated if the class itself is instantiated. @item vector @cindex @code{vector} attribute This RX attribute is similar to the @code{interrupt} attribute, including its parameters, but does not make the function an interrupt-handler type function (i.e. it retains the normal C function calling ABI). See the @code{interrupt} attribute for a description of its arguments. @item version_id @cindex @code{version_id} attribute This IA-64 HP-UX attribute, attached to a global variable or function, renames a symbol to contain a version string, thus allowing for function level versioning. HP-UX system header files may use function level versioning for some system calls. @smallexample extern int foo () __attribute__((version_id ("20040821"))); @end smallexample @noindent Calls to @var{foo} are mapped to calls to @var{foo@{20040821@}}. @item visibility ("@var{visibility_type}") @cindex @code{visibility} attribute This attribute affects the linkage of the declaration to which it is attached. There are four supported @var{visibility_type} values: default, hidden, protected or internal visibility. @smallexample void __attribute__ ((visibility ("protected"))) f () @{ /* @r{Do something.} */; @} int i __attribute__ ((visibility ("hidden"))); @end smallexample The possible values of @var{visibility_type} correspond to the visibility settings in the ELF gABI. @table @dfn @c keep this list of visibilities in alphabetical order. @item default Default visibility is the normal case for the object file format. This value is available for the visibility attribute to override other options that may change the assumed visibility of entities. On ELF, default visibility means that the declaration is visible to other modules and, in shared libraries, means that the declared entity may be overridden. On Darwin, default visibility means that the declaration is visible to other modules. Default visibility corresponds to ``external linkage'' in the language. @item hidden Hidden visibility indicates that the entity declared has a new form of linkage, which we call ``hidden linkage''. Two declarations of an object with hidden linkage refer to the same object if they are in the same shared object. @item internal Internal visibility is like hidden visibility, but with additional processor specific semantics. Unless otherwise specified by the psABI, GCC defines internal visibility to mean that a function is @emph{never} called from another module. Compare this with hidden functions which, while they cannot be referenced directly by other modules, can be referenced indirectly via function pointers. By indicating that a function cannot be called from outside the module, GCC may for instance omit the load of a PIC register since it is known that the calling function loaded the correct value. @item protected Protected visibility is like default visibility except that it indicates that references within the defining module bind to the definition in that module. That is, the declared entity cannot be overridden by another module. @end table All visibilities are supported on many, but not all, ELF targets (supported when the assembler supports the @samp{.visibility} pseudo-op). Default visibility is supported everywhere. Hidden visibility is supported on Darwin targets. The visibility attribute should be applied only to declarations that would otherwise have external linkage. The attribute should be applied consistently, so that the same entity should not be declared with different settings of the attribute. In C++, the visibility attribute applies to types as well as functions and objects, because in C++ types have linkage. A class must not have greater visibility than its non-static data member types and bases, and class members default to the visibility of their class. Also, a declaration without explicit visibility is limited to the visibility of its type. In C++, you can mark member functions and static member variables of a class with the visibility attribute. This is useful if you know a particular method or static member variable should only be used from one shared object; then you can mark it hidden while the rest of the class has default visibility. Care must be taken to avoid breaking the One Definition Rule; for example, it is usually not useful to mark an inline method as hidden without marking the whole class as hidden. A C++ namespace declaration can also have the visibility attribute. @smallexample namespace nspace1 __attribute__ ((visibility ("protected"))) @{ /* @r{Do something.} */; @} @end smallexample This attribute applies only to the particular namespace body, not to other definitions of the same namespace; it is equivalent to using @samp{#pragma GCC visibility} before and after the namespace definition (@pxref{Visibility Pragmas}). In C++, if a template argument has limited visibility, this restriction is implicitly propagated to the template instantiation. Otherwise, template instantiations and specializations default to the visibility of their template. If both the template and enclosing class have explicit visibility, the visibility from the template is used. @item vliw @cindex @code{vliw} attribute On MeP, the @code{vliw} attribute tells the compiler to emit instructions in VLIW mode instead of core mode. Note that this attribute is not allowed unless a VLIW coprocessor has been configured and enabled through command-line options. @item warn_unused_result @cindex @code{warn_unused_result} attribute The @code{warn_unused_result} attribute causes a warning to be emitted if a caller of the function with this attribute does not use its return value. This is useful for functions where not checking the result is either a security problem or always a bug, such as @code{realloc}. @smallexample int fn () __attribute__ ((warn_unused_result)); int foo () @{ if (fn () < 0) return -1; fn (); return 0; @} @end smallexample @noindent results in warning on line 5. @item weak @cindex @code{weak} attribute The @code{weak} attribute causes the declaration to be emitted as a weak symbol rather than a global. This is primarily useful in defining library functions that can be overridden in user code, though it can also be used with non-function declarations. Weak symbols are supported for ELF targets, and also for a.out targets when using the GNU assembler and linker. @item weakref @itemx weakref ("@var{target}") @cindex @code{weakref} attribute The @code{weakref} attribute marks a declaration as a weak reference. Without arguments, it should be accompanied by an @code{alias} attribute naming the target symbol. Optionally, the @var{target} may be given as an argument to @code{weakref} itself. In either case, @code{weakref} implicitly marks the declaration as @code{weak}. Without a @var{target}, given as an argument to @code{weakref} or to @code{alias}, @code{weakref} is equivalent to @code{weak}. @smallexample static int x() __attribute__ ((weakref ("y"))); /* is equivalent to... */ static int x() __attribute__ ((weak, weakref, alias ("y"))); /* and to... */ static int x() __attribute__ ((weakref)); static int x() __attribute__ ((alias ("y"))); @end smallexample A weak reference is an alias that does not by itself require a definition to be given for the target symbol. If the target symbol is only referenced through weak references, then it becomes a @code{weak} undefined symbol. If it is directly referenced, however, then such strong references prevail, and a definition is required for the symbol, not necessarily in the same translation unit. The effect is equivalent to moving all references to the alias to a separate translation unit, renaming the alias to the aliased symbol, declaring it as weak, compiling the two separate translation units and performing a reloadable link on them. At present, a declaration to which @code{weakref} is attached can only be @code{static}. @end table You can specify multiple attributes in a declaration by separating them by commas within the double parentheses or by immediately following an attribute declaration with another attribute declaration. @cindex @code{#pragma}, reason for not using @cindex pragma, reason for not using Some people object to the @code{__attribute__} feature, suggesting that ISO C's @code{#pragma} should be used instead. At the time @code{__attribute__} was designed, there were two reasons for not doing this. @enumerate @item It is impossible to generate @code{#pragma} commands from a macro. @item There is no telling what the same @code{#pragma} might mean in another compiler. @end enumerate These two reasons applied to almost any application that might have been proposed for @code{#pragma}. It was basically a mistake to use @code{#pragma} for @emph{anything}. The ISO C99 standard includes @code{_Pragma}, which now allows pragmas to be generated from macros. In addition, a @code{#pragma GCC} namespace is now in use for GCC-specific pragmas. However, it has been found convenient to use @code{__attribute__} to achieve a natural attachment of attributes to their corresponding declarations, whereas @code{#pragma GCC} is of use for constructs that do not naturally form part of the grammar. @xref{Pragmas,,Pragmas Accepted by GCC}. @node Label Attributes @section Label Attributes @cindex Label Attributes GCC allows attributes to be set on C labels. @xref{Attribute Syntax}, for details of the exact syntax for using attributes. Other attributes are available for functions (@pxref{Function Attributes}), variables (@pxref{Variable Attributes}) and for types (@pxref{Type Attributes}). This example uses the @code{cold} label attribute to indicate the @code{ErrorHandling} branch is unlikely to be taken and that the @code{ErrorHandling} label is unused: @smallexample asm goto ("some asm" : : : : NoError); /* This branch (the fallthru from the asm) is less commonly used */ ErrorHandling: __attribute__((cold, unused)); /* Semi-colon is required here */ printf("error\n"); return 0; NoError: printf("no error\n"); return 1; @end smallexample @table @code @item unused @cindex @code{unused} label attribute This feature is intended for program-generated code that may contain unused labels, but which is compiled with @option{-Wall}. It is not normally appropriate to use in it human-written code, though it could be useful in cases where the code that jumps to the label is contained within an @code{#ifdef} conditional. @item hot @cindex @code{hot} label attribute The @code{hot} attribute on a label is used to inform the compiler that the path following the label is more likely than paths that are not so annotated. This attribute is used in cases where @code{__builtin_expect} cannot be used, for instance with computed goto or @code{asm goto}. The @code{hot} attribute on labels is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 4.8. @item cold @cindex @code{cold} label attribute The @code{cold} attribute on labels is used to inform the compiler that the path following the label is unlikely to be executed. This attribute is used in cases where @code{__builtin_expect} cannot be used, for instance with computed goto or @code{asm goto}. The @code{cold} attribute on labels is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 4.8. @end table @node Attribute Syntax @section Attribute Syntax @cindex attribute syntax This section describes the syntax with which @code{__attribute__} may be used, and the constructs to which attribute specifiers bind, for the C language. Some details may vary for C++ and Objective-C@. Because of infelicities in the grammar for attributes, some forms described here may not be successfully parsed in all cases. There are some problems with the semantics of attributes in C++. For example, there are no manglings for attributes, although they may affect code generation, so problems may arise when attributed types are used in conjunction with templates or overloading. Similarly, @code{typeid} does not distinguish between types with different attributes. Support for attributes in C++ may be restricted in future to attributes on declarations only, but not on nested declarators. @xref{Function Attributes}, for details of the semantics of attributes applying to functions. @xref{Variable Attributes}, for details of the semantics of attributes applying to variables. @xref{Type Attributes}, for details of the semantics of attributes applying to structure, union and enumerated types. @xref{Label Attributes}, for details of the semantics of attributes applying to labels. An @dfn{attribute specifier} is of the form @code{__attribute__ ((@var{attribute-list}))}. An @dfn{attribute list} is a possibly empty comma-separated sequence of @dfn{attributes}, where each attribute is one of the following: @itemize @bullet @item Empty. Empty attributes are ignored. @item A word (which may be an identifier such as @code{unused}, or a reserved word such as @code{const}). @item A word, followed by, in parentheses, parameters for the attribute. These parameters take one of the following forms: @itemize @bullet @item An identifier. For example, @code{mode} attributes use this form. @item An identifier followed by a comma and a non-empty comma-separated list of expressions. For example, @code{format} attributes use this form. @item A possibly empty comma-separated list of expressions. For example, @code{format_arg} attributes use this form with the list being a single integer constant expression, and @code{alias} attributes use this form with the list being a single string constant. @end itemize @end itemize An @dfn{attribute specifier list} is a sequence of one or more attribute specifiers, not separated by any other tokens. @subsubheading Label Attributes In GNU C, an attribute specifier list may appear after the colon following a label, other than a @code{case} or @code{default} label. GNU C++ only permits attributes on labels if the attribute specifier is immediately followed by a semicolon (i.e., the label applies to an empty statement). If the semicolon is missing, C++ label attributes are ambiguous, as it is permissible for a declaration, which could begin with an attribute list, to be labelled in C++. Declarations cannot be labelled in C90 or C99, so the ambiguity does not arise there. @subsubheading Type Attributes An attribute specifier list may appear as part of a @code{struct}, @code{union} or @code{enum} specifier. It may go either immediately after the @code{struct}, @code{union} or @code{enum} keyword, or after the closing brace. The former syntax is preferred. Where attribute specifiers follow the closing brace, they are considered to relate to the structure, union or enumerated type defined, not to any enclosing declaration the type specifier appears in, and the type defined is not complete until after the attribute specifiers. @c Otherwise, there would be the following problems: a shift/reduce @c conflict between attributes binding the struct/union/enum and @c binding to the list of specifiers/qualifiers; and "aligned" @c attributes could use sizeof for the structure, but the size could be @c changed later by "packed" attributes. @subsubheading All other attributes Otherwise, an attribute specifier appears as part of a declaration, counting declarations of unnamed parameters and type names, and relates to that declaration (which may be nested in another declaration, for example in the case of a parameter declaration), or to a particular declarator within a declaration. Where an attribute specifier is applied to a parameter declared as a function or an array, it should apply to the function or array rather than the pointer to which the parameter is implicitly converted, but this is not yet correctly implemented. Any list of specifiers and qualifiers at the start of a declaration may contain attribute specifiers, whether or not such a list may in that context contain storage class specifiers. (Some attributes, however, are essentially in the nature of storage class specifiers, and only make sense where storage class specifiers may be used; for example, @code{section}.) There is one necessary limitation to this syntax: the first old-style parameter declaration in a function definition cannot begin with an attribute specifier, because such an attribute applies to the function instead by syntax described below (which, however, is not yet implemented in this case). In some other cases, attribute specifiers are permitted by this grammar but not yet supported by the compiler. All attribute specifiers in this place relate to the declaration as a whole. In the obsolescent usage where a type of @code{int} is implied by the absence of type specifiers, such a list of specifiers and qualifiers may be an attribute specifier list with no other specifiers or qualifiers. At present, the first parameter in a function prototype must have some type specifier that is not an attribute specifier; this resolves an ambiguity in the interpretation of @code{void f(int (__attribute__((foo)) x))}, but is subject to change. At present, if the parentheses of a function declarator contain only attributes then those attributes are ignored, rather than yielding an error or warning or implying a single parameter of type int, but this is subject to change. An attribute specifier list may appear immediately before a declarator (other than the first) in a comma-separated list of declarators in a declaration of more than one identifier using a single list of specifiers and qualifiers. Such attribute specifiers apply only to the identifier before whose declarator they appear. For example, in @smallexample __attribute__((noreturn)) void d0 (void), __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2))) d1 (const char *, ...), d2 (void) @end smallexample @noindent the @code{noreturn} attribute applies to all the functions declared; the @code{format} attribute only applies to @code{d1}. An attribute specifier list may appear immediately before the comma, @code{=} or semicolon terminating the declaration of an identifier other than a function definition. Such attribute specifiers apply to the declared object or function. Where an assembler name for an object or function is specified (@pxref{Asm Labels}), the attribute must follow the @code{asm} specification. An attribute specifier list may, in future, be permitted to appear after the declarator in a function definition (before any old-style parameter declarations or the function body). Attribute specifiers may be mixed with type qualifiers appearing inside the @code{[]} of a parameter array declarator, in the C99 construct by which such qualifiers are applied to the pointer to which the array is implicitly converted. Such attribute specifiers apply to the pointer, not to the array, but at present this is not implemented and they are ignored. An attribute specifier list may appear at the start of a nested declarator. At present, there are some limitations in this usage: the attributes correctly apply to the declarator, but for most individual attributes the semantics this implies are not implemented. When attribute specifiers follow the @code{*} of a pointer declarator, they may be mixed with any type qualifiers present. The following describes the formal semantics of this syntax. It makes the most sense if you are familiar with the formal specification of declarators in the ISO C standard. Consider (as in C99 subclause 6.7.5 paragraph 4) a declaration @code{T D1}, where @code{T} contains declaration specifiers that specify a type @var{Type} (such as @code{int}) and @code{D1} is a declarator that contains an identifier @var{ident}. The type specified for @var{ident} for derived declarators whose type does not include an attribute specifier is as in the ISO C standard. If @code{D1} has the form @code{( @var{attribute-specifier-list} D )}, and the declaration @code{T D} specifies the type ``@var{derived-declarator-type-list} @var{Type}'' for @var{ident}, then @code{T D1} specifies the type ``@var{derived-declarator-type-list} @var{attribute-specifier-list} @var{Type}'' for @var{ident}. If @code{D1} has the form @code{* @var{type-qualifier-and-attribute-specifier-list} D}, and the declaration @code{T D} specifies the type ``@var{derived-declarator-type-list} @var{Type}'' for @var{ident}, then @code{T D1} specifies the type ``@var{derived-declarator-type-list} @var{type-qualifier-and-attribute-specifier-list} pointer to @var{Type}'' for @var{ident}. For example, @smallexample void (__attribute__((noreturn)) ****f) (void); @end smallexample @noindent specifies the type ``pointer to pointer to pointer to pointer to non-returning function returning @code{void}''. As another example, @smallexample char *__attribute__((aligned(8))) *f; @end smallexample @noindent specifies the type ``pointer to 8-byte-aligned pointer to @code{char}''. Note again that this does not work with most attributes; for example, the usage of @samp{aligned} and @samp{noreturn} attributes given above is not yet supported. For compatibility with existing code written for compiler versions that did not implement attributes on nested declarators, some laxity is allowed in the placing of attributes. If an attribute that only applies to types is applied to a declaration, it is treated as applying to the type of that declaration. If an attribute that only applies to declarations is applied to the type of a declaration, it is treated as applying to that declaration; and, for compatibility with code placing the attributes immediately before the identifier declared, such an attribute applied to a function return type is treated as applying to the function type, and such an attribute applied to an array element type is treated as applying to the array type. If an attribute that only applies to function types is applied to a pointer-to-function type, it is treated as applying to the pointer target type; if such an attribute is applied to a function return type that is not a pointer-to-function type, it is treated as applying to the function type. @node Function Prototypes @section Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions @cindex function prototype declarations @cindex old-style function definitions @cindex promotion of formal parameters GNU C extends ISO C to allow a function prototype to override a later old-style non-prototype definition. Consider the following example: @smallexample /* @r{Use prototypes unless the compiler is old-fashioned.} */ #ifdef __STDC__ #define P(x) x #else #define P(x) () #endif /* @r{Prototype function declaration.} */ int isroot P((uid_t)); /* @r{Old-style function definition.} */ int isroot (x) /* @r{??? lossage here ???} */ uid_t x; @{ return x == 0; @} @end smallexample Suppose the type @code{uid_t} happens to be @code{short}. ISO C does not allow this example, because subword arguments in old-style non-prototype definitions are promoted. Therefore in this example the function definition's argument is really an @code{int}, which does not match the prototype argument type of @code{short}. This restriction of ISO C makes it hard to write code that is portable to traditional C compilers, because the programmer does not know whether the @code{uid_t} type is @code{short}, @code{int}, or @code{long}. Therefore, in cases like these GNU C allows a prototype to override a later old-style definition. More precisely, in GNU C, a function prototype argument type overrides the argument type specified by a later old-style definition if the former type is the same as the latter type before promotion. Thus in GNU C the above example is equivalent to the following: @smallexample int isroot (uid_t); int isroot (uid_t x) @{ return x == 0; @} @end smallexample @noindent GNU C++ does not support old-style function definitions, so this extension is irrelevant. @node C++ Comments @section C++ Style Comments @cindex @code{//} @cindex C++ comments @cindex comments, C++ style In GNU C, you may use C++ style comments, which start with @samp{//} and continue until the end of the line. Many other C implementations allow such comments, and they are included in the 1999 C standard. However, C++ style comments are not recognized if you specify an @option{-std} option specifying a version of ISO C before C99, or @option{-ansi} (equivalent to @option{-std=c90}). @node Dollar Signs @section Dollar Signs in Identifier Names @cindex $ @cindex dollar signs in identifier names @cindex identifier names, dollar signs in In GNU C, you may normally use dollar signs in identifier names. This is because many traditional C implementations allow such identifiers. However, dollar signs in identifiers are not supported on a few target machines, typically because the target assembler does not allow them. @node Character Escapes @section The Character @key{ESC} in Constants You can use the sequence @samp{\e} in a string or character constant to stand for the ASCII character @key{ESC}. @node Variable Attributes @section Specifying Attributes of Variables @cindex attribute of variables @cindex variable attributes The keyword @code{__attribute__} allows you to specify special attributes of variables or structure fields. This keyword is followed by an attribute specification inside double parentheses. Some attributes are currently defined generically for variables. Other attributes are defined for variables on particular target systems. Other attributes are available for functions (@pxref{Function Attributes}), labels (@pxref{Label Attributes}) and for types (@pxref{Type Attributes}). Other front ends might define more attributes (@pxref{C++ Extensions,,Extensions to the C++ Language}). You may also specify attributes with @samp{__} preceding and following each keyword. This allows you to use them in header files without being concerned about a possible macro of the same name. For example, you may use @code{__aligned__} instead of @code{aligned}. @xref{Attribute Syntax}, for details of the exact syntax for using attributes. @table @code @cindex @code{aligned} attribute @item aligned (@var{alignment}) This attribute specifies a minimum alignment for the variable or structure field, measured in bytes. For example, the declaration: @smallexample int x __attribute__ ((aligned (16))) = 0; @end smallexample @noindent causes the compiler to allocate the global variable @code{x} on a 16-byte boundary. On a 68040, this could be used in conjunction with an @code{asm} expression to access the @code{move16} instruction which requires 16-byte aligned operands. You can also specify the alignment of structure fields. For example, to create a double-word aligned @code{int} pair, you could write: @smallexample struct foo @{ int x[2] __attribute__ ((aligned (8))); @}; @end smallexample @noindent This is an alternative to creating a union with a @code{double} member, which forces the union to be double-word aligned. As in the preceding examples, you can explicitly specify the alignment (in bytes) that you wish the compiler to use for a given variable or structure field. Alternatively, you can leave out the alignment factor and just ask the compiler to align a variable or field to the default alignment for the target architecture you are compiling for. The default alignment is sufficient for all scalar types, but may not be enough for all vector types on a target that supports vector operations. The default alignment is fixed for a particular target ABI. GCC also provides a target specific macro @code{__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__}, which is the largest alignment ever used for any data type on the target machine you are compiling for. For example, you could write: @smallexample short array[3] __attribute__ ((aligned (__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__))); @end smallexample The compiler automatically sets the alignment for the declared variable or field to @code{__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__}. Doing this can often make copy operations more efficient, because the compiler can use whatever instructions copy the biggest chunks of memory when performing copies to or from the variables or fields that you have aligned this way. Note that the value of @code{__BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__} may change depending on command-line options. When used on a struct, or struct member, the @code{aligned} attribute can only increase the alignment; in order to decrease it, the @code{packed} attribute must be specified as well. When used as part of a typedef, the @code{aligned} attribute can both increase and decrease alignment, and specifying the @code{packed} attribute generates a warning. Note that the effectiveness of @code{aligned} attributes may be limited by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the linker is only able to arrange for variables to be aligned up to a certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum supported alignment may be very very small.) If your linker is only able to align variables up to a maximum of 8-byte alignment, then specifying @code{aligned(16)} in an @code{__attribute__} still only provides you with 8-byte alignment. See your linker documentation for further information. The @code{aligned} attribute can also be used for functions (@pxref{Function Attributes}.) @item cleanup (@var{cleanup_function}) @cindex @code{cleanup} attribute The @code{cleanup} attribute runs a function when the variable goes out of scope. This attribute can only be applied to auto function scope variables; it may not be applied to parameters or variables with static storage duration. The function must take one parameter, a pointer to a type compatible with the variable. The return value of the function (if any) is ignored. If @option{-fexceptions} is enabled, then @var{cleanup_function} is run during the stack unwinding that happens during the processing of the exception. Note that the @code{cleanup} attribute does not allow the exception to be caught, only to perform an action. It is undefined what happens if @var{cleanup_function} does not return normally. @item common @itemx nocommon @cindex @code{common} attribute @cindex @code{nocommon} attribute @opindex fcommon @opindex fno-common The @code{common} attribute requests GCC to place a variable in ``common'' storage. The @code{nocommon} attribute requests the opposite---to allocate space for it directly. These attributes override the default chosen by the @option{-fno-common} and @option{-fcommon} flags respectively. @item deprecated @itemx deprecated (@var{msg}) @cindex @code{deprecated} attribute The @code{deprecated} attribute results in a warning if the variable is used anywhere in the source file. This is useful when identifying variables that are expected to be removed in a future version of a program. The warning also includes the location of the declaration of the deprecated variable, to enable users to easily find further information about why the variable is deprecated, or what they should do instead. Note that the warning only occurs for uses: @smallexample extern int old_var __attribute__ ((deprecated)); extern int old_var; int new_fn () @{ return old_var; @} @end smallexample @noindent results in a warning on line 3 but not line 2. The optional @var{msg} argument, which must be a string, is printed in the warning if present. The @code{deprecated} attribute can also be used for functions and types (@pxref{Function Attributes}, @pxref{Type Attributes}.) @item mode (@var{mode}) @cindex @code{mode} attribute This attribute specifies the data type for the declaration---whichever type corresponds to the mode @var{mode}. This in effect lets you request an integer or floating-point type according to its width. You may also specify a mode of @code{byte} or @code{__byte__} to indicate the mode corresponding to a one-byte integer, @code{word} or @code{__word__} for the mode of a one-word integer, and @code{pointer} or @code{__pointer__} for the mode used to represent pointers. @item packed @cindex @code{packed} attribute The @code{packed} attribute specifies that a variable or structure field should have the smallest possible alignment---one byte for a variable, and one bit for a field, unless you specify a larger value with the @code{aligned} attribute. Here is a structure in which the field @code{x} is packed, so that it immediately follows @code{a}: @smallexample struct foo @{ char a; int x[2] __attribute__ ((packed)); @}; @end smallexample @emph{Note:} The 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 series of GCC ignore the @code{packed} attribute on bit-fields of type @code{char}. This has been fixed in GCC 4.4 but the change can lead to differences in the structure layout. See the documentation of @option{-Wpacked-bitfield-compat} for more information. @item section ("@var{section-name}") @cindex @code{section} variable attribute Normally, the compiler places the objects it generates in sections like @code{data} and @code{bss}. Sometimes, however, you need additional sections, or you need certain particular variables to appear in special sections, for example to map to special hardware. The @code{section} attribute specifies that a variable (or function) lives in a particular section. For example, this small program uses several specific section names: @smallexample struct duart a __attribute__ ((section ("DUART_A"))) = @{ 0 @}; struct duart b __attribute__ ((section ("DUART_B"))) = @{ 0 @}; char stack[10000] __attribute__ ((section ("STACK"))) = @{ 0 @}; int init_data __attribute__ ((section ("INITDATA"))); main() @{ /* @r{Initialize stack pointer} */ init_sp (stack + sizeof (stack)); /* @r{Initialize initialized data} */ memcpy (&init_data, &data, &edata - &data); /* @r{Turn on the serial ports} */ init_duart (&a); init_duart (&b); @} @end smallexample @noindent Use the @code{section} attribute with @emph{global} variables and not @emph{local} variables, as shown in the example. You may use the @code{section} attribute with initialized or uninitialized global variables but the linker requires each object be defined once, with the exception that uninitialized variables tentatively go in the @code{common} (or @code{bss}) section and can be multiply ``defined''. Using the @code{section} attribute changes what section the variable goes into and may cause the linker to issue an error if an uninitialized variable has multiple definitions. You can force a variable to be initialized with the @option{-fno-common} flag or the @code{nocommon} attribute. Some file formats do not support arbitrary sections so the @code{section} attribute is not available on all platforms. If you need to map the entire contents of a module to a particular section, consider using the facilities of the linker instead. @item shared @cindex @code{shared} variable attribute On Microsoft Windows, in addition to putting variable definitions in a named section, the section can also be shared among all running copies of an executable or DLL@. For example, this small program defines shared data by putting it in a named section @code{shared} and marking the section shareable: @smallexample int foo __attribute__((section ("shared"), shared)) = 0; int main() @{ /* @r{Read and write foo. All running copies see the same value.} */ return 0; @} @end smallexample @noindent You may only use the @code{shared} attribute along with @code{section} attribute with a fully-initialized global definition because of the way linkers work. See @code{section} attribute for more information. The @code{shared} attribute is only available on Microsoft Windows@. @item tls_model ("@var{tls_model}") @cindex @code{tls_model} attribute The @code{tls_model} attribute sets thread-local storage model (@pxref{Thread-Local}) of a particular @code{__thread} variable, overriding @option{-ftls-model=} command-line switch on a per-variable basis. The @var{tls_model} argument should be one of @code{global-dynamic}, @code{local-dynamic}, @code{initial-exec} or @code{local-exec}. Not all targets support this attribute. @item unused This attribute, attached to a variable, means that the variable is meant to be possibly unused. GCC does not produce a warning for this variable. @item used This attribute, attached to a variable with the static storage, means that the variable must be emitted even if it appears that the variable is not referenced. When applied to a static data member of a C++ class template, the attribute also means that the member is instantiated if the class itself is instantiated. @item vector_size (@var{bytes}) This attribute specifies the vector size for the variable, measured in bytes. For example, the declaration: @smallexample int foo __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))); @end smallexample @noindent causes the compiler to set the mode for @code{foo}, to be 16 bytes, divided into @code{int} sized units. Assuming a 32-bit int (a vector of 4 units of 4 bytes), the corresponding mode of @code{foo} is V4SI@. This attribute is only applicable to integral and float scalars, although arrays, pointers, and function return values are allowed in conjunction with this construct. Aggregates with this attribute are invalid, even if they are of the same size as a corresponding scalar. For example, the declaration: @smallexample struct S @{ int a; @}; struct S __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))) foo; @end smallexample @noindent is invalid even if the size of the structure is the same as the size of the @code{int}. @item selectany The @code{selectany} attribute causes an initialized global variable to have link-once semantics. When multiple definitions of the variable are encountered by the linker, the first is selected and the remainder are discarded. Following usage by the Microsoft compiler, the linker is told @emph{not} to warn about size or content differences of the multiple definitions. Although the primary usage of this attribute is for POD types, the attribute can also be applied to global C++ objects that are initialized by a constructor. In this case, the static initialization and destruction code for the object is emitted in each translation defining the object, but the calls to the constructor and destructor are protected by a link-once guard variable. The @code{selectany} attribute is only available on Microsoft Windows targets. You can use @code{__declspec (selectany)} as a synonym for @code{__attribute__ ((selectany))} for compatibility with other compilers. @item weak The @code{weak} attribute is described in @ref{Function Attributes}. @item dllimport The @code{dllimport} attribute is described in @ref{Function Attributes}. @item dllexport The @code{dllexport} attribute is described in @ref{Function Attributes}. @end table @anchor{AVR Variable Attributes} @subsection AVR Variable Attributes @table @code @item progmem @cindex @code{progmem} AVR variable attribute The @code{progmem} attribute is used on the AVR to place read-only data in the non-volatile program memory (flash). The @code{progmem} attribute accomplishes this by putting respective variables into a section whose name starts with @code{.progmem}. This attribute works similar to the @code{section} attribute but adds additional checking. Notice that just like the @code{section} attribute, @code{progmem} affects the location of the data but not how this data is accessed. In order to read data located with the @code{progmem} attribute (inline) assembler must be used. @smallexample /* Use custom macros from @w{@uref{http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/,AVR-LibC}} */ #include /* Locate var in flash memory */ const int var[2] PROGMEM = @{ 1, 2 @}; int read_var (int i) @{ /* Access var[] by accessor macro from avr/pgmspace.h */ return (int) pgm_read_word (& var[i]); @} @end smallexample AVR is a Harvard architecture processor and data and read-only data normally resides in the data memory (RAM). See also the @ref{AVR Named Address Spaces} section for an alternate way to locate and access data in flash memory. @item io @itemx io (@var{addr}) Variables with the @code{io} attribute are used to address memory-mapped peripherals in the io address range. If an address is specified, the variable is assigned that address, and the value is interpreted as an address in the data address space. Example: @smallexample volatile int porta __attribute__((io (0x22))); @end smallexample The address specified in the address in the data address range. Otherwise, the variable it is not assigned an address, but the compiler will still use in/out instructions where applicable, assuming some other module assigns an address in the io address range. Example: @smallexample extern volatile int porta __attribute__((io)); @end smallexample @item io_low @itemx io_low (@var{addr}) This is like the @code{io} attribute, but additionally it informs the compiler that the object lies in the lower half of the I/O area, allowing the use of @code{cbi}, @code{sbi}, @code{sbic} and @code{sbis} instructions. @item address @itemx address (@var{addr}) Variables with the @code{address} attribute are used to address memory-mapped peripherals that may lie outside the io address range. @smallexample volatile int porta __attribute__((address (0x600))); @end smallexample @end table @subsection Blackfin Variable Attributes Three attributes are currently defined for the Blackfin. @table @code @item l1_data @itemx l1_data_A @itemx l1_data_B @cindex @code{l1_data} variable attribute @cindex @code{l1_data_A} variable attribute @cindex @code{l1_data_B} variable attribute Use these attributes on the Blackfin to place the variable into L1 Data SRAM. Variables with @code{l1_data} attribute are put into the specific section named @code{.l1.data}. Those with @code{l1_data_A} attribute are put into the specific section named @code{.l1.data.A}. Those with @code{l1_data_B} attribute are put into the specific section named @code{.l1.data.B}. @item l2 @cindex @code{l2} variable attribute Use this attribute on the Blackfin to place the variable into L2 SRAM. Variables with @code{l2} attribute are put into the specific section named @code{.l2.data}. @end table @subsection M32R/D Variable Attributes One attribute is currently defined for the M32R/D@. @table @code @item model (@var{model-name}) @cindex variable addressability on the M32R/D Use this attribute on the M32R/D to set the addressability of an object. The identifier @var{model-name} is one of @code{small}, @code{medium}, or @code{large}, representing each of the code models. Small model objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their addresses can be loaded with the @code{ld24} instruction). Medium and large model objects may live anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the compiler generates @code{seth/add3} instructions to load their addresses). @end table @anchor{MeP Variable Attributes} @subsection MeP Variable Attributes The MeP target has a number of addressing modes and busses. The @code{near} space spans the standard memory space's first 16 megabytes (24 bits). The @code{far} space spans the entire 32-bit memory space. The @code{based} space is a 128-byte region in the memory space that is addressed relative to the @code{$tp} register. The @code{tiny} space is a 65536-byte region relative to the @code{$gp} register. In addition to these memory regions, the MeP target has a separate 16-bit control bus which is specified with @code{cb} attributes. @table @code @item based Any variable with the @code{based} attribute is assigned to the @code{.based} section, and is accessed with relative to the @code{$tp} register. @item tiny Likewise, the @code{tiny} attribute assigned variables to the @code{.tiny} section, relative to the @code{$gp} register. @item near Variables with the @code{near} attribute are assumed to have addresses that fit in a 24-bit addressing mode. This is the default for large variables (@code{-mtiny=4} is the default) but this attribute can override @code{-mtiny=} for small variables, or override @code{-ml}. @item far Variables with the @code{far} attribute are addressed using a full 32-bit address. Since this covers the entire memory space, this allows modules to make no assumptions about where variables might be stored. @item io @itemx io (@var{addr}) Variables with the @code{io} attribute are used to address memory-mapped peripherals. If an address is specified, the variable is assigned that address, else it is not assigned an address (it is assumed some other module assigns an address). Example: @smallexample int timer_count __attribute__((io(0x123))); @end smallexample @item cb @itemx cb (@var{addr}) Variables with the @code{cb} attribute are used to access the control bus, using special instructions. @code{addr} indicates the control bus address. Example: @smallexample int cpu_clock __attribute__((cb(0x123))); @end smallexample @end table @subsection PowerPC Variable Attributes Three attributes currently are defined for PowerPC configurations: @code{altivec}, @code{ms_struct} and @code{gcc_struct}. For full documentation of the struct attributes please see the documentation in @ref{x86 Variable Attributes}. For documentation of @code{altivec} attribute please see the documentation in @ref{PowerPC Type Attributes}. @subsection SPU Variable Attributes The SPU supports the @code{spu_vector} attribute for variables. For documentation of this attribute please see the documentation in @ref{SPU Type Attributes}. @anchor{x86 Variable Attributes} @subsection x86 Variable Attributes Two attributes are currently defined for x86 configurations: @code{ms_struct} and @code{gcc_struct}. @table @code @item ms_struct @itemx gcc_struct @cindex @code{ms_struct} attribute @cindex @code{gcc_struct} attribute If @code{packed} is used on a structure, or if bit-fields are used, it may be that the Microsoft ABI lays out the structure differently than the way GCC normally does. Particularly when moving packed data between functions compiled with GCC and the native Microsoft compiler (either via function call or as data in a file), it may be necessary to access either format. Currently @option{-m[no-]ms-bitfields} is provided for the Microsoft Windows x86 compilers to match the native Microsoft compiler. The Microsoft structure layout algorithm is fairly simple with the exception of the bit-field packing. The padding and alignment of members of structures and whether a bit-field can straddle a storage-unit boundary are determine by these rules: @enumerate @item Structure members are stored sequentially in the order in which they are declared: the first member has the lowest memory address and the last member the highest. @item Every data object has an alignment requirement. The alignment requirement for all data except structures, unions, and arrays is either the size of the object or the current packing size (specified with either the @code{aligned} attribute or the @code{pack} pragma), whichever is less. For structures, unions, and arrays, the alignment requirement is the largest alignment requirement of its members. Every object is allocated an offset so that: @smallexample offset % alignment_requirement == 0 @end smallexample @item Adjacent bit-fields are packed into the same 1-, 2-, or 4-byte allocation unit if the integral types are the same size and if the next bit-field fits into the current allocation unit without crossing the boundary imposed by the common alignment requirements of the bit-fields. @end enumerate MSVC interprets zero-length bit-fields in the following ways: @enumerate @item If a zero-length bit-field is inserted between two bit-fields that are normally coalesced, the bit-fields are not coalesced. For example: @smallexample struct @{ unsigned long bf_1 : 12; unsigned long : 0; unsigned long bf_2 : 12; @} t1; @end smallexample @noindent The size of @code{t1} is 8 bytes with the zero-length bit-field. If the zero-length bit-field were removed, @code{t1}'s size would be 4 bytes. @item If a zero-length bit-field is inserted after a bit-field, @code{foo}, and the alignment of the zero-length bit-field is greater than the member that follows it, @code{bar}, @code{bar} is aligned as the type of the zero-length bit-field. For example: @smallexample struct @{ char foo : 4; short : 0; char bar; @} t2; struct @{ char foo : 4; short : 0; double bar; @} t3; @end smallexample @noindent For @code{t2}, @code{bar} is placed at offset 2, rather than offset 1. Accordingly, the size of @code{t2} is 4. For @code{t3}, the zero-length bit-field does not affect the alignment of @code{bar} or, as a result, the size of the structure. Taking this into account, it is important to note the following: @enumerate @item If a zero-length bit-field follows a normal bit-field, the type of the zero-length bit-field may affect the alignment of the structure as whole. For example, @code{t2} has a size of 4 bytes, since the zero-length bit-field follows a normal bit-field, and is of type short. @item Even if a zero-length bit-field is not followed by a normal bit-field, it may still affect the alignment of the structure: @smallexample struct @{ char foo : 6; long : 0; @} t4; @end smallexample @noindent Here, @code{t4} takes up 4 bytes. @end enumerate @item Zero-length bit-fields following non-bit-field members are ignored: @smallexample struct @{ char foo; long : 0; char bar; @} t5; @end smallexample @noindent Here, @code{t5} takes up 2 bytes. @end enumerate @end table @subsection Xstormy16 Variable Attributes One attribute is currently defined for xstormy16 configurations: @code{below100}. @table @code @item below100 @cindex @code{below100} attribute If a variable has the @code{below100} attribute (@code{BELOW100} is allowed also), GCC places the variable in the first 0x100 bytes of memory and use special opcodes to access it. Such variables are placed in either the @code{.bss_below100} section or the @code{.data_below100} section. @end table @node Type Attributes @section Specifying Attributes of Types @cindex attribute of types @cindex type attributes The keyword @code{__attribute__} allows you to specify special attributes of @code{struct} and @code{union} types when you define such types. This keyword is followed by an attribute specification inside double parentheses. Eight attributes are currently defined for types: @code{aligned}, @code{packed}, @code{transparent_union}, @code{unused}, @code{deprecated}, @code{visibility}, @code{may_alias} and @code{bnd_variable_size}. Other attributes are defined for functions (@pxref{Function Attributes}), labels (@pxref{Label Attributes}) and for variables (@pxref{Variable Attributes}). You may also specify any one of these attributes with @samp{__} preceding and following its keyword. This allows you to use these attributes in header files without being concerned about a possible macro of the same name. For example, you may use @code{__aligned__} instead of @code{aligned}. You may specify type attributes in an enum, struct or union type declaration or definition, or for other types in a @code{typedef} declaration. For an enum, struct or union type, you may specify attributes either between the enum, struct or union tag and the name of the type, or just past the closing curly brace of the @emph{definition}. The former syntax is preferred. @xref{Attribute Syntax}, for details of the exact syntax for using attributes. @table @code @cindex @code{aligned} attribute @item aligned (@var{alignment}) This attribute specifies a minimum alignment (in bytes) for variables of the specified type. For example, the declarations: @smallexample struct S @{ short f[3]; @} __attribute__ ((aligned (8))); typedef int more_aligned_int __attribute__ ((aligned (8))); @end smallexample @noindent force the compiler to ensure (as far as it can) that each variable whose type is @code{struct S} or @code{more_aligned_int} is allocated and aligned @emph{at least} on a 8-byte boundary. On a SPARC, having all variables of type @code{struct S} aligned to 8-byte boundaries allows the compiler to use the @code{ldd} and @code{std} (doubleword load and store) instructions when copying one variable of type @code{struct S} to another, thus improving run-time efficiency. Note that the alignment of any given @code{struct} or @code{union} type is required by the ISO C standard to be at least a perfect multiple of the lowest common multiple of the alignments of all of the members of the @code{struct} or @code{union} in question. This means that you @emph{can} effectively adjust the alignment of a @code{struct} or @code{union} type by attaching an @code{aligned} attribute to any one of the members of such a type, but the notation illustrated in the example above is a more obvious, intuitive, and readable way to request the compiler to adjust the alignment of an entire @code{struct} or @code{union} type. As in the preceding example, you can explicitly specify the alignment (in bytes) that you wish the compiler to use for a given @code{struct} or @code{union} type. Alternatively, you can leave out the alignment factor and just ask the compiler to align a type to the maximum useful alignment for the target machine you are compiling for. For example, you could write: @smallexample struct S @{ short f[3]; @} __attribute__ ((aligned)); @end smallexample Whenever you leave out the alignment factor in an @code{aligned} attribute specification, the compiler automatically sets the alignment for the type to the largest alignment that is ever used for any data type on the target machine you are compiling for. Doing this can often make copy operations more efficient, because the compiler can use whatever instructions copy the biggest chunks of memory when performing copies to or from the variables that have types that you have aligned this way. In the example above, if the size of each @code{short} is 2 bytes, then the size of the entire @code{struct S} type is 6 bytes. The smallest power of two that is greater than or equal to that is 8, so the compiler sets the alignment for the entire @code{struct S} type to 8 bytes. Note that although you can ask the compiler to select a time-efficient alignment for a given type and then declare only individual stand-alone objects of that type, the compiler's ability to select a time-efficient alignment is primarily useful only when you plan to create arrays of variables having the relevant (efficiently aligned) type. If you declare or use arrays of variables of an efficiently-aligned type, then it is likely that your program also does pointer arithmetic (or subscripting, which amounts to the same thing) on pointers to the relevant type, and the code that the compiler generates for these pointer arithmetic operations is often more efficient for efficiently-aligned types than for other types. The @code{aligned} attribute can only increase the alignment; but you can decrease it by specifying @code{packed} as well. See below. Note that the effectiveness of @code{aligned} attributes may be limited by inherent limitations in your linker. On many systems, the linker is only able to arrange for variables to be aligned up to a certain maximum alignment. (For some linkers, the maximum supported alignment may be very very small.) If your linker is only able to align variables up to a maximum of 8-byte alignment, then specifying @code{aligned(16)} in an @code{__attribute__} still only provides you with 8-byte alignment. See your linker documentation for further information. @item packed This attribute, attached to @code{struct} or @code{union} type definition, specifies that each member (other than zero-width bit-fields) of the structure or union is placed to minimize the memory required. When attached to an @code{enum} definition, it indicates that the smallest integral type should be used. @opindex fshort-enums Specifying this attribute for @code{struct} and @code{union} types is equivalent to specifying the @code{packed} attribute on each of the structure or union members. Specifying the @option{-fshort-enums} flag on the line is equivalent to specifying the @code{packed} attribute on all @code{enum} definitions. In the following example @code{struct my_packed_struct}'s members are packed closely together, but the internal layout of its @code{s} member is not packed---to do that, @code{struct my_unpacked_struct} needs to be packed too. @smallexample struct my_unpacked_struct @{ char c; int i; @}; struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) my_packed_struct @{ char c; int i; struct my_unpacked_struct s; @}; @end smallexample You may only specify this attribute on the definition of an @code{enum}, @code{struct} or @code{union}, not on a @code{typedef} that does not also define the enumerated type, structure or union. @item transparent_union @cindex @code{transparent_union} attribute This attribute, attached to a @code{union} type definition, indicates that any function parameter having that union type causes calls to that function to be treated in a special way. First, the argument corresponding to a transparent union type can be of any type in the union; no cast is required. Also, if the union contains a pointer type, the corresponding argument can be a null pointer constant or a void pointer expression; and if the union contains a void pointer type, the corresponding argument can be any pointer expression. If the union member type is a pointer, qualifiers like @code{const} on the referenced type must be respected, just as with normal pointer conversions. Second, the argument is passed to the function using the calling conventions of the first member of the transparent union, not the calling conventions of the union itself. All members of the union must have the same machine representation; this is necessary for this argument passing to work properly. Transparent unions are designed for library functions that have multiple interfaces for compatibility reasons. For example, suppose the @code{wait} function must accept either a value of type @code{int *} to comply with POSIX, or a value of type @code{union wait *} to comply with the 4.1BSD interface. If @code{wait}'s parameter were @code{void *}, @code{wait} would accept both kinds of arguments, but it would also accept any other pointer type and this would make argument type checking less useful. Instead, @code{} might define the interface as follows: @smallexample typedef union __attribute__ ((__transparent_union__)) @{ int *__ip; union wait *__up; @} wait_status_ptr_t; pid_t wait (wait_status_ptr_t); @end smallexample @noindent This interface allows either @code{int *} or @code{union wait *} arguments to be passed, using the @code{int *} calling convention. The program can call @code{wait} with arguments of either type: @smallexample int w1 () @{ int w; return wait (&w); @} int w2 () @{ union wait w; return wait (&w); @} @end smallexample @noindent With this interface, @code{wait}'s implementation might look like this: @smallexample pid_t wait (wait_status_ptr_t p) @{ return waitpid (-1, p.__ip, 0); @} @end smallexample @item unused When attached to a type (including a @code{union} or a @code{struct}), this attribute means that variables of that type are meant to appear possibly unused. GCC does not produce a warning for any variables of that type, even if the variable appears to do nothing. This is often the case with lock or thread classes, which are usually defined and then not referenced, but contain constructors and destructors that have nontrivial bookkeeping functions. @item deprecated @itemx deprecated (@var{msg}) The @code{deprecated} attribute results in a warning if the type is used anywhere in the source file. This is useful when identifying types that are expected to be removed in a future version of a program. If possible, the warning also includes the location of the declaration of the deprecated type, to enable users to easily find further information about why the type is deprecated, or what they should do instead. Note that the warnings only occur for uses and then only if the type is being applied to an identifier that itself is not being declared as deprecated. @smallexample typedef int T1 __attribute__ ((deprecated)); T1 x; typedef T1 T2; T2 y; typedef T1 T3 __attribute__ ((deprecated)); T3 z __attribute__ ((deprecated)); @end smallexample @noindent results in a warning on line 2 and 3 but not lines 4, 5, or 6. No warning is issued for line 4 because T2 is not explicitly deprecated. Line 5 has no warning because T3 is explicitly deprecated. Similarly for line 6. The optional @var{msg} argument, which must be a string, is printed in the warning if present. The @code{deprecated} attribute can also be used for functions and variables (@pxref{Function Attributes}, @pxref{Variable Attributes}.) @item may_alias Accesses through pointers to types with this attribute are not subject to type-based alias analysis, but are instead assumed to be able to alias any other type of objects. In the context of section 6.5 paragraph 7 of the C99 standard, an lvalue expression dereferencing such a pointer is treated like having a character type. See @option{-fstrict-aliasing} for more information on aliasing issues. This extension exists to support some vector APIs, in which pointers to one vector type are permitted to alias pointers to a different vector type. Note that an object of a type with this attribute does not have any special semantics. Example of use: @smallexample typedef short __attribute__((__may_alias__)) short_a; int main (void) @{ int a = 0x12345678; short_a *b = (short_a *) &a; b[1] = 0; if (a == 0x12345678) abort(); exit(0); @} @end smallexample @noindent If you replaced @code{short_a} with @code{short} in the variable declaration, the above program would abort when compiled with @option{-fstrict-aliasing}, which is on by default at @option{-O2} or above in recent GCC versions. @item visibility In C++, attribute visibility (@pxref{Function Attributes}) can also be applied to class, struct, union and enum types. Unlike other type attributes, the attribute must appear between the initial keyword and the name of the type; it cannot appear after the body of the type. Note that the type visibility is applied to vague linkage entities associated with the class (vtable, typeinfo node, etc.). In particular, if a class is thrown as an exception in one shared object and caught in another, the class must have default visibility. Otherwise the two shared objects are unable to use the same typeinfo node and exception handling will break. @item designated_init This attribute may only be applied to structure types. It indicates that any initialization of an object of this type must use designated initializers rather than positional initializers. The intent of this attribute is to allow the programmer to indicate that a structure's layout may change, and that therefore relying on positional initialization will result in future breakage. GCC emits warnings based on this attribute by default; use @option{-Wno-designated-init} to suppress them. @item bnd_variable_size When applied to a structure field, this attribute tells Pointer Bounds Checker that the size of this field should not be computed using static type information. It may be used to mark variable sized static array fields placed at the end of a structure. @smallexample struct S @{ int size; char data[1]; @} S *p = (S *)malloc (sizeof(S) + 100); p->data[10] = 0; //Bounds violation @end smallexample By using an attribute for a field we may avoid bound violation we most probably do not want to see: @smallexample struct S @{ int size; char data[1] __attribute__((bnd_variable_size)); @} S *p = (S *)malloc (sizeof(S) + 100); p->data[10] = 0; //OK @end smallexample @end table To specify multiple attributes, separate them by commas within the double parentheses: for example, @samp{__attribute__ ((aligned (16), packed))}. @subsection ARM Type Attributes On those ARM targets that support @code{dllimport} (such as Symbian OS), you can use the @code{notshared} attribute to indicate that the virtual table and other similar data for a class should not be exported from a DLL@. For example: @smallexample class __declspec(notshared) C @{ public: __declspec(dllimport) C(); virtual void f(); @} __declspec(dllexport) C::C() @{@} @end smallexample @noindent In this code, @code{C::C} is exported from the current DLL, but the virtual table for @code{C} is not exported. (You can use @code{__attribute__} instead of @code{__declspec} if you prefer, but most Symbian OS code uses @code{__declspec}.) @anchor{MeP Type Attributes} @subsection MeP Type Attributes Many of the MeP variable attributes may be applied to types as well. Specifically, the @code{based}, @code{tiny}, @code{near}, and @code{far} attributes may be applied to either. The @code{io} and @code{cb} attributes may not be applied to types. @anchor{PowerPC Type Attributes} @subsection PowerPC Type Attributes Three attributes currently are defined for PowerPC configurations: @code{altivec}, @code{ms_struct} and @code{gcc_struct}. For full documentation of the @code{ms_struct} and @code{gcc_struct} attributes please see the documentation in @ref{x86 Type Attributes}. The @code{altivec} attribute allows one to declare AltiVec vector data types supported by the AltiVec Programming Interface Manual. The attribute requires an argument to specify one of three vector types: @code{vector__}, @code{pixel__} (always followed by unsigned short), and @code{bool__} (always followed by unsigned). @smallexample __attribute__((altivec(vector__))) __attribute__((altivec(pixel__))) unsigned short __attribute__((altivec(bool__))) unsigned @end smallexample These attributes mainly are intended to support the @code{__vector}, @code{__pixel}, and @code{__bool} AltiVec keywords. @anchor{SPU Type Attributes} @subsection SPU Type Attributes The SPU supports the @code{spu_vector} attribute for types. This attribute allows one to declare vector data types supported by the Sony/Toshiba/IBM SPU Language Extensions Specification. It is intended to support the @code{__vector} keyword. @anchor{x86 Type Attributes} @subsection x86 Type Attributes Two attributes are currently defined for x86 configurations: @code{ms_struct} and @code{gcc_struct}. @table @code @item ms_struct @itemx gcc_struct @cindex @code{ms_struct} @cindex @code{gcc_struct} If @code{packed} is used on a structure, or if bit-fields are used it may be that the Microsoft ABI packs them differently than GCC normally packs them. Particularly when moving packed data between functions compiled with GCC and the native Microsoft compiler (either via function call or as data in a file), it may be necessary to access either format. Currently @option{-m[no-]ms-bitfields} is provided for the Microsoft Windows x86 compilers to match the native Microsoft compiler. @end table @node Alignment @section Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables @cindex alignment @cindex type alignment @cindex variable alignment The keyword @code{__alignof__} allows you to inquire about how an object is aligned, or the minimum alignment usually required by a type. Its syntax is just like @code{sizeof}. For example, if the target machine requires a @code{double} value to be aligned on an 8-byte boundary, then @code{__alignof__ (double)} is 8. This is true on many RISC machines. On more traditional machine designs, @code{__alignof__ (double)} is 4 or even 2. Some machines never actually require alignment; they allow reference to any data type even at an odd address. For these machines, @code{__alignof__} reports the smallest alignment that GCC gives the data type, usually as mandated by the target ABI. If the operand of @code{__alignof__} is an lvalue rather than a type, its value is the required alignment for its type, taking into account any minimum alignment specified with GCC's @code{__attribute__} extension (@pxref{Variable Attributes}). For example, after this declaration: @smallexample struct foo @{ int x; char y; @} foo1; @end smallexample @noindent the value of @code{__alignof__ (foo1.y)} is 1, even though its actual alignment is probably 2 or 4, the same as @code{__alignof__ (int)}. It is an error to ask for the alignment of an incomplete type. @node Inline @section An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro @cindex inline functions @cindex integrating function code @cindex open coding @cindex macros, inline alternative By declaring a function inline, you can direct GCC to make calls to that function faster. One way GCC can achieve this is to integrate that function's code into the code for its callers. This makes execution faster by eliminating the function-call overhead; in addition, if any of the actual argument values are constant, their known values may permit simplifications at compile time so that not all of the inline function's code needs to be included. The effect on code size is less predictable; object code may be larger or smaller with function inlining, depending on the particular case. You can also direct GCC to try to integrate all ``simple enough'' functions into their callers with the option @option{-finline-functions}. GCC implements three different semantics of declaring a function inline. One is available with @option{-std=gnu89} or @option{-fgnu89-inline} or when @code{gnu_inline} attribute is present on all inline declarations, another when @option{-std=c99}, @option{-std=c11}, @option{-std=gnu99} or @option{-std=gnu11} (without @option{-fgnu89-inline}), and the third is used when compiling C++. To declare a function inline, use the @code{inline} keyword in its declaration, like this: @smallexample static inline int inc (int *a) @{ return (*a)++; @} @end smallexample If you are writing a header file to be included in ISO C90 programs, write @code{__inline__} instead of @code{inline}. @xref{Alternate Keywords}. The three types of inlining behave similarly in two important cases: when the @code{inline} keyword is used on a @code{static} function, like the example above, and when a function is first declared without using the @code{inline} keyword and then is defined with @code{inline}, like this: @smallexample extern int inc (int *a); inline int inc (int *a) @{ return (*a)++; @} @end smallexample In both of these common cases, the program behaves the same as if you had not used the @code{inline} keyword, except for its speed. @cindex inline functions, omission of @opindex fkeep-inline-functions When a function is both inline and @code{static}, if all calls to the function are integrated into the caller, and the function's address is never used, then the function's own assembler code is never referenced. In this case, GCC does not actually output assembler code for the function, unless you specify the option @option{-fkeep-inline-functions}. Some calls cannot be integrated for various reasons (in particular, calls that precede the function's definition cannot be integrated, and neither can recursive calls within the definition). If there is a nonintegrated call, then the function is compiled to assembler code as usual. The function must also be compiled as usual if the program refers to its address, because that can't be inlined. @opindex Winline Note that certain usages in a function definition can make it unsuitable for inline substitution. Among these usages are: variadic functions, use of @code{alloca}, use of variable-length data types (@pxref{Variable Length}), use of computed goto (@pxref{Labels as Values}), use of nonlocal goto, and nested functions (@pxref{Nested Functions}). Using @option{-Winline} warns when a function marked @code{inline} could not be substituted, and gives the reason for the failure. @cindex automatic @code{inline} for C++ member fns @cindex @code{inline} automatic for C++ member fns @cindex member fns, automatically @code{inline} @cindex C++ member fns, automatically @code{inline} @opindex fno-default-inline As required by ISO C++, GCC considers member functions defined within the body of a class to be marked inline even if they are not explicitly declared with the @code{inline} keyword. You can override this with @option{-fno-default-inline}; @pxref{C++ Dialect Options,,Options Controlling C++ Dialect}. GCC does not inline any functions when not optimizing unless you specify the @samp{always_inline} attribute for the function, like this: @smallexample /* @r{Prototype.} */ inline void foo (const char) __attribute__((always_inline)); @end smallexample The remainder of this section is specific to GNU C90 inlining. @cindex non-static inline function When an inline function is not @code{static}, then the compiler must assume that there may be calls from other source files; since a global symbol can be defined only once in any program, the function must not be defined in the other source files, so the calls therein cannot be integrated. Therefore, a non-@code{static} inline function is always compiled on its own in the usual fashion. If you specify both @code{inline} and @code{extern} in the function definition, then the definition is used only for inlining. In no case is the function compiled on its own, not even if you refer to its address explicitly. Such an address becomes an external reference, as if you had only declared the function, and had not defined it. This combination of @code{inline} and @code{extern} has almost the effect of a macro. The way to use it is to put a function definition in a header file with these keywords, and put another copy of the definition (lacking @code{inline} and @code{extern}) in a library file. The definition in the header file causes most calls to the function to be inlined. If any uses of the function remain, they refer to the single copy in the library. @node Volatiles @section When is a Volatile Object Accessed? @cindex accessing volatiles @cindex volatile read @cindex volatile write @cindex volatile access C has the concept of volatile objects. These are normally accessed by pointers and used for accessing hardware or inter-thread communication. The standard encourages compilers to refrain from optimizations concerning accesses to volatile objects, but leaves it implementation defined as to what constitutes a volatile access. The minimum requirement is that at a sequence point all previous accesses to volatile objects have stabilized and no subsequent accesses have occurred. Thus an implementation is free to reorder and combine volatile accesses that occur between sequence points, but cannot do so for accesses across a sequence point. The use of volatile does not allow you to violate the restriction on updating objects multiple times between two sequence points. Accesses to non-volatile objects are not ordered with respect to volatile accesses. You cannot use a volatile object as a memory barrier to order a sequence of writes to non-volatile memory. For instance: @smallexample int *ptr = @var{something}; volatile int vobj; *ptr = @var{something}; vobj = 1; @end smallexample @noindent Unless @var{*ptr} and @var{vobj} can be aliased, it is not guaranteed that the write to @var{*ptr} occurs by the time the update of @var{vobj} happens. If you need this guarantee, you must use a stronger memory barrier such as: @smallexample int *ptr = @var{something}; volatile int vobj; *ptr = @var{something}; asm volatile ("" : : : "memory"); vobj = 1; @end smallexample A scalar volatile object is read when it is accessed in a void context: @smallexample volatile int *src = @var{somevalue}; *src; @end smallexample Such expressions are rvalues, and GCC implements this as a read of the volatile object being pointed to. Assignments are also expressions and have an rvalue. However when assigning to a scalar volatile, the volatile object is not reread, regardless of whether the assignment expression's rvalue is used or not. If the assignment's rvalue is used, the value is that assigned to the volatile object. For instance, there is no read of @var{vobj} in all the following cases: @smallexample int obj; volatile int vobj; vobj = @var{something}; obj = vobj = @var{something}; obj ? vobj = @var{onething} : vobj = @var{anotherthing}; obj = (@var{something}, vobj = @var{anotherthing}); @end smallexample If you need to read the volatile object after an assignment has occurred, you must use a separate expression with an intervening sequence point. As bit-fields are not individually addressable, volatile bit-fields may be implicitly read when written to, or when adjacent bit-fields are accessed. Bit-field operations may be optimized such that adjacent bit-fields are only partially accessed, if they straddle a storage unit boundary. For these reasons it is unwise to use volatile bit-fields to access hardware. @node Using Assembly Language with C @section How to Use Inline Assembly Language in C Code @cindex @code{asm} keyword @cindex assembly language in C @cindex inline assembly language @cindex mixing assembly language and C The @code{asm} keyword allows you to embed assembler instructions within C code. GCC provides two forms of inline @code{asm} statements. A @dfn{basic @code{asm}} statement is one with no operands (@pxref{Basic Asm}), while an @dfn{extended @code{asm}} statement (@pxref{Extended Asm}) includes one or more operands. The extended form is preferred for mixing C and assembly language within a function, but to include assembly language at top level you must use basic @code{asm}. You can also use the @code{asm} keyword to override the assembler name for a C symbol, or to place a C variable in a specific register. @menu * Basic Asm:: Inline assembler without operands. * Extended Asm:: Inline assembler with operands. * Constraints:: Constraints for @code{asm} operands * Asm Labels:: Specifying the assembler name to use for a C symbol. * Explicit Reg Vars:: Defining variables residing in specified registers. * Size of an asm:: How GCC calculates the size of an @code{asm} block. @end menu @node Basic Asm @subsection Basic Asm --- Assembler Instructions Without Operands @cindex basic @code{asm} @cindex assembly language in C, basic A basic @code{asm} statement has the following syntax: @example asm @r{[} volatile @r{]} ( @var{AssemblerInstructions} ) @end example The @code{asm} keyword is a GNU extension. When writing code that can be compiled with @option{-ansi} and the various @option{-std} options, use @code{__asm__} instead of @code{asm} (@pxref{Alternate Keywords}). @subsubheading Qualifiers @table @code @item volatile The optional @code{volatile} qualifier has no effect. All basic @code{asm} blocks are implicitly volatile. @end table @subsubheading Parameters @table @var @item AssemblerInstructions This is a literal string that specifies the assembler code. The string can contain any instructions recognized by the assembler, including directives. GCC does not parse the assembler instructions themselves and does not know what they mean or even whether they are valid assembler input. You may place multiple assembler instructions together in a single @code{asm} string, separated by the characters normally used in assembly code for the system. A combination that works in most places is a newline to break the line, plus a tab character (written as @samp{\n\t}). Some assemblers allow semicolons as a line separator. However, note that some assembler dialects use semicolons to start a comment. @end table @subsubheading Remarks Using extended @code{asm} typically produces smaller, safer, and more efficient code, and in most cases it is a better solution than basic @code{asm}. However, there are two situations where only basic @code{asm} can be used: @itemize @bullet @item Extended @code{asm} statements have to be inside a C function, so to write inline assembly language at file scope (``top-level''), outside of C functions, you must use basic @code{asm}. You can use this technique to emit assembler directives, define assembly language macros that can be invoked elsewhere in the file, or write entire functions in assembly language. @item Functions declared with the @code{naked} attribute also require basic @code{asm} (@pxref{Function Attributes}). @end itemize Safely accessing C data and calling functions from basic @code{asm} is more complex than it may appear. To access C data, it is better to use extended @code{asm}. Do not expect a sequence of @code{asm} statements to remain perfectly consecutive after compilation. If certain instructions need to remain consecutive in the output, put them in a single multi-instruction @code{asm} statement. Note that GCC's optimizers can move @code{asm} statements relative to other code, including across jumps. @code{asm} statements may not perform jumps into other @code{asm} statements. GCC does not know about these jumps, and therefore cannot take account of them when deciding how to optimize. Jumps from @code{asm} to C labels are only supported in extended @code{asm}. Under certain circumstances, GCC may duplicate (or remove duplicates of) your assembly code when optimizing. This can lead to unexpected duplicate symbol errors during compilation if your assembly code defines symbols or labels. Since GCC does not parse the @var{AssemblerInstructions}, it has no visibility of any symbols it references. This may result in GCC discarding those symbols as unreferenced. The compiler copies the assembler instructions in a basic @code{asm} verbatim to the assembly language output file, without processing dialects or any of the @samp{%} operators that are available with extended @code{asm}. This results in minor differences between basic @code{asm} strings and extended @code{asm} templates. For example, to refer to registers you might use @samp{%eax} in basic @code{asm} and @samp{%%eax} in extended @code{asm}. On targets such as x86 that support multiple assembler dialects, all basic @code{asm} blocks use the assembler dialect specified by the @option{-masm} command-line option (@pxref{x86 Options}). Basic @code{asm} provides no mechanism to provide different assembler strings for different dialects. Here is an example of basic @code{asm} for i386: @example /* Note that this code will not compile with -masm=intel */ #define DebugBreak() asm("int $3") @end example @node Extended Asm @subsection Extended Asm - Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands @cindex extended @code{asm} @cindex assembly language in C, extended With extended @code{asm} you can read and write C variables from assembler and perform jumps from assembler code to C labels. Extended @code{asm} syntax uses colons (@samp{:}) to delimit the operand parameters after the assembler template: @example asm @r{[}volatile@r{]} ( @var{AssemblerTemplate} : @var{OutputOperands} @r{[} : @var{InputOperands} @r{[} : @var{Clobbers} @r{]} @r{]}) asm @r{[}volatile@r{]} goto ( @var{AssemblerTemplate} : : @var{InputOperands} : @var{Clobbers} : @var{GotoLabels}) @end example The @code{asm} keyword is a GNU extension. When writing code that can be compiled with @option{-ansi} and the various @option{-std} options, use @code{__asm__} instead of @code{asm} (@pxref{Alternate Keywords}). @subsubheading Qualifiers @table @code @item volatile The typical use of extended @code{asm} statements is to manipulate input values to produce output values. However, your @code{asm} statements may also produce side effects. If so, you may need to use the @code{volatile} qualifier to disable certain optimizations. @xref{Volatile}. @item goto This qualifier informs the compiler that the @code{asm} statement may perform a jump to one of the labels listed in the @var{GotoLabels}. @xref{GotoLabels}. @end table @subsubheading Parameters @table @var @item AssemblerTemplate This is a literal string that is the template for the assembler code. It is a combination of fixed text and tokens that refer to the input, output, and goto parameters. @xref{AssemblerTemplate}. @item OutputOperands A comma-separated list of the C variables modified by the instructions in the @var{AssemblerTemplate}. An empty list is permitted. @xref{OutputOperands}. @item InputOperands A comma-separated list of C expressions read by the instructions in the @var{AssemblerTemplate}. An empty list is permitted. @xref{InputOperands}. @item Clobbers A comma-separated list of registers or other values changed by the @var{AssemblerTemplate}, beyond those listed as outputs. An empty list is permitted. @xref{Clobbers}. @item GotoLabels When you are using the @code{goto} form of @code{asm}, this section contains the list of all C labels to which the code in the @var{AssemblerTemplate} may jump. @xref{GotoLabels}. @code{asm} statements may not perform jumps into other @code{asm} statements, only to the listed @var{GotoLabels}. GCC's optimizers do not know about other jumps; therefore they cannot take account of them when deciding how to optimize. @end table The total number of input + output + goto operands is limited to 30. @subsubheading Remarks The @code{asm} statement allows you to include assembly instructions directly within C code. This may help you to maximize performance in time-sensitive code or to access assembly instructions that are not readily available to C programs. Note that extended @code{asm} statements must be inside a function. Only basic @code{asm} may be outside functions (@pxref{Basic Asm}). Functions declared with the @code{naked} attribute also require basic @code{asm} (@pxref{Function Attributes}). While the uses of @code{asm} are many and varied, it may help to think of an @code{asm} statement as a series of low-level instructions that convert input parameters to output parameters. So a simple (if not particularly useful) example for i386 using @code{asm} might look like this: @example int src = 1; int dst; asm ("mov %1, %0\n\t" "add $1, %0" : "=r" (dst) : "r" (src)); printf("%d\n", dst); @end example This code copies @code{src} to @code{dst} and add 1 to @code{dst}. @anchor{Volatile} @subsubsection Volatile @cindex volatile @code{asm} @cindex @code{asm} volatile GCC's optimizers sometimes discard @code{asm} statements if they determine there is no need for the output variables. Also, the optimizers may move code out of loops if they believe that the code will always return the same result (i.e. none of its input values change between calls). Using the @code{volatile} qualifier disables these optimizations. @code{asm} statements that have no output operands, including @code{asm goto} statements, are implicitly volatile. This i386 code demonstrates a case that does not use (or require) the @code{volatile} qualifier. If it is performing assertion checking, this code uses @code{asm} to perform the validation. Otherwise, @code{dwRes} is unreferenced by any code. As a result, the optimizers can discard the @code{asm} statement, which in turn removes the need for the entire @code{DoCheck} routine. By omitting the @code{volatile} qualifier when it isn't needed you allow the optimizers to produce the most efficient code possible. @example void DoCheck(uint32_t dwSomeValue) @{ uint32_t dwRes; // Assumes dwSomeValue is not zero. asm ("bsfl %1,%0" : "=r" (dwRes) : "r" (dwSomeValue) : "cc"); assert(dwRes > 3); @} @end example The next example shows a case where the optimizers can recognize that the input (@code{dwSomeValue}) never changes during the execution of the function and can therefore move the @code{asm} outside the loop to produce more efficient code. Again, using @code{volatile} disables this type of optimization. @example void do_print(uint32_t dwSomeValue) @{ uint32_t dwRes; for (uint32_t x=0; x < 5; x++) @{ // Assumes dwSomeValue is not zero. asm ("bsfl %1,%0" : "=r" (dwRes) : "r" (dwSomeValue) : "cc"); printf("%u: %u %u\n", x, dwSomeValue, dwRes); @} @} @end example The following example demonstrates a case where you need to use the @code{volatile} qualifier. It uses the x86 @code{rdtsc} instruction, which reads the computer's time-stamp counter. Without the @code{volatile} qualifier, the optimizers might assume that the @code{asm} block will always return the same value and therefore optimize away the second call. @example uint64_t msr; asm volatile ( "rdtsc\n\t" // Returns the time in EDX:EAX. "shl $32, %%rdx\n\t" // Shift the upper bits left. "or %%rdx, %0" // 'Or' in the lower bits. : "=a" (msr) : : "rdx"); printf("msr: %llx\n", msr); // Do other work... // Reprint the timestamp asm volatile ( "rdtsc\n\t" // Returns the time in EDX:EAX. "shl $32, %%rdx\n\t" // Shift the upper bits left. "or %%rdx, %0" // 'Or' in the lower bits. : "=a" (msr) : : "rdx"); printf("msr: %llx\n", msr); @end example GCC's optimizers do not treat this code like the non-volatile code in the earlier examples. They do not move it out of loops or omit it on the assumption that the result from a previous call is still valid. Note that the compiler can move even volatile @code{asm} instructions relative to other code, including across jump instructions. For example, on many targets there is a system register that controls the rounding mode of floating-point operations. Setting it with a volatile @code{asm}, as in the following PowerPC example, does not work reliably. @example asm volatile("mtfsf 255, %0" : : "f" (fpenv)); sum = x + y; @end example The compiler may move the addition back before the volatile @code{asm}. To make it work as expected, add an artificial dependency to the @code{asm} by referencing a variable in the subsequent code, for example: @example asm volatile ("mtfsf 255,%1" : "=X" (sum) : "f" (fpenv)); sum = x + y; @end example Under certain circumstances, GCC may duplicate (or remove duplicates of) your assembly code when optimizing. This can lead to unexpected duplicate symbol errors during compilation if your asm code defines symbols or labels. Using @samp{%=} (@pxref{AssemblerTemplate}) may help resolve this problem. @anchor{AssemblerTemplate} @subsubsection Assembler Template @cindex @code{asm} assembler template An assembler template is a literal string containing assembler instructions. The compiler replaces tokens in the template that refer to inputs, outputs, and goto labels, and then outputs the resulting string to the assembler. The string can contain any instructions recognized by the assembler, including directives. GCC does not parse the assembler instructions themselves and does not know what they mean or even whether they are valid assembler input. However, it does count the statements (@pxref{Size of an asm}). You may place multiple assembler instructions together in a single @code{asm} string, separated by the characters normally used in assembly code for the system. A combination that works in most places is a newline to break the line, plus a tab character to move to the instruction field (written as @samp{\n\t}). Some assemblers allow semicolons as a line separator. However, note that some assembler dialects use semicolons to start a comment. Do not expect a sequence of @code{asm} statements to remain perfectly consecutive after compilation, even when you are using the @code{volatile} qualifier. If certain instructions need to remain consecutive in the output, put them in a single multi-instruction asm statement. Accessing data from C programs without using input/output operands (such as by using global symbols directly from the assembler template) may not work as expected. Similarly, calling functions directly from an assembler template requires a detailed understanding of the target assembler and ABI. Since GCC does not parse the assembler template, it has no visibility of any symbols it references. This may result in GCC discarding those symbols as unreferenced unless they are also listed as input, output, or goto operands. @subsubheading Special format strings In addition to the tokens described by the input, output, and goto operands, these tokens have special meanings in the assembler template: @table @samp @item %% Outputs a single @samp{%} into the assembler code. @item %= Outputs a number that is unique to each instance of the @code{asm} statement in the entire compilation. This option is useful when creating local labels and referring to them multiple times in a single template that generates multiple assembler instructions. @item %@{ @itemx %| @itemx %@} Outputs @samp{@{}, @samp{|}, and @samp{@}} characters (respectively) into the assembler code. When unescaped, these characters have special meaning to indicate multiple assembler dialects, as described below. @end table @subsubheading Multiple assembler dialects in @code{asm} templates On targets such as x86, GCC supports multiple assembler dialects. The @option{-masm} option controls which dialect GCC uses as its default for inline assembler. The target-specific documentation for the @option{-masm} option contains the list of supported dialects, as well as the default dialect if the option is not specified. This information may be important to understand, since assembler code that works correctly when compiled using one dialect will likely fail if compiled using another. @xref{x86 Options}. If your code needs to support multiple assembler dialects (for example, if you are writing public headers that need to support a variety of compilation options), use constructs of this form: @example @{ dialect0 | dialect1 | dialect2... @} @end example This construct outputs @code{dialect0} when using dialect #0 to compile the code, @code{dialect1} for dialect #1, etc. If there are fewer alternatives within the braces than the number of dialects the compiler supports, the construct outputs nothing. For example, if an x86 compiler supports two dialects (@samp{att}, @samp{intel}), an assembler template such as this: @example "bt@{l %[Offset],%[Base] | %[Base],%[Offset]@}; jc %l2" @end example @noindent is equivalent to one of @example "btl %[Offset],%[Base] ; jc %l2" @r{/* att dialect */} "bt %[Base],%[Offset]; jc %l2" @r{/* intel dialect */} @end example Using that same compiler, this code: @example "xchg@{l@}\t@{%%@}ebx, %1" @end example @noindent corresponds to either @example "xchgl\t%%ebx, %1" @r{/* att dialect */} "xchg\tebx, %1" @r{/* intel dialect */} @end example There is no support for nesting dialect alternatives. @anchor{OutputOperands} @subsubsection Output Operands @cindex @code{asm} output operands An @code{asm} statement has zero or more output operands indicating the names of C variables modified by the assembler code. In this i386 example, @code{old} (referred to in the template string as @code{%0}) and @code{*Base} (as @code{%1}) are outputs and @code{Offset} (@code{%2}) is an input: @example bool old; __asm__ ("btsl %2,%1\n\t" // Turn on zero-based bit #Offset in Base. "sbb %0,%0" // Use the CF to calculate old. : "=r" (old), "+rm" (*Base) : "Ir" (Offset) : "cc"); return old; @end example Operands are separated by commas. Each operand has this format: @example @r{[} [@var{asmSymbolicName}] @r{]} @var{constraint} (@var{cvariablename}) @end example @table @var @item asmSymbolicName Specifies a symbolic name for the operand. Reference the name in the assembler template by enclosing it in square brackets (i.e. @samp{%[Value]}). The scope of the name is the @code{asm} statement that contains the definition. Any valid C variable name is acceptable, including names already defined in the surrounding code. No two operands within the same @code{asm} statement can use the same symbolic name. When not using an @var{asmSymbolicName}, use the (zero-based) position of the operand in the list of operands in the assembler template. For example if there are three output operands, use @samp{%0} in the template to refer to the first, @samp{%1} for the second, and @samp{%2} for the third. @item constraint A string constant specifying constraints on the placement of the operand; @xref{Constraints}, for details. Output constraints must begin with either @samp{=} (a variable overwriting an existing value) or @samp{+} (when reading and writing). When using @samp{=}, do not assume the location contains the existing value on entry to the @code{asm}, except when the operand is tied to an input; @pxref{InputOperands,,Input Operands}. After the prefix, there must be one or more additional constraints (@pxref{Constraints}) that describe where the value resides. Common constraints include @samp{r} for register and @samp{m} for memory. When you list more than one possible location (for example, @code{"=rm"}), the compiler chooses the most efficient one based on the current context. If you list as many alternates as the @code{asm} statement allows, you permit the optimizers to produce the best possible code. If you must use a specific register, but your Machine Constraints do not provide sufficient control to select the specific register you want, local register variables may provide a solution (@pxref{Local Reg Vars}). @item cvariablename Specifies a C lvalue expression to hold the output, typically a variable name. The enclosing parentheses are a required part of the syntax. @end table When the compiler selects the registers to use to represent the output operands, it does not use any of the clobbered registers (@pxref{Clobbers}). Output operand expressions must be lvalues. The compiler cannot check whether the operands have data types that are reasonable for the instruction being executed. For output expressions that are not directly addressable (for example a bit-field), the constraint must allow a register. In that case, GCC uses the register as the output of the @code{asm}, and then stores that register into the output. Operands using the @samp{+} constraint modifier count as two operands (that is, both as input and output) towards the total maximum of 30 operands per @code{asm} statement. Use the @samp{&} constraint modifier (@pxref{Modifiers}) on all output operands that must not overlap an input. Otherwise, GCC may allocate the output operand in the same register as an unrelated input operand, on the assumption that the assembler code consumes its inputs before producing outputs. This assumption may be false if the assembler code actually consists of more than one instruction. The same problem can occur if one output parameter (@var{a}) allows a register constraint and another output parameter (@var{b}) allows a memory constraint. The code generated by GCC to access the memory address in @var{b} can contain registers which @emph{might} be shared by @var{a}, and GCC considers those registers to be inputs to the asm. As above, GCC assumes that such input registers are consumed before any outputs are written. This assumption may result in incorrect behavior if the asm writes to @var{a} before using @var{b}. Combining the @samp{&} modifier with the register constraint on @var{a} ensures that modifying @var{a} does not affect the address referenced by @var{b}. Otherwise, the location of @var{b} is undefined if @var{a} is modified before using @var{b}. @code{asm} supports operand modifiers on operands (for example @samp{%k2} instead of simply @samp{%2}). Typically these qualifiers are hardware dependent. The list of supported modifiers for x86 is found at @ref{x86Operandmodifiers,x86 Operand modifiers}. If the C code that follows the @code{asm} makes no use of any of the output operands, use @code{volatile} for the @code{asm} statement to prevent the optimizers from discarding the @code{asm} statement as unneeded (see @ref{Volatile}). This code makes no use of the optional @var{asmSymbolicName}. Therefore it references the first output operand as @code{%0} (were there a second, it would be @code{%1}, etc). The number of the first input operand is one greater than that of the last output operand. In this i386 example, that makes @code{Mask} referenced as @code{%1}: @example uint32_t Mask = 1234; uint32_t Index; asm ("bsfl %1, %0" : "=r" (Index) : "r" (Mask) : "cc"); @end example That code overwrites the variable @code{Index} (@samp{=}), placing the value in a register (@samp{r}). Using the generic @samp{r} constraint instead of a constraint for a specific register allows the compiler to pick the register to use, which can result in more efficient code. This may not be possible if an assembler instruction requires a specific register. The following i386 example uses the @var{asmSymbolicName} syntax. It produces the same result as the code above, but some may consider it more readable or more maintainable since reordering index numbers is not necessary when adding or removing operands. The names @code{aIndex} and @code{aMask} are only used in this example to emphasize which names get used where. It is acceptable to reuse the names @code{Index} and @code{Mask}. @example uint32_t Mask = 1234; uint32_t Index; asm ("bsfl %[aMask], %[aIndex]" : [aIndex] "=r" (Index) : [aMask] "r" (Mask) : "cc"); @end example Here are some more examples of output operands. @example uint32_t c = 1; uint32_t d; uint32_t *e = &c; asm ("mov %[e], %[d]" : [d] "=rm" (d) : [e] "rm" (*e)); @end example Here, @code{d} may either be in a register or in memory. Since the compiler might already have the current value of the @code{uint32_t} location pointed to by @code{e} in a register, you can enable it to choose the best location for @code{d} by specifying both constraints. @anchor{InputOperands} @subsubsection Input Operands @cindex @code{asm} input operands @cindex @code{asm} expressions Input operands make values from C variables and expressions available to the assembly code. Operands are separated by commas. Each operand has this format: @example @r{[} [@var{asmSymbolicName}] @r{]} @var{constraint} (@var{cexpression}) @end example @table @var @item asmSymbolicName Specifies a symbolic name for the operand. Reference the name in the assembler template by enclosing it in square brackets (i.e. @samp{%[Value]}). The scope of the name is the @code{asm} statement that contains the definition. Any valid C variable name is acceptable, including names already defined in the surrounding code. No two operands within the same @code{asm} statement can use the same symbolic name. When not using an @var{asmSymbolicName}, use the (zero-based) position of the operand in the list of operands in the assembler template. For example if there are two output operands and three inputs, use @samp{%2} in the template to refer to the first input operand, @samp{%3} for the second, and @samp{%4} for the third. @item constraint A string constant specifying constraints on the placement of the operand; @xref{Constraints}, for details. Input constraint strings may not begin with either @samp{=} or @samp{+}. When you list more than one possible location (for example, @samp{"irm"}), the compiler chooses the most efficient one based on the current context. If you must use a specific register, but your Machine Constraints do not provide sufficient control to select the specific register you want, local register variables may provide a solution (@pxref{Local Reg Vars}). Input constraints can also be digits (for example, @code{"0"}). This indicates that the specified input must be in the same place as the output constraint at the (zero-based) index in the output constraint list. When using @var{asmSymbolicName} syntax for the output operands, you may use these names (enclosed in brackets @samp{[]}) instead of digits. @item cexpression This is the C variable or expression being passed to the @code{asm} statement as input. The enclosing parentheses are a required part of the syntax. @end table When the compiler selects the registers to use to represent the input operands, it does not use any of the clobbered registers (@pxref{Clobbers}). If there are no output operands but there are input operands, place two consecutive colons where the output operands would go: @example __asm__ ("some instructions" : /* No outputs. */ : "r" (Offset / 8)); @end example @strong{Warning:} Do @emph{not} modify the contents of input-only operands (except for inputs tied to outputs). The compiler assumes that on exit from the @code{asm} statement these operands contain the same values as they had before executing the statement. It is @emph{not} possible to use clobbers to inform the compiler that the values in these inputs are changing. One common work-around is to tie the changing input variable to an output variable that never gets used. Note, however, that if the code that follows the @code{asm} statement makes no use of any of the output operands, the GCC optimizers may discard the @code{asm} statement as unneeded (see @ref{Volatile}). @code{asm} supports operand modifiers on operands (for example @samp{%k2} instead of simply @samp{%2}). Typically these qualifiers are hardware dependent. The list of supported modifiers for x86 is found at @ref{x86Operandmodifiers,x86 Operand modifiers}. In this example using the fictitious @code{combine} instruction, the constraint @code{"0"} for input operand 1 says that it must occupy the same location as output operand 0. Only input operands may use numbers in constraints, and they must each refer to an output operand. Only a number (or the symbolic assembler name) in the constraint can guarantee that one operand is in the same place as another. The mere fact that @code{foo} is the value of both operands is not enough to guarantee that they are in the same place in the generated assembler code. @example asm ("combine %2, %0" : "=r" (foo) : "0" (foo), "g" (bar)); @end example Here is an example using symbolic names. @example asm ("cmoveq %1, %2, %[result]" : [result] "=r"(result) : "r" (test), "r" (new), "[result]" (old)); @end example @anchor{Clobbers} @subsubsection Clobbers @cindex @code{asm} clobbers While the compiler is aware of changes to entries listed in the output operands, the inline @code{asm} code may modify more than just the outputs. For example, calculations may require additional registers, or the processor may overwrite a register as a side effect of a particular assembler instruction. In order to inform the compiler of these changes, list them in the clobber list. Clobber list items are either register names or the special clobbers (listed below). Each clobber list item is a string constant enclosed in double quotes and separated by commas. Clobber descriptions may not in any way overlap with an input or output operand. For example, you may not have an operand describing a register class with one member when listing that register in the clobber list. Variables declared to live in specific registers (@pxref{Explicit Reg Vars}) and used as @code{asm} input or output operands must have no part mentioned in the clobber description. In particular, there is no way to specify that input operands get modified without also specifying them as output operands. When the compiler selects which registers to use to represent input and output operands, it does not use any of the clobbered registers. As a result, clobbered registers are available for any use in the assembler code. Here is a realistic example for the VAX showing the use of clobbered registers: @example asm volatile ("movc3 %0, %1, %2" : /* No outputs. */ : "g" (from), "g" (to), "g" (count) : "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3", "r4", "r5"); @end example Also, there are two special clobber arguments: @table @code @item "cc" The @code{"cc"} clobber indicates that the assembler code modifies the flags register. On some machines, GCC represents the condition codes as a specific hardware register; @code{"cc"} serves to name this register. On other machines, condition code handling is different, and specifying @code{"cc"} has no effect. But it is valid no matter what the target. @item "memory" The @code{"memory"} clobber tells the compiler that the assembly code performs memory reads or writes to items other than those listed in the input and output operands (for example, accessing the memory pointed to by one of the input parameters). To ensure memory contains correct values, GCC may need to flush specific register values to memory before executing the @code{asm}. Further, the compiler does not assume that any values read from memory before an @code{asm} remain unchanged after that @code{asm}; it reloads them as needed. Using the @code{"memory"} clobber effectively forms a read/write memory barrier for the compiler. Note that this clobber does not prevent the @emph{processor} from doing speculative reads past the @code{asm} statement. To prevent that, you need processor-specific fence instructions. Flushing registers to memory has performance implications and may be an issue for time-sensitive code. You can use a trick to avoid this if the size of the memory being accessed is known at compile time. For example, if accessing ten bytes of a string, use a memory input like: @code{@{"m"( (@{ struct @{ char x[10]; @} *p = (void *)ptr ; *p; @}) )@}}. @end table @anchor{GotoLabels} @subsubsection Goto Labels @cindex @code{asm} goto labels @code{asm goto} allows assembly code to jump to one or more C labels. The @var{GotoLabels} section in an @code{asm goto} statement contains a comma-separated list of all C labels to which the assembler code may jump. GCC assumes that @code{asm} execution falls through to the next statement (if this is not the case, consider using the @code{__builtin_unreachable} intrinsic after the @code{asm} statement). Optimization of @code{asm goto} may be improved by using the @code{hot} and @code{cold} label attributes (@pxref{Label Attributes}). An @code{asm goto} statement cannot have outputs. This is due to an internal restriction of the compiler: control transfer instructions cannot have outputs. If the assembler code does modify anything, use the @code{"memory"} clobber to force the optimizers to flush all register values to memory and reload them if necessary after the @code{asm} statement. Also note that an @code{asm goto} statement is always implicitly considered volatile. To reference a label in the assembler template, prefix it with @samp{%l} (lowercase @samp{L}) followed by its (zero-based) position in @var{GotoLabels} plus the number of input operands. For example, if the @code{asm} has three inputs and references two labels, refer to the first label as @samp{%l3} and the second as @samp{%l4}). Alternately, you can reference labels using the actual C label name enclosed in brackets. For example, to reference a label named @code{carry}, you can use @samp{%l[carry]}. The label must still be listed in the @var{GotoLabels} section when using this approach. Here is an example of @code{asm goto} for i386: @example asm goto ( "btl %1, %0\n\t" "jc %l2" : /* No outputs. */ : "r" (p1), "r" (p2) : "cc" : carry); return 0; carry: return 1; @end example The following example shows an @code{asm goto} that uses a memory clobber. @example int frob(int x) @{ int y; asm goto ("frob %%r5, %1; jc %l[error]; mov (%2), %%r5" : /* No outputs. */ : "r"(x), "r"(&y) : "r5", "memory" : error); return y; error: return -1; @} @end example @anchor{x86Operandmodifiers} @subsubsection x86 Operand Modifiers References to input, output, and goto operands in the assembler template of extended @code{asm} statements can use modifiers to affect the way the operands are formatted in the code output to the assembler. For example, the following code uses the @samp{h} and @samp{b} modifiers for x86: @example uint16_t num; asm volatile ("xchg %h0, %b0" : "+a" (num) ); @end example @noindent These modifiers generate this assembler code: @example xchg %ah, %al @end example The rest of this discussion uses the following code for illustrative purposes. @example int main() @{ int iInt = 1; top: asm volatile goto ("some assembler instructions here" : /* No outputs. */ : "q" (iInt), "X" (sizeof(unsigned char) + 1) : /* No clobbers. */ : top); @} @end example With no modifiers, this is what the output from the operands would be for the @samp{att} and @samp{intel} dialects of assembler: @multitable {Operand} {masm=att} {OFFSET FLAT:.L2} @headitem Operand @tab masm=att @tab masm=intel @item @code{%0} @tab @code{%eax} @tab @code{eax} @item @code{%1} @tab @code{$2} @tab @code{2} @item @code{%2} @tab @code{$.L2} @tab @code{OFFSET FLAT:.L2} @end multitable The table below shows the list of supported modifiers and their effects. @multitable {Modifier} {Print the opcode suffix for the size of th} {Operand} {masm=att} {masm=intel} @headitem Modifier @tab Description @tab Operand @tab @option{masm=att} @tab @option{masm=intel} @item @code{z} @tab Print the opcode suffix for the size of the current integer operand (one of @code{b}/@code{w}/@code{l}/@code{q}). @tab @code{%z0} @tab @code{l} @tab @item @code{b} @tab Print the QImode name of the register. @tab @code{%b0} @tab @code{%al} @tab @code{al} @item @code{h} @tab Print the QImode name for a ``high'' register. @tab @code{%h0} @tab @code{%ah} @tab @code{ah} @item @code{w} @tab Print the HImode name of the register. @tab @code{%w0} @tab @code{%ax} @tab @code{ax} @item @code{k} @tab Print the SImode name of the register. @tab @code{%k0} @tab @code{%eax} @tab @code{eax} @item @code{q} @tab Print the DImode name of the register. @tab @code{%q0} @tab @code{%rax} @tab @code{rax} @item @code{l} @tab Print the label name with no punctuation. @tab @code{%l2} @tab @code{.L2} @tab @code{.L2} @item @code{c} @tab Require a constant operand and print the constant expression with no punctuation. @tab @code{%c1} @tab @code{2} @tab @code{2} @end multitable @anchor{x86floatingpointasmoperands} @subsubsection x86 Floating-Point @code{asm} Operands On x86 targets, there are several rules on the usage of stack-like registers in the operands of an @code{asm}. These rules apply only to the operands that are stack-like registers: @enumerate @item Given a set of input registers that die in an @code{asm}, it is necessary to know which are implicitly popped by the @code{asm}, and which must be explicitly popped by GCC@. An input register that is implicitly popped by the @code{asm} must be explicitly clobbered, unless it is constrained to match an output operand. @item For any input register that is implicitly popped by an @code{asm}, it is necessary to know how to adjust the stack to compensate for the pop. If any non-popped input is closer to the top of the reg-stack than the implicitly popped register, it would not be possible to know what the stack looked like---it's not clear how the rest of the stack ``slides up''. All implicitly popped input registers must be closer to the top of the reg-stack than any input that is not implicitly popped. It is possible that if an input dies in an @code{asm}, the compiler might use the input register for an output reload. Consider this example: @smallexample asm ("foo" : "=t" (a) : "f" (b)); @end smallexample @noindent This code says that input @code{b} is not popped by the @code{asm}, and that the @code{asm} pushes a result onto the reg-stack, i.e., the stack is one deeper after the @code{asm} than it was before. But, it is possible that reload may think that it can use the same register for both the input and the output. To prevent this from happening, if any input operand uses the @samp{f} constraint, all output register constraints must use the @samp{&} early-clobber modifier. The example above is correctly written as: @smallexample asm ("foo" : "=&t" (a) : "f" (b)); @end smallexample @item Some operands need to be in particular places on the stack. All output operands fall in this category---GCC has no other way to know which registers the outputs appear in unless you indicate this in the constraints. Output operands must specifically indicate which register an output appears in after an @code{asm}. @samp{=f} is not allowed: the operand constraints must select a class with a single register. @item Output operands may not be ``inserted'' between existing stack registers. Since no 387 opcode uses a read/write operand, all output operands are dead before the @code{asm}, and are pushed by the @code{asm}. It makes no sense to push anywhere but the top of the reg-stack. Output operands must start at the top of the reg-stack: output operands may not ``skip'' a register. @item Some @code{asm} statements may need extra stack space for internal calculations. This can be guaranteed by clobbering stack registers unrelated to the inputs and outputs. @end enumerate This @code{asm} takes one input, which is internally popped, and produces two outputs. @smallexample asm ("fsincos" : "=t" (cos), "=u" (sin) : "0" (inp)); @end smallexample @noindent This @code{asm} takes two inputs, which are popped by the @code{fyl2xp1} opcode, and replaces them with one output. The @code{st(1)} clobber is necessary for the compiler to know that @code{fyl2xp1} pops both inputs. @smallexample asm ("fyl2xp1" : "=t" (result) : "0" (x), "u" (y) : "st(1)"); @end smallexample @lowersections @include md.texi @raisesections @node Asm Labels @subsection Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code @cindex assembler names for identifiers @cindex names used in assembler code @cindex identifiers, names in assembler code You can specify the name to be used in the assembler code for a C function or variable by writing the @code{asm} (or @code{__asm__}) keyword after the declarator as follows: @smallexample int foo asm ("myfoo") = 2; @end smallexample @noindent This specifies that the name to be used for the variable @code{foo} in the assembler code should be @samp{myfoo} rather than the usual @samp{_foo}. On systems where an underscore is normally prepended to the name of a C function or variable, this feature allows you to define names for the linker that do not start with an underscore. It does not make sense to use this feature with a non-static local variable since such variables do not have assembler names. If you are trying to put the variable in a particular register, see @ref{Explicit Reg Vars}. GCC presently accepts such code with a warning, but will probably be changed to issue an error, rather than a warning, in the future. You cannot use @code{asm} in this way in a function @emph{definition}; but you can get the same effect by writing a declaration for the function before its definition and putting @code{asm} there, like this: @smallexample extern func () asm ("FUNC"); func (x, y) int x, y; /* @r{@dots{}} */ @end smallexample It is up to you to make sure that the assembler names you choose do not conflict with any other assembler symbols. Also, you must not use a register name; that would produce completely invalid assembler code. GCC does not as yet have the ability to store static variables in registers. Perhaps that will be added. @node Explicit Reg Vars @subsection Variables in Specified Registers @cindex explicit register variables @cindex variables in specified registers @cindex specified registers @cindex registers, global allocation GNU C allows you to put a few global variables into specified hardware registers. You can also specify the register in which an ordinary register variable should be allocated. @itemize @bullet @item Global register variables reserve registers throughout the program. This may be useful in programs such as programming language interpreters that have a couple of global variables that are accessed very often. @item Local register variables in specific registers do not reserve the registers, except at the point where they are used as input or output operands in an @code{asm} statement and the @code{asm} statement itself is not deleted. The compiler's data flow analysis is capable of determining where the specified registers contain live values, and where they are available for other uses. Stores into local register variables may be deleted when they appear to be dead according to dataflow analysis. References to local register variables may be deleted or moved or simplified. These local variables are sometimes convenient for use with the extended @code{asm} feature (@pxref{Extended Asm}), if you want to write one output of the assembler instruction directly into a particular register. (This works provided the register you specify fits the constraints specified for that operand in the @code{asm}.) @end itemize @menu * Global Reg Vars:: * Local Reg Vars:: @end menu @node Global Reg Vars @subsubsection Defining Global Register Variables @cindex global register variables @cindex registers, global variables in You can define a global register variable in GNU C like this: @smallexample register int *foo asm ("a5"); @end smallexample @noindent Here @code{a5} is the name of the register that should be used. Choose a register that is normally saved and restored by function calls on your machine, so that library routines will not clobber it. Naturally the register name is CPU-dependent, so you need to conditionalize your program according to CPU type. The register @code{a5} is a good choice on a 68000 for a variable of pointer type. On machines with register windows, be sure to choose a ``global'' register that is not affected magically by the function call mechanism. In addition, different operating systems on the same CPU may differ in how they name the registers; then you need additional conditionals. For example, some 68000 operating systems call this register @code{%a5}. Eventually there may be a way of asking the compiler to choose a register automatically, but first we need to figure out how it should choose and how to enable you to guide the choice. No solution is evident. Defining a global register variable in a certain register reserves that register entirely for this use, at least within the current compilation. The register is not allocated for any other purpose in the functions in the current compilation, and is not saved and restored by these functions. Stores into this register are never deleted even if they appear to be dead, but references may be deleted or moved or simplified. It is not safe to access the global register variables from signal handlers, or from more than one thread of control, because the system library routines may temporarily use the register for other things (unless you recompile them specially for the task at hand). @cindex @code{qsort}, and global register variables It is not safe for one function that uses a global register variable to call another such function @code{foo} by way of a third function @code{lose} that is compiled without knowledge of this variable (i.e.@: in a different source file in which the variable isn't declared). This is because @code{lose} might save the register and put some other value there. For example, you can't expect a global register variable to be available in the comparison-function that you pass to @code{qsort}, since @code{qsort} might have put something else in that register. (If you are prepared to recompile @code{qsort} with the same global register variable, you can solve this problem.) If you want to recompile @code{qsort} or other source files that do not actually use your global register variable, so that they do not use that register for any other purpose, then it suffices to specify the compiler option @option{-ffixed-@var{reg}}. You need not actually add a global register declaration to their source code. A function that can alter the value of a global register variable cannot safely be called from a function compiled without this variable, because it could clobber the value the caller expects to find there on return. Therefore, the function that is the entry point into the part of the program that uses the global register variable must explicitly save and restore the value that belongs to its caller. @cindex register variable after @code{longjmp} @cindex global register after @code{longjmp} @cindex value after @code{longjmp} @findex longjmp @findex setjmp On most machines, @code{longjmp} restores to each global register variable the value it had at the time of the @code{setjmp}. On some machines, however, @code{longjmp} does not change the value of global register variables. To be portable, the function that called @code{setjmp} should make other arrangements to save the values of the global register variables, and to restore them in a @code{longjmp}. This way, the same thing happens regardless of what @code{longjmp} does. All global register variable declarations must precede all function definitions. If such a declaration could appear after function definitions, the declaration would be too late to prevent the register from being used for other purposes in the preceding functions. Global register variables may not have initial values, because an executable file has no means to supply initial contents for a register. On the SPARC, there are reports that g3 @dots{} g7 are suitable registers, but certain library functions, such as @code{getwd}, as well as the subroutines for division and remainder, modify g3 and g4. g1 and g2 are local temporaries. On the 68000, a2 @dots{} a5 should be suitable, as should d2 @dots{} d7. Of course, it does not do to use more than a few of those. @node Local Reg Vars @subsubsection Specifying Registers for Local Variables @cindex local variables, specifying registers @cindex specifying registers for local variables @cindex registers for local variables You can define a local register variable with a specified register like this: @smallexample register int *foo asm ("a5"); @end smallexample @noindent Here @code{a5} is the name of the register that should be used. Note that this is the same syntax used for defining global register variables, but for a local variable it appears within a function. Naturally the register name is CPU-dependent, but this is not a problem, since specific registers are most often useful with explicit assembler instructions (@pxref{Extended Asm}). Both of these things generally require that you conditionalize your program according to CPU type. In addition, operating systems on one type of CPU may differ in how they name the registers; then you need additional conditionals. For example, some 68000 operating systems call this register @code{%a5}. Defining such a register variable does not reserve the register; it remains available for other uses in places where flow control determines the variable's value is not live. This option does not guarantee that GCC generates code that has this variable in the register you specify at all times. You may not code an explicit reference to this register in the assembler instruction template part of an @code{asm} statement and assume it always refers to this variable. However, using the variable as an input or output operand to the @code{asm} guarantees that the specified register is used for that operand. @xref{Extended Asm}, for more information. Stores into local register variables may be deleted when they appear to be dead according to dataflow analysis. References to local register variables may be deleted or moved or simplified. As with global register variables, it is recommended that you choose a register that is normally saved and restored by function calls on your machine, so that library routines will not clobber it. Sometimes when writing inline @code{asm} code, you need to make an operand be a specific register, but there's no matching constraint letter for that register. To force the operand into that register, create a local variable and specify the register in the variable's declaration. Then use the local variable for the asm operand and specify any constraint letter that matches the register: @smallexample register int *p1 asm ("r0") = @dots{}; register int *p2 asm ("r1") = @dots{}; register int *result asm ("r0"); asm ("sysint" : "=r" (result) : "0" (p1), "r" (p2)); @end smallexample @emph{Warning:} In the above example, be aware that a register (for example r0) can be call-clobbered by subsequent code, including function calls and library calls for arithmetic operators on other variables (for example the initialization of p2). In this case, use temporary variables for expressions between the register assignments: @smallexample int t1 = @dots{}; register int *p1 asm ("r0") = @dots{}; register int *p2 asm ("r1") = t1; register int *result asm ("r0"); asm ("sysint" : "=r" (result) : "0" (p1), "r" (p2)); @end smallexample @node Size of an asm @subsection Size of an @code{asm} Some targets require that GCC track the size of each instruction used in order to generate correct code. Because the final length of the code produced by an @code{asm} statement is only known by the assembler, GCC must make an estimate as to how big it will be. It does this by counting the number of instructions in the pattern of the @code{asm} and multiplying that by the length of the longest instruction supported by that processor. (When working out the number of instructions, it assumes that any occurrence of a newline or of whatever statement separator character is supported by the assembler -- typically @samp{;} --- indicates the end of an instruction.) Normally, GCC's estimate is adequate to ensure that correct code is generated, but it is possible to confuse the compiler if you use pseudo instructions or assembler macros that expand into multiple real instructions, or if you use assembler directives that expand to more space in the object file than is needed for a single instruction. If this happens then the assembler may produce a diagnostic saying that a label is unreachable. @node Alternate Keywords @section Alternate Keywords @cindex alternate keywords @cindex keywords, alternate @option{-ansi} and the various @option{-std} options disable certain keywords. This causes trouble when you want to use GNU C extensions, or a general-purpose header file that should be usable by all programs, including ISO C programs. The keywords @code{asm}, @code{typeof} and @code{inline} are not available in programs compiled with @option{-ansi} or @option{-std} (although @code{inline} can be used in a program compiled with @option{-std=c99} or @option{-std=c11}). The ISO C99 keyword @code{restrict} is only available when @option{-std=gnu99} (which will eventually be the default) or @option{-std=c99} (or the equivalent @option{-std=iso9899:1999}), or an option for a later standard version, is used. The way to solve these problems is to put @samp{__} at the beginning and end of each problematical keyword. For example, use @code{__asm__} instead of @code{asm}, and @code{__inline__} instead of @code{inline}. Other C compilers won't accept these alternative keywords; if you want to compile with another compiler, you can define the alternate keywords as macros to replace them with the customary keywords. It looks like this: @smallexample #ifndef __GNUC__ #define __asm__ asm #endif @end smallexample @findex __extension__ @opindex pedantic @option{-pedantic} and other options cause warnings for many GNU C extensions. You can prevent such warnings within one expression by writing @code{__extension__} before the expression. @code{__extension__} has no effect aside from this. @node Incomplete Enums @section Incomplete @code{enum} Types You can define an @code{enum} tag without specifying its possible values. This results in an incomplete type, much like what you get if you write @code{struct foo} without describing the elements. A later declaration that does specify the possible values completes the type. You can't allocate variables or storage using the type while it is incomplete. However, you can work with pointers to that type. This extension may not be very useful, but it makes the handling of @code{enum} more consistent with the way @code{struct} and @code{union} are handled. This extension is not supported by GNU C++. @node Function Names @section Function Names as Strings @cindex @code{__func__} identifier @cindex @code{__FUNCTION__} identifier @cindex @code{__PRETTY_FUNCTION__} identifier GCC provides three magic variables that hold the name of the current function, as a string. The first of these is @code{__func__}, which is part of the C99 standard: The identifier @code{__func__} is implicitly declared by the translator as if, immediately following the opening brace of each function definition, the declaration @smallexample static const char __func__[] = "function-name"; @end smallexample @noindent appeared, where function-name is the name of the lexically-enclosing function. This name is the unadorned name of the function. @code{__FUNCTION__} is another name for @code{__func__}. Older versions of GCC recognize only this name. However, it is not standardized. For maximum portability, we recommend you use @code{__func__}, but provide a fallback definition with the preprocessor: @smallexample #if __STDC_VERSION__ < 199901L # if __GNUC__ >= 2 # define __func__ __FUNCTION__ # else # define __func__ "" # endif #endif @end smallexample In C, @code{__PRETTY_FUNCTION__} is yet another name for @code{__func__}. However, in C++, @code{__PRETTY_FUNCTION__} contains the type signature of the function as well as its bare name. For example, this program: @smallexample extern "C" @{ extern int printf (char *, ...); @} class a @{ public: void sub (int i) @{ printf ("__FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __FUNCTION__); printf ("__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = %s\n", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__); @} @}; int main (void) @{ a ax; ax.sub (0); return 0; @} @end smallexample @noindent gives this output: @smallexample __FUNCTION__ = sub __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ = void a::sub(int) @end smallexample These identifiers are not preprocessor macros. In GCC 3.3 and earlier, in C only, @code{__FUNCTION__} and @code{__PRETTY_FUNCTION__} were treated as string literals; they could be used to initialize @code{char} arrays, and they could be concatenated with other string literals. GCC 3.4 and later treat them as variables, like @code{__func__}. In C++, @code{__FUNCTION__} and @code{__PRETTY_FUNCTION__} have always been variables. @node Return Address @section Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function These functions may be used to get information about the callers of a function. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void *} __builtin_return_address (unsigned int @var{level}) This function returns the return address of the current function, or of one of its callers. The @var{level} argument is number of frames to scan up the call stack. A value of @code{0} yields the return address of the current function, a value of @code{1} yields the return address of the caller of the current function, and so forth. When inlining the expected behavior is that the function returns the address of the function that is returned to. To work around this behavior use the @code{noinline} function attribute. The @var{level} argument must be a constant integer. On some machines it may be impossible to determine the return address of any function other than the current one; in such cases, or when the top of the stack has been reached, this function returns @code{0} or a random value. In addition, @code{__builtin_frame_address} may be used to determine if the top of the stack has been reached. Additional post-processing of the returned value may be needed, see @code{__builtin_extract_return_addr}. This function should only be used with a nonzero argument for debugging purposes. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void *} __builtin_extract_return_addr (void *@var{addr}) The address as returned by @code{__builtin_return_address} may have to be fed through this function to get the actual encoded address. For example, on the 31-bit S/390 platform the highest bit has to be masked out, or on SPARC platforms an offset has to be added for the true next instruction to be executed. If no fixup is needed, this function simply passes through @var{addr}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void *} __builtin_frob_return_address (void *@var{addr}) This function does the reverse of @code{__builtin_extract_return_addr}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void *} __builtin_frame_address (unsigned int @var{level}) This function is similar to @code{__builtin_return_address}, but it returns the address of the function frame rather than the return address of the function. Calling @code{__builtin_frame_address} with a value of @code{0} yields the frame address of the current function, a value of @code{1} yields the frame address of the caller of the current function, and so forth. The frame is the area on the stack that holds local variables and saved registers. The frame address is normally the address of the first word pushed on to the stack by the function. However, the exact definition depends upon the processor and the calling convention. If the processor has a dedicated frame pointer register, and the function has a frame, then @code{__builtin_frame_address} returns the value of the frame pointer register. On some machines it may be impossible to determine the frame address of any function other than the current one; in such cases, or when the top of the stack has been reached, this function returns @code{0} if the first frame pointer is properly initialized by the startup code. This function should only be used with a nonzero argument for debugging purposes. @end deftypefn @node Vector Extensions @section Using Vector Instructions through Built-in Functions On some targets, the instruction set contains SIMD vector instructions which operate on multiple values contained in one large register at the same time. For example, on the x86 the MMX, 3DNow!@: and SSE extensions can be used this way. The first step in using these extensions is to provide the necessary data types. This should be done using an appropriate @code{typedef}: @smallexample typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))); @end smallexample @noindent The @code{int} type specifies the base type, while the attribute specifies the vector size for the variable, measured in bytes. For example, the declaration above causes the compiler to set the mode for the @code{v4si} type to be 16 bytes wide and divided into @code{int} sized units. For a 32-bit @code{int} this means a vector of 4 units of 4 bytes, and the corresponding mode of @code{foo} is @acronym{V4SI}. The @code{vector_size} attribute is only applicable to integral and float scalars, although arrays, pointers, and function return values are allowed in conjunction with this construct. Only sizes that are a power of two are currently allowed. All the basic integer types can be used as base types, both as signed and as unsigned: @code{char}, @code{short}, @code{int}, @code{long}, @code{long long}. In addition, @code{float} and @code{double} can be used to build floating-point vector types. Specifying a combination that is not valid for the current architecture causes GCC to synthesize the instructions using a narrower mode. For example, if you specify a variable of type @code{V4SI} and your architecture does not allow for this specific SIMD type, GCC produces code that uses 4 @code{SIs}. The types defined in this manner can be used with a subset of normal C operations. Currently, GCC allows using the following operators on these types: @code{+, -, *, /, unary minus, ^, |, &, ~, %}@. The operations behave like C++ @code{valarrays}. Addition is defined as the addition of the corresponding elements of the operands. For example, in the code below, each of the 4 elements in @var{a} is added to the corresponding 4 elements in @var{b} and the resulting vector is stored in @var{c}. @smallexample typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))); v4si a, b, c; c = a + b; @end smallexample Subtraction, multiplication, division, and the logical operations operate in a similar manner. Likewise, the result of using the unary minus or complement operators on a vector type is a vector whose elements are the negative or complemented values of the corresponding elements in the operand. It is possible to use shifting operators @code{<<}, @code{>>} on integer-type vectors. The operation is defined as following: @code{@{a0, a1, @dots{}, an@} >> @{b0, b1, @dots{}, bn@} == @{a0 >> b0, a1 >> b1, @dots{}, an >> bn@}}@. Vector operands must have the same number of elements. For convenience, it is allowed to use a binary vector operation where one operand is a scalar. In that case the compiler transforms the scalar operand into a vector where each element is the scalar from the operation. The transformation happens only if the scalar could be safely converted to the vector-element type. Consider the following code. @smallexample typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))); v4si a, b, c; long l; a = b + 1; /* a = b + @{1,1,1,1@}; */ a = 2 * b; /* a = @{2,2,2,2@} * b; */ a = l + a; /* Error, cannot convert long to int. */ @end smallexample Vectors can be subscripted as if the vector were an array with the same number of elements and base type. Out of bound accesses invoke undefined behavior at run time. Warnings for out of bound accesses for vector subscription can be enabled with @option{-Warray-bounds}. Vector comparison is supported with standard comparison operators: @code{==, !=, <, <=, >, >=}. Comparison operands can be vector expressions of integer-type or real-type. Comparison between integer-type vectors and real-type vectors are not supported. The result of the comparison is a vector of the same width and number of elements as the comparison operands with a signed integral element type. Vectors are compared element-wise producing 0 when comparison is false and -1 (constant of the appropriate type where all bits are set) otherwise. Consider the following example. @smallexample typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))); v4si a = @{1,2,3,4@}; v4si b = @{3,2,1,4@}; v4si c; c = a > b; /* The result would be @{0, 0,-1, 0@} */ c = a == b; /* The result would be @{0,-1, 0,-1@} */ @end smallexample In C++, the ternary operator @code{?:} is available. @code{a?b:c}, where @code{b} and @code{c} are vectors of the same type and @code{a} is an integer vector with the same number of elements of the same size as @code{b} and @code{c}, computes all three arguments and creates a vector @code{@{a[0]?b[0]:c[0], a[1]?b[1]:c[1], @dots{}@}}. Note that unlike in OpenCL, @code{a} is thus interpreted as @code{a != 0} and not @code{a < 0}. As in the case of binary operations, this syntax is also accepted when one of @code{b} or @code{c} is a scalar that is then transformed into a vector. If both @code{b} and @code{c} are scalars and the type of @code{true?b:c} has the same size as the element type of @code{a}, then @code{b} and @code{c} are converted to a vector type whose elements have this type and with the same number of elements as @code{a}. In C++, the logic operators @code{!, &&, ||} are available for vectors. @code{!v} is equivalent to @code{v == 0}, @code{a && b} is equivalent to @code{a!=0 & b!=0} and @code{a || b} is equivalent to @code{a!=0 | b!=0}. For mixed operations between a scalar @code{s} and a vector @code{v}, @code{s && v} is equivalent to @code{s?v!=0:0} (the evaluation is short-circuit) and @code{v && s} is equivalent to @code{v!=0 & (s?-1:0)}. Vector shuffling is available using functions @code{__builtin_shuffle (vec, mask)} and @code{__builtin_shuffle (vec0, vec1, mask)}. Both functions construct a permutation of elements from one or two vectors and return a vector of the same type as the input vector(s). The @var{mask} is an integral vector with the same width (@var{W}) and element count (@var{N}) as the output vector. The elements of the input vectors are numbered in memory ordering of @var{vec0} beginning at 0 and @var{vec1} beginning at @var{N}. The elements of @var{mask} are considered modulo @var{N} in the single-operand case and modulo @math{2*@var{N}} in the two-operand case. Consider the following example, @smallexample typedef int v4si __attribute__ ((vector_size (16))); v4si a = @{1,2,3,4@}; v4si b = @{5,6,7,8@}; v4si mask1 = @{0,1,1,3@}; v4si mask2 = @{0,4,2,5@}; v4si res; res = __builtin_shuffle (a, mask1); /* res is @{1,2,2,4@} */ res = __builtin_shuffle (a, b, mask2); /* res is @{1,5,3,6@} */ @end smallexample Note that @code{__builtin_shuffle} is intentionally semantically compatible with the OpenCL @code{shuffle} and @code{shuffle2} functions. You can declare variables and use them in function calls and returns, as well as in assignments and some casts. You can specify a vector type as a return type for a function. Vector types can also be used as function arguments. It is possible to cast from one vector type to another, provided they are of the same size (in fact, you can also cast vectors to and from other datatypes of the same size). You cannot operate between vectors of different lengths or different signedness without a cast. @node Offsetof @section Offsetof @findex __builtin_offsetof GCC implements for both C and C++ a syntactic extension to implement the @code{offsetof} macro. @smallexample primary: "__builtin_offsetof" "(" @code{typename} "," offsetof_member_designator ")" offsetof_member_designator: @code{identifier} | offsetof_member_designator "." @code{identifier} | offsetof_member_designator "[" @code{expr} "]" @end smallexample This extension is sufficient such that @smallexample #define offsetof(@var{type}, @var{member}) __builtin_offsetof (@var{type}, @var{member}) @end smallexample @noindent is a suitable definition of the @code{offsetof} macro. In C++, @var{type} may be dependent. In either case, @var{member} may consist of a single identifier, or a sequence of member accesses and array references. @node __sync Builtins @section Legacy __sync Built-in Functions for Atomic Memory Access The following built-in functions are intended to be compatible with those described in the @cite{Intel Itanium Processor-specific Application Binary Interface}, section 7.4. As such, they depart from the normal GCC practice of using the @samp{__builtin_} prefix, and further that they are overloaded such that they work on multiple types. The definition given in the Intel documentation allows only for the use of the types @code{int}, @code{long}, @code{long long} as well as their unsigned counterparts. GCC allows any integral scalar or pointer type that is 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes in length. Not all operations are supported by all target processors. If a particular operation cannot be implemented on the target processor, a warning is generated and a call an external function is generated. The external function carries the same name as the built-in version, with an additional suffix @samp{_@var{n}} where @var{n} is the size of the data type. @c ??? Should we have a mechanism to suppress this warning? This is almost @c useful for implementing the operation under the control of an external @c mutex. In most cases, these built-in functions are considered a @dfn{full barrier}. That is, no memory operand is moved across the operation, either forward or backward. Further, instructions are issued as necessary to prevent the processor from speculating loads across the operation and from queuing stores after the operation. All of the routines are described in the Intel documentation to take ``an optional list of variables protected by the memory barrier''. It's not clear what is meant by that; it could mean that @emph{only} the following variables are protected, or it could mean that these variables should in addition be protected. At present GCC ignores this list and protects all variables that are globally accessible. If in the future we make some use of this list, an empty list will continue to mean all globally accessible variables. @table @code @item @var{type} __sync_fetch_and_add (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_fetch_and_sub (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_fetch_and_or (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_fetch_and_and (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_fetch_and_xor (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_fetch_and_nand (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @findex __sync_fetch_and_add @findex __sync_fetch_and_sub @findex __sync_fetch_and_or @findex __sync_fetch_and_and @findex __sync_fetch_and_xor @findex __sync_fetch_and_nand These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the name, and returns the value that had previously been in memory. That is, @smallexample @{ tmp = *ptr; *ptr @var{op}= value; return tmp; @} @{ tmp = *ptr; *ptr = ~(tmp & value); return tmp; @} // nand @end smallexample @emph{Note:} GCC 4.4 and later implement @code{__sync_fetch_and_nand} as @code{*ptr = ~(tmp & value)} instead of @code{*ptr = ~tmp & value}. @item @var{type} __sync_add_and_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_sub_and_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_or_and_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_and_and_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_xor_and_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_nand_and_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @findex __sync_add_and_fetch @findex __sync_sub_and_fetch @findex __sync_or_and_fetch @findex __sync_and_and_fetch @findex __sync_xor_and_fetch @findex __sync_nand_and_fetch These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the name, and return the new value. That is, @smallexample @{ *ptr @var{op}= value; return *ptr; @} @{ *ptr = ~(*ptr & value); return *ptr; @} // nand @end smallexample @emph{Note:} GCC 4.4 and later implement @code{__sync_nand_and_fetch} as @code{*ptr = ~(*ptr & value)} instead of @code{*ptr = ~*ptr & value}. @item bool __sync_bool_compare_and_swap (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} oldval, @var{type} newval, ...) @itemx @var{type} __sync_val_compare_and_swap (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} oldval, @var{type} newval, ...) @findex __sync_bool_compare_and_swap @findex __sync_val_compare_and_swap These built-in functions perform an atomic compare and swap. That is, if the current value of @code{*@var{ptr}} is @var{oldval}, then write @var{newval} into @code{*@var{ptr}}. The ``bool'' version returns true if the comparison is successful and @var{newval} is written. The ``val'' version returns the contents of @code{*@var{ptr}} before the operation. @item __sync_synchronize (...) @findex __sync_synchronize This built-in function issues a full memory barrier. @item @var{type} __sync_lock_test_and_set (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} value, ...) @findex __sync_lock_test_and_set This built-in function, as described by Intel, is not a traditional test-and-set operation, but rather an atomic exchange operation. It writes @var{value} into @code{*@var{ptr}}, and returns the previous contents of @code{*@var{ptr}}. Many targets have only minimal support for such locks, and do not support a full exchange operation. In this case, a target may support reduced functionality here by which the @emph{only} valid value to store is the immediate constant 1. The exact value actually stored in @code{*@var{ptr}} is implementation defined. This built-in function is not a full barrier, but rather an @dfn{acquire barrier}. This means that references after the operation cannot move to (or be speculated to) before the operation, but previous memory stores may not be globally visible yet, and previous memory loads may not yet be satisfied. @item void __sync_lock_release (@var{type} *ptr, ...) @findex __sync_lock_release This built-in function releases the lock acquired by @code{__sync_lock_test_and_set}. Normally this means writing the constant 0 to @code{*@var{ptr}}. This built-in function is not a full barrier, but rather a @dfn{release barrier}. This means that all previous memory stores are globally visible, and all previous memory loads have been satisfied, but following memory reads are not prevented from being speculated to before the barrier. @end table @node __atomic Builtins @section Built-in functions for memory model aware atomic operations The following built-in functions approximately match the requirements for C++11 memory model. Many are similar to the @samp{__sync} prefixed built-in functions, but all also have a memory model parameter. These are all identified by being prefixed with @samp{__atomic}, and most are overloaded such that they work with multiple types. GCC allows any integral scalar or pointer type that is 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes in length. 16-byte integral types are also allowed if @samp{__int128} (@pxref{__int128}) is supported by the architecture. Target architectures are encouraged to provide their own patterns for each of these built-in functions. If no target is provided, the original non-memory model set of @samp{__sync} atomic built-in functions are utilized, along with any required synchronization fences surrounding it in order to achieve the proper behavior. Execution in this case is subject to the same restrictions as those built-in functions. If there is no pattern or mechanism to provide a lock free instruction sequence, a call is made to an external routine with the same parameters to be resolved at run time. The four non-arithmetic functions (load, store, exchange, and compare_exchange) all have a generic version as well. This generic version works on any data type. If the data type size maps to one of the integral sizes that may have lock free support, the generic version utilizes the lock free built-in function. Otherwise an external call is left to be resolved at run time. This external call is the same format with the addition of a @samp{size_t} parameter inserted as the first parameter indicating the size of the object being pointed to. All objects must be the same size. There are 6 different memory models that can be specified. These map to the same names in the C++11 standard. Refer there or to the @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Atomic/GCCMM/AtomicSync,GCC wiki on atomic synchronization} for more detailed definitions. These memory models integrate both barriers to code motion as well as synchronization requirements with other threads. These are listed in approximately ascending order of strength. It is also possible to use target specific flags for memory model flags, like Hardware Lock Elision. @table @code @item __ATOMIC_RELAXED No barriers or synchronization. @item __ATOMIC_CONSUME Data dependency only for both barrier and synchronization with another thread. @item __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE Barrier to hoisting of code and synchronizes with release (or stronger) semantic stores from another thread. @item __ATOMIC_RELEASE Barrier to sinking of code and synchronizes with acquire (or stronger) semantic loads from another thread. @item __ATOMIC_ACQ_REL Full barrier in both directions and synchronizes with acquire loads and release stores in another thread. @item __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST Full barrier in both directions and synchronizes with acquire loads and release stores in all threads. @end table When implementing patterns for these built-in functions, the memory model parameter can be ignored as long as the pattern implements the most restrictive @code{__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST} model. Any of the other memory models execute correctly with this memory model but they may not execute as efficiently as they could with a more appropriate implementation of the relaxed requirements. Note that the C++11 standard allows for the memory model parameter to be determined at run time rather than at compile time. These built-in functions map any run-time value to @code{__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST} rather than invoke a runtime library call or inline a switch statement. This is standard compliant, safe, and the simplest approach for now. The memory model parameter is a signed int, but only the lower 8 bits are reserved for the memory model. The remainder of the signed int is reserved for future use and should be 0. Use of the predefined atomic values ensures proper usage. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_load_n (@var{type} *ptr, int memmodel) This built-in function implements an atomic load operation. It returns the contents of @code{*@var{ptr}}. The valid memory model variants are @code{__ATOMIC_RELAXED}, @code{__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST}, @code{__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE}, and @code{__ATOMIC_CONSUME}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __atomic_load (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} *ret, int memmodel) This is the generic version of an atomic load. It returns the contents of @code{*@var{ptr}} in @code{*@var{ret}}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __atomic_store_n (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) This built-in function implements an atomic store operation. It writes @code{@var{val}} into @code{*@var{ptr}}. The valid memory model variants are @code{__ATOMIC_RELAXED}, @code{__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST}, and @code{__ATOMIC_RELEASE}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __atomic_store (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} *val, int memmodel) This is the generic version of an atomic store. It stores the value of @code{*@var{val}} into @code{*@var{ptr}}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_exchange_n (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) This built-in function implements an atomic exchange operation. It writes @var{val} into @code{*@var{ptr}}, and returns the previous contents of @code{*@var{ptr}}. The valid memory model variants are @code{__ATOMIC_RELAXED}, @code{__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST}, @code{__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE}, @code{__ATOMIC_RELEASE}, and @code{__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __atomic_exchange (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} *val, @var{type} *ret, int memmodel) This is the generic version of an atomic exchange. It stores the contents of @code{*@var{val}} into @code{*@var{ptr}}. The original value of @code{*@var{ptr}} is copied into @code{*@var{ret}}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __atomic_compare_exchange_n (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} *expected, @var{type} desired, bool weak, int success_memmodel, int failure_memmodel) This built-in function implements an atomic compare and exchange operation. This compares the contents of @code{*@var{ptr}} with the contents of @code{*@var{expected}} and if equal, writes @var{desired} into @code{*@var{ptr}}. If they are not equal, the current contents of @code{*@var{ptr}} is written into @code{*@var{expected}}. @var{weak} is true for weak compare_exchange, and false for the strong variation. Many targets only offer the strong variation and ignore the parameter. When in doubt, use the strong variation. True is returned if @var{desired} is written into @code{*@var{ptr}} and the execution is considered to conform to the memory model specified by @var{success_memmodel}. There are no restrictions on what memory model can be used here. False is returned otherwise, and the execution is considered to conform to @var{failure_memmodel}. This memory model cannot be @code{__ATOMIC_RELEASE} nor @code{__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL}. It also cannot be a stronger model than that specified by @var{success_memmodel}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __atomic_compare_exchange (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} *expected, @var{type} *desired, bool weak, int success_memmodel, int failure_memmodel) This built-in function implements the generic version of @code{__atomic_compare_exchange}. The function is virtually identical to @code{__atomic_compare_exchange_n}, except the desired value is also a pointer. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_add_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_sub_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_and_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_xor_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_or_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_nand_fetch (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the name, and return the result of the operation. That is, @smallexample @{ *ptr @var{op}= val; return *ptr; @} @end smallexample All memory models are valid. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_fetch_add (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_fetch_sub (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_fetch_and (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_fetch_xor (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_fetch_or (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} @var{type} __atomic_fetch_nand (@var{type} *ptr, @var{type} val, int memmodel) These built-in functions perform the operation suggested by the name, and return the value that had previously been in @code{*@var{ptr}}. That is, @smallexample @{ tmp = *ptr; *ptr @var{op}= val; return tmp; @} @end smallexample All memory models are valid. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __atomic_test_and_set (void *ptr, int memmodel) This built-in function performs an atomic test-and-set operation on the byte at @code{*@var{ptr}}. The byte is set to some implementation defined nonzero ``set'' value and the return value is @code{true} if and only if the previous contents were ``set''. It should be only used for operands of type @code{bool} or @code{char}. For other types only part of the value may be set. All memory models are valid. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __atomic_clear (bool *ptr, int memmodel) This built-in function performs an atomic clear operation on @code{*@var{ptr}}. After the operation, @code{*@var{ptr}} contains 0. It should be only used for operands of type @code{bool} or @code{char} and in conjunction with @code{__atomic_test_and_set}. For other types it may only clear partially. If the type is not @code{bool} prefer using @code{__atomic_store}. The valid memory model variants are @code{__ATOMIC_RELAXED}, @code{__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST}, and @code{__ATOMIC_RELEASE}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __atomic_thread_fence (int memmodel) This built-in function acts as a synchronization fence between threads based on the specified memory model. All memory orders are valid. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __atomic_signal_fence (int memmodel) This built-in function acts as a synchronization fence between a thread and signal handlers based in the same thread. All memory orders are valid. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __atomic_always_lock_free (size_t size, void *ptr) This built-in function returns true if objects of @var{size} bytes always generate lock free atomic instructions for the target architecture. @var{size} must resolve to a compile-time constant and the result also resolves to a compile-time constant. @var{ptr} is an optional pointer to the object that may be used to determine alignment. A value of 0 indicates typical alignment should be used. The compiler may also ignore this parameter. @smallexample if (_atomic_always_lock_free (sizeof (long long), 0)) @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __atomic_is_lock_free (size_t size, void *ptr) This built-in function returns true if objects of @var{size} bytes always generate lock free atomic instructions for the target architecture. If it is not known to be lock free a call is made to a runtime routine named @code{__atomic_is_lock_free}. @var{ptr} is an optional pointer to the object that may be used to determine alignment. A value of 0 indicates typical alignment should be used. The compiler may also ignore this parameter. @end deftypefn @node Integer Overflow Builtins @section Built-in functions to perform arithmetics and arithmetic overflow checking. The following built-in functions allow performing simple arithmetic operations together with checking whether the operations overflowed. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_add_overflow (@var{type1} a, @var{type2} b, @var{type3} *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_sadd_overflow (int a, int b, int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_saddl_overflow (long int a, long int b, long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_saddll_overflow (long long int a, long long int b, long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_uadd_overflow (unsigned int a, unsigned int b, unsigned int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_uaddl_overflow (unsigned long int a, unsigned long int b, unsigned long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_uaddll_overflow (unsigned long long int a, unsigned long long int b, unsigned long int *res) These built-in functions promote the first two operands into infinite precision signed type and perform addition on those promoted operands. The result is then cast to the type the third pointer argument points to and stored there. If the stored result is equal to the infinite precision result, the built-in functions return false, otherwise they return true. As the addition is performed in infinite signed precision, these built-in functions have fully defined behavior for all argument values. The first built-in function allows arbitrary integral types for operands and the result type must be pointer to some integer type, the rest of the built-in functions have explicit integer types. The compiler will attempt to use hardware instructions to implement these built-in functions where possible, like conditional jump on overflow after addition, conditional jump on carry etc. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_sub_overflow (@var{type1} a, @var{type2} b, @var{type3} *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_ssub_overflow (int a, int b, int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_ssubl_overflow (long int a, long int b, long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_ssubll_overflow (long long int a, long long int b, long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_usub_overflow (unsigned int a, unsigned int b, unsigned int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_usubl_overflow (unsigned long int a, unsigned long int b, unsigned long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_usubll_overflow (unsigned long long int a, unsigned long long int b, unsigned long int *res) These built-in functions are similar to the add overflow checking built-in functions above, except they perform subtraction, subtract the second argument from the first one, instead of addition. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_mul_overflow (@var{type1} a, @var{type2} b, @var{type3} *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_smul_overflow (int a, int b, int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_smull_overflow (long int a, long int b, long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_smulll_overflow (long long int a, long long int b, long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_umul_overflow (unsigned int a, unsigned int b, unsigned int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_umull_overflow (unsigned long int a, unsigned long int b, unsigned long int *res) @deftypefnx {Built-in Function} bool __builtin_umulll_overflow (unsigned long long int a, unsigned long long int b, unsigned long int *res) These built-in functions are similar to the add overflow checking built-in functions above, except they perform multiplication, instead of addition. @end deftypefn @node x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory @section x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory The x86 architecture supports additional memory ordering flags to mark lock critical sections for hardware lock elision. These must be specified in addition to an existing memory model to atomic intrinsics. @table @code @item __ATOMIC_HLE_ACQUIRE Start lock elision on a lock variable. Memory model must be @code{__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE} or stronger. @item __ATOMIC_HLE_RELEASE End lock elision on a lock variable. Memory model must be @code{__ATOMIC_RELEASE} or stronger. @end table When a lock acquire fails it is required for good performance to abort the transaction quickly. This can be done with a @code{_mm_pause} @smallexample #include // For _mm_pause int lockvar; /* Acquire lock with lock elision */ while (__atomic_exchange_n(&lockvar, 1, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE|__ATOMIC_HLE_ACQUIRE)) _mm_pause(); /* Abort failed transaction */ ... /* Free lock with lock elision */ __atomic_store_n(&lockvar, 0, __ATOMIC_RELEASE|__ATOMIC_HLE_RELEASE); @end smallexample @node Object Size Checking @section Object Size Checking Built-in Functions @findex __builtin_object_size @findex __builtin___memcpy_chk @findex __builtin___mempcpy_chk @findex __builtin___memmove_chk @findex __builtin___memset_chk @findex __builtin___strcpy_chk @findex __builtin___stpcpy_chk @findex __builtin___strncpy_chk @findex __builtin___strcat_chk @findex __builtin___strncat_chk @findex __builtin___sprintf_chk @findex __builtin___snprintf_chk @findex __builtin___vsprintf_chk @findex __builtin___vsnprintf_chk @findex __builtin___printf_chk @findex __builtin___vprintf_chk @findex __builtin___fprintf_chk @findex __builtin___vfprintf_chk GCC implements a limited buffer overflow protection mechanism that can prevent some buffer overflow attacks. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {size_t} __builtin_object_size (void * @var{ptr}, int @var{type}) is a built-in construct that returns a constant number of bytes from @var{ptr} to the end of the object @var{ptr} pointer points to (if known at compile time). @code{__builtin_object_size} never evaluates its arguments for side-effects. If there are any side-effects in them, it returns @code{(size_t) -1} for @var{type} 0 or 1 and @code{(size_t) 0} for @var{type} 2 or 3. If there are multiple objects @var{ptr} can point to and all of them are known at compile time, the returned number is the maximum of remaining byte counts in those objects if @var{type} & 2 is 0 and minimum if nonzero. If it is not possible to determine which objects @var{ptr} points to at compile time, @code{__builtin_object_size} should return @code{(size_t) -1} for @var{type} 0 or 1 and @code{(size_t) 0} for @var{type} 2 or 3. @var{type} is an integer constant from 0 to 3. If the least significant bit is clear, objects are whole variables, if it is set, a closest surrounding subobject is considered the object a pointer points to. The second bit determines if maximum or minimum of remaining bytes is computed. @smallexample struct V @{ char buf1[10]; int b; char buf2[10]; @} var; char *p = &var.buf1[1], *q = &var.b; /* Here the object p points to is var. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (p, 0) == sizeof (var) - 1); /* The subobject p points to is var.buf1. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (p, 1) == sizeof (var.buf1) - 1); /* The object q points to is var. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (q, 0) == (char *) (&var + 1) - (char *) &var.b); /* The subobject q points to is var.b. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (q, 1) == sizeof (var.b)); @end smallexample @end deftypefn There are built-in functions added for many common string operation functions, e.g., for @code{memcpy} @code{__builtin___memcpy_chk} built-in is provided. This built-in has an additional last argument, which is the number of bytes remaining in object the @var{dest} argument points to or @code{(size_t) -1} if the size is not known. The built-in functions are optimized into the normal string functions like @code{memcpy} if the last argument is @code{(size_t) -1} or if it is known at compile time that the destination object will not be overflown. If the compiler can determine at compile time the object will be always overflown, it issues a warning. The intended use can be e.g.@: @smallexample #undef memcpy #define bos0(dest) __builtin_object_size (dest, 0) #define memcpy(dest, src, n) \ __builtin___memcpy_chk (dest, src, n, bos0 (dest)) char *volatile p; char buf[10]; /* It is unknown what object p points to, so this is optimized into plain memcpy - no checking is possible. */ memcpy (p, "abcde", n); /* Destination is known and length too. It is known at compile time there will be no overflow. */ memcpy (&buf[5], "abcde", 5); /* Destination is known, but the length is not known at compile time. This will result in __memcpy_chk call that can check for overflow at run time. */ memcpy (&buf[5], "abcde", n); /* Destination is known and it is known at compile time there will be overflow. There will be a warning and __memcpy_chk call that will abort the program at run time. */ memcpy (&buf[6], "abcde", 5); @end smallexample Such built-in functions are provided for @code{memcpy}, @code{mempcpy}, @code{memmove}, @code{memset}, @code{strcpy}, @code{stpcpy}, @code{strncpy}, @code{strcat} and @code{strncat}. There are also checking built-in functions for formatted output functions. @smallexample int __builtin___sprintf_chk (char *s, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, ...); int __builtin___snprintf_chk (char *s, size_t maxlen, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, ...); int __builtin___vsprintf_chk (char *s, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, va_list ap); int __builtin___vsnprintf_chk (char *s, size_t maxlen, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, va_list ap); @end smallexample The added @var{flag} argument is passed unchanged to @code{__sprintf_chk} etc.@: functions and can contain implementation specific flags on what additional security measures the checking function might take, such as handling @code{%n} differently. The @var{os} argument is the object size @var{s} points to, like in the other built-in functions. There is a small difference in the behavior though, if @var{os} is @code{(size_t) -1}, the built-in functions are optimized into the non-checking functions only if @var{flag} is 0, otherwise the checking function is called with @var{os} argument set to @code{(size_t) -1}. In addition to this, there are checking built-in functions @code{__builtin___printf_chk}, @code{__builtin___vprintf_chk}, @code{__builtin___fprintf_chk} and @code{__builtin___vfprintf_chk}. These have just one additional argument, @var{flag}, right before format string @var{fmt}. If the compiler is able to optimize them to @code{fputc} etc.@: functions, it does, otherwise the checking function is called and the @var{flag} argument passed to it. @node Pointer Bounds Checker builtins @section Pointer Bounds Checker Built-in Functions @findex __builtin___bnd_set_ptr_bounds @findex __builtin___bnd_narrow_ptr_bounds @findex __builtin___bnd_copy_ptr_bounds @findex __builtin___bnd_init_ptr_bounds @findex __builtin___bnd_null_ptr_bounds @findex __builtin___bnd_store_ptr_bounds @findex __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_lbounds @findex __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_ubounds @findex __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_bounds @findex __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_lbound @findex __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_ubound GCC provides a set of built-in functions to control Pointer Bounds Checker instrumentation. Note that all Pointer Bounds Checker builtins are allowed to use even if you compile with Pointer Bounds Checker off. The builtins behavior may differ in such case as documented below. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void * __builtin___bnd_set_ptr_bounds (const void * @var{q}, size_t @var{size}) This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of @var{q}, and associate it with the bounds [@var{q}, @var{q}+@var{size}-1]. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function just returns the first argument. @smallexample extern void *__wrap_malloc (size_t n) @{ void *p = (void *)__real_malloc (n); if (!p) return __builtin___bnd_null_ptr_bounds (p); return __builtin___bnd_set_ptr_bounds (p, n); @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void * __builtin___bnd_narrow_ptr_bounds (const void * @var{p}, const void * @var{q}, size_t @var{size}) This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of @var{p} and associate it with the narrowed bounds formed by the intersection of bounds associated with @var{q} and the [@var{p}, @var{p} + @var{size} - 1]. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function just returns the first argument. @smallexample void init_objects (object *objs, size_t size) @{ size_t i; /* Initialize objects one-by-one passing pointers with bounds of an object, not the full array of objects. */ for (i = 0; i < size; i++) init_object (__builtin___bnd_narrow_ptr_bounds (objs + i, objs, sizeof(object))); @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void * __builtin___bnd_copy_ptr_bounds (const void * @var{q}, const void * @var{r}) This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of @var{q}, and associate it with the bounds already associated with pointer @var{r}. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function just returns the first argument. @smallexample /* Here is a way to get pointer to object's field but still with the full object's bounds. */ int *field_ptr = __builtin___bnd_copy_ptr_bounds (&objptr->int_filed, objptr); @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void * __builtin___bnd_init_ptr_bounds (const void * @var{q}) This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of @var{q}, and associate it with INIT (allowing full memory access) bounds. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function just returns the first argument. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void * __builtin___bnd_null_ptr_bounds (const void * @var{q}) This built-in function returns a new pointer with the value of @var{q}, and associate it with NULL (allowing no memory access) bounds. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function just returns the first argument. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin___bnd_store_ptr_bounds (const void ** @var{ptr_addr}, const void * @var{ptr_val}) This built-in function stores the bounds associated with pointer @var{ptr_val} and location @var{ptr_addr} into Bounds Table. This can be useful to propagate bounds from legacy code without touching the associated pointer's memory when pointers were copied as integers. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function call is ignored. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_lbounds (const void * @var{q}) This built-in function checks if the pointer @var{q} is within the lower bound of its associated bounds. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function call is ignored. @smallexample extern void *__wrap_memset (void *dst, int c, size_t len) @{ if (len > 0) @{ __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_lbounds (dst); __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_ubounds ((char *)dst + len - 1); __real_memset (dst, c, len); @} return dst; @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_ubounds (const void * @var{q}) This built-in function checks if the pointer @var{q} is within the upper bound of its associated bounds. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function call is ignored. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin___bnd_chk_ptr_bounds (const void * @var{q}, size_t @var{size}) This built-in function checks if [@var{q}, @var{q} + @var{size} - 1] is within the lower and upper bounds associated with @var{q}. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function call is ignored. @smallexample extern void *__wrap_memcpy (void *dst, const void *src, size_t n) @{ if (n > 0) @{ __bnd_chk_ptr_bounds (dst, n); __bnd_chk_ptr_bounds (src, n); __real_memcpy (dst, src, n); @} return dst; @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} const void * __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_lbound (const void * @var{q}) This built-in function returns the lower bound (which is a pointer) associated with the pointer @var{q}. This is at least useful for debugging using printf. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function returns 0. @smallexample void *lb = __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_lbound (q); void *ub = __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_ubound (q); printf ("q = %p lb(q) = %p ub(q) = %p", q, lb, ub); @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} const void * __builtin___bnd_get_ptr_ubound (const void * @var{q}) This built-in function returns the upper bound (which is a pointer) associated with the pointer @var{q}. With Pointer Bounds Checker off built-in function returns -1. @end deftypefn @node Cilk Plus Builtins @section Cilk Plus C/C++ language extension Built-in Functions. GCC provides support for the following built-in reduction funtions if Cilk Plus is enabled. Cilk Plus can be enabled using the @option{-fcilkplus} flag. @itemize @bullet @item __sec_implicit_index @item __sec_reduce @item __sec_reduce_add @item __sec_reduce_all_nonzero @item __sec_reduce_all_zero @item __sec_reduce_any_nonzero @item __sec_reduce_any_zero @item __sec_reduce_max @item __sec_reduce_min @item __sec_reduce_max_ind @item __sec_reduce_min_ind @item __sec_reduce_mul @item __sec_reduce_mutating @end itemize Further details and examples about these built-in functions are described in the Cilk Plus language manual which can be found at @uref{http://www.cilkplus.org}. @node Other Builtins @section Other Built-in Functions Provided by GCC @cindex built-in functions @findex __builtin_call_with_static_chain @findex __builtin_fpclassify @findex __builtin_isfinite @findex __builtin_isnormal @findex __builtin_isgreater @findex __builtin_isgreaterequal @findex __builtin_isinf_sign @findex __builtin_isless @findex __builtin_islessequal @findex __builtin_islessgreater @findex __builtin_isunordered @findex __builtin_powi @findex __builtin_powif @findex __builtin_powil @findex _Exit @findex _exit @findex abort @findex abs @findex acos @findex acosf @findex acosh @findex acoshf @findex acoshl @findex acosl @findex alloca @findex asin @findex asinf @findex asinh @findex asinhf @findex asinhl @findex asinl @findex atan @findex atan2 @findex atan2f @findex atan2l @findex atanf @findex atanh @findex atanhf @findex atanhl @findex atanl @findex bcmp @findex bzero @findex cabs @findex cabsf @findex cabsl @findex cacos @findex cacosf @findex cacosh @findex cacoshf @findex cacoshl @findex cacosl @findex calloc @findex carg @findex cargf @findex cargl @findex casin @findex casinf @findex casinh @findex casinhf @findex casinhl @findex casinl @findex catan @findex catanf @findex catanh @findex catanhf @findex catanhl @findex catanl @findex cbrt @findex cbrtf @findex cbrtl @findex ccos @findex ccosf @findex ccosh @findex ccoshf @findex ccoshl @findex ccosl @findex ceil @findex ceilf @findex ceill @findex cexp @findex cexpf @findex cexpl @findex cimag @findex cimagf @findex cimagl @findex clog @findex clogf @findex clogl @findex conj @findex conjf @findex conjl @findex copysign @findex copysignf @findex copysignl @findex cos @findex cosf @findex cosh @findex coshf @findex coshl @findex cosl @findex cpow @findex cpowf @findex cpowl @findex cproj @findex cprojf @findex cprojl @findex creal @findex crealf @findex creall @findex csin @findex csinf @findex csinh @findex csinhf @findex csinhl @findex csinl @findex csqrt @findex csqrtf @findex csqrtl @findex ctan @findex ctanf @findex ctanh @findex ctanhf @findex ctanhl @findex ctanl @findex dcgettext @findex dgettext @findex drem @findex dremf @findex dreml @findex erf @findex erfc @findex erfcf @findex erfcl @findex erff @findex erfl @findex exit @findex exp @findex exp10 @findex exp10f @findex exp10l @findex exp2 @findex exp2f @findex exp2l @findex expf @findex expl @findex expm1 @findex expm1f @findex expm1l @findex fabs @findex fabsf @findex fabsl @findex fdim @findex fdimf @findex fdiml @findex ffs @findex floor @findex floorf @findex floorl @findex fma @findex fmaf @findex fmal @findex fmax @findex fmaxf @findex fmaxl @findex fmin @findex fminf @findex fminl @findex fmod @findex fmodf @findex fmodl @findex fprintf @findex fprintf_unlocked @findex fputs @findex fputs_unlocked @findex frexp @findex frexpf @findex frexpl @findex fscanf @findex gamma @findex gammaf @findex gammal @findex gamma_r @findex gammaf_r @findex gammal_r @findex gettext @findex hypot @findex hypotf @findex hypotl @findex ilogb @findex ilogbf @findex ilogbl @findex imaxabs @findex index @findex isalnum @findex isalpha @findex isascii @findex isblank @findex iscntrl @findex isdigit @findex isgraph @findex islower @findex isprint @findex ispunct @findex isspace @findex isupper @findex iswalnum @findex iswalpha @findex iswblank @findex iswcntrl @findex iswdigit @findex iswgraph @findex iswlower @findex iswprint @findex iswpunct @findex iswspace @findex iswupper @findex iswxdigit @findex isxdigit @findex j0 @findex j0f @findex j0l @findex j1 @findex j1f @findex j1l @findex jn @findex jnf @findex jnl @findex labs @findex ldexp @findex ldexpf @findex ldexpl @findex lgamma @findex lgammaf @findex lgammal @findex lgamma_r @findex lgammaf_r @findex lgammal_r @findex llabs @findex llrint @findex llrintf @findex llrintl @findex llround @findex llroundf @findex llroundl @findex log @findex log10 @findex log10f @findex log10l @findex log1p @findex log1pf @findex log1pl @findex log2 @findex log2f @findex log2l @findex logb @findex logbf @findex logbl @findex logf @findex logl @findex lrint @findex lrintf @findex lrintl @findex lround @findex lroundf @findex lroundl @findex malloc @findex memchr @findex memcmp @findex memcpy @findex mempcpy @findex memset @findex modf @findex modff @findex modfl @findex nearbyint @findex nearbyintf @findex nearbyintl @findex nextafter @findex nextafterf @findex nextafterl @findex nexttoward @findex nexttowardf @findex nexttowardl @findex pow @findex pow10 @findex pow10f @findex pow10l @findex powf @findex powl @findex printf @findex printf_unlocked @findex putchar @findex puts @findex remainder @findex remainderf @findex remainderl @findex remquo @findex remquof @findex remquol @findex rindex @findex rint @findex rintf @findex rintl @findex round @findex roundf @findex roundl @findex scalb @findex scalbf @findex scalbl @findex scalbln @findex scalblnf @findex scalblnf @findex scalbn @findex scalbnf @findex scanfnl @findex signbit @findex signbitf @findex signbitl @findex signbitd32 @findex signbitd64 @findex signbitd128 @findex significand @findex significandf @findex significandl @findex sin @findex sincos @findex sincosf @findex sincosl @findex sinf @findex sinh @findex sinhf @findex sinhl @findex sinl @findex snprintf @findex sprintf @findex sqrt @findex sqrtf @findex sqrtl @findex sscanf @findex stpcpy @findex stpncpy @findex strcasecmp @findex strcat @findex strchr @findex strcmp @findex strcpy @findex strcspn @findex strdup @findex strfmon @findex strftime @findex strlen @findex strncasecmp @findex strncat @findex strncmp @findex strncpy @findex strndup @findex strpbrk @findex strrchr @findex strspn @findex strstr @findex tan @findex tanf @findex tanh @findex tanhf @findex tanhl @findex tanl @findex tgamma @findex tgammaf @findex tgammal @findex toascii @findex tolower @findex toupper @findex towlower @findex towupper @findex trunc @findex truncf @findex truncl @findex vfprintf @findex vfscanf @findex vprintf @findex vscanf @findex vsnprintf @findex vsprintf @findex vsscanf @findex y0 @findex y0f @findex y0l @findex y1 @findex y1f @findex y1l @findex yn @findex ynf @findex ynl GCC provides a large number of built-in functions other than the ones mentioned above. Some of these are for internal use in the processing of exceptions or variable-length argument lists and are not documented here because they may change from time to time; we do not recommend general use of these functions. The remaining functions are provided for optimization purposes. @opindex fno-builtin GCC includes built-in versions of many of the functions in the standard C library. The versions prefixed with @code{__builtin_} are always treated as having the same meaning as the C library function even if you specify the @option{-fno-builtin} option. (@pxref{C Dialect Options}) Many of these functions are only optimized in certain cases; if they are not optimized in a particular case, a call to the library function is emitted. @opindex ansi @opindex std Outside strict ISO C mode (@option{-ansi}, @option{-std=c90}, @option{-std=c99} or @option{-std=c11}), the functions @code{_exit}, @code{alloca}, @code{bcmp}, @code{bzero}, @code{dcgettext}, @code{dgettext}, @code{dremf}, @code{dreml}, @code{drem}, @code{exp10f}, @code{exp10l}, @code{exp10}, @code{ffsll}, @code{ffsl}, @code{ffs}, @code{fprintf_unlocked}, @code{fputs_unlocked}, @code{gammaf}, @code{gammal}, @code{gamma}, @code{gammaf_r}, @code{gammal_r}, @code{gamma_r}, @code{gettext}, @code{index}, @code{isascii}, @code{j0f}, @code{j0l}, @code{j0}, @code{j1f}, @code{j1l}, @code{j1}, @code{jnf}, @code{jnl}, @code{jn}, @code{lgammaf_r}, @code{lgammal_r}, @code{lgamma_r}, @code{mempcpy}, @code{pow10f}, @code{pow10l}, @code{pow10}, @code{printf_unlocked}, @code{rindex}, @code{scalbf}, @code{scalbl}, @code{scalb}, @code{signbit}, @code{signbitf}, @code{signbitl}, @code{signbitd32}, @code{signbitd64}, @code{signbitd128}, @code{significandf}, @code{significandl}, @code{significand}, @code{sincosf}, @code{sincosl}, @code{sincos}, @code{stpcpy}, @code{stpncpy}, @code{strcasecmp}, @code{strdup}, @code{strfmon}, @code{strncasecmp}, @code{strndup}, @code{toascii}, @code{y0f}, @code{y0l}, @code{y0}, @code{y1f}, @code{y1l}, @code{y1}, @code{ynf}, @code{ynl} and @code{yn} may be handled as built-in functions. All these functions have corresponding versions prefixed with @code{__builtin_}, which may be used even in strict C90 mode. The ISO C99 functions @code{_Exit}, @code{acoshf}, @code{acoshl}, @code{acosh}, @code{asinhf}, @code{asinhl}, @code{asinh}, @code{atanhf}, @code{atanhl}, @code{atanh}, @code{cabsf}, @code{cabsl}, @code{cabs}, @code{cacosf}, @code{cacoshf}, @code{cacoshl}, @code{cacosh}, @code{cacosl}, @code{cacos}, @code{cargf}, @code{cargl}, @code{carg}, @code{casinf}, @code{casinhf}, @code{casinhl}, @code{casinh}, @code{casinl}, @code{casin}, @code{catanf}, @code{catanhf}, @code{catanhl}, @code{catanh}, @code{catanl}, @code{catan}, @code{cbrtf}, @code{cbrtl}, @code{cbrt}, @code{ccosf}, @code{ccoshf}, @code{ccoshl}, @code{ccosh}, @code{ccosl}, @code{ccos}, @code{cexpf}, @code{cexpl}, @code{cexp}, @code{cimagf}, @code{cimagl}, @code{cimag}, @code{clogf}, @code{clogl}, @code{clog}, @code{conjf}, @code{conjl}, @code{conj}, @code{copysignf}, @code{copysignl}, @code{copysign}, @code{cpowf}, @code{cpowl}, @code{cpow}, @code{cprojf}, @code{cprojl}, @code{cproj}, @code{crealf}, @code{creall}, @code{creal}, @code{csinf}, @code{csinhf}, @code{csinhl}, @code{csinh}, @code{csinl}, @code{csin}, @code{csqrtf}, @code{csqrtl}, @code{csqrt}, @code{ctanf}, @code{ctanhf}, @code{ctanhl}, @code{ctanh}, @code{ctanl}, @code{ctan}, @code{erfcf}, @code{erfcl}, @code{erfc}, @code{erff}, @code{erfl}, @code{erf}, @code{exp2f}, @code{exp2l}, @code{exp2}, @code{expm1f}, @code{expm1l}, @code{expm1}, @code{fdimf}, @code{fdiml}, @code{fdim}, @code{fmaf}, @code{fmal}, @code{fmaxf}, @code{fmaxl}, @code{fmax}, @code{fma}, @code{fminf}, @code{fminl}, @code{fmin}, @code{hypotf}, @code{hypotl}, @code{hypot}, @code{ilogbf}, @code{ilogbl}, @code{ilogb}, @code{imaxabs}, @code{isblank}, @code{iswblank}, @code{lgammaf}, @code{lgammal}, @code{lgamma}, @code{llabs}, @code{llrintf}, @code{llrintl}, @code{llrint}, @code{llroundf}, @code{llroundl}, @code{llround}, @code{log1pf}, @code{log1pl}, @code{log1p}, @code{log2f}, @code{log2l}, @code{log2}, @code{logbf}, @code{logbl}, @code{logb}, @code{lrintf}, @code{lrintl}, @code{lrint}, @code{lroundf}, @code{lroundl}, @code{lround}, @code{nearbyintf}, @code{nearbyintl}, @code{nearbyint}, @code{nextafterf}, @code{nextafterl}, @code{nextafter}, @code{nexttowardf}, @code{nexttowardl}, @code{nexttoward}, @code{remainderf}, @code{remainderl}, @code{remainder}, @code{remquof}, @code{remquol}, @code{remquo}, @code{rintf}, @code{rintl}, @code{rint}, @code{roundf}, @code{roundl}, @code{round}, @code{scalblnf}, @code{scalblnl}, @code{scalbln}, @code{scalbnf}, @code{scalbnl}, @code{scalbn}, @code{snprintf}, @code{tgammaf}, @code{tgammal}, @code{tgamma}, @code{truncf}, @code{truncl}, @code{trunc}, @code{vfscanf}, @code{vscanf}, @code{vsnprintf} and @code{vsscanf} are handled as built-in functions except in strict ISO C90 mode (@option{-ansi} or @option{-std=c90}). There are also built-in versions of the ISO C99 functions @code{acosf}, @code{acosl}, @code{asinf}, @code{asinl}, @code{atan2f}, @code{atan2l}, @code{atanf}, @code{atanl}, @code{ceilf}, @code{ceill}, @code{cosf}, @code{coshf}, @code{coshl}, @code{cosl}, @code{expf}, @code{expl}, @code{fabsf}, @code{fabsl}, @code{floorf}, @code{floorl}, @code{fmodf}, @code{fmodl}, @code{frexpf}, @code{frexpl}, @code{ldexpf}, @code{ldexpl}, @code{log10f}, @code{log10l}, @code{logf}, @code{logl}, @code{modfl}, @code{modf}, @code{powf}, @code{powl}, @code{sinf}, @code{sinhf}, @code{sinhl}, @code{sinl}, @code{sqrtf}, @code{sqrtl}, @code{tanf}, @code{tanhf}, @code{tanhl} and @code{tanl} that are recognized in any mode since ISO C90 reserves these names for the purpose to which ISO C99 puts them. All these functions have corresponding versions prefixed with @code{__builtin_}. The ISO C94 functions @code{iswalnum}, @code{iswalpha}, @code{iswcntrl}, @code{iswdigit}, @code{iswgraph}, @code{iswlower}, @code{iswprint}, @code{iswpunct}, @code{iswspace}, @code{iswupper}, @code{iswxdigit}, @code{towlower} and @code{towupper} are handled as built-in functions except in strict ISO C90 mode (@option{-ansi} or @option{-std=c90}). The ISO C90 functions @code{abort}, @code{abs}, @code{acos}, @code{asin}, @code{atan2}, @code{atan}, @code{calloc}, @code{ceil}, @code{cosh}, @code{cos}, @code{exit}, @code{exp}, @code{fabs}, @code{floor}, @code{fmod}, @code{fprintf}, @code{fputs}, @code{frexp}, @code{fscanf}, @code{isalnum}, @code{isalpha}, @code{iscntrl}, @code{isdigit}, @code{isgraph}, @code{islower}, @code{isprint}, @code{ispunct}, @code{isspace}, @code{isupper}, @code{isxdigit}, @code{tolower}, @code{toupper}, @code{labs}, @code{ldexp}, @code{log10}, @code{log}, @code{malloc}, @code{memchr}, @code{memcmp}, @code{memcpy}, @code{memset}, @code{modf}, @code{pow}, @code{printf}, @code{putchar}, @code{puts}, @code{scanf}, @code{sinh}, @code{sin}, @code{snprintf}, @code{sprintf}, @code{sqrt}, @code{sscanf}, @code{strcat}, @code{strchr}, @code{strcmp}, @code{strcpy}, @code{strcspn}, @code{strlen}, @code{strncat}, @code{strncmp}, @code{strncpy}, @code{strpbrk}, @code{strrchr}, @code{strspn}, @code{strstr}, @code{tanh}, @code{tan}, @code{vfprintf}, @code{vprintf} and @code{vsprintf} are all recognized as built-in functions unless @option{-fno-builtin} is specified (or @option{-fno-builtin-@var{function}} is specified for an individual function). All of these functions have corresponding versions prefixed with @code{__builtin_}. GCC provides built-in versions of the ISO C99 floating-point comparison macros that avoid raising exceptions for unordered operands. They have the same names as the standard macros ( @code{isgreater}, @code{isgreaterequal}, @code{isless}, @code{islessequal}, @code{islessgreater}, and @code{isunordered}) , with @code{__builtin_} prefixed. We intend for a library implementor to be able to simply @code{#define} each standard macro to its built-in equivalent. In the same fashion, GCC provides @code{fpclassify}, @code{isfinite}, @code{isinf_sign} and @code{isnormal} built-ins used with @code{__builtin_} prefixed. The @code{isinf} and @code{isnan} built-in functions appear both with and without the @code{__builtin_} prefix. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_types_compatible_p (@var{type1}, @var{type2}) You can use the built-in function @code{__builtin_types_compatible_p} to determine whether two types are the same. This built-in function returns 1 if the unqualified versions of the types @var{type1} and @var{type2} (which are types, not expressions) are compatible, 0 otherwise. The result of this built-in function can be used in integer constant expressions. This built-in function ignores top level qualifiers (e.g., @code{const}, @code{volatile}). For example, @code{int} is equivalent to @code{const int}. The type @code{int[]} and @code{int[5]} are compatible. On the other hand, @code{int} and @code{char *} are not compatible, even if the size of their types, on the particular architecture are the same. Also, the amount of pointer indirection is taken into account when determining similarity. Consequently, @code{short *} is not similar to @code{short **}. Furthermore, two types that are typedefed are considered compatible if their underlying types are compatible. An @code{enum} type is not considered to be compatible with another @code{enum} type even if both are compatible with the same integer type; this is what the C standard specifies. For example, @code{enum @{foo, bar@}} is not similar to @code{enum @{hot, dog@}}. You typically use this function in code whose execution varies depending on the arguments' types. For example: @smallexample #define foo(x) \ (@{ \ typeof (x) tmp = (x); \ if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), long double)) \ tmp = foo_long_double (tmp); \ else if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), double)) \ tmp = foo_double (tmp); \ else if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), float)) \ tmp = foo_float (tmp); \ else \ abort (); \ tmp; \ @}) @end smallexample @emph{Note:} This construct is only available for C@. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} @var{type} __builtin_call_with_static_chain (@var{call_exp}, @var{pointer_exp}) The @var{call_exp} expression must be a function call, and the @var{pointer_exp} expression must be a pointer. The @var{pointer_exp} is passed to the function call in the target's static chain location. The result of builtin is the result of the function call. @emph{Note:} This builtin is only available for C@. This builtin can be used to call Go closures from C. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} @var{type} __builtin_choose_expr (@var{const_exp}, @var{exp1}, @var{exp2}) You can use the built-in function @code{__builtin_choose_expr} to evaluate code depending on the value of a constant expression. This built-in function returns @var{exp1} if @var{const_exp}, which is an integer constant expression, is nonzero. Otherwise it returns @var{exp2}. This built-in function is analogous to the @samp{? :} operator in C, except that the expression returned has its type unaltered by promotion rules. Also, the built-in function does not evaluate the expression that is not chosen. For example, if @var{const_exp} evaluates to true, @var{exp2} is not evaluated even if it has side-effects. This built-in function can return an lvalue if the chosen argument is an lvalue. If @var{exp1} is returned, the return type is the same as @var{exp1}'s type. Similarly, if @var{exp2} is returned, its return type is the same as @var{exp2}. Example: @smallexample #define foo(x) \ __builtin_choose_expr ( \ __builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), double), \ foo_double (x), \ __builtin_choose_expr ( \ __builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), float), \ foo_float (x), \ /* @r{The void expression results in a compile-time error} \ @r{when assigning the result to something.} */ \ (void)0)) @end smallexample @emph{Note:} This construct is only available for C@. Furthermore, the unused expression (@var{exp1} or @var{exp2} depending on the value of @var{const_exp}) may still generate syntax errors. This may change in future revisions. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} @var{type} __builtin_complex (@var{real}, @var{imag}) The built-in function @code{__builtin_complex} is provided for use in implementing the ISO C11 macros @code{CMPLXF}, @code{CMPLX} and @code{CMPLXL}. @var{real} and @var{imag} must have the same type, a real binary floating-point type, and the result has the corresponding complex type with real and imaginary parts @var{real} and @var{imag}. Unlike @samp{@var{real} + I * @var{imag}}, this works even when infinities, NaNs and negative zeros are involved. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_constant_p (@var{exp}) You can use the built-in function @code{__builtin_constant_p} to determine if a value is known to be constant at compile time and hence that GCC can perform constant-folding on expressions involving that value. The argument of the function is the value to test. The function returns the integer 1 if the argument is known to be a compile-time constant and 0 if it is not known to be a compile-time constant. A return of 0 does not indicate that the value is @emph{not} a constant, but merely that GCC cannot prove it is a constant with the specified value of the @option{-O} option. You typically use this function in an embedded application where memory is a critical resource. If you have some complex calculation, you may want it to be folded if it involves constants, but need to call a function if it does not. For example: @smallexample #define Scale_Value(X) \ (__builtin_constant_p (X) \ ? ((X) * SCALE + OFFSET) : Scale (X)) @end smallexample You may use this built-in function in either a macro or an inline function. However, if you use it in an inlined function and pass an argument of the function as the argument to the built-in, GCC never returns 1 when you call the inline function with a string constant or compound literal (@pxref{Compound Literals}) and does not return 1 when you pass a constant numeric value to the inline function unless you specify the @option{-O} option. You may also use @code{__builtin_constant_p} in initializers for static data. For instance, you can write @smallexample static const int table[] = @{ __builtin_constant_p (EXPRESSION) ? (EXPRESSION) : -1, /* @r{@dots{}} */ @}; @end smallexample @noindent This is an acceptable initializer even if @var{EXPRESSION} is not a constant expression, including the case where @code{__builtin_constant_p} returns 1 because @var{EXPRESSION} can be folded to a constant but @var{EXPRESSION} contains operands that are not otherwise permitted in a static initializer (for example, @code{0 && foo ()}). GCC must be more conservative about evaluating the built-in in this case, because it has no opportunity to perform optimization. Previous versions of GCC did not accept this built-in in data initializers. The earliest version where it is completely safe is 3.0.1. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} long __builtin_expect (long @var{exp}, long @var{c}) @opindex fprofile-arcs You may use @code{__builtin_expect} to provide the compiler with branch prediction information. In general, you should prefer to use actual profile feedback for this (@option{-fprofile-arcs}), as programmers are notoriously bad at predicting how their programs actually perform. However, there are applications in which this data is hard to collect. The return value is the value of @var{exp}, which should be an integral expression. The semantics of the built-in are that it is expected that @var{exp} == @var{c}. For example: @smallexample if (__builtin_expect (x, 0)) foo (); @end smallexample @noindent indicates that we do not expect to call @code{foo}, since we expect @code{x} to be zero. Since you are limited to integral expressions for @var{exp}, you should use constructions such as @smallexample if (__builtin_expect (ptr != NULL, 1)) foo (*ptr); @end smallexample @noindent when testing pointer or floating-point values. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_trap (void) This function causes the program to exit abnormally. GCC implements this function by using a target-dependent mechanism (such as intentionally executing an illegal instruction) or by calling @code{abort}. The mechanism used may vary from release to release so you should not rely on any particular implementation. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_unreachable (void) If control flow reaches the point of the @code{__builtin_unreachable}, the program is undefined. It is useful in situations where the compiler cannot deduce the unreachability of the code. One such case is immediately following an @code{asm} statement that either never terminates, or one that transfers control elsewhere and never returns. In this example, without the @code{__builtin_unreachable}, GCC issues a warning that control reaches the end of a non-void function. It also generates code to return after the @code{asm}. @smallexample int f (int c, int v) @{ if (c) @{ return v; @} else @{ asm("jmp error_handler"); __builtin_unreachable (); @} @} @end smallexample @noindent Because the @code{asm} statement unconditionally transfers control out of the function, control never reaches the end of the function body. The @code{__builtin_unreachable} is in fact unreachable and communicates this fact to the compiler. Another use for @code{__builtin_unreachable} is following a call a function that never returns but that is not declared @code{__attribute__((noreturn))}, as in this example: @smallexample void function_that_never_returns (void); int g (int c) @{ if (c) @{ return 1; @} else @{ function_that_never_returns (); __builtin_unreachable (); @} @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void *__builtin_assume_aligned (const void *@var{exp}, size_t @var{align}, ...) This function returns its first argument, and allows the compiler to assume that the returned pointer is at least @var{align} bytes aligned. This built-in can have either two or three arguments, if it has three, the third argument should have integer type, and if it is nonzero means misalignment offset. For example: @smallexample void *x = __builtin_assume_aligned (arg, 16); @end smallexample @noindent means that the compiler can assume @code{x}, set to @code{arg}, is at least 16-byte aligned, while: @smallexample void *x = __builtin_assume_aligned (arg, 32, 8); @end smallexample @noindent means that the compiler can assume for @code{x}, set to @code{arg}, that @code{(char *) x - 8} is 32-byte aligned. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_LINE () This function is the equivalent to the preprocessor @code{__LINE__} macro and returns the line number of the invocation of the built-in. In a C++ default argument for a function @var{F}, it gets the line number of the call to @var{F}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {const char *} __builtin_FUNCTION () This function is the equivalent to the preprocessor @code{__FUNCTION__} macro and returns the function name the invocation of the built-in is in. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {const char *} __builtin_FILE () This function is the equivalent to the preprocessor @code{__FILE__} macro and returns the file name the invocation of the built-in is in. In a C++ default argument for a function @var{F}, it gets the file name of the call to @var{F}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin___clear_cache (char *@var{begin}, char *@var{end}) This function is used to flush the processor's instruction cache for the region of memory between @var{begin} inclusive and @var{end} exclusive. Some targets require that the instruction cache be flushed, after modifying memory containing code, in order to obtain deterministic behavior. If the target does not require instruction cache flushes, @code{__builtin___clear_cache} has no effect. Otherwise either instructions are emitted in-line to clear the instruction cache or a call to the @code{__clear_cache} function in libgcc is made. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_prefetch (const void *@var{addr}, ...) This function is used to minimize cache-miss latency by moving data into a cache before it is accessed. You can insert calls to @code{__builtin_prefetch} into code for which you know addresses of data in memory that is likely to be accessed soon. If the target supports them, data prefetch instructions are generated. If the prefetch is done early enough before the access then the data will be in the cache by the time it is accessed. The value of @var{addr} is the address of the memory to prefetch. There are two optional arguments, @var{rw} and @var{locality}. The value of @var{rw} is a compile-time constant one or zero; one means that the prefetch is preparing for a write to the memory address and zero, the default, means that the prefetch is preparing for a read. The value @var{locality} must be a compile-time constant integer between zero and three. A value of zero means that the data has no temporal locality, so it need not be left in the cache after the access. A value of three means that the data has a high degree of temporal locality and should be left in all levels of cache possible. Values of one and two mean, respectively, a low or moderate degree of temporal locality. The default is three. @smallexample for (i = 0; i < n; i++) @{ a[i] = a[i] + b[i]; __builtin_prefetch (&a[i+j], 1, 1); __builtin_prefetch (&b[i+j], 0, 1); /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end smallexample Data prefetch does not generate faults if @var{addr} is invalid, but the address expression itself must be valid. For example, a prefetch of @code{p->next} does not fault if @code{p->next} is not a valid address, but evaluation faults if @code{p} is not a valid address. If the target does not support data prefetch, the address expression is evaluated if it includes side effects but no other code is generated and GCC does not issue a warning. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} double __builtin_huge_val (void) Returns a positive infinity, if supported by the floating-point format, else @code{DBL_MAX}. This function is suitable for implementing the ISO C macro @code{HUGE_VAL}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} float __builtin_huge_valf (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_huge_val}, except the return type is @code{float}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {long double} __builtin_huge_vall (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_huge_val}, except the return type is @code{long double}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_fpclassify (int, int, int, int, int, ...) This built-in implements the C99 fpclassify functionality. The first five int arguments should be the target library's notion of the possible FP classes and are used for return values. They must be constant values and they must appear in this order: @code{FP_NAN}, @code{FP_INFINITE}, @code{FP_NORMAL}, @code{FP_SUBNORMAL} and @code{FP_ZERO}. The ellipsis is for exactly one floating-point value to classify. GCC treats the last argument as type-generic, which means it does not do default promotion from float to double. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} double __builtin_inf (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_huge_val}, except a warning is generated if the target floating-point format does not support infinities. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} _Decimal32 __builtin_infd32 (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_inf}, except the return type is @code{_Decimal32}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} _Decimal64 __builtin_infd64 (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_inf}, except the return type is @code{_Decimal64}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} _Decimal128 __builtin_infd128 (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_inf}, except the return type is @code{_Decimal128}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} float __builtin_inff (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_inf}, except the return type is @code{float}. This function is suitable for implementing the ISO C99 macro @code{INFINITY}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {long double} __builtin_infl (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_inf}, except the return type is @code{long double}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_isinf_sign (...) Similar to @code{isinf}, except the return value is -1 for an argument of @code{-Inf} and 1 for an argument of @code{+Inf}. Note while the parameter list is an ellipsis, this function only accepts exactly one floating-point argument. GCC treats this parameter as type-generic, which means it does not do default promotion from float to double. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} double __builtin_nan (const char *str) This is an implementation of the ISO C99 function @code{nan}. Since ISO C99 defines this function in terms of @code{strtod}, which we do not implement, a description of the parsing is in order. The string is parsed as by @code{strtol}; that is, the base is recognized by leading @samp{0} or @samp{0x} prefixes. The number parsed is placed in the significand such that the least significant bit of the number is at the least significant bit of the significand. The number is truncated to fit the significand field provided. The significand is forced to be a quiet NaN@. This function, if given a string literal all of which would have been consumed by @code{strtol}, is evaluated early enough that it is considered a compile-time constant. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} _Decimal32 __builtin_nand32 (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nan}, except the return type is @code{_Decimal32}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} _Decimal64 __builtin_nand64 (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nan}, except the return type is @code{_Decimal64}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} _Decimal128 __builtin_nand128 (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nan}, except the return type is @code{_Decimal128}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} float __builtin_nanf (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nan}, except the return type is @code{float}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {long double} __builtin_nanl (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nan}, except the return type is @code{long double}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} double __builtin_nans (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nan}, except the significand is forced to be a signaling NaN@. The @code{nans} function is proposed by @uref{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n965.htm,,WG14 N965}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} float __builtin_nansf (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nans}, except the return type is @code{float}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {long double} __builtin_nansl (const char *str) Similar to @code{__builtin_nans}, except the return type is @code{long double}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_ffs (int x) Returns one plus the index of the least significant 1-bit of @var{x}, or if @var{x} is zero, returns zero. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_clz (unsigned int x) Returns the number of leading 0-bits in @var{x}, starting at the most significant bit position. If @var{x} is 0, the result is undefined. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_ctz (unsigned int x) Returns the number of trailing 0-bits in @var{x}, starting at the least significant bit position. If @var{x} is 0, the result is undefined. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_clrsb (int x) Returns the number of leading redundant sign bits in @var{x}, i.e.@: the number of bits following the most significant bit that are identical to it. There are no special cases for 0 or other values. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_popcount (unsigned int x) Returns the number of 1-bits in @var{x}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_parity (unsigned int x) Returns the parity of @var{x}, i.e.@: the number of 1-bits in @var{x} modulo 2. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_ffsl (long) Similar to @code{__builtin_ffs}, except the argument type is @code{long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_clzl (unsigned long) Similar to @code{__builtin_clz}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_ctzl (unsigned long) Similar to @code{__builtin_ctz}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_clrsbl (long) Similar to @code{__builtin_clrsb}, except the argument type is @code{long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_popcountl (unsigned long) Similar to @code{__builtin_popcount}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_parityl (unsigned long) Similar to @code{__builtin_parity}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_ffsll (long long) Similar to @code{__builtin_ffs}, except the argument type is @code{long long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_clzll (unsigned long long) Similar to @code{__builtin_clz}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_ctzll (unsigned long long) Similar to @code{__builtin_ctz}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_clrsbll (long long) Similar to @code{__builtin_clrsb}, except the argument type is @code{long long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_popcountll (unsigned long long) Similar to @code{__builtin_popcount}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_parityll (unsigned long long) Similar to @code{__builtin_parity}, except the argument type is @code{unsigned long long}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} double __builtin_powi (double, int) Returns the first argument raised to the power of the second. Unlike the @code{pow} function no guarantees about precision and rounding are made. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} float __builtin_powif (float, int) Similar to @code{__builtin_powi}, except the argument and return types are @code{float}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {long double} __builtin_powil (long double, int) Similar to @code{__builtin_powi}, except the argument and return types are @code{long double}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} uint16_t __builtin_bswap16 (uint16_t x) Returns @var{x} with the order of the bytes reversed; for example, @code{0xaabb} becomes @code{0xbbaa}. Byte here always means exactly 8 bits. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} uint32_t __builtin_bswap32 (uint32_t x) Similar to @code{__builtin_bswap16}, except the argument and return types are 32 bit. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} uint64_t __builtin_bswap64 (uint64_t x) Similar to @code{__builtin_bswap32}, except the argument and return types are 64 bit. @end deftypefn @node Target Builtins @section Built-in Functions Specific to Particular Target Machines On some target machines, GCC supports many built-in functions specific to those machines. Generally these generate calls to specific machine instructions, but allow the compiler to schedule those calls. @menu * AArch64 Built-in Functions:: * Alpha Built-in Functions:: * Altera Nios II Built-in Functions:: * ARC Built-in Functions:: * ARC SIMD Built-in Functions:: * ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions:: * ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE):: * ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics:: * AVR Built-in Functions:: * Blackfin Built-in Functions:: * FR-V Built-in Functions:: * MIPS DSP Built-in Functions:: * MIPS Paired-Single Support:: * MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions:: * Other MIPS Built-in Functions:: * MSP430 Built-in Functions:: * NDS32 Built-in Functions:: * picoChip Built-in Functions:: * PowerPC Built-in Functions:: * PowerPC AltiVec/VSX Built-in Functions:: * PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions:: * RX Built-in Functions:: * S/390 System z Built-in Functions:: * SH Built-in Functions:: * SPARC VIS Built-in Functions:: * SPU Built-in Functions:: * TI C6X Built-in Functions:: * TILE-Gx Built-in Functions:: * TILEPro Built-in Functions:: * x86 Built-in Functions:: * x86 transactional memory intrinsics:: @end menu @node AArch64 Built-in Functions @subsection AArch64 Built-in Functions These built-in functions are available for the AArch64 family of processors. @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_aarch64_get_fpcr () void __builtin_aarch64_set_fpcr (unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_aarch64_get_fpsr () void __builtin_aarch64_set_fpsr (unsigned int) @end smallexample @node Alpha Built-in Functions @subsection Alpha Built-in Functions These built-in functions are available for the Alpha family of processors, depending on the command-line switches used. The following built-in functions are always available. They all generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample long __builtin_alpha_implver (void) long __builtin_alpha_rpcc (void) long __builtin_alpha_amask (long) long __builtin_alpha_cmpbge (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_extbl (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_extwl (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_extll (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_extql (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_extwh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_extlh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_extqh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_insbl (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_inswl (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_insll (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_insql (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_inswh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_inslh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_insqh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_mskbl (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_mskwl (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_mskll (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_mskql (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_mskwh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_msklh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_mskqh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_umulh (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_zap (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_zapnot (long, long) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are always with @option{-mmax} or @option{-mcpu=@var{cpu}} where @var{cpu} is @code{pca56} or later. They all generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample long __builtin_alpha_pklb (long) long __builtin_alpha_pkwb (long) long __builtin_alpha_unpkbl (long) long __builtin_alpha_unpkbw (long) long __builtin_alpha_minub8 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_minsb8 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_minuw4 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_minsw4 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_maxub8 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_maxsb8 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_maxuw4 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_maxsw4 (long, long) long __builtin_alpha_perr (long, long) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are always with @option{-mcix} or @option{-mcpu=@var{cpu}} where @var{cpu} is @code{ev67} or later. They all generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample long __builtin_alpha_cttz (long) long __builtin_alpha_ctlz (long) long __builtin_alpha_ctpop (long) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available on systems that use the OSF/1 PALcode. Normally they invoke the @code{rduniq} and @code{wruniq} PAL calls, but when invoked with @option{-mtls-kernel}, they invoke @code{rdval} and @code{wrval}. @smallexample void *__builtin_thread_pointer (void) void __builtin_set_thread_pointer (void *) @end smallexample @node Altera Nios II Built-in Functions @subsection Altera Nios II Built-in Functions These built-in functions are available for the Altera Nios II family of processors. The following built-in functions are always available. They all generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @example int __builtin_ldbio (volatile const void *) int __builtin_ldbuio (volatile const void *) int __builtin_ldhio (volatile const void *) int __builtin_ldhuio (volatile const void *) int __builtin_ldwio (volatile const void *) void __builtin_stbio (volatile void *, int) void __builtin_sthio (volatile void *, int) void __builtin_stwio (volatile void *, int) void __builtin_sync (void) int __builtin_rdctl (int) void __builtin_wrctl (int, int) @end example The following built-in functions are always available. They all generate a Nios II Custom Instruction. The name of the function represents the types that the function takes and returns. The letter before the @code{n} is the return type or void if absent. The @code{n} represents the first parameter to all the custom instructions, the custom instruction number. The two letters after the @code{n} represent the up to two parameters to the function. The letters represent the following data types: @table @code @item @code{void} for return type and no parameter for parameter types. @item i @code{int} for return type and parameter type @item f @code{float} for return type and parameter type @item p @code{void *} for return type and parameter type @end table And the function names are: @example void __builtin_custom_n (void) void __builtin_custom_ni (int) void __builtin_custom_nf (float) void __builtin_custom_np (void *) void __builtin_custom_nii (int, int) void __builtin_custom_nif (int, float) void __builtin_custom_nip (int, void *) void __builtin_custom_nfi (float, int) void __builtin_custom_nff (float, float) void __builtin_custom_nfp (float, void *) void __builtin_custom_npi (void *, int) void __builtin_custom_npf (void *, float) void __builtin_custom_npp (void *, void *) int __builtin_custom_in (void) int __builtin_custom_ini (int) int __builtin_custom_inf (float) int __builtin_custom_inp (void *) int __builtin_custom_inii (int, int) int __builtin_custom_inif (int, float) int __builtin_custom_inip (int, void *) int __builtin_custom_infi (float, int) int __builtin_custom_inff (float, float) int __builtin_custom_infp (float, void *) int __builtin_custom_inpi (void *, int) int __builtin_custom_inpf (void *, float) int __builtin_custom_inpp (void *, void *) float __builtin_custom_fn (void) float __builtin_custom_fni (int) float __builtin_custom_fnf (float) float __builtin_custom_fnp (void *) float __builtin_custom_fnii (int, int) float __builtin_custom_fnif (int, float) float __builtin_custom_fnip (int, void *) float __builtin_custom_fnfi (float, int) float __builtin_custom_fnff (float, float) float __builtin_custom_fnfp (float, void *) float __builtin_custom_fnpi (void *, int) float __builtin_custom_fnpf (void *, float) float __builtin_custom_fnpp (void *, void *) void * __builtin_custom_pn (void) void * __builtin_custom_pni (int) void * __builtin_custom_pnf (float) void * __builtin_custom_pnp (void *) void * __builtin_custom_pnii (int, int) void * __builtin_custom_pnif (int, float) void * __builtin_custom_pnip (int, void *) void * __builtin_custom_pnfi (float, int) void * __builtin_custom_pnff (float, float) void * __builtin_custom_pnfp (float, void *) void * __builtin_custom_pnpi (void *, int) void * __builtin_custom_pnpf (void *, float) void * __builtin_custom_pnpp (void *, void *) @end example @node ARC Built-in Functions @subsection ARC Built-in Functions The following built-in functions are provided for ARC targets. The built-ins generate the corresponding assembly instructions. In the examples given below, the generated code often requires an operand or result to be in a register. Where necessary further code will be generated to ensure this is true, but for brevity this is not described in each case. @emph{Note:} Using a built-in to generate an instruction not supported by a target may cause problems. At present the compiler is not guaranteed to detect such misuse, and as a result an internal compiler error may be generated. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_arc_aligned (void *@var{val}, int @var{alignval}) Return 1 if @var{val} is known to have the byte alignment given by @var{alignval}, otherwise return 0. Note that this is different from @smallexample __alignof__(*(char *)@var{val}) >= alignval @end smallexample because __alignof__ sees only the type of the dereference, whereas __builtin_arc_align uses alignment information from the pointer as well as from the pointed-to type. The information available will depend on optimization level. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_brk (void) Generates @example brk @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {unsigned int} __builtin_arc_core_read (unsigned int @var{regno}) The operand is the number of a register to be read. Generates: @example mov @var{dest}, r@var{regno} @end example where the value in @var{dest} will be the result returned from the built-in. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_core_write (unsigned int @var{regno}, unsigned int @var{val}) The first operand is the number of a register to be written, the second operand is a compile time constant to write into that register. Generates: @example mov r@var{regno}, @var{val} @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_arc_divaw (int @var{a}, int @var{b}) Only available if either @option{-mcpu=ARC700} or @option{-meA} is set. Generates: @example divaw @var{dest}, @var{a}, @var{b} @end example where the value in @var{dest} will be the result returned from the built-in. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_flag (unsigned int @var{a}) Generates @example flag @var{a} @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {unsigned int} __builtin_arc_lr (unsigned int @var{auxr}) The operand, @var{auxv}, is the address of an auxiliary register and must be a compile time constant. Generates: @example lr @var{dest}, [@var{auxr}] @end example Where the value in @var{dest} will be the result returned from the built-in. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_mul64 (int @var{a}, int @var{b}) Only available with @option{-mmul64}. Generates: @example mul64 @var{a}, @var{b} @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_mulu64 (unsigned int @var{a}, unsigned int @var{b}) Only available with @option{-mmul64}. Generates: @example mulu64 @var{a}, @var{b} @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_nop (void) Generates: @example nop @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_arc_norm (int @var{src}) Only valid if the @samp{norm} instruction is available through the @option{-mnorm} option or by default with @option{-mcpu=ARC700}. Generates: @example norm @var{dest}, @var{src} @end example Where the value in @var{dest} will be the result returned from the built-in. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {short int} __builtin_arc_normw (short int @var{src}) Only valid if the @samp{normw} instruction is available through the @option{-mnorm} option or by default with @option{-mcpu=ARC700}. Generates: @example normw @var{dest}, @var{src} @end example Where the value in @var{dest} will be the result returned from the built-in. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_rtie (void) Generates: @example rtie @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_sleep (int @var{a} Generates: @example sleep @var{a} @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_sr (unsigned int @var{auxr}, unsigned int @var{val}) The first argument, @var{auxv}, is the address of an auxiliary register, the second argument, @var{val}, is a compile time constant to be written to the register. Generates: @example sr @var{auxr}, [@var{val}] @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_arc_swap (int @var{src}) Only valid with @option{-mswap}. Generates: @example swap @var{dest}, @var{src} @end example Where the value in @var{dest} will be the result returned from the built-in. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_swi (void) Generates: @example swi @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_sync (void) Only available with @option{-mcpu=ARC700}. Generates: @example sync @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_trap_s (unsigned int @var{c}) Only available with @option{-mcpu=ARC700}. Generates: @example trap_s @var{c} @end example @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_arc_unimp_s (void) Only available with @option{-mcpu=ARC700}. Generates: @example unimp_s @end example @end deftypefn The instructions generated by the following builtins are not considered as candidates for scheduling. They are not moved around by the compiler during scheduling, and thus can be expected to appear where they are put in the C code: @example __builtin_arc_brk() __builtin_arc_core_read() __builtin_arc_core_write() __builtin_arc_flag() __builtin_arc_lr() __builtin_arc_sleep() __builtin_arc_sr() __builtin_arc_swi() @end example @node ARC SIMD Built-in Functions @subsection ARC SIMD Built-in Functions SIMD builtins provided by the compiler can be used to generate the vector instructions. This section describes the available builtins and their usage in programs. With the @option{-msimd} option, the compiler provides 128-bit vector types, which can be specified using the @code{vector_size} attribute. The header file @file{arc-simd.h} can be included to use the following predefined types: @example typedef int __v4si __attribute__((vector_size(16))); typedef short __v8hi __attribute__((vector_size(16))); @end example These types can be used to define 128-bit variables. The built-in functions listed in the following section can be used on these variables to generate the vector operations. For all builtins, @code{__builtin_arc_@var{someinsn}}, the header file @file{arc-simd.h} also provides equivalent macros called @code{_@var{someinsn}} that can be used for programming ease and improved readability. The following macros for DMA control are also provided: @example #define _setup_dma_in_channel_reg _vdiwr #define _setup_dma_out_channel_reg _vdowr @end example The following is a complete list of all the SIMD built-ins provided for ARC, grouped by calling signature. The following take two @code{__v8hi} arguments and return a @code{__v8hi} result: @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vaddaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vaddw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vand (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vandaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vavb (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vavrb (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbic (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbicaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vdifaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vdifw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_veqw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vh264f (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vh264ft (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vh264fw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vlew (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vltw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmaxaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmaxw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vminaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vminw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr1aw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr1w (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr2aw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr2w (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr3aw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr3w (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr4aw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr4w (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr5aw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr5w (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr6aw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr6w (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr7aw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmr7w (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmrb (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulfaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulfw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmulw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vnew (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vor (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsubaw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsubw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsummw (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vvc1f (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vvc1ft (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vxor (__v8hi, __v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vxoraw (__v8hi, __v8hi) @end example The following take one @code{__v8hi} and one @code{int} argument and return a @code{__v8hi} result: @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbaddw (__v8hi, int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmaxw (__v8hi, int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbminw (__v8hi, int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmulaw (__v8hi, int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmulfw (__v8hi, int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbmulw (__v8hi, int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbrsubw (__v8hi, int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vbsubw (__v8hi, int) @end example The following take one @code{__v8hi} argument and one @code{int} argument which must be a 3-bit compile time constant indicating a register number I0-I7. They return a @code{__v8hi} result. @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrw (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8 (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8aw (__v8hi, const int) @end example The following take one @code{__v8hi} argument and one @code{int} argument which must be a 6-bit compile time constant. They return a @code{__v8hi} result. @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrpwbi (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrrpwbi (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrrwi (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrsrwi (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vasrwi (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8awi (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsr8i (__v8hi, const int) @end example The following take one @code{__v8hi} argument and one @code{int} argument which must be a 8-bit compile time constant. They return a @code{__v8hi} result. @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vd6tapf (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmvaw (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmvw (__v8hi, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmvzw (__v8hi, const int) @end example The following take two @code{int} arguments, the second of which which must be a 8-bit compile time constant. They return a @code{__v8hi} result: @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmovaw (int, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmovw (int, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vmovzw (int, const int) @end example The following take a single @code{__v8hi} argument and return a @code{__v8hi} result: @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vabsaw (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vabsw (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vaddsuw (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vexch1 (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vexch2 (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vexch4 (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vsignw (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vupbaw (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vupbw (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vupsbaw (__v8hi) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vupsbw (__v8hi) @end example The followign take two @code{int} arguments and return no result: @example void __builtin_arc_vdirun (int, int) void __builtin_arc_vdorun (int, int) @end example The following take two @code{int} arguments and return no result. The first argument must a 3-bit compile time constant indicating one of the DR0-DR7 DMA setup channels: @example void __builtin_arc_vdiwr (const int, int) void __builtin_arc_vdowr (const int, int) @end example The following take an @code{int} argument and return no result: @example void __builtin_arc_vendrec (int) void __builtin_arc_vrec (int) void __builtin_arc_vrecrun (int) void __builtin_arc_vrun (int) @end example The following take a @code{__v8hi} argument and two @code{int} arguments and return a @code{__v8hi} result. The second argument must be a 3-bit compile time constants, indicating one the registers I0-I7, and the third argument must be an 8-bit compile time constant. @emph{Note:} Although the equivalent hardware instructions do not take an SIMD register as an operand, these builtins overwrite the relevant bits of the @code{__v8hi} register provided as the first argument with the value loaded from the @code{[Ib, u8]} location in the SDM. @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vld32 (__v8hi, const int, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vld32wh (__v8hi, const int, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vld32wl (__v8hi, const int, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vld64 (__v8hi, const int, const int) @end example The following take two @code{int} arguments and return a @code{__v8hi} result. The first argument must be a 3-bit compile time constants, indicating one the registers I0-I7, and the second argument must be an 8-bit compile time constant. @example __v8hi __builtin_arc_vld128 (const int, const int) __v8hi __builtin_arc_vld64w (const int, const int) @end example The following take a @code{__v8hi} argument and two @code{int} arguments and return no result. The second argument must be a 3-bit compile time constants, indicating one the registers I0-I7, and the third argument must be an 8-bit compile time constant. @example void __builtin_arc_vst128 (__v8hi, const int, const int) void __builtin_arc_vst64 (__v8hi, const int, const int) @end example The following take a @code{__v8hi} argument and three @code{int} arguments and return no result. The second argument must be a 3-bit compile-time constant, identifying the 16-bit sub-register to be stored, the third argument must be a 3-bit compile time constants, indicating one the registers I0-I7, and the fourth argument must be an 8-bit compile time constant. @example void __builtin_arc_vst16_n (__v8hi, const int, const int, const int) void __builtin_arc_vst32_n (__v8hi, const int, const int, const int) @end example @node ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions @subsection ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions These built-in functions are available for the ARM family of processors when the @option{-mcpu=iwmmxt} switch is used: @smallexample typedef int v2si __attribute__ ((vector_size (8))); typedef short v4hi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8))); typedef char v8qi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8))); int __builtin_arm_getwcgr0 (void) void __builtin_arm_setwcgr0 (int) int __builtin_arm_getwcgr1 (void) void __builtin_arm_setwcgr1 (int) int __builtin_arm_getwcgr2 (void) void __builtin_arm_setwcgr2 (int) int __builtin_arm_getwcgr3 (void) void __builtin_arm_setwcgr3 (int) int __builtin_arm_textrmsb (v8qi, int) int __builtin_arm_textrmsh (v4hi, int) int __builtin_arm_textrmsw (v2si, int) int __builtin_arm_textrmub (v8qi, int) int __builtin_arm_textrmuh (v4hi, int) int __builtin_arm_textrmuw (v2si, int) v8qi __builtin_arm_tinsrb (v8qi, int, int) v4hi __builtin_arm_tinsrh (v4hi, int, int) v2si __builtin_arm_tinsrw (v2si, int, int) long long __builtin_arm_tmia (long long, int, int) long long __builtin_arm_tmiabb (long long, int, int) long long __builtin_arm_tmiabt (long long, int, int) long long __builtin_arm_tmiaph (long long, int, int) long long __builtin_arm_tmiatb (long long, int, int) long long __builtin_arm_tmiatt (long long, int, int) int __builtin_arm_tmovmskb (v8qi) int __builtin_arm_tmovmskh (v4hi) int __builtin_arm_tmovmskw (v2si) long long __builtin_arm_waccb (v8qi) long long __builtin_arm_wacch (v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_waccw (v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_waddb (v8qi, v8qi) v8qi __builtin_arm_waddbss (v8qi, v8qi) v8qi __builtin_arm_waddbus (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_waddh (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_waddhss (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_waddhus (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_waddw (v2si, v2si) v2si __builtin_arm_waddwss (v2si, v2si) v2si __builtin_arm_waddwus (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_walign (v8qi, v8qi, int) long long __builtin_arm_wand(long long, long long) long long __builtin_arm_wandn (long long, long long) v8qi __builtin_arm_wavg2b (v8qi, v8qi) v8qi __builtin_arm_wavg2br (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wavg2h (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wavg2hr (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_arm_wcmpeqb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wcmpeqh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wcmpeqw (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtsb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtsh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wcmpgtsw (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtub (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wcmpgtuh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wcmpgtuw (v2si, v2si) long long __builtin_arm_wmacs (long long, v4hi, v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wmacsz (v4hi, v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wmacu (long long, v4hi, v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wmacuz (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wmadds (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wmaddu (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_arm_wmaxsb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wmaxsh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wmaxsw (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_wmaxub (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wmaxuh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wmaxuw (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_wminsb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wminsh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wminsw (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_wminub (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wminuh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wminuw (v2si, v2si) v4hi __builtin_arm_wmulsm (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wmulul (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wmulum (v4hi, v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wor (long long, long long) v2si __builtin_arm_wpackdss (long long, long long) v2si __builtin_arm_wpackdus (long long, long long) v8qi __builtin_arm_wpackhss (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_arm_wpackhus (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wpackwss (v2si, v2si) v4hi __builtin_arm_wpackwus (v2si, v2si) long long __builtin_arm_wrord (long long, long long) long long __builtin_arm_wrordi (long long, int) v4hi __builtin_arm_wrorh (v4hi, long long) v4hi __builtin_arm_wrorhi (v4hi, int) v2si __builtin_arm_wrorw (v2si, long long) v2si __builtin_arm_wrorwi (v2si, int) v2si __builtin_arm_wsadb (v2si, v8qi, v8qi) v2si __builtin_arm_wsadbz (v8qi, v8qi) v2si __builtin_arm_wsadh (v2si, v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wsadhz (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wshufh (v4hi, int) long long __builtin_arm_wslld (long long, long long) long long __builtin_arm_wslldi (long long, int) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsllh (v4hi, long long) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsllhi (v4hi, int) v2si __builtin_arm_wsllw (v2si, long long) v2si __builtin_arm_wsllwi (v2si, int) long long __builtin_arm_wsrad (long long, long long) long long __builtin_arm_wsradi (long long, int) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrah (v4hi, long long) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrahi (v4hi, int) v2si __builtin_arm_wsraw (v2si, long long) v2si __builtin_arm_wsrawi (v2si, int) long long __builtin_arm_wsrld (long long, long long) long long __builtin_arm_wsrldi (long long, int) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrlh (v4hi, long long) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsrlhi (v4hi, int) v2si __builtin_arm_wsrlw (v2si, long long) v2si __builtin_arm_wsrlwi (v2si, int) v8qi __builtin_arm_wsubb (v8qi, v8qi) v8qi __builtin_arm_wsubbss (v8qi, v8qi) v8qi __builtin_arm_wsubbus (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsubh (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsubhss (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wsubhus (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wsubw (v2si, v2si) v2si __builtin_arm_wsubwss (v2si, v2si) v2si __builtin_arm_wsubwus (v2si, v2si) v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckehsb (v8qi) v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckehsh (v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wunpckehsw (v2si) v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckehub (v8qi) v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckehuh (v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wunpckehuw (v2si) v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckelsb (v8qi) v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckelsh (v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wunpckelsw (v2si) v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckelub (v8qi) v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckeluh (v4hi) long long __builtin_arm_wunpckeluw (v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_wunpckihb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckihh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckihw (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_arm_wunpckilb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_arm_wunpckilh (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_arm_wunpckilw (v2si, v2si) long long __builtin_arm_wxor (long long, long long) long long __builtin_arm_wzero () @end smallexample @node ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE) @subsection ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE) GCC implements extensions for C as described in the ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE) specification, which can be found at @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ihi0053c/IHI0053C_acle_2_0.pdf}. As a part of ACLE, GCC implements extensions for Advanced SIMD as described in the ARM C Language Extensions Specification. The complete list of Advanced SIMD intrinsics can be found at @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ihi0073a/IHI0073A_arm_neon_intrinsics_ref.pdf}. The built-in intrinsics for the Advanced SIMD extension are available when NEON is enabled. Currently, ARM and AArch64 back-ends do not support ACLE 2.0 fully. Both back-ends support CRC32 intrinsics from @file{arm_acle.h}. The ARM backend's 16-bit floating-point Advanded SIMD Intrinsics currently comply to ACLE v1.1. AArch64's backend does not have support for 16-bit floating point Advanced SIMD Intrinsics yet. See @ref{ARM Options} and @ref{AArch64 Options} for more information on the availability of extensions. @node ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics @subsection ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics These built-in functions are available for the ARM family of processors with floating-point unit. @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_arm_get_fpscr () void __builtin_arm_set_fpscr (unsigned int) @end smallexample @node AVR Built-in Functions @subsection AVR Built-in Functions For each built-in function for AVR, there is an equally named, uppercase built-in macro defined. That way users can easily query if or if not a specific built-in is implemented or not. For example, if @code{__builtin_avr_nop} is available the macro @code{__BUILTIN_AVR_NOP} is defined to @code{1} and undefined otherwise. The following built-in functions map to the respective machine instruction, i.e.@: @code{nop}, @code{sei}, @code{cli}, @code{sleep}, @code{wdr}, @code{swap}, @code{fmul}, @code{fmuls} resp. @code{fmulsu}. The three @code{fmul*} built-ins are implemented as library call if no hardware multiplier is available. @smallexample void __builtin_avr_nop (void) void __builtin_avr_sei (void) void __builtin_avr_cli (void) void __builtin_avr_sleep (void) void __builtin_avr_wdr (void) unsigned char __builtin_avr_swap (unsigned char) unsigned int __builtin_avr_fmul (unsigned char, unsigned char) int __builtin_avr_fmuls (char, char) int __builtin_avr_fmulsu (char, unsigned char) @end smallexample In order to delay execution for a specific number of cycles, GCC implements @smallexample void __builtin_avr_delay_cycles (unsigned long ticks) @end smallexample @noindent @code{ticks} is the number of ticks to delay execution. Note that this built-in does not take into account the effect of interrupts that might increase delay time. @code{ticks} must be a compile-time integer constant; delays with a variable number of cycles are not supported. @smallexample char __builtin_avr_flash_segment (const __memx void*) @end smallexample @noindent This built-in takes a byte address to the 24-bit @ref{AVR Named Address Spaces,address space} @code{__memx} and returns the number of the flash segment (the 64 KiB chunk) where the address points to. Counting starts at @code{0}. If the address does not point to flash memory, return @code{-1}. @smallexample unsigned char __builtin_avr_insert_bits (unsigned long map, unsigned char bits, unsigned char val) @end smallexample @noindent Insert bits from @var{bits} into @var{val} and return the resulting value. The nibbles of @var{map} determine how the insertion is performed: Let @var{X} be the @var{n}-th nibble of @var{map} @enumerate @item If @var{X} is @code{0xf}, then the @var{n}-th bit of @var{val} is returned unaltered. @item If X is in the range 0@dots{}7, then the @var{n}-th result bit is set to the @var{X}-th bit of @var{bits} @item If X is in the range 8@dots{}@code{0xe}, then the @var{n}-th result bit is undefined. @end enumerate @noindent One typical use case for this built-in is adjusting input and output values to non-contiguous port layouts. Some examples: @smallexample // same as val, bits is unused __builtin_avr_insert_bits (0xffffffff, bits, val) @end smallexample @smallexample // same as bits, val is unused __builtin_avr_insert_bits (0x76543210, bits, val) @end smallexample @smallexample // same as rotating bits by 4 __builtin_avr_insert_bits (0x32107654, bits, 0) @end smallexample @smallexample // high nibble of result is the high nibble of val // low nibble of result is the low nibble of bits __builtin_avr_insert_bits (0xffff3210, bits, val) @end smallexample @smallexample // reverse the bit order of bits __builtin_avr_insert_bits (0x01234567, bits, 0) @end smallexample @node Blackfin Built-in Functions @subsection Blackfin Built-in Functions Currently, there are two Blackfin-specific built-in functions. These are used for generating @code{CSYNC} and @code{SSYNC} machine insns without using inline assembly; by using these built-in functions the compiler can automatically add workarounds for hardware errata involving these instructions. These functions are named as follows: @smallexample void __builtin_bfin_csync (void) void __builtin_bfin_ssync (void) @end smallexample @node FR-V Built-in Functions @subsection FR-V Built-in Functions GCC provides many FR-V-specific built-in functions. In general, these functions are intended to be compatible with those described by @cite{FR-V Family, Softune C/C++ Compiler Manual (V6), Fujitsu Semiconductor}. The two exceptions are @code{__MDUNPACKH} and @code{__MBTOHE}, the GCC forms of which pass 128-bit values by pointer rather than by value. Most of the functions are named after specific FR-V instructions. Such functions are said to be ``directly mapped'' and are summarized here in tabular form. @menu * Argument Types:: * Directly-mapped Integer Functions:: * Directly-mapped Media Functions:: * Raw read/write Functions:: * Other Built-in Functions:: @end menu @node Argument Types @subsubsection Argument Types The arguments to the built-in functions can be divided into three groups: register numbers, compile-time constants and run-time values. In order to make this classification clear at a glance, the arguments and return values are given the following pseudo types: @multitable @columnfractions .20 .30 .15 .35 @item Pseudo type @tab Real C type @tab Constant? @tab Description @item @code{uh} @tab @code{unsigned short} @tab No @tab an unsigned halfword @item @code{uw1} @tab @code{unsigned int} @tab No @tab an unsigned word @item @code{sw1} @tab @code{int} @tab No @tab a signed word @item @code{uw2} @tab @code{unsigned long long} @tab No @tab an unsigned doubleword @item @code{sw2} @tab @code{long long} @tab No @tab a signed doubleword @item @code{const} @tab @code{int} @tab Yes @tab an integer constant @item @code{acc} @tab @code{int} @tab Yes @tab an ACC register number @item @code{iacc} @tab @code{int} @tab Yes @tab an IACC register number @end multitable These pseudo types are not defined by GCC, they are simply a notational convenience used in this manual. Arguments of type @code{uh}, @code{uw1}, @code{sw1}, @code{uw2} and @code{sw2} are evaluated at run time. They correspond to register operands in the underlying FR-V instructions. @code{const} arguments represent immediate operands in the underlying FR-V instructions. They must be compile-time constants. @code{acc} arguments are evaluated at compile time and specify the number of an accumulator register. For example, an @code{acc} argument of 2 selects the ACC2 register. @code{iacc} arguments are similar to @code{acc} arguments but specify the number of an IACC register. See @pxref{Other Built-in Functions} for more details. @node Directly-mapped Integer Functions @subsubsection Directly-mapped Integer Functions The functions listed below map directly to FR-V I-type instructions. @multitable @columnfractions .45 .32 .23 @item Function prototype @tab Example usage @tab Assembly output @item @code{sw1 __ADDSS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __ADDSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{ADDSS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw1 __SCAN (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __SCAN (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{SCAN @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw1 __SCUTSS (sw1)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __SCUTSS (@var{a})} @tab @code{SCUTSS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{sw1 __SLASS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __SLASS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{SLASS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __SMASS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__SMASS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{SMASS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __SMSSS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__SMSSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{SMSSS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __SMU (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__SMU (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{SMU @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{sw2 __SMUL (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __SMUL (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{SMUL @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw1 __SUBSS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __SUBSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{SUBSS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw2 __UMUL (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __UMUL (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{UMUL @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @end multitable @node Directly-mapped Media Functions @subsubsection Directly-mapped Media Functions The functions listed below map directly to FR-V M-type instructions. @multitable @columnfractions .45 .32 .23 @item Function prototype @tab Example usage @tab Assembly output @item @code{uw1 __MABSHS (sw1)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MABSHS (@var{a})} @tab @code{MABSHS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __MADDACCS (acc, acc)} @tab @code{__MADDACCS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MADDACCS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{sw1 __MADDHSS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MADDHSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MADDHSS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MADDHUS (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MADDHUS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MADDHUS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MAND (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MAND (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MAND @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MASACCS (acc, acc)} @tab @code{__MASACCS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MASACCS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MAVEH (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MAVEH (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MAVEH @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw2 __MBTOH (uw1)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MBTOH (@var{a})} @tab @code{MBTOH @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __MBTOHE (uw1 *, uw1)} @tab @code{__MBTOHE (&@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MBTOHE @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __MCLRACC (acc)} @tab @code{__MCLRACC (@var{a})} @tab @code{MCLRACC @var{a}} @item @code{void __MCLRACCA (void)} @tab @code{__MCLRACCA ()} @tab @code{MCLRACCA} @item @code{uw1 __Mcop1 (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __Mcop1 (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{Mcop1 @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __Mcop2 (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __Mcop2 (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{Mcop2 @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MCPLHI (uw2, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MCPLHI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCPLHI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MCPLI (uw2, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MCPLI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCPLI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MCPXIS (acc, sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__MCPXIS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCPXIS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MCPXIU (acc, uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{__MCPXIU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCPXIU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MCPXRS (acc, sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__MCPXRS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCPXRS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MCPXRU (acc, uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{__MCPXRU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCPXRU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MCUT (acc, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MCUT (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCUT @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MCUTSS (acc, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MCUTSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MCUTSS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MDADDACCS (acc, acc)} @tab @code{__MDADDACCS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MDADDACCS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __MDASACCS (acc, acc)} @tab @code{__MDASACCS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MDASACCS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw2 __MDCUTSSI (acc, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MDCUTSSI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MDCUTSSI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw2 __MDPACKH (uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MDPACKH (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MDPACKH @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw2 __MDROTLI (uw2, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MDROTLI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MDROTLI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MDSUBACCS (acc, acc)} @tab @code{__MDSUBACCS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MDSUBACCS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __MDUNPACKH (uw1 *, uw2)} @tab @code{__MDUNPACKH (&@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MDUNPACKH @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw2 __MEXPDHD (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MEXPDHD (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MEXPDHD @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MEXPDHW (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MEXPDHW (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MEXPDHW @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MHDSETH (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MHDSETH (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MHDSETH @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw1 __MHDSETS (const)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MHDSETS (@var{a})} @tab @code{MHDSETS #@var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MHSETHIH (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MHSETHIH (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MHSETHIH #@var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{sw1 __MHSETHIS (sw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MHSETHIS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MHSETHIS #@var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MHSETLOH (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MHSETLOH (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MHSETLOH #@var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{sw1 __MHSETLOS (sw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MHSETLOS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MHSETLOS #@var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MHTOB (uw2)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MHTOB (@var{a})} @tab @code{MHTOB @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __MMACHS (acc, sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__MMACHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMACHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MMACHU (acc, uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{__MMACHU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMACHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MMRDHS (acc, sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__MMRDHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMRDHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MMRDHU (acc, uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{__MMRDHU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMRDHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MMULHS (acc, sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__MMULHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMULHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MMULHU (acc, uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{__MMULHU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMULHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MMULXHS (acc, sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{__MMULXHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMULXHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MMULXHU (acc, uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{__MMULXHU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MMULXHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MNOT (uw1)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MNOT (@var{a})} @tab @code{MNOT @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MOR (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MOR (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MOR @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MPACKH (uh, uh)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MPACKH (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MPACKH @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw2 __MQADDHSS (sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQADDHSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQADDHSS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw2 __MQADDHUS (uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQADDHUS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQADDHUS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQCPXIS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQCPXIS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQCPXIS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQCPXIU (acc, uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{__MQCPXIU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQCPXIU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQCPXRS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQCPXRS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQCPXRS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQCPXRU (acc, uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{__MQCPXRU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQCPXRU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw2 __MQLCLRHS (sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQLCLRHS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQLCLRHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw2 __MQLMTHS (sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQLMTHS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQLMTHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQMACHS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQMACHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQMACHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQMACHU (acc, uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{__MQMACHU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQMACHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQMACXHS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQMACXHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQMACXHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQMULHS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQMULHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQMULHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQMULHU (acc, uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{__MQMULHU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQMULHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQMULXHS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQMULXHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQMULXHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQMULXHU (acc, uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{__MQMULXHU (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQMULXHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw2 __MQSATHS (sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQSATHS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQSATHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw2 __MQSLLHI (uw2, int)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQSLLHI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQSLLHI @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw2 __MQSRAHI (sw2, int)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQSRAHI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQSRAHI @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw2 __MQSUBHSS (sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQSUBHSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQSUBHSS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw2 __MQSUBHUS (uw2, uw2)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MQSUBHUS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQSUBHUS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQXMACHS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQXMACHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQXMACHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MQXMACXHS (acc, sw2, sw2)} @tab @code{__MQXMACXHS (@var{c}, @var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MQXMACXHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MRDACC (acc)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MRDACC (@var{a})} @tab @code{MRDACC @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MRDACCG (acc)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MRDACCG (@var{a})} @tab @code{MRDACCG @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MROTLI (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MROTLI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MROTLI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MROTRI (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MROTRI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MROTRI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw1 __MSATHS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MSATHS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MSATHS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MSATHU (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MSATHU (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MSATHU @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MSLLHI (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MSLLHI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MSLLHI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{sw1 __MSRAHI (sw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MSRAHI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MSRAHI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MSRLHI (uw1, const)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MSRLHI (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MSRLHI @var{a},#@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MSUBACCS (acc, acc)} @tab @code{__MSUBACCS (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MSUBACCS @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{sw1 __MSUBHSS (sw1, sw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MSUBHSS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MSUBHSS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{uw1 __MSUBHUS (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MSUBHUS (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MSUBHUS @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MTRAP (void)} @tab @code{__MTRAP ()} @tab @code{MTRAP} @item @code{uw2 __MUNPACKH (uw1)} @tab @code{@var{b} = __MUNPACKH (@var{a})} @tab @code{MUNPACKH @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MWCUT (uw2, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MWCUT (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MWCUT @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @item @code{void __MWTACC (acc, uw1)} @tab @code{__MWTACC (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MWTACC @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{void __MWTACCG (acc, uw1)} @tab @code{__MWTACCG (@var{b}, @var{a})} @tab @code{MWTACCG @var{a},@var{b}} @item @code{uw1 __MXOR (uw1, uw1)} @tab @code{@var{c} = __MXOR (@var{a}, @var{b})} @tab @code{MXOR @var{a},@var{b},@var{c}} @end multitable @node Raw read/write Functions @subsubsection Raw read/write Functions This sections describes built-in functions related to read and write instructions to access memory. These functions generate @code{membar} instructions to flush the I/O load and stores where appropriate, as described in Fujitsu's manual described above. @table @code @item unsigned char __builtin_read8 (void *@var{data}) @item unsigned short __builtin_read16 (void *@var{data}) @item unsigned long __builtin_read32 (void *@var{data}) @item unsigned long long __builtin_read64 (void *@var{data}) @item void __builtin_write8 (void *@var{data}, unsigned char @var{datum}) @item void __builtin_write16 (void *@var{data}, unsigned short @var{datum}) @item void __builtin_write32 (void *@var{data}, unsigned long @var{datum}) @item void __builtin_write64 (void *@var{data}, unsigned long long @var{datum}) @end table @node Other Built-in Functions @subsubsection Other Built-in Functions This section describes built-in functions that are not named after a specific FR-V instruction. @table @code @item sw2 __IACCreadll (iacc @var{reg}) Return the full 64-bit value of IACC0@. The @var{reg} argument is reserved for future expansion and must be 0. @item sw1 __IACCreadl (iacc @var{reg}) Return the value of IACC0H if @var{reg} is 0 and IACC0L if @var{reg} is 1. Other values of @var{reg} are rejected as invalid. @item void __IACCsetll (iacc @var{reg}, sw2 @var{x}) Set the full 64-bit value of IACC0 to @var{x}. The @var{reg} argument is reserved for future expansion and must be 0. @item void __IACCsetl (iacc @var{reg}, sw1 @var{x}) Set IACC0H to @var{x} if @var{reg} is 0 and IACC0L to @var{x} if @var{reg} is 1. Other values of @var{reg} are rejected as invalid. @item void __data_prefetch0 (const void *@var{x}) Use the @code{dcpl} instruction to load the contents of address @var{x} into the data cache. @item void __data_prefetch (const void *@var{x}) Use the @code{nldub} instruction to load the contents of address @var{x} into the data cache. The instruction is issued in slot I1@. @end table @node MIPS DSP Built-in Functions @subsection MIPS DSP Built-in Functions The MIPS DSP Application-Specific Extension (ASE) includes new instructions that are designed to improve the performance of DSP and media applications. It provides instructions that operate on packed 8-bit/16-bit integer data, Q7, Q15 and Q31 fractional data. GCC supports MIPS DSP operations using both the generic vector extensions (@pxref{Vector Extensions}) and a collection of MIPS-specific built-in functions. Both kinds of support are enabled by the @option{-mdsp} command-line option. Revision 2 of the ASE was introduced in the second half of 2006. This revision adds extra instructions to the original ASE, but is otherwise backwards-compatible with it. You can select revision 2 using the command-line option @option{-mdspr2}; this option implies @option{-mdsp}. The SCOUNT and POS bits of the DSP control register are global. The WRDSP, EXTPDP, EXTPDPV and MTHLIP instructions modify the SCOUNT and POS bits. During optimization, the compiler does not delete these instructions and it does not delete calls to functions containing these instructions. At present, GCC only provides support for operations on 32-bit vectors. The vector type associated with 8-bit integer data is usually called @code{v4i8}, the vector type associated with Q7 is usually called @code{v4q7}, the vector type associated with 16-bit integer data is usually called @code{v2i16}, and the vector type associated with Q15 is usually called @code{v2q15}. They can be defined in C as follows: @smallexample typedef signed char v4i8 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4))); typedef signed char v4q7 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4))); typedef short v2i16 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4))); typedef short v2q15 __attribute__ ((vector_size(4))); @end smallexample @code{v4i8}, @code{v4q7}, @code{v2i16} and @code{v2q15} values are initialized in the same way as aggregates. For example: @smallexample v4i8 a = @{1, 2, 3, 4@}; v4i8 b; b = (v4i8) @{5, 6, 7, 8@}; v2q15 c = @{0x0fcb, 0x3a75@}; v2q15 d; d = (v2q15) @{0.1234 * 0x1.0p15, 0.4567 * 0x1.0p15@}; @end smallexample @emph{Note:} The CPU's endianness determines the order in which values are packed. On little-endian targets, the first value is the least significant and the last value is the most significant. The opposite order applies to big-endian targets. For example, the code above sets the lowest byte of @code{a} to @code{1} on little-endian targets and @code{4} on big-endian targets. @emph{Note:} Q7, Q15 and Q31 values must be initialized with their integer representation. As shown in this example, the integer representation of a Q7 value can be obtained by multiplying the fractional value by @code{0x1.0p7}. The equivalent for Q15 values is to multiply by @code{0x1.0p15}. The equivalent for Q31 values is to multiply by @code{0x1.0p31}. The table below lists the @code{v4i8} and @code{v2q15} operations for which hardware support exists. @code{a} and @code{b} are @code{v4i8} values, and @code{c} and @code{d} are @code{v2q15} values. @multitable @columnfractions .50 .50 @item C code @tab MIPS instruction @item @code{a + b} @tab @code{addu.qb} @item @code{c + d} @tab @code{addq.ph} @item @code{a - b} @tab @code{subu.qb} @item @code{c - d} @tab @code{subq.ph} @end multitable The table below lists the @code{v2i16} operation for which hardware support exists for the DSP ASE REV 2. @code{e} and @code{f} are @code{v2i16} values. @multitable @columnfractions .50 .50 @item C code @tab MIPS instruction @item @code{e * f} @tab @code{mul.ph} @end multitable It is easier to describe the DSP built-in functions if we first define the following types: @smallexample typedef int q31; typedef int i32; typedef unsigned int ui32; typedef long long a64; @end smallexample @code{q31} and @code{i32} are actually the same as @code{int}, but we use @code{q31} to indicate a Q31 fractional value and @code{i32} to indicate a 32-bit integer value. Similarly, @code{a64} is the same as @code{long long}, but we use @code{a64} to indicate values that are placed in one of the four DSP accumulators (@code{$ac0}, @code{$ac1}, @code{$ac2} or @code{$ac3}). Also, some built-in functions prefer or require immediate numbers as parameters, because the corresponding DSP instructions accept both immediate numbers and register operands, or accept immediate numbers only. The immediate parameters are listed as follows. @smallexample imm0_3: 0 to 3. imm0_7: 0 to 7. imm0_15: 0 to 15. imm0_31: 0 to 31. imm0_63: 0 to 63. imm0_255: 0 to 255. imm_n32_31: -32 to 31. imm_n512_511: -512 to 511. @end smallexample The following built-in functions map directly to a particular MIPS DSP instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for details on what each instruction does. @smallexample v2q15 __builtin_mips_addq_ph (v2q15, v2q15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_addq_s_ph (v2q15, v2q15) q31 __builtin_mips_addq_s_w (q31, q31) v4i8 __builtin_mips_addu_qb (v4i8, v4i8) v4i8 __builtin_mips_addu_s_qb (v4i8, v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_subq_ph (v2q15, v2q15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_subq_s_ph (v2q15, v2q15) q31 __builtin_mips_subq_s_w (q31, q31) v4i8 __builtin_mips_subu_qb (v4i8, v4i8) v4i8 __builtin_mips_subu_s_qb (v4i8, v4i8) i32 __builtin_mips_addsc (i32, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_addwc (i32, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_modsub (i32, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_raddu_w_qb (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_absq_s_ph (v2q15) q31 __builtin_mips_absq_s_w (q31) v4i8 __builtin_mips_precrq_qb_ph (v2q15, v2q15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_precrq_ph_w (q31, q31) v2q15 __builtin_mips_precrq_rs_ph_w (q31, q31) v4i8 __builtin_mips_precrqu_s_qb_ph (v2q15, v2q15) q31 __builtin_mips_preceq_w_phl (v2q15) q31 __builtin_mips_preceq_w_phr (v2q15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbl (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbr (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbla (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_precequ_ph_qbra (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbl (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbr (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbla (v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_preceu_ph_qbra (v4i8) v4i8 __builtin_mips_shll_qb (v4i8, imm0_7) v4i8 __builtin_mips_shll_qb (v4i8, i32) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_ph (v2q15, imm0_15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_ph (v2q15, i32) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_s_ph (v2q15, imm0_15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shll_s_ph (v2q15, i32) q31 __builtin_mips_shll_s_w (q31, imm0_31) q31 __builtin_mips_shll_s_w (q31, i32) v4i8 __builtin_mips_shrl_qb (v4i8, imm0_7) v4i8 __builtin_mips_shrl_qb (v4i8, i32) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_ph (v2q15, imm0_15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_ph (v2q15, i32) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_r_ph (v2q15, imm0_15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_shra_r_ph (v2q15, i32) q31 __builtin_mips_shra_r_w (q31, imm0_31) q31 __builtin_mips_shra_r_w (q31, i32) v2q15 __builtin_mips_muleu_s_ph_qbl (v4i8, v2q15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_muleu_s_ph_qbr (v4i8, v2q15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_mulq_rs_ph (v2q15, v2q15) q31 __builtin_mips_muleq_s_w_phl (v2q15, v2q15) q31 __builtin_mips_muleq_s_w_phr (v2q15, v2q15) a64 __builtin_mips_dpau_h_qbl (a64, v4i8, v4i8) a64 __builtin_mips_dpau_h_qbr (a64, v4i8, v4i8) a64 __builtin_mips_dpsu_h_qbl (a64, v4i8, v4i8) a64 __builtin_mips_dpsu_h_qbr (a64, v4i8, v4i8) a64 __builtin_mips_dpaq_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15) a64 __builtin_mips_dpaq_sa_l_w (a64, q31, q31) a64 __builtin_mips_dpsq_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15) a64 __builtin_mips_dpsq_sa_l_w (a64, q31, q31) a64 __builtin_mips_mulsaq_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15) a64 __builtin_mips_maq_s_w_phl (a64, v2q15, v2q15) a64 __builtin_mips_maq_s_w_phr (a64, v2q15, v2q15) a64 __builtin_mips_maq_sa_w_phl (a64, v2q15, v2q15) a64 __builtin_mips_maq_sa_w_phr (a64, v2q15, v2q15) i32 __builtin_mips_bitrev (i32) i32 __builtin_mips_insv (i32, i32) v4i8 __builtin_mips_repl_qb (imm0_255) v4i8 __builtin_mips_repl_qb (i32) v2q15 __builtin_mips_repl_ph (imm_n512_511) v2q15 __builtin_mips_repl_ph (i32) void __builtin_mips_cmpu_eq_qb (v4i8, v4i8) void __builtin_mips_cmpu_lt_qb (v4i8, v4i8) void __builtin_mips_cmpu_le_qb (v4i8, v4i8) i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgu_eq_qb (v4i8, v4i8) i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgu_lt_qb (v4i8, v4i8) i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgu_le_qb (v4i8, v4i8) void __builtin_mips_cmp_eq_ph (v2q15, v2q15) void __builtin_mips_cmp_lt_ph (v2q15, v2q15) void __builtin_mips_cmp_le_ph (v2q15, v2q15) v4i8 __builtin_mips_pick_qb (v4i8, v4i8) v2q15 __builtin_mips_pick_ph (v2q15, v2q15) v2q15 __builtin_mips_packrl_ph (v2q15, v2q15) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_w (a64, imm0_31) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_w (a64, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_r_w (a64, imm0_31) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_s_h (a64, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_rs_w (a64, imm0_31) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_rs_w (a64, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_s_h (a64, imm0_31) i32 __builtin_mips_extr_r_w (a64, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_extp (a64, imm0_31) i32 __builtin_mips_extp (a64, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_extpdp (a64, imm0_31) i32 __builtin_mips_extpdp (a64, i32) a64 __builtin_mips_shilo (a64, imm_n32_31) a64 __builtin_mips_shilo (a64, i32) a64 __builtin_mips_mthlip (a64, i32) void __builtin_mips_wrdsp (i32, imm0_63) i32 __builtin_mips_rddsp (imm0_63) i32 __builtin_mips_lbux (void *, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_lhx (void *, i32) i32 __builtin_mips_lwx (void *, i32) a64 __builtin_mips_ldx (void *, i32) [MIPS64 only] i32 __builtin_mips_bposge32 (void) a64 __builtin_mips_madd (a64, i32, i32); a64 __builtin_mips_maddu (a64, ui32, ui32); a64 __builtin_mips_msub (a64, i32, i32); a64 __builtin_mips_msubu (a64, ui32, ui32); a64 __builtin_mips_mult (i32, i32); a64 __builtin_mips_multu (ui32, ui32); @end smallexample The following built-in functions map directly to a particular MIPS DSP REV 2 instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for details on what each instruction does. @smallexample v4q7 __builtin_mips_absq_s_qb (v4q7); v2i16 __builtin_mips_addu_ph (v2i16, v2i16); v2i16 __builtin_mips_addu_s_ph (v2i16, v2i16); v4i8 __builtin_mips_adduh_qb (v4i8, v4i8); v4i8 __builtin_mips_adduh_r_qb (v4i8, v4i8); i32 __builtin_mips_append (i32, i32, imm0_31); i32 __builtin_mips_balign (i32, i32, imm0_3); i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgdu_eq_qb (v4i8, v4i8); i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgdu_lt_qb (v4i8, v4i8); i32 __builtin_mips_cmpgdu_le_qb (v4i8, v4i8); a64 __builtin_mips_dpa_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16); a64 __builtin_mips_dps_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16); v2i16 __builtin_mips_mul_ph (v2i16, v2i16); v2i16 __builtin_mips_mul_s_ph (v2i16, v2i16); q31 __builtin_mips_mulq_rs_w (q31, q31); v2q15 __builtin_mips_mulq_s_ph (v2q15, v2q15); q31 __builtin_mips_mulq_s_w (q31, q31); a64 __builtin_mips_mulsa_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16); v4i8 __builtin_mips_precr_qb_ph (v2i16, v2i16); v2i16 __builtin_mips_precr_sra_ph_w (i32, i32, imm0_31); v2i16 __builtin_mips_precr_sra_r_ph_w (i32, i32, imm0_31); i32 __builtin_mips_prepend (i32, i32, imm0_31); v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_qb (v4i8, imm0_7); v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_r_qb (v4i8, imm0_7); v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_qb (v4i8, i32); v4i8 __builtin_mips_shra_r_qb (v4i8, i32); v2i16 __builtin_mips_shrl_ph (v2i16, imm0_15); v2i16 __builtin_mips_shrl_ph (v2i16, i32); v2i16 __builtin_mips_subu_ph (v2i16, v2i16); v2i16 __builtin_mips_subu_s_ph (v2i16, v2i16); v4i8 __builtin_mips_subuh_qb (v4i8, v4i8); v4i8 __builtin_mips_subuh_r_qb (v4i8, v4i8); v2q15 __builtin_mips_addqh_ph (v2q15, v2q15); v2q15 __builtin_mips_addqh_r_ph (v2q15, v2q15); q31 __builtin_mips_addqh_w (q31, q31); q31 __builtin_mips_addqh_r_w (q31, q31); v2q15 __builtin_mips_subqh_ph (v2q15, v2q15); v2q15 __builtin_mips_subqh_r_ph (v2q15, v2q15); q31 __builtin_mips_subqh_w (q31, q31); q31 __builtin_mips_subqh_r_w (q31, q31); a64 __builtin_mips_dpax_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16); a64 __builtin_mips_dpsx_w_ph (a64, v2i16, v2i16); a64 __builtin_mips_dpaqx_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15); a64 __builtin_mips_dpaqx_sa_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15); a64 __builtin_mips_dpsqx_s_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15); a64 __builtin_mips_dpsqx_sa_w_ph (a64, v2q15, v2q15); @end smallexample @node MIPS Paired-Single Support @subsection MIPS Paired-Single Support The MIPS64 architecture includes a number of instructions that operate on pairs of single-precision floating-point values. Each pair is packed into a 64-bit floating-point register, with one element being designated the ``upper half'' and the other being designated the ``lower half''. GCC supports paired-single operations using both the generic vector extensions (@pxref{Vector Extensions}) and a collection of MIPS-specific built-in functions. Both kinds of support are enabled by the @option{-mpaired-single} command-line option. The vector type associated with paired-single values is usually called @code{v2sf}. It can be defined in C as follows: @smallexample typedef float v2sf __attribute__ ((vector_size (8))); @end smallexample @code{v2sf} values are initialized in the same way as aggregates. For example: @smallexample v2sf a = @{1.5, 9.1@}; v2sf b; float e, f; b = (v2sf) @{e, f@}; @end smallexample @emph{Note:} The CPU's endianness determines which value is stored in the upper half of a register and which value is stored in the lower half. On little-endian targets, the first value is the lower one and the second value is the upper one. The opposite order applies to big-endian targets. For example, the code above sets the lower half of @code{a} to @code{1.5} on little-endian targets and @code{9.1} on big-endian targets. @node MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions @subsection MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions GCC provides intrinsics to access the SIMD instructions provided by the ST Microelectronics Loongson-2E and -2F processors. These intrinsics, available after inclusion of the @code{loongson.h} header file, operate on the following 64-bit vector types: @itemize @item @code{uint8x8_t}, a vector of eight unsigned 8-bit integers; @item @code{uint16x4_t}, a vector of four unsigned 16-bit integers; @item @code{uint32x2_t}, a vector of two unsigned 32-bit integers; @item @code{int8x8_t}, a vector of eight signed 8-bit integers; @item @code{int16x4_t}, a vector of four signed 16-bit integers; @item @code{int32x2_t}, a vector of two signed 32-bit integers. @end itemize The intrinsics provided are listed below; each is named after the machine instruction to which it corresponds, with suffixes added as appropriate to distinguish intrinsics that expand to the same machine instruction yet have different argument types. Refer to the architecture documentation for a description of the functionality of each instruction. @smallexample int16x4_t packsswh (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int8x8_t packsshb (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); uint8x8_t packushb (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint32x2_t paddw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint16x4_t paddh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t paddb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int32x2_t paddw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int16x4_t paddh_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t paddb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint64_t paddd_u (uint64_t s, uint64_t t); int64_t paddd_s (int64_t s, int64_t t); int16x4_t paddsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t paddsb (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint16x4_t paddush (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t paddusb (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); uint64_t pandn_ud (uint64_t s, uint64_t t); uint32x2_t pandn_uw (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint16x4_t pandn_uh (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t pandn_ub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int64_t pandn_sd (int64_t s, int64_t t); int32x2_t pandn_sw (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int16x4_t pandn_sh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t pandn_sb (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint16x4_t pavgh (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t pavgb (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); uint32x2_t pcmpeqw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint16x4_t pcmpeqh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t pcmpeqb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int32x2_t pcmpeqw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int16x4_t pcmpeqh_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t pcmpeqb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint32x2_t pcmpgtw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint16x4_t pcmpgth_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t pcmpgtb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int32x2_t pcmpgtw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int16x4_t pcmpgth_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t pcmpgtb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint16x4_t pextrh_u (uint16x4_t s, int field); int16x4_t pextrh_s (int16x4_t s, int field); uint16x4_t pinsrh_0_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint16x4_t pinsrh_1_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint16x4_t pinsrh_2_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint16x4_t pinsrh_3_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); int16x4_t pinsrh_0_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int16x4_t pinsrh_1_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int16x4_t pinsrh_2_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int16x4_t pinsrh_3_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int32x2_t pmaddhw (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int16x4_t pmaxsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); uint8x8_t pmaxub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int16x4_t pminsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); uint8x8_t pminub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); uint8x8_t pmovmskb_u (uint8x8_t s); int8x8_t pmovmskb_s (int8x8_t s); uint16x4_t pmulhuh (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); int16x4_t pmulhh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int16x4_t pmullh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int64_t pmuluw (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint8x8_t pasubub (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); uint16x4_t biadd (uint8x8_t s); uint16x4_t psadbh (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); uint16x4_t pshufh_u (uint16x4_t dest, uint16x4_t s, uint8_t order); int16x4_t pshufh_s (int16x4_t dest, int16x4_t s, uint8_t order); uint16x4_t psllh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint8_t amount); int16x4_t psllh_s (int16x4_t s, uint8_t amount); uint32x2_t psllw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint8_t amount); int32x2_t psllw_s (int32x2_t s, uint8_t amount); uint16x4_t psrlh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint8_t amount); int16x4_t psrlh_s (int16x4_t s, uint8_t amount); uint32x2_t psrlw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint8_t amount); int32x2_t psrlw_s (int32x2_t s, uint8_t amount); uint16x4_t psrah_u (uint16x4_t s, uint8_t amount); int16x4_t psrah_s (int16x4_t s, uint8_t amount); uint32x2_t psraw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint8_t amount); int32x2_t psraw_s (int32x2_t s, uint8_t amount); uint32x2_t psubw_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint16x4_t psubh_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t psubb_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int32x2_t psubw_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int16x4_t psubh_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t psubb_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint64_t psubd_u (uint64_t s, uint64_t t); int64_t psubd_s (int64_t s, int64_t t); int16x4_t psubsh (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t psubsb (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint16x4_t psubush (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t psubusb (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); uint32x2_t punpckhwd_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint16x4_t punpckhhw_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t punpckhbh_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int32x2_t punpckhwd_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int16x4_t punpckhhw_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t punpckhbh_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); uint32x2_t punpcklwd_u (uint32x2_t s, uint32x2_t t); uint16x4_t punpcklhw_u (uint16x4_t s, uint16x4_t t); uint8x8_t punpcklbh_u (uint8x8_t s, uint8x8_t t); int32x2_t punpcklwd_s (int32x2_t s, int32x2_t t); int16x4_t punpcklhw_s (int16x4_t s, int16x4_t t); int8x8_t punpcklbh_s (int8x8_t s, int8x8_t t); @end smallexample @menu * Paired-Single Arithmetic:: * Paired-Single Built-in Functions:: * MIPS-3D Built-in Functions:: @end menu @node Paired-Single Arithmetic @subsubsection Paired-Single Arithmetic The table below lists the @code{v2sf} operations for which hardware support exists. @code{a}, @code{b} and @code{c} are @code{v2sf} values and @code{x} is an integral value. @multitable @columnfractions .50 .50 @item C code @tab MIPS instruction @item @code{a + b} @tab @code{add.ps} @item @code{a - b} @tab @code{sub.ps} @item @code{-a} @tab @code{neg.ps} @item @code{a * b} @tab @code{mul.ps} @item @code{a * b + c} @tab @code{madd.ps} @item @code{a * b - c} @tab @code{msub.ps} @item @code{-(a * b + c)} @tab @code{nmadd.ps} @item @code{-(a * b - c)} @tab @code{nmsub.ps} @item @code{x ? a : b} @tab @code{movn.ps}/@code{movz.ps} @end multitable Note that the multiply-accumulate instructions can be disabled using the command-line option @code{-mno-fused-madd}. @node Paired-Single Built-in Functions @subsubsection Paired-Single Built-in Functions The following paired-single functions map directly to a particular MIPS instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for details on what each instruction does. @table @code @item v2sf __builtin_mips_pll_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Pair lower lower (@code{pll.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_pul_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Pair upper lower (@code{pul.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_plu_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Pair lower upper (@code{plu.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_puu_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Pair upper upper (@code{puu.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_cvt_ps_s (float, float) Convert pair to paired single (@code{cvt.ps.s}). @item float __builtin_mips_cvt_s_pl (v2sf) Convert pair lower to single (@code{cvt.s.pl}). @item float __builtin_mips_cvt_s_pu (v2sf) Convert pair upper to single (@code{cvt.s.pu}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_abs_ps (v2sf) Absolute value (@code{abs.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_alnv_ps (v2sf, v2sf, int) Align variable (@code{alnv.ps}). @emph{Note:} The value of the third parameter must be 0 or 4 modulo 8, otherwise the result is unpredictable. Please read the instruction description for details. @end table The following multi-instruction functions are also available. In each case, @var{cond} can be any of the 16 floating-point conditions: @code{f}, @code{un}, @code{eq}, @code{ueq}, @code{olt}, @code{ult}, @code{ole}, @code{ule}, @code{sf}, @code{ngle}, @code{seq}, @code{ngl}, @code{lt}, @code{nge}, @code{le} or @code{ngt}. @table @code @item v2sf __builtin_mips_movt_c_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) @itemx v2sf __builtin_mips_movf_c_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) Conditional move based on floating-point comparison (@code{c.@var{cond}.ps}, @code{movt.ps}/@code{movf.ps}). The @code{movt} functions return the value @var{x} computed by: @smallexample c.@var{cond}.ps @var{cc},@var{a},@var{b} mov.ps @var{x},@var{c} movt.ps @var{x},@var{d},@var{cc} @end smallexample The @code{movf} functions are similar but use @code{movf.ps} instead of @code{movt.ps}. @item int __builtin_mips_upper_c_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_lower_c_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) Comparison of two paired-single values (@code{c.@var{cond}.ps}, @code{bc1t}/@code{bc1f}). These functions compare @var{a} and @var{b} using @code{c.@var{cond}.ps} and return either the upper or lower half of the result. For example: @smallexample v2sf a, b; if (__builtin_mips_upper_c_eq_ps (a, b)) upper_halves_are_equal (); else upper_halves_are_unequal (); if (__builtin_mips_lower_c_eq_ps (a, b)) lower_halves_are_equal (); else lower_halves_are_unequal (); @end smallexample @end table @node MIPS-3D Built-in Functions @subsubsection MIPS-3D Built-in Functions The MIPS-3D Application-Specific Extension (ASE) includes additional paired-single instructions that are designed to improve the performance of 3D graphics operations. Support for these instructions is controlled by the @option{-mips3d} command-line option. The functions listed below map directly to a particular MIPS-3D instruction. Please refer to the architecture specification for more details on what each instruction does. @table @code @item v2sf __builtin_mips_addr_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Reduction add (@code{addr.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_mulr_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Reduction multiply (@code{mulr.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_cvt_pw_ps (v2sf) Convert paired single to paired word (@code{cvt.pw.ps}). @item v2sf __builtin_mips_cvt_ps_pw (v2sf) Convert paired word to paired single (@code{cvt.ps.pw}). @item float __builtin_mips_recip1_s (float) @itemx double __builtin_mips_recip1_d (double) @itemx v2sf __builtin_mips_recip1_ps (v2sf) Reduced-precision reciprocal (sequence step 1) (@code{recip1.@var{fmt}}). @item float __builtin_mips_recip2_s (float, float) @itemx double __builtin_mips_recip2_d (double, double) @itemx v2sf __builtin_mips_recip2_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Reduced-precision reciprocal (sequence step 2) (@code{recip2.@var{fmt}}). @item float __builtin_mips_rsqrt1_s (float) @itemx double __builtin_mips_rsqrt1_d (double) @itemx v2sf __builtin_mips_rsqrt1_ps (v2sf) Reduced-precision reciprocal square root (sequence step 1) (@code{rsqrt1.@var{fmt}}). @item float __builtin_mips_rsqrt2_s (float, float) @itemx double __builtin_mips_rsqrt2_d (double, double) @itemx v2sf __builtin_mips_rsqrt2_ps (v2sf, v2sf) Reduced-precision reciprocal square root (sequence step 2) (@code{rsqrt2.@var{fmt}}). @end table The following multi-instruction functions are also available. In each case, @var{cond} can be any of the 16 floating-point conditions: @code{f}, @code{un}, @code{eq}, @code{ueq}, @code{olt}, @code{ult}, @code{ole}, @code{ule}, @code{sf}, @code{ngle}, @code{seq}, @code{ngl}, @code{lt}, @code{nge}, @code{le} or @code{ngt}. @table @code @item int __builtin_mips_cabs_@var{cond}_s (float @var{a}, float @var{b}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_cabs_@var{cond}_d (double @var{a}, double @var{b}) Absolute comparison of two scalar values (@code{cabs.@var{cond}.@var{fmt}}, @code{bc1t}/@code{bc1f}). These functions compare @var{a} and @var{b} using @code{cabs.@var{cond}.s} or @code{cabs.@var{cond}.d} and return the result as a boolean value. For example: @smallexample float a, b; if (__builtin_mips_cabs_eq_s (a, b)) true (); else false (); @end smallexample @item int __builtin_mips_upper_cabs_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_lower_cabs_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) Absolute comparison of two paired-single values (@code{cabs.@var{cond}.ps}, @code{bc1t}/@code{bc1f}). These functions compare @var{a} and @var{b} using @code{cabs.@var{cond}.ps} and return either the upper or lower half of the result. For example: @smallexample v2sf a, b; if (__builtin_mips_upper_cabs_eq_ps (a, b)) upper_halves_are_equal (); else upper_halves_are_unequal (); if (__builtin_mips_lower_cabs_eq_ps (a, b)) lower_halves_are_equal (); else lower_halves_are_unequal (); @end smallexample @item v2sf __builtin_mips_movt_cabs_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) @itemx v2sf __builtin_mips_movf_cabs_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) Conditional move based on absolute comparison (@code{cabs.@var{cond}.ps}, @code{movt.ps}/@code{movf.ps}). The @code{movt} functions return the value @var{x} computed by: @smallexample cabs.@var{cond}.ps @var{cc},@var{a},@var{b} mov.ps @var{x},@var{c} movt.ps @var{x},@var{d},@var{cc} @end smallexample The @code{movf} functions are similar but use @code{movf.ps} instead of @code{movt.ps}. @item int __builtin_mips_any_c_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_all_c_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_any_cabs_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_all_cabs_@var{cond}_ps (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}) Comparison of two paired-single values (@code{c.@var{cond}.ps}/@code{cabs.@var{cond}.ps}, @code{bc1any2t}/@code{bc1any2f}). These functions compare @var{a} and @var{b} using @code{c.@var{cond}.ps} or @code{cabs.@var{cond}.ps}. The @code{any} forms return true if either result is true and the @code{all} forms return true if both results are true. For example: @smallexample v2sf a, b; if (__builtin_mips_any_c_eq_ps (a, b)) one_is_true (); else both_are_false (); if (__builtin_mips_all_c_eq_ps (a, b)) both_are_true (); else one_is_false (); @end smallexample @item int __builtin_mips_any_c_@var{cond}_4s (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_all_c_@var{cond}_4s (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_any_cabs_@var{cond}_4s (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) @itemx int __builtin_mips_all_cabs_@var{cond}_4s (v2sf @var{a}, v2sf @var{b}, v2sf @var{c}, v2sf @var{d}) Comparison of four paired-single values (@code{c.@var{cond}.ps}/@code{cabs.@var{cond}.ps}, @code{bc1any4t}/@code{bc1any4f}). These functions use @code{c.@var{cond}.ps} or @code{cabs.@var{cond}.ps} to compare @var{a} with @var{b} and to compare @var{c} with @var{d}. The @code{any} forms return true if any of the four results are true and the @code{all} forms return true if all four results are true. For example: @smallexample v2sf a, b, c, d; if (__builtin_mips_any_c_eq_4s (a, b, c, d)) some_are_true (); else all_are_false (); if (__builtin_mips_all_c_eq_4s (a, b, c, d)) all_are_true (); else some_are_false (); @end smallexample @end table @node Other MIPS Built-in Functions @subsection Other MIPS Built-in Functions GCC provides other MIPS-specific built-in functions: @table @code @item void __builtin_mips_cache (int @var{op}, const volatile void *@var{addr}) Insert a @samp{cache} instruction with operands @var{op} and @var{addr}. GCC defines the preprocessor macro @code{___GCC_HAVE_BUILTIN_MIPS_CACHE} when this function is available. @item unsigned int __builtin_mips_get_fcsr (void) @itemx void __builtin_mips_set_fcsr (unsigned int @var{value}) Get and set the contents of the floating-point control and status register (FPU control register 31). These functions are only available in hard-float code but can be called in both MIPS16 and non-MIPS16 contexts. @code{__builtin_mips_set_fcsr} can be used to change any bit of the register except the condition codes, which GCC assumes are preserved. @end table @node MSP430 Built-in Functions @subsection MSP430 Built-in Functions GCC provides a couple of special builtin functions to aid in the writing of interrupt handlers in C. @table @code @item __bic_SR_register_on_exit (int @var{mask}) This clears the indicated bits in the saved copy of the status register currently residing on the stack. This only works inside interrupt handlers and the changes to the status register will only take affect once the handler returns. @item __bis_SR_register_on_exit (int @var{mask}) This sets the indicated bits in the saved copy of the status register currently residing on the stack. This only works inside interrupt handlers and the changes to the status register will only take affect once the handler returns. @item __delay_cycles (long long @var{cycles}) This inserts an instruction sequence that takes exactly @var{cycles} cycles (between 0 and about 17E9) to complete. The inserted sequence may use jumps, loops, or no-ops, and does not interfere with any other instructions. Note that @var{cycles} must be a compile-time constant integer - that is, you must pass a number, not a variable that may be optimized to a constant later. The number of cycles delayed by this builtin is exact. @end table @node NDS32 Built-in Functions @subsection NDS32 Built-in Functions These built-in functions are available for the NDS32 target: @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_nds32_isync (int *@var{addr}) Insert an ISYNC instruction into the instruction stream where @var{addr} is an instruction address for serialization. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_nds32_isb (void) Insert an ISB instruction into the instruction stream. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_nds32_mfsr (int @var{sr}) Return the content of a system register which is mapped by @var{sr}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_nds32_mfusr (int @var{usr}) Return the content of a user space register which is mapped by @var{usr}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_nds32_mtsr (int @var{value}, int @var{sr}) Move the @var{value} to a system register which is mapped by @var{sr}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_nds32_mtusr (int @var{value}, int @var{usr}) Move the @var{value} to a user space register which is mapped by @var{usr}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_nds32_setgie_en (void) Enable global interrupt. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_nds32_setgie_dis (void) Disable global interrupt. @end deftypefn @node picoChip Built-in Functions @subsection picoChip Built-in Functions GCC provides an interface to selected machine instructions from the picoChip instruction set. @table @code @item int __builtin_sbc (int @var{value}) Sign bit count. Return the number of consecutive bits in @var{value} that have the same value as the sign bit. The result is the number of leading sign bits minus one, giving the number of redundant sign bits in @var{value}. @item int __builtin_byteswap (int @var{value}) Byte swap. Return the result of swapping the upper and lower bytes of @var{value}. @item int __builtin_brev (int @var{value}) Bit reversal. Return the result of reversing the bits in @var{value}. Bit 15 is swapped with bit 0, bit 14 is swapped with bit 1, and so on. @item int __builtin_adds (int @var{x}, int @var{y}) Saturating addition. Return the result of adding @var{x} and @var{y}, storing the value 32767 if the result overflows. @item int __builtin_subs (int @var{x}, int @var{y}) Saturating subtraction. Return the result of subtracting @var{y} from @var{x}, storing the value @minus{}32768 if the result overflows. @item void __builtin_halt (void) Halt. The processor stops execution. This built-in is useful for implementing assertions. @end table @node PowerPC Built-in Functions @subsection PowerPC Built-in Functions These built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family of processors: @smallexample float __builtin_recipdivf (float, float); float __builtin_rsqrtf (float); double __builtin_recipdiv (double, double); double __builtin_rsqrt (double); uint64_t __builtin_ppc_get_timebase (); unsigned long __builtin_ppc_mftb (); double __builtin_unpack_longdouble (long double, int); long double __builtin_pack_longdouble (double, double); @end smallexample The @code{vec_rsqrt}, @code{__builtin_rsqrt}, and @code{__builtin_rsqrtf} functions generate multiple instructions to implement the reciprocal sqrt functionality using reciprocal sqrt estimate instructions. The @code{__builtin_recipdiv}, and @code{__builtin_recipdivf} functions generate multiple instructions to implement division using the reciprocal estimate instructions. The @code{__builtin_ppc_get_timebase} and @code{__builtin_ppc_mftb} functions generate instructions to read the Time Base Register. The @code{__builtin_ppc_get_timebase} function may generate multiple instructions and always returns the 64 bits of the Time Base Register. The @code{__builtin_ppc_mftb} function always generates one instruction and returns the Time Base Register value as an unsigned long, throwing away the most significant word on 32-bit environments. The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family of processors, starting with ISA 2.06 or later (@option{-mcpu=power7} or @option{-mpopcntd}): @smallexample long __builtin_bpermd (long, long); int __builtin_divwe (int, int); int __builtin_divweo (int, int); unsigned int __builtin_divweu (unsigned int, unsigned int); unsigned int __builtin_divweuo (unsigned int, unsigned int); long __builtin_divde (long, long); long __builtin_divdeo (long, long); unsigned long __builtin_divdeu (unsigned long, unsigned long); unsigned long __builtin_divdeuo (unsigned long, unsigned long); unsigned int cdtbcd (unsigned int); unsigned int cbcdtd (unsigned int); unsigned int addg6s (unsigned int, unsigned int); @end smallexample The @code{__builtin_divde}, @code{__builtin_divdeo}, @code{__builitin_divdeu}, @code{__builtin_divdeou} functions require a 64-bit environment support ISA 2.06 or later. The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family of processors when hardware decimal floating point (@option{-mhard-dfp}) is available: @smallexample _Decimal64 __builtin_dxex (_Decimal64); _Decimal128 __builtin_dxexq (_Decimal128); _Decimal64 __builtin_ddedpd (int, _Decimal64); _Decimal128 __builtin_ddedpdq (int, _Decimal128); _Decimal64 __builtin_denbcd (int, _Decimal64); _Decimal128 __builtin_denbcdq (int, _Decimal128); _Decimal64 __builtin_diex (_Decimal64, _Decimal64); _Decimal128 _builtin_diexq (_Decimal128, _Decimal128); _Decimal64 __builtin_dscli (_Decimal64, int); _Decimal128 __builitn_dscliq (_Decimal128, int); _Decimal64 __builtin_dscri (_Decimal64, int); _Decimal128 __builitn_dscriq (_Decimal128, int); unsigned long long __builtin_unpack_dec128 (_Decimal128, int); _Decimal128 __builtin_pack_dec128 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long); @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available for the PowerPC family of processors when the Vector Scalar (vsx) instruction set is available: @smallexample unsigned long long __builtin_unpack_vector_int128 (vector __int128_t, int); vector __int128_t __builtin_pack_vector_int128 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long); @end smallexample @node PowerPC AltiVec/VSX Built-in Functions @subsection PowerPC AltiVec Built-in Functions GCC provides an interface for the PowerPC family of processors to access the AltiVec operations described in Motorola's AltiVec Programming Interface Manual. The interface is made available by including @code{} and using @option{-maltivec} and @option{-mabi=altivec}. The interface supports the following vector types. @smallexample vector unsigned char vector signed char vector bool char vector unsigned short vector signed short vector bool short vector pixel vector unsigned int vector signed int vector bool int vector float @end smallexample If @option{-mvsx} is used the following additional vector types are implemented. @smallexample vector unsigned long vector signed long vector double @end smallexample The long types are only implemented for 64-bit code generation, and the long type is only used in the floating point/integer conversion instructions. GCC's implementation of the high-level language interface available from C and C++ code differs from Motorola's documentation in several ways. @itemize @bullet @item A vector constant is a list of constant expressions within curly braces. @item A vector initializer requires no cast if the vector constant is of the same type as the variable it is initializing. @item If @code{signed} or @code{unsigned} is omitted, the signedness of the vector type is the default signedness of the base type. The default varies depending on the operating system, so a portable program should always specify the signedness. @item Compiling with @option{-maltivec} adds keywords @code{__vector}, @code{vector}, @code{__pixel}, @code{pixel}, @code{__bool} and @code{bool}. When compiling ISO C, the context-sensitive substitution of the keywords @code{vector}, @code{pixel} and @code{bool} is disabled. To use them, you must include @code{} instead. @item GCC allows using a @code{typedef} name as the type specifier for a vector type. @item For C, overloaded functions are implemented with macros so the following does not work: @smallexample vec_add ((vector signed int)@{1, 2, 3, 4@}, foo); @end smallexample @noindent Since @code{vec_add} is a macro, the vector constant in the example is treated as four separate arguments. Wrap the entire argument in parentheses for this to work. @end itemize @emph{Note:} Only the @code{} interface is supported. Internally, GCC uses built-in functions to achieve the functionality in the aforementioned header file, but they are not supported and are subject to change without notice. The following interfaces are supported for the generic and specific AltiVec operations and the AltiVec predicates. In cases where there is a direct mapping between generic and specific operations, only the generic names are shown here, although the specific operations can also be used. Arguments that are documented as @code{const int} require literal integral values within the range required for that operation. @smallexample vector signed char vec_abs (vector signed char); vector signed short vec_abs (vector signed short); vector signed int vec_abs (vector signed int); vector float vec_abs (vector float); vector signed char vec_abss (vector signed char); vector signed short vec_abss (vector signed short); vector signed int vec_abss (vector signed int); vector signed char vec_add (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_add (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_add (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_add (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_add (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_add (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_add (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_add (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_add (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_add (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_add (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_add (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_add (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_add (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_add (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_add (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_add (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_add (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector float vec_add (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_vaddfp (vector float, vector float); vector signed int vec_vadduwm (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vadduwm (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_vadduwm (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vadduwm (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vadduwm (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_vadduwm (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vadduhm (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_vadduhm (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vadduhm (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vadduhm (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vadduhm (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_vadduhm (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vaddubm (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_vaddubm (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vaddubm (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vaddubm (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vaddubm (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_vaddubm (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_addc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned char vec_adds (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_adds (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_adds (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_adds (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_adds (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_adds (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_adds (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_adds (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_adds (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_adds (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_adds (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_adds (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_adds (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_adds (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_adds (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_adds (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_adds (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_adds (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vaddsws (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vaddsws (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_vaddsws (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vadduws (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vadduws (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_vadduws (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vaddshs (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_vaddshs (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vaddshs (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vadduhs (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vadduhs (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_vadduhs (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vaddsbs (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_vaddsbs (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vaddsbs (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vaddubs (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vaddubs (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_vaddubs (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_and (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_and (vector float, vector bool int); vector float vec_and (vector bool int, vector float); vector bool int vec_and (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_and (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_and (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_and (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_and (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_and (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_and (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_and (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_and (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_and (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_and (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_and (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_and (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_and (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_and (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector bool char vec_and (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_and (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_and (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_and (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_and (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_and (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_andc (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_andc (vector float, vector bool int); vector float vec_andc (vector bool int, vector float); vector bool int vec_andc (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_andc (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_andc (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_andc (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_andc (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_andc (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_andc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_andc (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_andc (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_andc (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_andc (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_andc (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_andc (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_andc (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_andc (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector bool char vec_andc (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_andc (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_andc (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_andc (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_andc (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_andc (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_avg (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_avg (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_avg (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_avg (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_avg (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_avg (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vavgsw (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vavguw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vavgsh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vavguh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vavgsb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vavgub (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_copysign (vector float); vector float vec_ceil (vector float); vector signed int vec_cmpb (vector float, vector float); vector bool char vec_cmpeq (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector bool char vec_cmpeq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool short vec_cmpeq (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector bool short vec_cmpeq (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool int vec_cmpeq (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector bool int vec_cmpeq (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_cmpeq (vector float, vector float); vector bool int vec_vcmpeqfp (vector float, vector float); vector bool int vec_vcmpequw (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector bool int vec_vcmpequw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_vcmpequh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector bool short vec_vcmpequh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool char vec_vcmpequb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector bool char vec_vcmpequb (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool int vec_cmpge (vector float, vector float); vector bool char vec_cmpgt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_cmpgt (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector bool short vec_cmpgt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool short vec_cmpgt (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector bool int vec_cmpgt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_cmpgt (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector bool int vec_cmpgt (vector float, vector float); vector bool int vec_vcmpgtfp (vector float, vector float); vector bool int vec_vcmpgtsw (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector bool int vec_vcmpgtuw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_vcmpgtsh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector bool short vec_vcmpgtuh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool char vec_vcmpgtsb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector bool char vec_vcmpgtub (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool int vec_cmple (vector float, vector float); vector bool char vec_cmplt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_cmplt (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector bool short vec_cmplt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool short vec_cmplt (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector bool int vec_cmplt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_cmplt (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector bool int vec_cmplt (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_cpsgn (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_ctf (vector unsigned int, const int); vector float vec_ctf (vector signed int, const int); vector double vec_ctf (vector unsigned long, const int); vector double vec_ctf (vector signed long, const int); vector float vec_vcfsx (vector signed int, const int); vector float vec_vcfux (vector unsigned int, const int); vector signed int vec_cts (vector float, const int); vector signed long vec_cts (vector double, const int); vector unsigned int vec_ctu (vector float, const int); vector unsigned long vec_ctu (vector double, const int); void vec_dss (const int); void vec_dssall (void); void vec_dst (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector bool char *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector signed short *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector bool short *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector pixel *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector signed int *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector bool int *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const vector float *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const short *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const int *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const unsigned long *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const long *, int, const int); void vec_dst (const float *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector bool char *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector signed short *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector bool short *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector pixel *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector signed int *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector bool int *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const vector float *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const short *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const int *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const unsigned long *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const long *, int, const int); void vec_dstst (const float *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector bool char *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector signed short *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector bool short *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector pixel *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector signed int *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector bool int *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const vector float *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const short *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const int *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const unsigned long *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const long *, int, const int); void vec_dststt (const float *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector bool char *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector signed short *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector bool short *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector pixel *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector signed int *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector bool int *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const vector float *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const unsigned char *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const signed char *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const unsigned short *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const short *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const unsigned int *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const int *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const unsigned long *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const long *, int, const int); void vec_dstt (const float *, int, const int); vector float vec_expte (vector float); vector float vec_floor (vector float); vector float vec_ld (int, const vector float *); vector float vec_ld (int, const float *); vector bool int vec_ld (int, const vector bool int *); vector signed int vec_ld (int, const vector signed int *); vector signed int vec_ld (int, const int *); vector signed int vec_ld (int, const long *); vector unsigned int vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned int *); vector unsigned int vec_ld (int, const unsigned int *); vector unsigned int vec_ld (int, const unsigned long *); vector bool short vec_ld (int, const vector bool short *); vector pixel vec_ld (int, const vector pixel *); vector signed short vec_ld (int, const vector signed short *); vector signed short vec_ld (int, const short *); vector unsigned short vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned short *); vector unsigned short vec_ld (int, const unsigned short *); vector bool char vec_ld (int, const vector bool char *); vector signed char vec_ld (int, const vector signed char *); vector signed char vec_ld (int, const signed char *); vector unsigned char vec_ld (int, const vector unsigned char *); vector unsigned char vec_ld (int, const unsigned char *); vector signed char vec_lde (int, const signed char *); vector unsigned char vec_lde (int, const unsigned char *); vector signed short vec_lde (int, const short *); vector unsigned short vec_lde (int, const unsigned short *); vector float vec_lde (int, const float *); vector signed int vec_lde (int, const int *); vector unsigned int vec_lde (int, const unsigned int *); vector signed int vec_lde (int, const long *); vector unsigned int vec_lde (int, const unsigned long *); vector float vec_lvewx (int, float *); vector signed int vec_lvewx (int, int *); vector unsigned int vec_lvewx (int, unsigned int *); vector signed int vec_lvewx (int, long *); vector unsigned int vec_lvewx (int, unsigned long *); vector signed short vec_lvehx (int, short *); vector unsigned short vec_lvehx (int, unsigned short *); vector signed char vec_lvebx (int, char *); vector unsigned char vec_lvebx (int, unsigned char *); vector float vec_ldl (int, const vector float *); vector float vec_ldl (int, const float *); vector bool int vec_ldl (int, const vector bool int *); vector signed int vec_ldl (int, const vector signed int *); vector signed int vec_ldl (int, const int *); vector signed int vec_ldl (int, const long *); vector unsigned int vec_ldl (int, const vector unsigned int *); vector unsigned int vec_ldl (int, const unsigned int *); vector unsigned int vec_ldl (int, const unsigned long *); vector bool short vec_ldl (int, const vector bool short *); vector pixel vec_ldl (int, const vector pixel *); vector signed short vec_ldl (int, const vector signed short *); vector signed short vec_ldl (int, const short *); vector unsigned short vec_ldl (int, const vector unsigned short *); vector unsigned short vec_ldl (int, const unsigned short *); vector bool char vec_ldl (int, const vector bool char *); vector signed char vec_ldl (int, const vector signed char *); vector signed char vec_ldl (int, const signed char *); vector unsigned char vec_ldl (int, const vector unsigned char *); vector unsigned char vec_ldl (int, const unsigned char *); vector float vec_loge (vector float); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned char *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile signed char *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned short *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile short *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned int *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile int *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile unsigned long *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile long *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile float *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned char *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile signed char *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned short *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile short *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned int *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile int *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile unsigned long *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile long *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile float *); vector float vec_madd (vector float, vector float, vector float); vector signed short vec_madds (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned char vec_max (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_max (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_max (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_max (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_max (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_max (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_max (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_max (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_max (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_max (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_max (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_max (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_max (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_max (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_max (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_max (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_max (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_max (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector float vec_max (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_vmaxfp (vector float, vector float); vector signed int vec_vmaxsw (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vmaxsw (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_vmaxsw (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vmaxuw (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vmaxuw (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_vmaxuw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vmaxsh (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_vmaxsh (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vmaxsh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vmaxuh (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vmaxuh (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_vmaxuh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vmaxsb (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_vmaxsb (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vmaxsb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vmaxub (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vmaxub (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_vmaxub (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_mergeh (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_mergeh (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_mergeh (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool short vec_mergeh (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector pixel vec_mergeh (vector pixel, vector pixel); vector signed short vec_mergeh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_mergeh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector float vec_mergeh (vector float, vector float); vector bool int vec_mergeh (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_mergeh (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_mergeh (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector float vec_vmrghw (vector float, vector float); vector bool int vec_vmrghw (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_vmrghw (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vmrghw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_vmrghh (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vmrghh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vmrghh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector pixel vec_vmrghh (vector pixel, vector pixel); vector bool char vec_vmrghb (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vmrghb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vmrghb (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_mergel (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_mergel (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_mergel (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool short vec_mergel (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector pixel vec_mergel (vector pixel, vector pixel); vector signed short vec_mergel (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_mergel (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector float vec_mergel (vector float, vector float); vector bool int vec_mergel (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_mergel (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_mergel (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector float vec_vmrglw (vector float, vector float); vector signed int vec_vmrglw (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vmrglw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_vmrglw (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector bool short vec_vmrglh (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vmrglh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vmrglh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector pixel vec_vmrglh (vector pixel, vector pixel); vector bool char vec_vmrglb (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vmrglb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vmrglb (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short vec_mfvscr (void); vector unsigned char vec_min (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_min (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_min (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_min (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_min (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_min (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_min (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_min (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_min (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_min (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_min (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_min (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_min (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_min (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_min (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_min (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_min (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_min (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector float vec_min (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_vminfp (vector float, vector float); vector signed int vec_vminsw (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vminsw (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_vminsw (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vminuw (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vminuw (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_vminuw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vminsh (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_vminsh (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vminsh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vminuh (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vminuh (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_vminuh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vminsb (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_vminsb (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vminsb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vminub (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vminub (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_vminub (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_mladd (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_mladd (vector signed short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_mladd (vector unsigned short, vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_mladd (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_mradds (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_msum (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_msum (vector signed char, vector unsigned char, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_msum (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_msum (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vmsumshm (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vmsumuhm (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_vmsummbm (vector signed char, vector unsigned char, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vmsumubm (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_msums (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_msums (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vmsumshs (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vmsumuhs (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned int); void vec_mtvscr (vector signed int); void vec_mtvscr (vector unsigned int); void vec_mtvscr (vector bool int); void vec_mtvscr (vector signed short); void vec_mtvscr (vector unsigned short); void vec_mtvscr (vector bool short); void vec_mtvscr (vector pixel); void vec_mtvscr (vector signed char); void vec_mtvscr (vector unsigned char); void vec_mtvscr (vector bool char); vector unsigned short vec_mule (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_mule (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned int vec_mule (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_mule (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector signed int vec_vmulesh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_vmuleuh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_vmulesb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_vmuleub (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short vec_mulo (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_mulo (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned int vec_mulo (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_mulo (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector signed int vec_vmulosh (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_vmulouh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_vmulosb (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_vmuloub (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_nmsub (vector float, vector float, vector float); vector float vec_nor (vector float, vector float); vector signed int vec_nor (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_nor (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_nor (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed short vec_nor (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_nor (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool short vec_nor (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed char vec_nor (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_nor (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_nor (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector float vec_or (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_or (vector float, vector bool int); vector float vec_or (vector bool int, vector float); vector bool int vec_or (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_or (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_or (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_or (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_or (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_or (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_or (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_or (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_or (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_or (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_or (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_or (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_or (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_or (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_or (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector bool char vec_or (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_or (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_or (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_or (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_or (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_or (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_pack (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned char vec_pack (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool char vec_pack (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_pack (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned short vec_pack (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_pack (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector bool short vec_vpkuwum (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed short vec_vpkuwum (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned short vec_vpkuwum (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool char vec_vpkuhum (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed char vec_vpkuhum (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned char vec_vpkuhum (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector pixel vec_packpx (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned char vec_packs (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_packs (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_packs (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_packs (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector signed short vec_vpkswss (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned short vec_vpkuwus (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed char vec_vpkshss (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned char vec_vpkuhus (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned char vec_packsu (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned char vec_packsu (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_packsu (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned short vec_packsu (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned short vec_vpkswus (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned char vec_vpkshus (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector float vec_perm (vector float, vector float, vector unsigned char); vector signed int vec_perm (vector signed int, vector signed int, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_perm (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char); vector bool int vec_perm (vector bool int, vector bool int, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_perm (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short vec_perm (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned char); vector bool short vec_perm (vector bool short, vector bool short, vector unsigned char); vector pixel vec_perm (vector pixel, vector pixel, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_perm (vector signed char, vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_perm (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_perm (vector bool char, vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_re (vector float); vector signed char vec_rl (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_rl (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_rl (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_rl (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_rl (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_rl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_vrlw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vrlw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vrlh (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vrlh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vrlb (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vrlb (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_round (vector float); vector float vec_recip (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_rsqrt (vector float); vector float vec_rsqrte (vector float); vector float vec_sel (vector float, vector float, vector bool int); vector float vec_sel (vector float, vector float, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_sel (vector signed int, vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_sel (vector signed int, vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_sel (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_sel (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_sel (vector bool int, vector bool int, vector bool int); vector bool int vec_sel (vector bool int, vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_sel (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_sel (vector signed short, vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_sel (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_sel (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector bool short vec_sel (vector bool short, vector bool short, vector bool short); vector bool short vec_sel (vector bool short, vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_sel (vector signed char, vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_sel (vector signed char, vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_sel (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_sel (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_sel (vector bool char, vector bool char, vector bool char); vector bool char vec_sel (vector bool char, vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_sl (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_sl (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_sl (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_sl (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_sl (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_sl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_vslw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vslw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vslh (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vslh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vslb (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vslb (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_sld (vector float, vector float, const int); vector signed int vec_sld (vector signed int, vector signed int, const int); vector unsigned int vec_sld (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, const int); vector bool int vec_sld (vector bool int, vector bool int, const int); vector signed short vec_sld (vector signed short, vector signed short, const int); vector unsigned short vec_sld (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, const int); vector bool short vec_sld (vector bool short, vector bool short, const int); vector pixel vec_sld (vector pixel, vector pixel, const int); vector signed char vec_sld (vector signed char, vector signed char, const int); vector unsigned char vec_sld (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, const int); vector bool char vec_sld (vector bool char, vector bool char, const int); vector signed int vec_sll (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_sll (vector signed int, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_sll (vector signed int, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_sll (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_sll (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned int vec_sll (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char); vector bool int vec_sll (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_sll (vector bool int, vector unsigned short); vector bool int vec_sll (vector bool int, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_sll (vector signed short, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_sll (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_sll (vector signed short, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short vec_sll (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned short vec_sll (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_sll (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned char); vector bool short vec_sll (vector bool short, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_sll (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector bool short vec_sll (vector bool short, vector unsigned char); vector pixel vec_sll (vector pixel, vector unsigned int); vector pixel vec_sll (vector pixel, vector unsigned short); vector pixel vec_sll (vector pixel, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_sll (vector signed char, vector unsigned int); vector signed char vec_sll (vector signed char, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_sll (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_sll (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned char vec_sll (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned char vec_sll (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_sll (vector bool char, vector unsigned int); vector bool char vec_sll (vector bool char, vector unsigned short); vector bool char vec_sll (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_slo (vector float, vector signed char); vector float vec_slo (vector float, vector unsigned char); vector signed int vec_slo (vector signed int, vector signed char); vector signed int vec_slo (vector signed int, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_slo (vector unsigned int, vector signed char); vector unsigned int vec_slo (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_slo (vector signed short, vector signed char); vector signed short vec_slo (vector signed short, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short vec_slo (vector unsigned short, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_slo (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned char); vector pixel vec_slo (vector pixel, vector signed char); vector pixel vec_slo (vector pixel, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_slo (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_slo (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_slo (vector unsigned char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_slo (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_splat (vector signed char, const int); vector unsigned char vec_splat (vector unsigned char, const int); vector bool char vec_splat (vector bool char, const int); vector signed short vec_splat (vector signed short, const int); vector unsigned short vec_splat (vector unsigned short, const int); vector bool short vec_splat (vector bool short, const int); vector pixel vec_splat (vector pixel, const int); vector float vec_splat (vector float, const int); vector signed int vec_splat (vector signed int, const int); vector unsigned int vec_splat (vector unsigned int, const int); vector bool int vec_splat (vector bool int, const int); vector signed long vec_splat (vector signed long, const int); vector unsigned long vec_splat (vector unsigned long, const int); vector signed char vec_splats (signed char); vector unsigned char vec_splats (unsigned char); vector signed short vec_splats (signed short); vector unsigned short vec_splats (unsigned short); vector signed int vec_splats (signed int); vector unsigned int vec_splats (unsigned int); vector float vec_splats (float); vector float vec_vspltw (vector float, const int); vector signed int vec_vspltw (vector signed int, const int); vector unsigned int vec_vspltw (vector unsigned int, const int); vector bool int vec_vspltw (vector bool int, const int); vector bool short vec_vsplth (vector bool short, const int); vector signed short vec_vsplth (vector signed short, const int); vector unsigned short vec_vsplth (vector unsigned short, const int); vector pixel vec_vsplth (vector pixel, const int); vector signed char vec_vspltb (vector signed char, const int); vector unsigned char vec_vspltb (vector unsigned char, const int); vector bool char vec_vspltb (vector bool char, const int); vector signed char vec_splat_s8 (const int); vector signed short vec_splat_s16 (const int); vector signed int vec_splat_s32 (const int); vector unsigned char vec_splat_u8 (const int); vector unsigned short vec_splat_u16 (const int); vector unsigned int vec_splat_u32 (const int); vector signed char vec_sr (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_sr (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_sr (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_sr (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_sr (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_sr (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_vsrw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vsrw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vsrh (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vsrh (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vsrb (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vsrb (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_sra (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_sra (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_sra (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_sra (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_sra (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_sra (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_vsraw (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vsraw (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vsrah (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vsrah (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vsrab (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vsrab (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed int vec_srl (vector signed int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_srl (vector signed int, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_srl (vector signed int, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_srl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_srl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned int vec_srl (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char); vector bool int vec_srl (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_srl (vector bool int, vector unsigned short); vector bool int vec_srl (vector bool int, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_srl (vector signed short, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_srl (vector signed short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_srl (vector signed short, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short vec_srl (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned short vec_srl (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_srl (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned char); vector bool short vec_srl (vector bool short, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_srl (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector bool short vec_srl (vector bool short, vector unsigned char); vector pixel vec_srl (vector pixel, vector unsigned int); vector pixel vec_srl (vector pixel, vector unsigned short); vector pixel vec_srl (vector pixel, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_srl (vector signed char, vector unsigned int); vector signed char vec_srl (vector signed char, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_srl (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_srl (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned char vec_srl (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned char vec_srl (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector bool char vec_srl (vector bool char, vector unsigned int); vector bool char vec_srl (vector bool char, vector unsigned short); vector bool char vec_srl (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector float vec_sro (vector float, vector signed char); vector float vec_sro (vector float, vector unsigned char); vector signed int vec_sro (vector signed int, vector signed char); vector signed int vec_sro (vector signed int, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_sro (vector unsigned int, vector signed char); vector unsigned int vec_sro (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_sro (vector signed short, vector signed char); vector signed short vec_sro (vector signed short, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short vec_sro (vector unsigned short, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_sro (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned char); vector pixel vec_sro (vector pixel, vector signed char); vector pixel vec_sro (vector pixel, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_sro (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_sro (vector signed char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_sro (vector unsigned char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_sro (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); void vec_st (vector float, int, vector float *); void vec_st (vector float, int, float *); void vec_st (vector signed int, int, vector signed int *); void vec_st (vector signed int, int, int *); void vec_st (vector unsigned int, int, vector unsigned int *); void vec_st (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_st (vector bool int, int, vector bool int *); void vec_st (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_st (vector bool int, int, int *); void vec_st (vector signed short, int, vector signed short *); void vec_st (vector signed short, int, short *); void vec_st (vector unsigned short, int, vector unsigned short *); void vec_st (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_st (vector bool short, int, vector bool short *); void vec_st (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_st (vector pixel, int, vector pixel *); void vec_st (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *); void vec_st (vector pixel, int, short *); void vec_st (vector bool short, int, short *); void vec_st (vector signed char, int, vector signed char *); void vec_st (vector signed char, int, signed char *); void vec_st (vector unsigned char, int, vector unsigned char *); void vec_st (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_st (vector bool char, int, vector bool char *); void vec_st (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_st (vector bool char, int, signed char *); void vec_ste (vector signed char, int, signed char *); void vec_ste (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_ste (vector bool char, int, signed char *); void vec_ste (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_ste (vector signed short, int, short *); void vec_ste (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_ste (vector bool short, int, short *); void vec_ste (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_ste (vector pixel, int, short *); void vec_ste (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *); void vec_ste (vector float, int, float *); void vec_ste (vector signed int, int, int *); void vec_ste (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_ste (vector bool int, int, int *); void vec_ste (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_stvewx (vector float, int, float *); void vec_stvewx (vector signed int, int, int *); void vec_stvewx (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_stvewx (vector bool int, int, int *); void vec_stvewx (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_stvehx (vector signed short, int, short *); void vec_stvehx (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_stvehx (vector bool short, int, short *); void vec_stvehx (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_stvehx (vector pixel, int, short *); void vec_stvehx (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *); void vec_stvebx (vector signed char, int, signed char *); void vec_stvebx (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_stvebx (vector bool char, int, signed char *); void vec_stvebx (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_stl (vector float, int, vector float *); void vec_stl (vector float, int, float *); void vec_stl (vector signed int, int, vector signed int *); void vec_stl (vector signed int, int, int *); void vec_stl (vector unsigned int, int, vector unsigned int *); void vec_stl (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_stl (vector bool int, int, vector bool int *); void vec_stl (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_stl (vector bool int, int, int *); void vec_stl (vector signed short, int, vector signed short *); void vec_stl (vector signed short, int, short *); void vec_stl (vector unsigned short, int, vector unsigned short *); void vec_stl (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_stl (vector bool short, int, vector bool short *); void vec_stl (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_stl (vector bool short, int, short *); void vec_stl (vector pixel, int, vector pixel *); void vec_stl (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *); void vec_stl (vector pixel, int, short *); void vec_stl (vector signed char, int, vector signed char *); void vec_stl (vector signed char, int, signed char *); void vec_stl (vector unsigned char, int, vector unsigned char *); void vec_stl (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_stl (vector bool char, int, vector bool char *); void vec_stl (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_stl (vector bool char, int, signed char *); vector signed char vec_sub (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_sub (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_sub (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_sub (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_sub (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_sub (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed short vec_sub (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_sub (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_sub (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_sub (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_sub (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_sub (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed int vec_sub (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_sub (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_sub (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_sub (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_sub (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_sub (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector float vec_sub (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_vsubfp (vector float, vector float); vector signed int vec_vsubuwm (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vsubuwm (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_vsubuwm (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vsubuwm (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vsubuwm (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_vsubuwm (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vsubuhm (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_vsubuhm (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vsubuhm (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhm (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhm (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhm (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vsububm (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_vsububm (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vsububm (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vsububm (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vsububm (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_vsububm (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_subc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned char vec_subs (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_subs (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_subs (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_subs (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_subs (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_subs (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned short vec_subs (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_subs (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_subs (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed short vec_subs (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_subs (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_subs (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_subs (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_subs (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_subs (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_subs (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_subs (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_subs (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vsubsws (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vsubsws (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_vsubsws (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vsubuws (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_vsubuws (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_vsubuws (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector signed short vec_vsubshs (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_vsubshs (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_vsubshs (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhs (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhs (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_vsubuhs (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vsubsbs (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_vsubsbs (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_vsubsbs (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vsububs (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_vsububs (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_vsububs (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned int vec_sum4s (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_sum4s (vector signed char, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_sum4s (vector signed short, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vsum4shs (vector signed short, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_vsum4sbs (vector signed char, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_vsum4ubs (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned int); vector signed int vec_sum2s (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_sums (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector float vec_trunc (vector float); vector signed short vec_unpackh (vector signed char); vector bool short vec_unpackh (vector bool char); vector signed int vec_unpackh (vector signed short); vector bool int vec_unpackh (vector bool short); vector unsigned int vec_unpackh (vector pixel); vector bool int vec_vupkhsh (vector bool short); vector signed int vec_vupkhsh (vector signed short); vector unsigned int vec_vupkhpx (vector pixel); vector bool short vec_vupkhsb (vector bool char); vector signed short vec_vupkhsb (vector signed char); vector signed short vec_unpackl (vector signed char); vector bool short vec_unpackl (vector bool char); vector unsigned int vec_unpackl (vector pixel); vector signed int vec_unpackl (vector signed short); vector bool int vec_unpackl (vector bool short); vector unsigned int vec_vupklpx (vector pixel); vector bool int vec_vupklsh (vector bool short); vector signed int vec_vupklsh (vector signed short); vector bool short vec_vupklsb (vector bool char); vector signed short vec_vupklsb (vector signed char); vector float vec_xor (vector float, vector float); vector float vec_xor (vector float, vector bool int); vector float vec_xor (vector bool int, vector float); vector bool int vec_xor (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_xor (vector bool int, vector signed int); vector signed int vec_xor (vector signed int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_xor (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_xor (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_xor (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_xor (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool short vec_xor (vector bool short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_xor (vector bool short, vector signed short); vector signed short vec_xor (vector signed short, vector bool short); vector signed short vec_xor (vector signed short, vector signed short); vector unsigned short vec_xor (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_xor (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_xor (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_xor (vector bool char, vector signed char); vector bool char vec_xor (vector bool char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_xor (vector signed char, vector bool char); vector signed char vec_xor (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_xor (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_xor (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); vector unsigned char vec_xor (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_eq (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_all_eq (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_eq (vector bool char, vector bool char); int vec_all_eq (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_eq (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_all_eq (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_all_eq (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_eq (vector bool short, vector bool short); int vec_all_eq (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_eq (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_all_eq (vector pixel, vector pixel); int vec_all_eq (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_all_eq (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_eq (vector bool int, vector bool int); int vec_all_eq (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_eq (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_all_eq (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_ge (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_ge (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_all_ge (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_all_ge (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_all_ge (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_ge (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_all_ge (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_all_ge (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_all_ge (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_ge (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_all_ge (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_all_ge (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_all_ge (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_gt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_gt (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_all_gt (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_all_gt (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_all_gt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_gt (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_all_gt (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_all_gt (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_all_gt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_gt (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_all_gt (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_all_gt (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_all_gt (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_in (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_le (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_le (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_all_le (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_le (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_all_le (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_all_le (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_all_le (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_le (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_all_le (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_le (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_all_le (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_all_le (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_all_le (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_le (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_all_le (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_le (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_all_le (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_all_le (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_all_le (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_lt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_lt (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_all_lt (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_all_lt (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_all_lt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_lt (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_all_lt (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_all_lt (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_all_lt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_lt (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_all_lt (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_all_lt (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_all_lt (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_nan (vector float); int vec_all_ne (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_all_ne (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_ne (vector bool char, vector bool char); int vec_all_ne (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_all_ne (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_all_ne (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_all_ne (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_ne (vector bool short, vector bool short); int vec_all_ne (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_all_ne (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_all_ne (vector pixel, vector pixel); int vec_all_ne (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_all_ne (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_ne (vector bool int, vector bool int); int vec_all_ne (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_all_ne (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_all_ne (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_nge (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_ngt (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_nle (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_nlt (vector float, vector float); int vec_all_numeric (vector float); int vec_any_eq (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_any_eq (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_eq (vector bool char, vector bool char); int vec_any_eq (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_eq (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_any_eq (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_any_eq (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_eq (vector bool short, vector bool short); int vec_any_eq (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_eq (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_any_eq (vector pixel, vector pixel); int vec_any_eq (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_any_eq (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_eq (vector bool int, vector bool int); int vec_any_eq (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_eq (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_any_eq (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_ge (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_ge (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_any_ge (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_ge (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_ge (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_any_ge (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_any_ge (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_ge (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_any_ge (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_ge (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_any_ge (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_ge (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_any_ge (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_gt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_gt (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_any_gt (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_any_gt (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_any_gt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_gt (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_any_gt (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_any_gt (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_any_gt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_gt (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_any_gt (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_any_gt (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_any_gt (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_le (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_le (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_any_le (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_le (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_any_le (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_any_le (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_any_le (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_le (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_any_le (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_le (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_any_le (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_any_le (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_any_le (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_le (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_any_le (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_le (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_any_le (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_any_le (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_any_le (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_lt (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_lt (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_any_lt (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_any_lt (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_any_lt (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_lt (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_any_lt (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_any_lt (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_any_lt (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_lt (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_any_lt (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_any_lt (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_any_lt (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_nan (vector float); int vec_any_ne (vector signed char, vector bool char); int vec_any_ne (vector signed char, vector signed char); int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned char, vector bool char); int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_ne (vector bool char, vector bool char); int vec_any_ne (vector bool char, vector unsigned char); int vec_any_ne (vector bool char, vector signed char); int vec_any_ne (vector signed short, vector bool short); int vec_any_ne (vector signed short, vector signed short); int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned short, vector bool short); int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_ne (vector bool short, vector bool short); int vec_any_ne (vector bool short, vector unsigned short); int vec_any_ne (vector bool short, vector signed short); int vec_any_ne (vector pixel, vector pixel); int vec_any_ne (vector signed int, vector bool int); int vec_any_ne (vector signed int, vector signed int); int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned int, vector bool int); int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_ne (vector bool int, vector bool int); int vec_any_ne (vector bool int, vector unsigned int); int vec_any_ne (vector bool int, vector signed int); int vec_any_ne (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_nge (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_ngt (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_nle (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_nlt (vector float, vector float); int vec_any_numeric (vector float); int vec_any_out (vector float, vector float); @end smallexample If the vector/scalar (VSX) instruction set is available, the following additional functions are available: @smallexample vector double vec_abs (vector double); vector double vec_add (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_and (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_and (vector double, vector bool long); vector double vec_and (vector bool long, vector double); vector long vec_and (vector long, vector long); vector long vec_and (vector long, vector bool long); vector long vec_and (vector bool long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_and (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_and (vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_and (vector bool long, vector unsigned long); vector double vec_andc (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_andc (vector double, vector bool long); vector double vec_andc (vector bool long, vector double); vector long vec_andc (vector long, vector long); vector long vec_andc (vector long, vector bool long); vector long vec_andc (vector bool long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_andc (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_andc (vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_andc (vector bool long, vector unsigned long); vector double vec_ceil (vector double); vector bool long vec_cmpeq (vector double, vector double); vector bool long vec_cmpge (vector double, vector double); vector bool long vec_cmpgt (vector double, vector double); vector bool long vec_cmple (vector double, vector double); vector bool long vec_cmplt (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_cpsgn (vector double, vector double); vector float vec_div (vector float, vector float); vector double vec_div (vector double, vector double); vector long vec_div (vector long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_div (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector double vec_floor (vector double); vector double vec_ld (int, const vector double *); vector double vec_ld (int, const double *); vector double vec_ldl (int, const vector double *); vector double vec_ldl (int, const double *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsl (int, const volatile double *); vector unsigned char vec_lvsr (int, const volatile double *); vector double vec_madd (vector double, vector double, vector double); vector double vec_max (vector double, vector double); vector signed long vec_mergeh (vector signed long, vector signed long); vector signed long vec_mergeh (vector signed long, vector bool long); vector signed long vec_mergeh (vector bool long, vector signed long); vector unsigned long vec_mergeh (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_mergeh (vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_mergeh (vector bool long, vector unsigned long); vector signed long vec_mergel (vector signed long, vector signed long); vector signed long vec_mergel (vector signed long, vector bool long); vector signed long vec_mergel (vector bool long, vector signed long); vector unsigned long vec_mergel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_mergel (vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_mergel (vector bool long, vector unsigned long); vector double vec_min (vector double, vector double); vector float vec_msub (vector float, vector float, vector float); vector double vec_msub (vector double, vector double, vector double); vector float vec_mul (vector float, vector float); vector double vec_mul (vector double, vector double); vector long vec_mul (vector long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_mul (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector float vec_nearbyint (vector float); vector double vec_nearbyint (vector double); vector float vec_nmadd (vector float, vector float, vector float); vector double vec_nmadd (vector double, vector double, vector double); vector double vec_nmsub (vector double, vector double, vector double); vector double vec_nor (vector double, vector double); vector long vec_nor (vector long, vector long); vector long vec_nor (vector long, vector bool long); vector long vec_nor (vector bool long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_nor (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_nor (vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_nor (vector bool long, vector unsigned long); vector double vec_or (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_or (vector double, vector bool long); vector double vec_or (vector bool long, vector double); vector long vec_or (vector long, vector long); vector long vec_or (vector long, vector bool long); vector long vec_or (vector bool long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_or (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_or (vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_or (vector bool long, vector unsigned long); vector double vec_perm (vector double, vector double, vector unsigned char); vector long vec_perm (vector long, vector long, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned long vec_perm (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long, vector unsigned char); vector double vec_rint (vector double); vector double vec_recip (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_rsqrt (vector double); vector double vec_rsqrte (vector double); vector double vec_sel (vector double, vector double, vector bool long); vector double vec_sel (vector double, vector double, vector unsigned long); vector long vec_sel (vector long, vector long, vector long); vector long vec_sel (vector long, vector long, vector unsigned long); vector long vec_sel (vector long, vector long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_sel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_sel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_sel (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector double vec_splats (double); vector signed long vec_splats (signed long); vector unsigned long vec_splats (unsigned long); vector float vec_sqrt (vector float); vector double vec_sqrt (vector double); void vec_st (vector double, int, vector double *); void vec_st (vector double, int, double *); vector double vec_sub (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_trunc (vector double); vector double vec_xor (vector double, vector double); vector double vec_xor (vector double, vector bool long); vector double vec_xor (vector bool long, vector double); vector long vec_xor (vector long, vector long); vector long vec_xor (vector long, vector bool long); vector long vec_xor (vector bool long, vector long); vector unsigned long vec_xor (vector unsigned long, vector unsigned long); vector unsigned long vec_xor (vector unsigned long, vector bool long); vector unsigned long vec_xor (vector bool long, vector unsigned long); int vec_all_eq (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_ge (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_gt (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_le (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_lt (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_nan (vector double); int vec_all_ne (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_nge (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_ngt (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_nle (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_nlt (vector double, vector double); int vec_all_numeric (vector double); int vec_any_eq (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_ge (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_gt (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_le (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_lt (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_nan (vector double); int vec_any_ne (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_nge (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_ngt (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_nle (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_nlt (vector double, vector double); int vec_any_numeric (vector double); vector double vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector double *); vector double vec_vsx_ld (int, const double *); vector float vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector float *); vector float vec_vsx_ld (int, const float *); vector bool int vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector bool int *); vector signed int vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector signed int *); vector signed int vec_vsx_ld (int, const int *); vector signed int vec_vsx_ld (int, const long *); vector unsigned int vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector unsigned int *); vector unsigned int vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned int *); vector unsigned int vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned long *); vector bool short vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector bool short *); vector pixel vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector pixel *); vector signed short vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector signed short *); vector signed short vec_vsx_ld (int, const short *); vector unsigned short vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector unsigned short *); vector unsigned short vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned short *); vector bool char vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector bool char *); vector signed char vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector signed char *); vector signed char vec_vsx_ld (int, const signed char *); vector unsigned char vec_vsx_ld (int, const vector unsigned char *); vector unsigned char vec_vsx_ld (int, const unsigned char *); void vec_vsx_st (vector double, int, vector double *); void vec_vsx_st (vector double, int, double *); void vec_vsx_st (vector float, int, vector float *); void vec_vsx_st (vector float, int, float *); void vec_vsx_st (vector signed int, int, vector signed int *); void vec_vsx_st (vector signed int, int, int *); void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned int, int, vector unsigned int *); void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool int, int, vector bool int *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool int, int, unsigned int *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool int, int, int *); void vec_vsx_st (vector signed short, int, vector signed short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector signed short, int, short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned short, int, vector unsigned short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool short, int, vector bool short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool short, int, unsigned short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector pixel, int, vector pixel *); void vec_vsx_st (vector pixel, int, unsigned short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector pixel, int, short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool short, int, short *); void vec_vsx_st (vector signed char, int, vector signed char *); void vec_vsx_st (vector signed char, int, signed char *); void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned char, int, vector unsigned char *); void vec_vsx_st (vector unsigned char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool char, int, vector bool char *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool char, int, unsigned char *); void vec_vsx_st (vector bool char, int, signed char *); vector double vec_xxpermdi (vector double, vector double, int); vector float vec_xxpermdi (vector float, vector float, int); vector long long vec_xxpermdi (vector long long, vector long long, int); vector unsigned long long vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long, int); vector int vec_xxpermdi (vector int, vector int, int); vector unsigned int vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, int); vector short vec_xxpermdi (vector short, vector short, int); vector unsigned short vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, int); vector signed char vec_xxpermdi (vector signed char, vector signed char, int); vector unsigned char vec_xxpermdi (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, int); vector double vec_xxsldi (vector double, vector double, int); vector float vec_xxsldi (vector float, vector float, int); vector long long vec_xxsldi (vector long long, vector long long, int); vector unsigned long long vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long, int); vector int vec_xxsldi (vector int, vector int, int); vector unsigned int vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, int); vector short vec_xxsldi (vector short, vector short, int); vector unsigned short vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, int); vector signed char vec_xxsldi (vector signed char, vector signed char, int); vector unsigned char vec_xxsldi (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, int); @end smallexample Note that the @samp{vec_ld} and @samp{vec_st} built-in functions always generate the AltiVec @samp{LVX} and @samp{STVX} instructions even if the VSX instruction set is available. The @samp{vec_vsx_ld} and @samp{vec_vsx_st} built-in functions always generate the VSX @samp{LXVD2X}, @samp{LXVW4X}, @samp{STXVD2X}, and @samp{STXVW4X} instructions. If the ISA 2.07 additions to the vector/scalar (power8-vector) instruction set is available, the following additional functions are available for both 32-bit and 64-bit targets. For 64-bit targets, you can use @var{vector long} instead of @var{vector long long}, @var{vector bool long} instead of @var{vector bool long long}, and @var{vector unsigned long} instead of @var{vector unsigned long long}. @smallexample vector long long vec_abs (vector long long); vector long long vec_add (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_add (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_all_eq (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_all_eq (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_all_ge (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_all_ge (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_all_gt (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_all_gt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_all_le (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_all_le (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_all_lt (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_all_lt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_all_ne (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_all_ne (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_any_eq (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_any_eq (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_any_ge (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_any_ge (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_any_gt (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_any_gt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_any_le (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_any_le (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_any_lt (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_any_lt (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); int vec_any_ne (vector long long, vector long long); int vec_any_ne (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_eqv (vector long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_eqv (vector bool long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_eqv (vector long long, vector bool long long); vector unsigned long long vec_eqv (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_eqv (vector bool long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_eqv (vector unsigned long long, vector bool long long); vector int vec_eqv (vector int, vector int); vector int vec_eqv (vector bool int, vector int); vector int vec_eqv (vector int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_eqv (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_eqv (vector bool unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_eqv (vector unsigned int, vector bool unsigned int); vector short vec_eqv (vector short, vector short); vector short vec_eqv (vector bool short, vector short); vector short vec_eqv (vector short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_eqv (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_eqv (vector bool unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_eqv (vector unsigned short, vector bool unsigned short); vector signed char vec_eqv (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_eqv (vector bool signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_eqv (vector signed char, vector bool signed char); vector unsigned char vec_eqv (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_eqv (vector bool unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_eqv (vector unsigned char, vector bool unsigned char); vector long long vec_max (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_max (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector signed int vec_mergee (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_mergee (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_mergee (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector signed int vec_mergeo (vector signed int, vector signed int); vector unsigned int vec_mergeo (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector bool int vec_mergeo (vector bool int, vector bool int); vector long long vec_min (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_min (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_nand (vector long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_nand (vector bool long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_nand (vector long long, vector bool long long); vector unsigned long long vec_nand (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_nand (vector bool long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_nand (vector unsigned long long, vector bool long long); vector int vec_nand (vector int, vector int); vector int vec_nand (vector bool int, vector int); vector int vec_nand (vector int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_nand (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_nand (vector bool unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_nand (vector unsigned int, vector bool unsigned int); vector short vec_nand (vector short, vector short); vector short vec_nand (vector bool short, vector short); vector short vec_nand (vector short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_nand (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_nand (vector bool unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_nand (vector unsigned short, vector bool unsigned short); vector signed char vec_nand (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_nand (vector bool signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_nand (vector signed char, vector bool signed char); vector unsigned char vec_nand (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_nand (vector bool unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_nand (vector unsigned char, vector bool unsigned char); vector long long vec_orc (vector long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_orc (vector bool long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_orc (vector long long, vector bool long long); vector unsigned long long vec_orc (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_orc (vector bool long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_orc (vector unsigned long long, vector bool long long); vector int vec_orc (vector int, vector int); vector int vec_orc (vector bool int, vector int); vector int vec_orc (vector int, vector bool int); vector unsigned int vec_orc (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_orc (vector bool unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned int vec_orc (vector unsigned int, vector bool unsigned int); vector short vec_orc (vector short, vector short); vector short vec_orc (vector bool short, vector short); vector short vec_orc (vector short, vector bool short); vector unsigned short vec_orc (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_orc (vector bool unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned short vec_orc (vector unsigned short, vector bool unsigned short); vector signed char vec_orc (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_orc (vector bool signed char, vector signed char); vector signed char vec_orc (vector signed char, vector bool signed char); vector unsigned char vec_orc (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_orc (vector bool unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned char vec_orc (vector unsigned char, vector bool unsigned char); vector int vec_pack (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned int vec_pack (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector bool int vec_pack (vector bool long long, vector bool long long); vector int vec_packs (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned int vec_packs (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned int vec_packsu (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned int vec_packsu (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_rl (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_rl (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_sl (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_sl (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_sr (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long char vec_sr (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_sra (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_sra (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_sub (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_sub (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_unpackh (vector int); vector unsigned long long vec_unpackh (vector unsigned int); vector long long vec_unpackl (vector int); vector unsigned long long vec_unpackl (vector unsigned int); vector long long vec_vaddudm (vector long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_vaddudm (vector bool long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_vaddudm (vector long long, vector bool long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vaddudm (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vaddudm (vector bool unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vaddudm (vector unsigned long long, vector bool unsigned long long); vector long long vec_vbpermq (vector signed char, vector signed char); vector long long vec_vbpermq (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector long long vec_cntlz (vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_cntlz (vector unsigned long long); vector int vec_cntlz (vector int); vector unsigned int vec_cntlz (vector int); vector short vec_cntlz (vector short); vector unsigned short vec_cntlz (vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_cntlz (vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_cntlz (vector unsigned char); vector long long vec_vclz (vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vclz (vector unsigned long long); vector int vec_vclz (vector int); vector unsigned int vec_vclz (vector int); vector short vec_vclz (vector short); vector unsigned short vec_vclz (vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vclz (vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vclz (vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_vclzb (vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vclzb (vector unsigned char); vector long long vec_vclzd (vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vclzd (vector unsigned long long); vector short vec_vclzh (vector short); vector unsigned short vec_vclzh (vector unsigned short); vector int vec_vclzw (vector int); vector unsigned int vec_vclzw (vector int); vector signed char vec_vgbbd (vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vgbbd (vector unsigned char); vector long long vec_vmaxsd (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vmaxud (vector unsigned long long, unsigned vector long long); vector long long vec_vminsd (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vminud (vector long long, vector long long); vector int vec_vpksdss (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned int vec_vpksdss (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned int vec_vpkudus (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector int vec_vpkudum (vector long long, vector long long); vector unsigned int vec_vpkudum (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector bool int vec_vpkudum (vector bool long long, vector bool long long); vector long long vec_vpopcnt (vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vpopcnt (vector unsigned long long); vector int vec_vpopcnt (vector int); vector unsigned int vec_vpopcnt (vector int); vector short vec_vpopcnt (vector short); vector unsigned short vec_vpopcnt (vector unsigned short); vector signed char vec_vpopcnt (vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vpopcnt (vector unsigned char); vector signed char vec_vpopcntb (vector signed char); vector unsigned char vec_vpopcntb (vector unsigned char); vector long long vec_vpopcntd (vector long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vpopcntd (vector unsigned long long); vector short vec_vpopcnth (vector short); vector unsigned short vec_vpopcnth (vector unsigned short); vector int vec_vpopcntw (vector int); vector unsigned int vec_vpopcntw (vector int); vector long long vec_vrld (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vrld (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_vsld (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_vsld (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_vsrad (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vsrad (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_vsrd (vector long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long char vec_vsrd (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector long long vec_vsubudm (vector long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_vsubudm (vector bool long long, vector long long); vector long long vec_vsubudm (vector long long, vector bool long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vsubudm (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vsubudm (vector bool long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long vec_vsubudm (vector unsigned long long, vector bool long long); vector long long vec_vupkhsw (vector int); vector unsigned long long vec_vupkhsw (vector unsigned int); vector long long vec_vupklsw (vector int); vector unsigned long long vec_vupklsw (vector int); @end smallexample If the ISA 2.07 additions to the vector/scalar (power8-vector) instruction set is available, the following additional functions are available for 64-bit targets. New vector types (@var{vector __int128_t} and @var{vector __uint128_t}) are available to hold the @var{__int128_t} and @var{__uint128_t} types to use these builtins. The normal vector extract, and set operations work on @var{vector __int128_t} and @var{vector __uint128_t} types, but the index value must be 0. @smallexample vector __int128_t vec_vaddcuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t); vector __uint128_t vec_vaddcuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t); vector __int128_t vec_vadduqm (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t); vector __uint128_t vec_vadduqm (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t); vector __int128_t vec_vaddecuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t); vector __uint128_t vec_vaddecuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t); vector __int128_t vec_vaddeuqm (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t); vector __uint128_t vec_vaddeuqm (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t); vector __int128_t vec_vsubecuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t); vector __uint128_t vec_vsubecuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t); vector __int128_t vec_vsubeuqm (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t); vector __uint128_t vec_vsubeuqm (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t); vector __int128_t vec_vsubcuq (vector __int128_t, vector __int128_t); vector __uint128_t vec_vsubcuq (vector __uint128_t, vector __uint128_t); __int128_t vec_vsubuqm (__int128_t, __int128_t); __uint128_t vec_vsubuqm (__uint128_t, __uint128_t); vector __int128_t __builtin_bcdadd (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdadd_lt (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdadd_eq (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdadd_gt (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdadd_ov (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); vector __int128_t bcdsub (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdsub_lt (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdsub_eq (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdsub_gt (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); int __builtin_bcdsub_ov (vector __int128_t, vector__int128_t); @end smallexample If the cryptographic instructions are enabled (@option{-mcrypto} or @option{-mcpu=power8}), the following builtins are enabled. @smallexample vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vsbox (vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vcipher (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vcipherlast (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vncipher (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vncipherlast (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned char __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned int __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vpermxor (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned char __builtin_crypto_vpmsumb (vector unsigned char, vector unsigned char); vector unsigned short __builtin_crypto_vpmsumb (vector unsigned short, vector unsigned short); vector unsigned int __builtin_crypto_vpmsumb (vector unsigned int, vector unsigned int); vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vpmsumb (vector unsigned long long, vector unsigned long long); vector unsigned long long __builtin_crypto_vshasigmad (vector unsigned long long, int, int); vector unsigned int __builtin_crypto_vshasigmaw (vector unsigned int, int, int); @end smallexample The second argument to the @var{__builtin_crypto_vshasigmad} and @var{__builtin_crypto_vshasigmaw} builtin functions must be a constant integer that is 0 or 1. The third argument to these builtin functions must be a constant integer in the range of 0 to 15. @node PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions @subsection PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions GCC provides two interfaces for accessing the Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) instructions available on some of the PowerPC family of prcoessors (eg, POWER8). The two interfaces come in a low level interface, consisting of built-in functions specific to PowerPC and a higher level interface consisting of inline functions that are common between PowerPC and S/390. @subsubsection PowerPC HTM Low Level Built-in Functions The following low level built-in functions are available with @option{-mhtm} or @option{-mcpu=CPU} where CPU is `power8' or later. They all generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. The HTM built-ins return true or false depending on their success and their arguments match exactly the type and order of the associated hardware instruction's operands. Refer to the ISA manual for a description of each instruction's operands. @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_tbegin (unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_tend (unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_tabort (unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_tabortdc (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_tabortdci (unsigned int, unsigned int, int) unsigned int __builtin_tabortwc (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_tabortwci (unsigned int, unsigned int, int) unsigned int __builtin_tcheck (unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_treclaim (unsigned int) unsigned int __builtin_trechkpt (void) unsigned int __builtin_tsr (unsigned int) @end smallexample In addition to the above HTM built-ins, we have added built-ins for some common extended mnemonics of the HTM instructions: @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_tendall (void) unsigned int __builtin_tresume (void) unsigned int __builtin_tsuspend (void) @end smallexample The following set of built-in functions are available to gain access to the HTM specific special purpose registers. @smallexample unsigned long __builtin_get_texasr (void) unsigned long __builtin_get_texasru (void) unsigned long __builtin_get_tfhar (void) unsigned long __builtin_get_tfiar (void) void __builtin_set_texasr (unsigned long); void __builtin_set_texasru (unsigned long); void __builtin_set_tfhar (unsigned long); void __builtin_set_tfiar (unsigned long); @end smallexample Example usage of these low level built-in functions may look like: @smallexample #include int num_retries = 10; while (1) @{ if (__builtin_tbegin (0)) @{ /* Transaction State Initiated. */ if (is_locked (lock)) __builtin_tabort (0); ... transaction code... __builtin_tend (0); break; @} else @{ /* Transaction State Failed. Use locks if the transaction failure is "persistent" or we've tried too many times. */ if (num_retries-- <= 0 || _TEXASRU_FAILURE_PERSISTENT (__builtin_get_texasru ())) @{ acquire_lock (lock); ... non transactional fallback path... release_lock (lock); break; @} @} @} @end smallexample One final built-in function has been added that returns the value of the 2-bit Transaction State field of the Machine Status Register (MSR) as stored in @code{CR0}. @smallexample unsigned long __builtin_ttest (void) @end smallexample This built-in can be used to determine the current transaction state using the following code example: @smallexample #include unsigned char tx_state = _HTM_STATE (__builtin_ttest ()); if (tx_state == _HTM_TRANSACTIONAL) @{ /* Code to use in transactional state. */ @} else if (tx_state == _HTM_NONTRANSACTIONAL) @{ /* Code to use in non-transactional state. */ @} else if (tx_state == _HTM_SUSPENDED) @{ /* Code to use in transaction suspended state. */ @} @end smallexample @subsubsection PowerPC HTM High Level Inline Functions The following high level HTM interface is made available by including @code{} and using @option{-mhtm} or @option{-mcpu=CPU} where CPU is `power8' or later. This interface is common between PowerPC and S/390, allowing users to write one HTM source implementation that can be compiled and executed on either system. @smallexample long __TM_simple_begin (void) long __TM_begin (void* const TM_buff) long __TM_end (void) void __TM_abort (void) void __TM_named_abort (unsigned char const code) void __TM_resume (void) void __TM_suspend (void) long __TM_is_user_abort (void* const TM_buff) long __TM_is_named_user_abort (void* const TM_buff, unsigned char *code) long __TM_is_illegal (void* const TM_buff) long __TM_is_footprint_exceeded (void* const TM_buff) long __TM_nesting_depth (void* const TM_buff) long __TM_is_nested_too_deep(void* const TM_buff) long __TM_is_conflict(void* const TM_buff) long __TM_is_failure_persistent(void* const TM_buff) long __TM_failure_address(void* const TM_buff) long long __TM_failure_code(void* const TM_buff) @end smallexample Using these common set of HTM inline functions, we can create a more portable version of the HTM example in the previous section that will work on either PowerPC or S/390: @smallexample #include int num_retries = 10; TM_buff_type TM_buff; while (1) @{ if (__TM_begin (TM_buff)) @{ /* Transaction State Initiated. */ if (is_locked (lock)) __TM_abort (); ... transaction code... __TM_end (); break; @} else @{ /* Transaction State Failed. Use locks if the transaction failure is "persistent" or we've tried too many times. */ if (num_retries-- <= 0 || __TM_is_failure_persistent (TM_buff)) @{ acquire_lock (lock); ... non transactional fallback path... release_lock (lock); break; @} @} @} @end smallexample @node RX Built-in Functions @subsection RX Built-in Functions GCC supports some of the RX instructions which cannot be expressed in the C programming language via the use of built-in functions. The following functions are supported: @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_brk (void) Generates the @code{brk} machine instruction. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_clrpsw (int) Generates the @code{clrpsw} machine instruction to clear the specified bit in the processor status word. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_int (int) Generates the @code{int} machine instruction to generate an interrupt with the specified value. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_machi (int, int) Generates the @code{machi} machine instruction to add the result of multiplying the top 16 bits of the two arguments into the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_maclo (int, int) Generates the @code{maclo} machine instruction to add the result of multiplying the bottom 16 bits of the two arguments into the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_mulhi (int, int) Generates the @code{mulhi} machine instruction to place the result of multiplying the top 16 bits of the two arguments into the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_mullo (int, int) Generates the @code{mullo} machine instruction to place the result of multiplying the bottom 16 bits of the two arguments into the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_rx_mvfachi (void) Generates the @code{mvfachi} machine instruction to read the top 32 bits of the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_rx_mvfacmi (void) Generates the @code{mvfacmi} machine instruction to read the middle 32 bits of the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_rx_mvfc (int) Generates the @code{mvfc} machine instruction which reads the control register specified in its argument and returns its value. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_mvtachi (int) Generates the @code{mvtachi} machine instruction to set the top 32 bits of the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_mvtaclo (int) Generates the @code{mvtaclo} machine instruction to set the bottom 32 bits of the accumulator. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_mvtc (int reg, int val) Generates the @code{mvtc} machine instruction which sets control register number @code{reg} to @code{val}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_mvtipl (int) Generates the @code{mvtipl} machine instruction set the interrupt priority level. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_racw (int) Generates the @code{racw} machine instruction to round the accumulator according to the specified mode. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_rx_revw (int) Generates the @code{revw} machine instruction which swaps the bytes in the argument so that bits 0--7 now occupy bits 8--15 and vice versa, and also bits 16--23 occupy bits 24--31 and vice versa. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_rmpa (void) Generates the @code{rmpa} machine instruction which initiates a repeated multiply and accumulate sequence. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_round (float) Generates the @code{round} machine instruction which returns the floating-point argument rounded according to the current rounding mode set in the floating-point status word register. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_rx_sat (int) Generates the @code{sat} machine instruction which returns the saturated value of the argument. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_setpsw (int) Generates the @code{setpsw} machine instruction to set the specified bit in the processor status word. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_rx_wait (void) Generates the @code{wait} machine instruction. @end deftypefn @node S/390 System z Built-in Functions @subsection S/390 System z Built-in Functions @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_tbegin (void*) Generates the @code{tbegin} machine instruction starting a non-constraint hardware transaction. If the parameter is non-NULL the memory area is used to store the transaction diagnostic buffer and will be passed as first operand to @code{tbegin}. This buffer can be defined using the @code{struct __htm_tdb} C struct defined in @code{htmintrin.h} and must reside on a double-word boundary. The second tbegin operand is set to @code{0xff0c}. This enables save/restore of all GPRs and disables aborts for FPR and AR manipulations inside the transaction body. The condition code set by the tbegin instruction is returned as integer value. The tbegin instruction by definition overwrites the content of all FPRs. The compiler will generate code which saves and restores the FPRs. For soft-float code it is recommended to used the @code{*_nofloat} variant. In order to prevent a TDB from being written it is required to pass an constant zero value as parameter. Passing the zero value through a variable is not sufficient. Although modifications of access registers inside the transaction will not trigger an transaction abort it is not supported to actually modify them. Access registers do not get saved when entering a transaction. They will have undefined state when reaching the abort code. @end deftypefn Macros for the possible return codes of tbegin are defined in the @code{htmintrin.h} header file: @table @code @item _HTM_TBEGIN_STARTED @code{tbegin} has been executed as part of normal processing. The transaction body is supposed to be executed. @item _HTM_TBEGIN_INDETERMINATE The transaction was aborted due to an indeterminate condition which might be persistent. @item _HTM_TBEGIN_TRANSIENT The transaction aborted due to a transient failure. The transaction should be re-executed in that case. @item _HTM_TBEGIN_PERSISTENT The transaction aborted due to a persistent failure. Re-execution under same circumstances will not be productive. @end table @defmac _HTM_FIRST_USER_ABORT_CODE The @code{_HTM_FIRST_USER_ABORT_CODE} defined in @code{htmintrin.h} specifies the first abort code which can be used for @code{__builtin_tabort}. Values below this threshold are reserved for machine use. @end defmac @deftp {Data type} {struct __htm_tdb} The @code{struct __htm_tdb} defined in @code{htmintrin.h} describes the structure of the transaction diagnostic block as specified in the Principles of Operation manual chapter 5-91. @end deftp @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_tbegin_nofloat (void*) Same as @code{__builtin_tbegin} but without FPR saves and restores. Using this variant in code making use of FPRs will leave the FPRs in undefined state when entering the transaction abort handler code. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_tbegin_retry (void*, int) In addition to @code{__builtin_tbegin} a loop for transient failures is generated. If tbegin returns a condition code of 2 the transaction will be retried as often as specified in the second argument. The perform processor assist instruction is used to tell the CPU about the number of fails so far. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_tbegin_retry_nofloat (void*, int) Same as @code{__builtin_tbegin_retry} but without FPR saves and restores. Using this variant in code making use of FPRs will leave the FPRs in undefined state when entering the transaction abort handler code. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_tbeginc (void) Generates the @code{tbeginc} machine instruction starting a constraint hardware transaction. The second operand is set to @code{0xff08}. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_tend (void) Generates the @code{tend} machine instruction finishing a transaction and making the changes visible to other threads. The condition code generated by tend is returned as integer value. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_tabort (int) Generates the @code{tabort} machine instruction with the specified abort code. Abort codes from 0 through 255 are reserved and will result in an error message. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_tx_assist (int) Generates the @code{ppa rX,rY,1} machine instruction. Where the integer parameter is loaded into rX and a value of zero is loaded into rY. The integer parameter specifies the number of times the transaction repeatedly aborted. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_tx_nesting_depth (void) Generates the @code{etnd} machine instruction. The current nesting depth is returned as integer value. For a nesting depth of 0 the code is not executed as part of an transaction. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_non_tx_store (uint64_t *, uint64_t) Generates the @code{ntstg} machine instruction. The second argument is written to the first arguments location. The store operation will not be rolled-back in case of an transaction abort. @end deftypefn @node SH Built-in Functions @subsection SH Built-in Functions The following built-in functions are supported on the SH1, SH2, SH3 and SH4 families of processors: @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void} __builtin_set_thread_pointer (void *@var{ptr}) Sets the @samp{GBR} register to the specified value @var{ptr}. This is usually used by system code that manages threads and execution contexts. The compiler normally does not generate code that modifies the contents of @samp{GBR} and thus the value is preserved across function calls. Changing the @samp{GBR} value in user code must be done with caution, since the compiler might use @samp{GBR} in order to access thread local variables. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void *} __builtin_thread_pointer (void) Returns the value that is currently set in the @samp{GBR} register. Memory loads and stores that use the thread pointer as a base address are turned into @samp{GBR} based displacement loads and stores, if possible. For example: @smallexample struct my_tcb @{ int a, b, c, d, e; @}; int get_tcb_value (void) @{ // Generate @samp{mov.l @@(8,gbr),r0} instruction return ((my_tcb*)__builtin_thread_pointer ())->c; @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {unsigned int} __builtin_sh_get_fpscr (void) Returns the value that is currently set in the @samp{FPSCR} register. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} {void} __builtin_sh_set_fpscr (unsigned int @var{val}) Sets the @samp{FPSCR} register to the specified value @var{val}, while preserving the current values of the FR, SZ and PR bits. @end deftypefn @node SPARC VIS Built-in Functions @subsection SPARC VIS Built-in Functions GCC supports SIMD operations on the SPARC using both the generic vector extensions (@pxref{Vector Extensions}) as well as built-in functions for the SPARC Visual Instruction Set (VIS). When you use the @option{-mvis} switch, the VIS extension is exposed as the following built-in functions: @smallexample typedef int v1si __attribute__ ((vector_size (4))); typedef int v2si __attribute__ ((vector_size (8))); typedef short v4hi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8))); typedef short v2hi __attribute__ ((vector_size (4))); typedef unsigned char v8qi __attribute__ ((vector_size (8))); typedef unsigned char v4qi __attribute__ ((vector_size (4))); void __builtin_vis_write_gsr (int64_t); int64_t __builtin_vis_read_gsr (void); void * __builtin_vis_alignaddr (void *, long); void * __builtin_vis_alignaddrl (void *, long); int64_t __builtin_vis_faligndatadi (int64_t, int64_t); v2si __builtin_vis_faligndatav2si (v2si, v2si); v4hi __builtin_vis_faligndatav4hi (v4si, v4si); v8qi __builtin_vis_faligndatav8qi (v8qi, v8qi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fexpand (v4qi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8x16 (v4qi, v4hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8x16au (v4qi, v2hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8x16al (v4qi, v2hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8sux16 (v8qi, v4hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fmul8ulx16 (v8qi, v4hi); v2si __builtin_vis_fmuld8sux16 (v4qi, v2hi); v2si __builtin_vis_fmuld8ulx16 (v4qi, v2hi); v4qi __builtin_vis_fpack16 (v4hi); v8qi __builtin_vis_fpack32 (v2si, v8qi); v2hi __builtin_vis_fpackfix (v2si); v8qi __builtin_vis_fpmerge (v4qi, v4qi); int64_t __builtin_vis_pdist (v8qi, v8qi, int64_t); long __builtin_vis_edge8 (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge8l (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge16 (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge16l (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge32 (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge32l (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_fcmple16 (v4hi, v4hi); long __builtin_vis_fcmple32 (v2si, v2si); long __builtin_vis_fcmpne16 (v4hi, v4hi); long __builtin_vis_fcmpne32 (v2si, v2si); long __builtin_vis_fcmpgt16 (v4hi, v4hi); long __builtin_vis_fcmpgt32 (v2si, v2si); long __builtin_vis_fcmpeq16 (v4hi, v4hi); long __builtin_vis_fcmpeq32 (v2si, v2si); v4hi __builtin_vis_fpadd16 (v4hi, v4hi); v2hi __builtin_vis_fpadd16s (v2hi, v2hi); v2si __builtin_vis_fpadd32 (v2si, v2si); v1si __builtin_vis_fpadd32s (v1si, v1si); v4hi __builtin_vis_fpsub16 (v4hi, v4hi); v2hi __builtin_vis_fpsub16s (v2hi, v2hi); v2si __builtin_vis_fpsub32 (v2si, v2si); v1si __builtin_vis_fpsub32s (v1si, v1si); long __builtin_vis_array8 (long, long); long __builtin_vis_array16 (long, long); long __builtin_vis_array32 (long, long); @end smallexample When you use the @option{-mvis2} switch, the VIS version 2.0 built-in functions also become available: @smallexample long __builtin_vis_bmask (long, long); int64_t __builtin_vis_bshuffledi (int64_t, int64_t); v2si __builtin_vis_bshufflev2si (v2si, v2si); v4hi __builtin_vis_bshufflev2si (v4hi, v4hi); v8qi __builtin_vis_bshufflev2si (v8qi, v8qi); long __builtin_vis_edge8n (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge8ln (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge16n (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge16ln (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge32n (void *, void *); long __builtin_vis_edge32ln (void *, void *); @end smallexample When you use the @option{-mvis3} switch, the VIS version 3.0 built-in functions also become available: @smallexample void __builtin_vis_cmask8 (long); void __builtin_vis_cmask16 (long); void __builtin_vis_cmask32 (long); v4hi __builtin_vis_fchksm16 (v4hi, v4hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fsll16 (v4hi, v4hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fslas16 (v4hi, v4hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fsrl16 (v4hi, v4hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fsra16 (v4hi, v4hi); v2si __builtin_vis_fsll16 (v2si, v2si); v2si __builtin_vis_fslas16 (v2si, v2si); v2si __builtin_vis_fsrl16 (v2si, v2si); v2si __builtin_vis_fsra16 (v2si, v2si); long __builtin_vis_pdistn (v8qi, v8qi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fmean16 (v4hi, v4hi); int64_t __builtin_vis_fpadd64 (int64_t, int64_t); int64_t __builtin_vis_fpsub64 (int64_t, int64_t); v4hi __builtin_vis_fpadds16 (v4hi, v4hi); v2hi __builtin_vis_fpadds16s (v2hi, v2hi); v4hi __builtin_vis_fpsubs16 (v4hi, v4hi); v2hi __builtin_vis_fpsubs16s (v2hi, v2hi); v2si __builtin_vis_fpadds32 (v2si, v2si); v1si __builtin_vis_fpadds32s (v1si, v1si); v2si __builtin_vis_fpsubs32 (v2si, v2si); v1si __builtin_vis_fpsubs32s (v1si, v1si); long __builtin_vis_fucmple8 (v8qi, v8qi); long __builtin_vis_fucmpne8 (v8qi, v8qi); long __builtin_vis_fucmpgt8 (v8qi, v8qi); long __builtin_vis_fucmpeq8 (v8qi, v8qi); float __builtin_vis_fhadds (float, float); double __builtin_vis_fhaddd (double, double); float __builtin_vis_fhsubs (float, float); double __builtin_vis_fhsubd (double, double); float __builtin_vis_fnhadds (float, float); double __builtin_vis_fnhaddd (double, double); int64_t __builtin_vis_umulxhi (int64_t, int64_t); int64_t __builtin_vis_xmulx (int64_t, int64_t); int64_t __builtin_vis_xmulxhi (int64_t, int64_t); @end smallexample @node SPU Built-in Functions @subsection SPU Built-in Functions GCC provides extensions for the SPU processor as described in the Sony/Toshiba/IBM SPU Language Extensions Specification, which can be found at @uref{http://cell.scei.co.jp/} or @uref{http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/power/cell/}. GCC's implementation differs in several ways. @itemize @bullet @item The optional extension of specifying vector constants in parentheses is not supported. @item A vector initializer requires no cast if the vector constant is of the same type as the variable it is initializing. @item If @code{signed} or @code{unsigned} is omitted, the signedness of the vector type is the default signedness of the base type. The default varies depending on the operating system, so a portable program should always specify the signedness. @item By default, the keyword @code{__vector} is added. The macro @code{vector} is defined in @code{} and can be undefined. @item GCC allows using a @code{typedef} name as the type specifier for a vector type. @item For C, overloaded functions are implemented with macros so the following does not work: @smallexample spu_add ((vector signed int)@{1, 2, 3, 4@}, foo); @end smallexample @noindent Since @code{spu_add} is a macro, the vector constant in the example is treated as four separate arguments. Wrap the entire argument in parentheses for this to work. @item The extended version of @code{__builtin_expect} is not supported. @end itemize @emph{Note:} Only the interface described in the aforementioned specification is supported. Internally, GCC uses built-in functions to implement the required functionality, but these are not supported and are subject to change without notice. @node TI C6X Built-in Functions @subsection TI C6X Built-in Functions GCC provides intrinsics to access certain instructions of the TI C6X processors. These intrinsics, listed below, are available after inclusion of the @code{c6x_intrinsics.h} header file. They map directly to C6X instructions. @smallexample int _sadd (int, int) int _ssub (int, int) int _sadd2 (int, int) int _ssub2 (int, int) long long _mpy2 (int, int) long long _smpy2 (int, int) int _add4 (int, int) int _sub4 (int, int) int _saddu4 (int, int) int _smpy (int, int) int _smpyh (int, int) int _smpyhl (int, int) int _smpylh (int, int) int _sshl (int, int) int _subc (int, int) int _avg2 (int, int) int _avgu4 (int, int) int _clrr (int, int) int _extr (int, int) int _extru (int, int) int _abs (int) int _abs2 (int) @end smallexample @node TILE-Gx Built-in Functions @subsection TILE-Gx Built-in Functions GCC provides intrinsics to access every instruction of the TILE-Gx processor. The intrinsics are of the form: @smallexample unsigned long long __insn_@var{op} (...) @end smallexample Where @var{op} is the name of the instruction. Refer to the ISA manual for the complete list of instructions. GCC also provides intrinsics to directly access the network registers. The intrinsics are: @smallexample unsigned long long __tile_idn0_receive (void) unsigned long long __tile_idn1_receive (void) unsigned long long __tile_udn0_receive (void) unsigned long long __tile_udn1_receive (void) unsigned long long __tile_udn2_receive (void) unsigned long long __tile_udn3_receive (void) void __tile_idn_send (unsigned long long) void __tile_udn_send (unsigned long long) @end smallexample The intrinsic @code{void __tile_network_barrier (void)} is used to guarantee that no network operations before it are reordered with those after it. @node TILEPro Built-in Functions @subsection TILEPro Built-in Functions GCC provides intrinsics to access every instruction of the TILEPro processor. The intrinsics are of the form: @smallexample unsigned __insn_@var{op} (...) @end smallexample @noindent where @var{op} is the name of the instruction. Refer to the ISA manual for the complete list of instructions. GCC also provides intrinsics to directly access the network registers. The intrinsics are: @smallexample unsigned __tile_idn0_receive (void) unsigned __tile_idn1_receive (void) unsigned __tile_sn_receive (void) unsigned __tile_udn0_receive (void) unsigned __tile_udn1_receive (void) unsigned __tile_udn2_receive (void) unsigned __tile_udn3_receive (void) void __tile_idn_send (unsigned) void __tile_sn_send (unsigned) void __tile_udn_send (unsigned) @end smallexample The intrinsic @code{void __tile_network_barrier (void)} is used to guarantee that no network operations before it are reordered with those after it. @node x86 Built-in Functions @subsection x86 Built-in Functions These built-in functions are available for the x86-32 and x86-64 family of computers, depending on the command-line switches used. If you specify command-line switches such as @option{-msse}, the compiler could use the extended instruction sets even if the built-ins are not used explicitly in the program. For this reason, applications that perform run-time CPU detection must compile separate files for each supported architecture, using the appropriate flags. In particular, the file containing the CPU detection code should be compiled without these options. The following machine modes are available for use with MMX built-in functions (@pxref{Vector Extensions}): @code{V2SI} for a vector of two 32-bit integers, @code{V4HI} for a vector of four 16-bit integers, and @code{V8QI} for a vector of eight 8-bit integers. Some of the built-in functions operate on MMX registers as a whole 64-bit entity, these use @code{V1DI} as their mode. If 3DNow!@: extensions are enabled, @code{V2SF} is used as a mode for a vector of two 32-bit floating-point values. If SSE extensions are enabled, @code{V4SF} is used for a vector of four 32-bit floating-point values. Some instructions use a vector of four 32-bit integers, these use @code{V4SI}. Finally, some instructions operate on an entire vector register, interpreting it as a 128-bit integer, these use mode @code{TI}. In 64-bit mode, the x86-64 family of processors uses additional built-in functions for efficient use of @code{TF} (@code{__float128}) 128-bit floating point and @code{TC} 128-bit complex floating-point values. The following floating-point built-in functions are available in 64-bit mode. All of them implement the function that is part of the name. @smallexample __float128 __builtin_fabsq (__float128) __float128 __builtin_copysignq (__float128, __float128) @end smallexample The following built-in function is always available. @table @code @item void __builtin_ia32_pause (void) Generates the @code{pause} machine instruction with a compiler memory barrier. @end table The following floating-point built-in functions are made available in the 64-bit mode. @table @code @item __float128 __builtin_infq (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_inf}, except the return type is @code{__float128}. @findex __builtin_infq @item __float128 __builtin_huge_valq (void) Similar to @code{__builtin_huge_val}, except the return type is @code{__float128}. @findex __builtin_huge_valq @end table The following built-in functions are always available and can be used to check the target platform type. @deftypefn {Built-in Function} void __builtin_cpu_init (void) This function runs the CPU detection code to check the type of CPU and the features supported. This built-in function needs to be invoked along with the built-in functions to check CPU type and features, @code{__builtin_cpu_is} and @code{__builtin_cpu_supports}, only when used in a function that is executed before any constructors are called. The CPU detection code is automatically executed in a very high priority constructor. For example, this function has to be used in @code{ifunc} resolvers that check for CPU type using the built-in functions @code{__builtin_cpu_is} and @code{__builtin_cpu_supports}, or in constructors on targets that don't support constructor priority. @smallexample static void (*resolve_memcpy (void)) (void) @{ // ifunc resolvers fire before constructors, explicitly call the init // function. __builtin_cpu_init (); if (__builtin_cpu_supports ("ssse3")) return ssse3_memcpy; // super fast memcpy with ssse3 instructions. else return default_memcpy; @} void *memcpy (void *, const void *, size_t) __attribute__ ((ifunc ("resolve_memcpy"))); @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_cpu_is (const char *@var{cpuname}) This function returns a positive integer if the run-time CPU is of type @var{cpuname} and returns @code{0} otherwise. The following CPU names can be detected: @table @samp @item intel Intel CPU. @item atom Intel Atom CPU. @item core2 Intel Core 2 CPU. @item corei7 Intel Core i7 CPU. @item nehalem Intel Core i7 Nehalem CPU. @item westmere Intel Core i7 Westmere CPU. @item sandybridge Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge CPU. @item amd AMD CPU. @item amdfam10h AMD Family 10h CPU. @item barcelona AMD Family 10h Barcelona CPU. @item shanghai AMD Family 10h Shanghai CPU. @item istanbul AMD Family 10h Istanbul CPU. @item btver1 AMD Family 14h CPU. @item amdfam15h AMD Family 15h CPU. @item bdver1 AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 1. @item bdver2 AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 2. @item bdver3 AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 3. @item bdver4 AMD Family 15h Bulldozer version 4. @item btver2 AMD Family 16h CPU. @end table Here is an example: @smallexample if (__builtin_cpu_is ("corei7")) @{ do_corei7 (); // Core i7 specific implementation. @} else @{ do_generic (); // Generic implementation. @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn @deftypefn {Built-in Function} int __builtin_cpu_supports (const char *@var{feature}) This function returns a positive integer if the run-time CPU supports @var{feature} and returns @code{0} otherwise. The following features can be detected: @table @samp @item cmov CMOV instruction. @item mmx MMX instructions. @item popcnt POPCNT instruction. @item sse SSE instructions. @item sse2 SSE2 instructions. @item sse3 SSE3 instructions. @item ssse3 SSSE3 instructions. @item sse4.1 SSE4.1 instructions. @item sse4.2 SSE4.2 instructions. @item avx AVX instructions. @item avx2 AVX2 instructions. @item avx512f AVX512F instructions. @end table Here is an example: @smallexample if (__builtin_cpu_supports ("popcnt")) @{ asm("popcnt %1,%0" : "=r"(count) : "rm"(n) : "cc"); @} else @{ count = generic_countbits (n); //generic implementation. @} @end smallexample @end deftypefn The following built-in functions are made available by @option{-mmmx}. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v8qi __builtin_ia32_paddb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_paddw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_paddd (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_ia32_psubb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psubw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_psubd (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_ia32_paddsb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_paddsw (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_psubsb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psubsw (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_paddusb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_paddusw (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_psubusb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psubusw (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmullw (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhw (v4hi, v4hi) di __builtin_ia32_pand (di, di) di __builtin_ia32_pandn (di,di) di __builtin_ia32_por (di, di) di __builtin_ia32_pxor (di, di) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqd (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtd (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_ia32_punpckhbw (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_punpckhwd (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_punpckhdq (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_ia32_punpcklbw (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_punpcklwd (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_punpckldq (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_ia32_packsswb (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_packssdw (v2si, v2si) v8qi __builtin_ia32_packuswb (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psllw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_pslld (v2si, v2si) v1di __builtin_ia32_psllq (v1di, v1di) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psrlw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_psrld (v2si, v2si) v1di __builtin_ia32_psrlq (v1di, v1di) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psraw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_psrad (v2si, v2si) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psllwi (v4hi, int) v2si __builtin_ia32_pslldi (v2si, int) v1di __builtin_ia32_psllqi (v1di, int) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psrlwi (v4hi, int) v2si __builtin_ia32_psrldi (v2si, int) v1di __builtin_ia32_psrlqi (v1di, int) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psrawi (v4hi, int) v2si __builtin_ia32_psradi (v2si, int) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are made available either with @option{-msse}, or with a combination of @option{-m3dnow} and @option{-march=athlon}. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhuw (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pavgb (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pavgw (v4hi, v4hi) v1di __builtin_ia32_psadbw (v8qi, v8qi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxub (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsw (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pminub (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pminsw (v4hi, v4hi) int __builtin_ia32_pmovmskb (v8qi) void __builtin_ia32_maskmovq (v8qi, v8qi, char *) void __builtin_ia32_movntq (di *, di) void __builtin_ia32_sfence (void) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample int __builtin_ia32_comieq (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_comineq (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_comilt (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_comile (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_comigt (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_comige (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_ucomieq (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_ucomineq (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_ucomilt (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_ucomile (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_ucomigt (v4sf, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_ucomige (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_addps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_subps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_mulps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_divps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_addss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_subss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_mulss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_divss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpeqps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpltps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpleps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpgtps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpgeps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpunordps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpneqps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnltps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnleps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpngtps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpngeps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpordps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpeqss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpltss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpless (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpunordss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpneqss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnltss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpnless (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpordss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_maxps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_maxss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_minps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_minss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_andps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_andnps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_orps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_xorps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_movss (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_movhlps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_movlhps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_unpckhps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_unpcklps (v4sf, v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtpi2ps (v4sf, v2si) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtsi2ss (v4sf, int) v2si __builtin_ia32_cvtps2pi (v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_cvtss2si (v4sf) v2si __builtin_ia32_cvttps2pi (v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_cvttss2si (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_rcpps (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtps (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtps (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_rcpss (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtss (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtss (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_shufps (v4sf, v4sf, int) void __builtin_ia32_movntps (float *, v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_movmskps (v4sf) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse} is used. @table @code @item v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadups (float *) Generates the @code{movups} machine instruction as a load from memory. @item void __builtin_ia32_storeups (float *, v4sf) Generates the @code{movups} machine instruction as a store to memory. @item v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadss (float *) Generates the @code{movss} machine instruction as a load from memory. @item v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadhps (v4sf, const v2sf *) Generates the @code{movhps} machine instruction as a load from memory. @item v4sf __builtin_ia32_loadlps (v4sf, const v2sf *) Generates the @code{movlps} machine instruction as a load from memory @item void __builtin_ia32_storehps (v2sf *, v4sf) Generates the @code{movhps} machine instruction as a store to memory. @item void __builtin_ia32_storelps (v2sf *, v4sf) Generates the @code{movlps} machine instruction as a store to memory. @end table The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse2} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample int __builtin_ia32_comisdeq (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_comisdlt (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_comisdle (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_comisdgt (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_comisdge (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_comisdneq (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdeq (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdlt (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdle (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdgt (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdge (v2df, v2df) int __builtin_ia32_ucomisdneq (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpeqpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpltpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmplepd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpgtpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpgepd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpunordpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpneqpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnltpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnlepd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpngtpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpngepd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpordpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpeqsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpltsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmplesd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpunordsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpneqsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnltsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpnlesd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpordsd (v2df, v2df) v2di __builtin_ia32_paddq (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_psubq (v2di, v2di) v2df __builtin_ia32_addpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_subpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_mulpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_divpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_addsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_subsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_mulsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_divsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_minpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_maxpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_minsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_maxsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_andpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_andnpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_orpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_xorpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_movsd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_unpckhpd (v2df, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_unpcklpd (v2df, v2df) v16qi __builtin_ia32_paddb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_paddw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_paddd128 (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_paddq128 (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_psubb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psubw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_psubd128 (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_psubq128 (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmullw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pand128 (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_pandn128 (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_por128 (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_pxor128 (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pavgb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pavgw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqd128 (v4si, v4si) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtd128 (v4si, v4si) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxub128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pminub128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pminsw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_punpckhbw128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_punpckhwd128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_punpckhdq128 (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_punpckhqdq128 (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_punpcklbw128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_punpcklwd128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_punpckldq128 (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_punpcklqdq128 (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_packsswb128 (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_packssdw128 (v4si, v4si) v16qi __builtin_ia32_packuswb128 (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhuw128 (v8hi, v8hi) void __builtin_ia32_maskmovdqu (v16qi, v16qi) v2df __builtin_ia32_loadupd (double *) void __builtin_ia32_storeupd (double *, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_loadhpd (v2df, double const *) v2df __builtin_ia32_loadlpd (v2df, double const *) int __builtin_ia32_movmskpd (v2df) int __builtin_ia32_pmovmskb128 (v16qi) void __builtin_ia32_movnti (int *, int) void __builtin_ia32_movnti64 (long long int *, long long int) void __builtin_ia32_movntpd (double *, v2df) void __builtin_ia32_movntdq (v2df *, v2df) v4si __builtin_ia32_pshufd (v4si, int) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pshuflw (v8hi, int) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pshufhw (v8hi, int) v2di __builtin_ia32_psadbw128 (v16qi, v16qi) v2df __builtin_ia32_sqrtpd (v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_sqrtsd (v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_shufpd (v2df, v2df, int) v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2pd (v4si) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2ps (v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2dq (v2df) v2si __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2pi (v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2ps (v2df) v4si __builtin_ia32_cvttpd2dq (v2df) v2si __builtin_ia32_cvttpd2pi (v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtpi2pd (v2si) int __builtin_ia32_cvtsd2si (v2df) int __builtin_ia32_cvttsd2si (v2df) long long __builtin_ia32_cvtsd2si64 (v2df) long long __builtin_ia32_cvttsd2si64 (v2df) v4si __builtin_ia32_cvtps2dq (v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtps2pd (v4sf) v4si __builtin_ia32_cvttps2dq (v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtsi2sd (v2df, int) v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtsi642sd (v2df, long long) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtsd2ss (v4sf, v2df) v2df __builtin_ia32_cvtss2sd (v2df, v4sf) void __builtin_ia32_clflush (const void *) void __builtin_ia32_lfence (void) void __builtin_ia32_mfence (void) v16qi __builtin_ia32_loaddqu (const char *) void __builtin_ia32_storedqu (char *, v16qi) v1di __builtin_ia32_pmuludq (v2si, v2si) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmuludq128 (v4si, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psllw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pslld128 (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_psllq128 (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psrlw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_psrld128 (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_psrlq128 (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psraw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_psrad128 (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_pslldqi128 (v2di, int) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psllwi128 (v8hi, int) v4si __builtin_ia32_pslldi128 (v4si, int) v2di __builtin_ia32_psllqi128 (v2di, int) v2di __builtin_ia32_psrldqi128 (v2di, int) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psrlwi128 (v8hi, int) v4si __builtin_ia32_psrldi128 (v4si, int) v2di __builtin_ia32_psrlqi128 (v2di, int) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psrawi128 (v8hi, int) v4si __builtin_ia32_psradi128 (v4si, int) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmaddwd128 (v8hi, v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_movq128 (v2di) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse3} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v2df __builtin_ia32_addsubpd (v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_addsubps (v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_haddpd (v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_haddps (v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_hsubpd (v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_hsubps (v4sf, v4sf) v16qi __builtin_ia32_lddqu (char const *) void __builtin_ia32_monitor (void *, unsigned int, unsigned int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_movshdup (v4sf) v4sf __builtin_ia32_movsldup (v4sf) void __builtin_ia32_mwait (unsigned int, unsigned int) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mssse3} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v2si __builtin_ia32_phaddd (v2si, v2si) v4hi __builtin_ia32_phaddw (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_phaddsw (v4hi, v4hi) v2si __builtin_ia32_phsubd (v2si, v2si) v4hi __builtin_ia32_phsubw (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_phsubsw (v4hi, v4hi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmaddubsw (v8qi, v8qi) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrsw (v4hi, v4hi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pshufb (v8qi, v8qi) v8qi __builtin_ia32_psignb (v8qi, v8qi) v2si __builtin_ia32_psignd (v2si, v2si) v4hi __builtin_ia32_psignw (v4hi, v4hi) v1di __builtin_ia32_palignr (v1di, v1di, int) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pabsb (v8qi) v2si __builtin_ia32_pabsd (v2si) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pabsw (v4hi) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mssse3} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v4si __builtin_ia32_phaddd128 (v4si, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_phaddw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_phaddsw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_phsubd128 (v4si, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_phsubw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_phsubsw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmaddubsw128 (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrsw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pshufb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_psignb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_psignd128 (v4si, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_psignw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_palignr128 (v2di, v2di, int) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pabsb128 (v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pabsd128 (v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pabsw128 (v8hi) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse4.1} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v2df __builtin_ia32_blendpd (v2df, v2df, const int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_blendps (v4sf, v4sf, const int) v2df __builtin_ia32_blendvpd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_blendvps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_dppd (v2df, v2df, const int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_dpps (v4sf, v4sf, const int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_insertps128 (v4sf, v4sf, const int) v2di __builtin_ia32_movntdqa (v2di *); v16qi __builtin_ia32_mpsadbw128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) v8hi __builtin_ia32_packusdw128 (v4si, v4si) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pblendvb128 (v16qi, v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pblendw128 (v8hi, v8hi, const int) v2di __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_phminposuw128 (v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmaxsd128 (v4si, v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmaxud128 (v4si, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxuw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pminsb128 (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pminsd128 (v4si, v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_pminud128 (v4si, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pminuw128 (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbd128 (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbq128 (v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbw128 (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxdq128 (v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwd128 (v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwq128 (v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbd128 (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbq128 (v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbw128 (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxdq128 (v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwd128 (v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwq128 (v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_pmuldq128 (v4si, v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_pmulld128 (v4si, v4si) int __builtin_ia32_ptestc128 (v2di, v2di) int __builtin_ia32_ptestnzc128 (v2di, v2di) int __builtin_ia32_ptestz128 (v2di, v2di) v2df __builtin_ia32_roundpd (v2df, const int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_roundps (v4sf, const int) v2df __builtin_ia32_roundsd (v2df, v2df, const int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_roundss (v4sf, v4sf, const int) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse4.1} is used. @table @code @item v4sf __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v4sf (v4sf, float, const int) Generates the @code{insertps} machine instruction. @item int __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v16qi (v16qi, const int) Generates the @code{pextrb} machine instruction. @item v16qi __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v16qi (v16qi, int, const int) Generates the @code{pinsrb} machine instruction. @item v4si __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v4si (v4si, int, const int) Generates the @code{pinsrd} machine instruction. @item v2di __builtin_ia32_vec_set_v2di (v2di, long long, const int) Generates the @code{pinsrq} machine instruction in 64bit mode. @end table The following built-in functions are changed to generate new SSE4.1 instructions when @option{-msse4.1} is used. @table @code @item float __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v4sf (v4sf, const int) Generates the @code{extractps} machine instruction. @item int __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v4si (v4si, const int) Generates the @code{pextrd} machine instruction. @item long long __builtin_ia32_vec_ext_v2di (v2di, const int) Generates the @code{pextrq} machine instruction in 64bit mode. @end table The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse4.2} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpestrm128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestri128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestria128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestric128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestrio128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestris128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpestriz128 (v16qi, int, v16qi, int, const int) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpistrm128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistri128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistria128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistric128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistrio128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistris128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) int __builtin_ia32_pcmpistriz128 (v16qi, v16qi, const int) v2di __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtq (v2di, v2di) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse4.2} is used. @table @code @item unsigned int __builtin_ia32_crc32qi (unsigned int, unsigned char) Generates the @code{crc32b} machine instruction. @item unsigned int __builtin_ia32_crc32hi (unsigned int, unsigned short) Generates the @code{crc32w} machine instruction. @item unsigned int __builtin_ia32_crc32si (unsigned int, unsigned int) Generates the @code{crc32l} machine instruction. @item unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_crc32di (unsigned long long, unsigned long long) Generates the @code{crc32q} machine instruction. @end table The following built-in functions are changed to generate new SSE4.2 instructions when @option{-msse4.2} is used. @table @code @item int __builtin_popcount (unsigned int) Generates the @code{popcntl} machine instruction. @item int __builtin_popcountl (unsigned long) Generates the @code{popcntl} or @code{popcntq} machine instruction, depending on the size of @code{unsigned long}. @item int __builtin_popcountll (unsigned long long) Generates the @code{popcntq} machine instruction. @end table The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mavx} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v4df __builtin_ia32_addpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_addps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_addsubpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_addsubps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_andnpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_andnps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_andpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_andps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_blendpd256 (v4df,v4df,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_blendps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_blendvpd256 (v4df,v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_blendvps256 (v8sf,v8sf,v8sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmppd (v2df,v2df,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_cmppd256 (v4df,v4df,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpps (v4sf,v4sf,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_cmpps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int) v2df __builtin_ia32_cmpsd (v2df,v2df,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cmpss (v4sf,v4sf,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2pd256 (v4si) v8sf __builtin_ia32_cvtdq2ps256 (v8si) v4si __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2dq256 (v4df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_cvtpd2ps256 (v4df) v8si __builtin_ia32_cvtps2dq256 (v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_cvtps2pd256 (v4sf) v4si __builtin_ia32_cvttpd2dq256 (v4df) v8si __builtin_ia32_cvttps2dq256 (v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_divpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_divps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_dpps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_haddpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_haddps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_hsubpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_hsubps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v32qi __builtin_ia32_lddqu256 (pcchar) v32qi __builtin_ia32_loaddqu256 (pcchar) v4df __builtin_ia32_loadupd256 (pcdouble) v8sf __builtin_ia32_loadups256 (pcfloat) v2df __builtin_ia32_maskloadpd (pcv2df,v2df) v4df __builtin_ia32_maskloadpd256 (pcv4df,v4df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_maskloadps (pcv4sf,v4sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_maskloadps256 (pcv8sf,v8sf) void __builtin_ia32_maskstorepd (pv2df,v2df,v2df) void __builtin_ia32_maskstorepd256 (pv4df,v4df,v4df) void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreps (pv4sf,v4sf,v4sf) void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreps256 (pv8sf,v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_maxpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_maxps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_minpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_minps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_movddup256 (v4df) int __builtin_ia32_movmskpd256 (v4df) int __builtin_ia32_movmskps256 (v8sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_movshdup256 (v8sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_movsldup256 (v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_mulpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_mulps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_orpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_orps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_pd_pd256 (v4df) v4df __builtin_ia32_pd256_pd (v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_ps_ps256 (v8sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_ps256_ps (v4sf) int __builtin_ia32_ptestc256 (v4di,v4di,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_ptestnzc256 (v4di,v4di,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_ptestz256 (v4di,v4di,ptest) v8sf __builtin_ia32_rcpps256 (v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_roundpd256 (v4df,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_roundps256 (v8sf,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtps_nr256 (v8sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_rsqrtps256 (v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_shufpd256 (v4df,v4df,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_shufps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int) v4si __builtin_ia32_si_si256 (v8si) v8si __builtin_ia32_si256_si (v4si) v4df __builtin_ia32_sqrtpd256 (v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtps_nr256 (v8sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_sqrtps256 (v8sf) void __builtin_ia32_storedqu256 (pchar,v32qi) void __builtin_ia32_storeupd256 (pdouble,v4df) void __builtin_ia32_storeups256 (pfloat,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_subpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_subps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_unpckhpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_unpckhps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_unpcklpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_unpcklps256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastf128_pd256 (pcv2df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastf128_ps256 (pcv4sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastsd256 (pcdouble) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss (pcfloat) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss256 (pcfloat) v2df __builtin_ia32_vextractf128_pd256 (v4df,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vextractf128_ps256 (v8sf,int) v4si __builtin_ia32_vextractf128_si256 (v8si,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_vinsertf128_pd256 (v4df,v2df,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vinsertf128_ps256 (v8sf,v4sf,int) v8si __builtin_ia32_vinsertf128_si256 (v8si,v4si,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_vperm2f128_pd256 (v4df,v4df,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vperm2f128_ps256 (v8sf,v8sf,int) v8si __builtin_ia32_vperm2f128_si256 (v8si,v8si,int) v2df __builtin_ia32_vpermil2pd (v2df,v2df,v2di,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_vpermil2pd256 (v4df,v4df,v4di,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpermil2ps (v4sf,v4sf,v4si,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpermil2ps256 (v8sf,v8sf,v8si,int) v2df __builtin_ia32_vpermilpd (v2df,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_vpermilpd256 (v4df,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilps (v4sf,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilps256 (v8sf,int) v2df __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarpd (v2df,v2di) v4df __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarpd256 (v4df,v4di) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarps (v4sf,v4si) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpermilvarps256 (v8sf,v8si) int __builtin_ia32_vtestcpd (v2df,v2df,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestcpd256 (v4df,v4df,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestcps (v4sf,v4sf,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestcps256 (v8sf,v8sf,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcpd (v2df,v2df,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcpd256 (v4df,v4df,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcps (v4sf,v4sf,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestnzcps256 (v8sf,v8sf,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestzpd (v2df,v2df,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestzpd256 (v4df,v4df,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestzps (v4sf,v4sf,ptest) int __builtin_ia32_vtestzps256 (v8sf,v8sf,ptest) void __builtin_ia32_vzeroall (void) void __builtin_ia32_vzeroupper (void) v4df __builtin_ia32_xorpd256 (v4df,v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_xorps256 (v8sf,v8sf) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mavx2} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v32qi __builtin_ia32_mpsadbw256 (v32qi,v32qi,int) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pabsb256 (v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pabsw256 (v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pabsd256 (v8si) v16hi __builtin_ia32_packssdw256 (v8si,v8si) v32qi __builtin_ia32_packsswb256 (v16hi,v16hi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_packusdw256 (v8si,v8si) v32qi __builtin_ia32_packuswb256 (v16hi,v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_paddb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_paddw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_paddd256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_paddq256 (v4di,v4di) v32qi __builtin_ia32_paddsb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_paddsw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_paddusb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_paddusw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v4di __builtin_ia32_palignr256 (v4di,v4di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_andsi256 (v4di,v4di) v4di __builtin_ia32_andnotsi256 (v4di,v4di) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pavgb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pavgw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pblendvb256 (v32qi,v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pblendw256 (v16hi,v16hi,int) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqd256 (c8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_pcmpeqq256 (v4di,v4di) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtw256 (16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtd256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_pcmpgtq256 (v4di,v4di) v16hi __builtin_ia32_phaddw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_phaddd256 (v8si,v8si) v16hi __builtin_ia32_phaddsw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_phsubw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_phsubd256 (v8si,v8si) v16hi __builtin_ia32_phsubsw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pmaddubsw256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmaddwd256 (v16hi,v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxsw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pmaxsd256 (v8si,v8si) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pmaxub256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmaxuw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pmaxud256 (v8si,v8si) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pminsb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pminsw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pminsd256 (v8si,v8si) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pminub256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pminuw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pminud256 (v8si,v8si) int __builtin_ia32_pmovmskb256 (v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbw256 (v16qi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbd256 (v16qi) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxbq256 (v16qi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwd256 (v8hi) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxwq256 (v8hi) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovsxdq256 (v4si) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbw256 (v16qi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbd256 (v16qi) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxbq256 (v16qi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwd256 (v8hi) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxwq256 (v8hi) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmovzxdq256 (v4si) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmuldq256 (v8si,v8si) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrsw256 (v16hi, v16hi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhuw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pmullw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pmulld256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_pmuludq256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_por256 (v4di,v4di) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psadbw256 (v32qi,v32qi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pshufb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pshufd256 (v8si,int) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pshufhw256 (v16hi,int) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pshuflw256 (v16hi,int) v32qi __builtin_ia32_psignb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psignw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_psignd256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_pslldqi256 (v4di,int) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psllwi256 (16hi,int) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psllw256(v16hi,v8hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pslldi256 (v8si,int) v8si __builtin_ia32_pslld256(v8si,v4si) v4di __builtin_ia32_psllqi256 (v4di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_psllq256(v4di,v2di) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psrawi256 (v16hi,int) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psraw256 (v16hi,v8hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_psradi256 (v8si,int) v8si __builtin_ia32_psrad256 (v8si,v4si) v4di __builtin_ia32_psrldqi256 (v4di, int) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psrlwi256 (v16hi,int) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psrlw256 (v16hi,v8hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_psrldi256 (v8si,int) v8si __builtin_ia32_psrld256 (v8si,v4si) v4di __builtin_ia32_psrlqi256 (v4di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_psrlq256(v4di,v2di) v32qi __builtin_ia32_psubb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v32hi __builtin_ia32_psubw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_psubd256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_psubq256 (v4di,v4di) v32qi __builtin_ia32_psubsb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psubsw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_psubusb256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_psubusw256 (v16hi,v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_punpckhbw256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_punpckhwd256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_punpckhdq256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_punpckhqdq256 (v4di,v4di) v32qi __builtin_ia32_punpcklbw256 (v32qi,v32qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_punpcklwd256 (v16hi,v16hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_punpckldq256 (v8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_punpcklqdq256 (v4di,v4di) v4di __builtin_ia32_pxor256 (v4di,v4di) v4di __builtin_ia32_movntdqa256 (pv4di) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss_ps (v4sf) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastss_ps256 (v4sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastsd_pd256 (v2df) v4di __builtin_ia32_vbroadcastsi256 (v2di) v4si __builtin_ia32_pblendd128 (v4si,v4si) v8si __builtin_ia32_pblendd256 (v8si,v8si) v32qi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastb256 (v16qi) v16hi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastw256 (v8hi) v8si __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastd256 (v4si) v4di __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastq256 (v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastb128 (v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastw128 (v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastd128 (v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_pbroadcastq128 (v2di) v8si __builtin_ia32_permvarsi256 (v8si,v8si) v4df __builtin_ia32_permdf256 (v4df,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_permvarsf256 (v8sf,v8sf) v4di __builtin_ia32_permdi256 (v4di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_permti256 (v4di,v4di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_extract128i256 (v4di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_insert128i256 (v4di,v2di,int) v8si __builtin_ia32_maskloadd256 (pcv8si,v8si) v4di __builtin_ia32_maskloadq256 (pcv4di,v4di) v4si __builtin_ia32_maskloadd (pcv4si,v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_maskloadq (pcv2di,v2di) void __builtin_ia32_maskstored256 (pv8si,v8si,v8si) void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreq256 (pv4di,v4di,v4di) void __builtin_ia32_maskstored (pv4si,v4si,v4si) void __builtin_ia32_maskstoreq (pv2di,v2di,v2di) v8si __builtin_ia32_psllv8si (v8si,v8si) v4si __builtin_ia32_psllv4si (v4si,v4si) v4di __builtin_ia32_psllv4di (v4di,v4di) v2di __builtin_ia32_psllv2di (v2di,v2di) v8si __builtin_ia32_psrav8si (v8si,v8si) v4si __builtin_ia32_psrav4si (v4si,v4si) v8si __builtin_ia32_psrlv8si (v8si,v8si) v4si __builtin_ia32_psrlv4si (v4si,v4si) v4di __builtin_ia32_psrlv4di (v4di,v4di) v2di __builtin_ia32_psrlv2di (v2di,v2di) v2df __builtin_ia32_gathersiv2df (v2df, pcdouble,v4si,v2df,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4df (v4df, pcdouble,v4si,v4df,int) v2df __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv2df (v2df, pcdouble,v2di,v2df,int) v4df __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4df (v4df, pcdouble,v4di,v4df,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4sf (v4sf, pcfloat,v4si,v4sf,int) v8sf __builtin_ia32_gathersiv8sf (v8sf, pcfloat,v8si,v8sf,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4sf (v4sf, pcfloat,v2di,v4sf,int) v4sf __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4sf256 (v4sf, pcfloat,v4di,v4sf,int) v2di __builtin_ia32_gathersiv2di (v2di, pcint64,v4si,v2di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4di (v4di, pcint64,v4si,v4di,int) v2di __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv2di (v2di, pcint64,v2di,v2di,int) v4di __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4di (v4di, pcint64,v4di,v4di,int) v4si __builtin_ia32_gathersiv4si (v4si, pcint,v4si,v4si,int) v8si __builtin_ia32_gathersiv8si (v8si, pcint,v8si,v8si,int) v4si __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4si (v4si, pcint,v2di,v4si,int) v4si __builtin_ia32_gatherdiv4si256 (v4si, pcint,v4di,v4si,int) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-maes} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v2di __builtin_ia32_aesenc128 (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_aesenclast128 (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_aesdec128 (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_aesdeclast128 (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_aeskeygenassist128 (v2di, const int) v2di __builtin_ia32_aesimc128 (v2di) @end smallexample The following built-in function is available when @option{-mpclmul} is used. @table @code @item v2di __builtin_ia32_pclmulqdq128 (v2di, v2di, const int) Generates the @code{pclmulqdq} machine instruction. @end table The following built-in function is available when @option{-mfsgsbase} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdfsbase32 (void) unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_rdfsbase64 (void) unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdgsbase32 (void) unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_rdgsbase64 (void) void _writefsbase_u32 (unsigned int) void _writefsbase_u64 (unsigned long long) void _writegsbase_u32 (unsigned int) void _writegsbase_u64 (unsigned long long) @end smallexample The following built-in function is available when @option{-mrdrnd} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdrand16_step (unsigned short *) unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdrand32_step (unsigned int *) unsigned int __builtin_ia32_rdrand64_step (unsigned long long *) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-msse4a} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample void __builtin_ia32_movntsd (double *, v2df) void __builtin_ia32_movntss (float *, v4sf) v2di __builtin_ia32_extrq (v2di, v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_extrqi (v2di, const unsigned int, const unsigned int) v2di __builtin_ia32_insertq (v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_insertqi (v2di, v2di, const unsigned int, const unsigned int) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mxop} is used. @smallexample v2df __builtin_ia32_vfrczpd (v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfrczps (v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfrczsd (v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfrczss (v4sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vfrczpd256 (v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfrczps256 (v8sf) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcmov (v2di, v2di, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v2di (v2di, v2di, v2di) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4si (v4si, v4si, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v8hi (v8hi, v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v16qi (v16qi, v16qi, v16qi) v2df __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v2df (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4sf (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v4di __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4di256 (v4di, v4di, v4di) v8si __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v8si256 (v8si, v8si, v8si) v16hi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v16hi256 (v16hi, v16hi, v16hi) v32qi __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v32qi256 (v32qi, v32qi, v32qi) v4df __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v4df256 (v4df, v4df, v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vpcmov_v8sf256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqb (v16qi, v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqw (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqd (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomequb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomequd (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomequq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomequw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomeqw (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalsed (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseub (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseud (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseuq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalseuw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomfalsew (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomged (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeub (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeud (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeuq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgeuw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgew (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtd (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtub (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtud (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtuq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtuw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomgtw (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomleb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomled (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomleq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomleub (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomleud (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomleuq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomleuw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomlew (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomltd (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomltq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltub (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomltud (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomltuq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltuw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomltw (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomneb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomned (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomneq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomneub (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomneud (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomneuq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomneuw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomnew (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrued (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueq (v2di, v2di) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueub (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueud (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueuq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtrueuw (v8hi, v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpcomtruew (v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vphaddbd (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddbq (v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vphaddbw (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_vphadddq (v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_vphaddubd (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddubq (v16qi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vphaddubw (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddudq (v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_vphadduwd (v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_vphadduwq (v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vphaddwd (v8hi) v2di __builtin_ia32_vphaddwq (v8hi) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vphsubbw (v16qi) v2di __builtin_ia32_vphsubdq (v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_vphsubwd (v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacsdd (v4si, v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacsdqh (v4si, v4si, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacsdql (v4si, v4si, v2di) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacssdd (v4si, v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacssdqh (v4si, v4si, v2di) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpmacssdql (v4si, v4si, v2di) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacsswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpmacssww (v8hi, v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmacswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpmacsww (v8hi, v8hi, v8hi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmadcsswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpmadcswd (v8hi, v8hi, v4si) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpperm (v16qi, v16qi, v16qi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vprotb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vprotd (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vprotq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vprotw (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpshab (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpshad (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpshaq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpshaw (v8hi, v8hi) v16qi __builtin_ia32_vpshlb (v16qi, v16qi) v4si __builtin_ia32_vpshld (v4si, v4si) v2di __builtin_ia32_vpshlq (v2di, v2di) v8hi __builtin_ia32_vpshlw (v8hi, v8hi) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mfma4} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddpd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubpd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubsd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddpd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddsd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubpd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubsd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubss (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubpd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v2df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddpd (v2df, v2df, v2df) v4sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddps (v4sf, v4sf, v4sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmaddps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfnmsubps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmaddsubps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf) v4df __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddpd256 (v4df, v4df, v4df) v8sf __builtin_ia32_vfmsubaddps256 (v8sf, v8sf, v8sf) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mlwp} is used. @smallexample void __builtin_ia32_llwpcb16 (void *); void __builtin_ia32_llwpcb32 (void *); void __builtin_ia32_llwpcb64 (void *); void * __builtin_ia32_llwpcb16 (void); void * __builtin_ia32_llwpcb32 (void); void * __builtin_ia32_llwpcb64 (void); void __builtin_ia32_lwpval16 (unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned short) void __builtin_ia32_lwpval32 (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int) void __builtin_ia32_lwpval64 (unsigned __int64, unsigned int, unsigned int) unsigned char __builtin_ia32_lwpins16 (unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned short) unsigned char __builtin_ia32_lwpins32 (unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int) unsigned char __builtin_ia32_lwpins64 (unsigned __int64, unsigned int, unsigned int) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mbmi} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_ia32_bextr_u32(unsigned int, unsigned int); unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_bextr_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long); @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mbmi2} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample unsigned int _bzhi_u32 (unsigned int, unsigned int) unsigned int _pdep_u32 (unsigned int, unsigned int) unsigned int _pext_u32 (unsigned int, unsigned int) unsigned long long _bzhi_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long) unsigned long long _pdep_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long) unsigned long long _pext_u64 (unsigned long long, unsigned long long) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mlzcnt} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample unsigned short __builtin_ia32_lzcnt_16(unsigned short); unsigned int __builtin_ia32_lzcnt_u32(unsigned int); unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_lzcnt_u64 (unsigned long long); @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mfxsr} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample void __builtin_ia32_fxsave (void *) void __builtin_ia32_fxrstor (void *) void __builtin_ia32_fxsave64 (void *) void __builtin_ia32_fxrstor64 (void *) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mxsave} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample void __builtin_ia32_xsave (void *, long long) void __builtin_ia32_xrstor (void *, long long) void __builtin_ia32_xsave64 (void *, long long) void __builtin_ia32_xrstor64 (void *, long long) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mxsaveopt} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample void __builtin_ia32_xsaveopt (void *, long long) void __builtin_ia32_xsaveopt64 (void *, long long) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mtbm} is used. Both of them generate the immediate form of the bextr machine instruction. @smallexample unsigned int __builtin_ia32_bextri_u32 (unsigned int, const unsigned int); unsigned long long __builtin_ia32_bextri_u64 (unsigned long long, const unsigned long long); @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-m3dnow} is used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample void __builtin_ia32_femms (void) v8qi __builtin_ia32_pavgusb (v8qi, v8qi) v2si __builtin_ia32_pf2id (v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfacc (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfadd (v2sf, v2sf) v2si __builtin_ia32_pfcmpeq (v2sf, v2sf) v2si __builtin_ia32_pfcmpge (v2sf, v2sf) v2si __builtin_ia32_pfcmpgt (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfmax (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfmin (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfmul (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrcp (v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrcpit1 (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrcpit2 (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfrsqrt (v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfsub (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfsubr (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pi2fd (v2si) v4hi __builtin_ia32_pmulhrw (v4hi, v4hi) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when both @option{-m3dnow} and @option{-march=athlon} are used. All of them generate the machine instruction that is part of the name. @smallexample v2si __builtin_ia32_pf2iw (v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfnacc (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pfpnacc (v2sf, v2sf) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pi2fw (v2si) v2sf __builtin_ia32_pswapdsf (v2sf) v2si __builtin_ia32_pswapdsi (v2si) @end smallexample The following built-in functions are available when @option{-mrtm} is used They are used for restricted transactional memory. These are the internal low level functions. Normally the functions in @ref{x86 transactional memory intrinsics} should be used instead. @smallexample int __builtin_ia32_xbegin () void __builtin_ia32_xend () void __builtin_ia32_xabort (status) int __builtin_ia32_xtest () @end smallexample @node x86 transactional memory intrinsics @subsection x86 transaction memory intrinsics Hardware transactional memory intrinsics for x86. These allow to use memory transactions with RTM (Restricted Transactional Memory). For using HLE (Hardware Lock Elision) see @ref{x86 specific memory model extensions for transactional memory} instead. This support is enabled with the @option{-mrtm} option. A memory transaction commits all changes to memory in an atomic way, as visible to other threads. If the transaction fails it is rolled back and all side effects discarded. Generally there is no guarantee that a memory transaction ever succeeds and suitable fallback code always needs to be supplied. @deftypefn {RTM Function} {unsigned} _xbegin () Start a RTM (Restricted Transactional Memory) transaction. Returns _XBEGIN_STARTED when the transaction started successfully (note this is not 0, so the constant has to be explicitely tested). When the transaction aborts all side effects are undone and an abort code is returned. There is no guarantee any transaction ever succeeds, so there always needs to be a valid tested fallback path. @end deftypefn @smallexample #include if ((status = _xbegin ()) == _XBEGIN_STARTED) @{ ... transaction code... _xend (); @} else @{ ... non transactional fallback path... @} @end smallexample Valid abort status bits (when the value is not @code{_XBEGIN_STARTED}) are: @table @code @item _XABORT_EXPLICIT Transaction explicitely aborted with @code{_xabort}. The parameter passed to @code{_xabort} is available with @code{_XABORT_CODE(status)} @item _XABORT_RETRY Transaction retry is possible. @item _XABORT_CONFLICT Transaction abort due to a memory conflict with another thread @item _XABORT_CAPACITY Transaction abort due to the transaction using too much memory @item _XABORT_DEBUG Transaction abort due to a debug trap @item _XABORT_NESTED Transaction abort in a inner nested transaction @end table @deftypefn {RTM Function} {void} _xend () Commit the current transaction. When no transaction is active this will fault. All memory side effects of the transactions will become visible to other threads in an atomic matter. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {RTM Function} {int} _xtest () Return a value not zero when a transaction is currently active, otherwise 0. @end deftypefn @deftypefn {RTM Function} {void} _xabort (status) Abort the current transaction. When no transaction is active this is a no-op. status must be a 8bit constant, that is included in the status code returned by @code{_xbegin} @end deftypefn @node Target Format Checks @section Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines For some target machines, GCC supports additional options to the format attribute (@pxref{Function Attributes,,Declaring Attributes of Functions}). @menu * Solaris Format Checks:: * Darwin Format Checks:: @end menu @node Solaris Format Checks @subsection Solaris Format Checks Solaris targets support the @code{cmn_err} (or @code{__cmn_err__}) format check. @code{cmn_err} accepts a subset of the standard @code{printf} conversions, and the two-argument @code{%b} conversion for displaying bit-fields. See the Solaris man page for @code{cmn_err} for more information. @node Darwin Format Checks @subsection Darwin Format Checks Darwin targets support the @code{CFString} (or @code{__CFString__}) in the format attribute context. Declarations made with such attribution are parsed for correct syntax and format argument types. However, parsing of the format string itself is currently undefined and is not carried out by this version of the compiler. Additionally, @code{CFStringRefs} (defined by the @code{CoreFoundation} headers) may also be used as format arguments. Note that the relevant headers are only likely to be available on Darwin (OSX) installations. On such installations, the XCode and system documentation provide descriptions of @code{CFString}, @code{CFStringRefs} and associated functions. @node Pragmas @section Pragmas Accepted by GCC @cindex pragmas @cindex @code{#pragma} GCC supports several types of pragmas, primarily in order to compile code originally written for other compilers. Note that in general we do not recommend the use of pragmas; @xref{Function Attributes}, for further explanation. @menu * ARM Pragmas:: * M32C Pragmas:: * MeP Pragmas:: * RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas:: * Darwin Pragmas:: * Solaris Pragmas:: * Symbol-Renaming Pragmas:: * Structure-Packing Pragmas:: * Weak Pragmas:: * Diagnostic Pragmas:: * Visibility Pragmas:: * Push/Pop Macro Pragmas:: * Function Specific Option Pragmas:: * Loop-Specific Pragmas:: @end menu @node ARM Pragmas @subsection ARM Pragmas The ARM target defines pragmas for controlling the default addition of @code{long_call} and @code{short_call} attributes to functions. @xref{Function Attributes}, for information about the effects of these attributes. @table @code @item long_calls @cindex pragma, long_calls Set all subsequent functions to have the @code{long_call} attribute. @item no_long_calls @cindex pragma, no_long_calls Set all subsequent functions to have the @code{short_call} attribute. @item long_calls_off @cindex pragma, long_calls_off Do not affect the @code{long_call} or @code{short_call} attributes of subsequent functions. @end table @node M32C Pragmas @subsection M32C Pragmas @table @code @item GCC memregs @var{number} @cindex pragma, memregs Overrides the command-line option @code{-memregs=} for the current file. Use with care! This pragma must be before any function in the file, and mixing different memregs values in different objects may make them incompatible. This pragma is useful when a performance-critical function uses a memreg for temporary values, as it may allow you to reduce the number of memregs used. @item ADDRESS @var{name} @var{address} @cindex pragma, address For any declared symbols matching @var{name}, this does three things to that symbol: it forces the symbol to be located at the given address (a number), it forces the symbol to be volatile, and it changes the symbol's scope to be static. This pragma exists for compatibility with other compilers, but note that the common @code{1234H} numeric syntax is not supported (use @code{0x1234} instead). Example: @smallexample #pragma ADDRESS port3 0x103 char port3; @end smallexample @end table @node MeP Pragmas @subsection MeP Pragmas @table @code @item custom io_volatile (on|off) @cindex pragma, custom io_volatile Overrides the command-line option @code{-mio-volatile} for the current file. Note that for compatibility with future GCC releases, this option should only be used once before any @code{io} variables in each file. @item GCC coprocessor available @var{registers} @cindex pragma, coprocessor available Specifies which coprocessor registers are available to the register allocator. @var{registers} may be a single register, register range separated by ellipses, or comma-separated list of those. Example: @smallexample #pragma GCC coprocessor available $c0...$c10, $c28 @end smallexample @item GCC coprocessor call_saved @var{registers} @cindex pragma, coprocessor call_saved Specifies which coprocessor registers are to be saved and restored by any function using them. @var{registers} may be a single register, register range separated by ellipses, or comma-separated list of those. Example: @smallexample #pragma GCC coprocessor call_saved $c4...$c6, $c31 @end smallexample @item GCC coprocessor subclass '(A|B|C|D)' = @var{registers} @cindex pragma, coprocessor subclass Creates and defines a register class. These register classes can be used by inline @code{asm} constructs. @var{registers} may be a single register, register range separated by ellipses, or comma-separated list of those. Example: @smallexample #pragma GCC coprocessor subclass 'B' = $c2, $c4, $c6 asm ("cpfoo %0" : "=B" (x)); @end smallexample @item GCC disinterrupt @var{name} , @var{name} @dots{} @cindex pragma, disinterrupt For the named functions, the compiler adds code to disable interrupts for the duration of those functions. If any functions so named are not encountered in the source, a warning is emitted that the pragma is not used. Examples: @smallexample #pragma disinterrupt foo #pragma disinterrupt bar, grill int foo () @{ @dots{} @} @end smallexample @item GCC call @var{name} , @var{name} @dots{} @cindex pragma, call For the named functions, the compiler always uses a register-indirect call model when calling the named functions. Examples: @smallexample extern int foo (); #pragma call foo @end smallexample @end table @node RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas @subsection RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas The RS/6000 and PowerPC targets define one pragma for controlling whether or not the @code{longcall} attribute is added to function declarations by default. This pragma overrides the @option{-mlongcall} option, but not the @code{longcall} and @code{shortcall} attributes. @xref{RS/6000 and PowerPC Options}, for more information about when long calls are and are not necessary. @table @code @item longcall (1) @cindex pragma, longcall Apply the @code{longcall} attribute to all subsequent function declarations. @item longcall (0) Do not apply the @code{longcall} attribute to subsequent function declarations. @end table @c Describe h8300 pragmas here. @c Describe sh pragmas here. @c Describe v850 pragmas here. @node Darwin Pragmas @subsection Darwin Pragmas The following pragmas are available for all architectures running the Darwin operating system. These are useful for compatibility with other Mac OS compilers. @table @code @item mark @var{tokens}@dots{} @cindex pragma, mark This pragma is accepted, but has no effect. @item options align=@var{alignment} @cindex pragma, options align This pragma sets the alignment of fields in structures. The values of @var{alignment} may be @code{mac68k}, to emulate m68k alignment, or @code{power}, to emulate PowerPC alignment. Uses of this pragma nest properly; to restore the previous setting, use @code{reset} for the @var{alignment}. @item segment @var{tokens}@dots{} @cindex pragma, segment This pragma is accepted, but has no effect. @item unused (@var{var} [, @var{var}]@dots{}) @cindex pragma, unused This pragma declares variables to be possibly unused. GCC does not produce warnings for the listed variables. The effect is similar to that of the @code{unused} attribute, except that this pragma may appear anywhere within the variables' scopes. @end table @node Solaris Pragmas @subsection Solaris Pragmas The Solaris target supports @code{#pragma redefine_extname} (@pxref{Symbol-Renaming Pragmas}). It also supports additional @code{#pragma} directives for compatibility with the system compiler. @table @code @item align @var{alignment} (@var{variable} [, @var{variable}]...) @cindex pragma, align Increase the minimum alignment of each @var{variable} to @var{alignment}. This is the same as GCC's @code{aligned} attribute @pxref{Variable Attributes}). Macro expansion occurs on the arguments to this pragma when compiling C and Objective-C@. It does not currently occur when compiling C++, but this is a bug which may be fixed in a future release. @item fini (@var{function} [, @var{function}]...) @cindex pragma, fini This pragma causes each listed @var{function} to be called after main, or during shared module unloading, by adding a call to the @code{.fini} section. @item init (@var{function} [, @var{function}]...) @cindex pragma, init This pragma causes each listed @var{function} to be called during initialization (before @code{main}) or during shared module loading, by adding a call to the @code{.init} section. @end table @node Symbol-Renaming Pragmas @subsection Symbol-Renaming Pragmas GCC supports a @code{#pragma} directive that changes the name used in assembly for a given declaration. This effect can also be achieved using the asm labels extension (@pxref{Asm Labels}). @table @code @item redefine_extname @var{oldname} @var{newname} @cindex pragma, redefine_extname This pragma gives the C function @var{oldname} the assembly symbol @var{newname}. The preprocessor macro @code{__PRAGMA_REDEFINE_EXTNAME} is defined if this pragma is available (currently on all platforms). @end table This pragma and the asm labels extension interact in a complicated manner. Here are some corner cases you may want to be aware of: @enumerate @item This pragma silently applies only to declarations with external linkage. Asm labels do not have this restriction. @item In C++, this pragma silently applies only to declarations with ``C'' linkage. Again, asm labels do not have this restriction. @item If either of the ways of changing the assembly name of a declaration are applied to a declaration whose assembly name has already been determined (either by a previous use of one of these features, or because the compiler needed the assembly name in order to generate code), and the new name is different, a warning issues and the name does not change. @item The @var{oldname} used by @code{#pragma redefine_extname} is always the C-language name. @end enumerate @node Structure-Packing Pragmas @subsection Structure-Packing Pragmas For compatibility with Microsoft Windows compilers, GCC supports a set of @code{#pragma} directives that change the maximum alignment of members of structures (other than zero-width bit-fields), unions, and classes subsequently defined. The @var{n} value below always is required to be a small power of two and specifies the new alignment in bytes. @enumerate @item @code{#pragma pack(@var{n})} simply sets the new alignment. @item @code{#pragma pack()} sets the alignment to the one that was in effect when compilation started (see also command-line option @option{-fpack-struct[=@var{n}]} @pxref{Code Gen Options}). @item @code{#pragma pack(push[,@var{n}])} pushes the current alignment setting on an internal stack and then optionally sets the new alignment. @item @code{#pragma pack(pop)} restores the alignment setting to the one saved at the top of the internal stack (and removes that stack entry). Note that @code{#pragma pack([@var{n}])} does not influence this internal stack; thus it is possible to have @code{#pragma pack(push)} followed by multiple @code{#pragma pack(@var{n})} instances and finalized by a single @code{#pragma pack(pop)}. @end enumerate Some targets, e.g.@: x86 and PowerPC, support the @code{ms_struct} @code{#pragma} which lays out a structure as the documented @code{__attribute__ ((ms_struct))}. @enumerate @item @code{#pragma ms_struct on} turns on the layout for structures declared. @item @code{#pragma ms_struct off} turns off the layout for structures declared. @item @code{#pragma ms_struct reset} goes back to the default layout. @end enumerate @node Weak Pragmas @subsection Weak Pragmas For compatibility with SVR4, GCC supports a set of @code{#pragma} directives for declaring symbols to be weak, and defining weak aliases. @table @code @item #pragma weak @var{symbol} @cindex pragma, weak This pragma declares @var{symbol} to be weak, as if the declaration had the attribute of the same name. The pragma may appear before or after the declaration of @var{symbol}. It is not an error for @var{symbol} to never be defined at all. @item #pragma weak @var{symbol1} = @var{symbol2} This pragma declares @var{symbol1} to be a weak alias of @var{symbol2}. It is an error if @var{symbol2} is not defined in the current translation unit. @end table @node Diagnostic Pragmas @subsection Diagnostic Pragmas GCC allows the user to selectively enable or disable certain types of diagnostics, and change the kind of the diagnostic. For example, a project's policy might require that all sources compile with @option{-Werror} but certain files might have exceptions allowing specific types of warnings. Or, a project might selectively enable diagnostics and treat them as errors depending on which preprocessor macros are defined. @table @code @item #pragma GCC diagnostic @var{kind} @var{option} @cindex pragma, diagnostic Modifies the disposition of a diagnostic. Note that not all diagnostics are modifiable; at the moment only warnings (normally controlled by @samp{-W@dots{}}) can be controlled, and not all of them. Use @option{-fdiagnostics-show-option} to determine which diagnostics are controllable and which option controls them. @var{kind} is @samp{error} to treat this diagnostic as an error, @samp{warning} to treat it like a warning (even if @option{-Werror} is in effect), or @samp{ignored} if the diagnostic is to be ignored. @var{option} is a double quoted string that matches the command-line option. @smallexample #pragma GCC diagnostic warning "-Wformat" #pragma GCC diagnostic error "-Wformat" #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat" @end smallexample Note that these pragmas override any command-line options. GCC keeps track of the location of each pragma, and issues diagnostics according to the state as of that point in the source file. Thus, pragmas occurring after a line do not affect diagnostics caused by that line. @item #pragma GCC diagnostic push @itemx #pragma GCC diagnostic pop Causes GCC to remember the state of the diagnostics as of each @code{push}, and restore to that point at each @code{pop}. If a @code{pop} has no matching @code{push}, the command-line options are restored. @smallexample #pragma GCC diagnostic error "-Wuninitialized" foo(a); /* error is given for this one */ #pragma GCC diagnostic push #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wuninitialized" foo(b); /* no diagnostic for this one */ #pragma GCC diagnostic pop foo(c); /* error is given for this one */ #pragma GCC diagnostic pop foo(d); /* depends on command-line options */ @end smallexample @end table GCC also offers a simple mechanism for printing messages during compilation. @table @code @item #pragma message @var{string} @cindex pragma, diagnostic Prints @var{string} as a compiler message on compilation. The message is informational only, and is neither a compilation warning nor an error. @smallexample #pragma message "Compiling " __FILE__ "..." @end smallexample @var{string} may be parenthesized, and is printed with location information. For example, @smallexample #define DO_PRAGMA(x) _Pragma (#x) #define TODO(x) DO_PRAGMA(message ("TODO - " #x)) TODO(Remember to fix this) @end smallexample @noindent prints @samp{/tmp/file.c:4: note: #pragma message: TODO - Remember to fix this}. @end table @node Visibility Pragmas @subsection Visibility Pragmas @table @code @item #pragma GCC visibility push(@var{visibility}) @itemx #pragma GCC visibility pop @cindex pragma, visibility This pragma allows the user to set the visibility for multiple declarations without having to give each a visibility attribute (@pxref{Function Attributes}). In C++, @samp{#pragma GCC visibility} affects only namespace-scope declarations. Class members and template specializations are not affected; if you want to override the visibility for a particular member or instantiation, you must use an attribute. @end table @node Push/Pop Macro Pragmas @subsection Push/Pop Macro Pragmas For compatibility with Microsoft Windows compilers, GCC supports @samp{#pragma push_macro(@var{"macro_name"})} and @samp{#pragma pop_macro(@var{"macro_name"})}. @table @code @item #pragma push_macro(@var{"macro_name"}) @cindex pragma, push_macro This pragma saves the value of the macro named as @var{macro_name} to the top of the stack for this macro. @item #pragma pop_macro(@var{"macro_name"}) @cindex pragma, pop_macro This pragma sets the value of the macro named as @var{macro_name} to the value on top of the stack for this macro. If the stack for @var{macro_name} is empty, the value of the macro remains unchanged. @end table For example: @smallexample #define X 1 #pragma push_macro("X") #undef X #define X -1 #pragma pop_macro("X") int x [X]; @end smallexample @noindent In this example, the definition of X as 1 is saved by @code{#pragma push_macro} and restored by @code{#pragma pop_macro}. @node Function Specific Option Pragmas @subsection Function Specific Option Pragmas @table @code @item #pragma GCC target (@var{"string"}...) @cindex pragma GCC target This pragma allows you to set target specific options for functions defined later in the source file. One or more strings can be specified. Each function that is defined after this point is as if @code{attribute((target("STRING")))} was specified for that function. The parenthesis around the options is optional. @xref{Function Attributes}, for more information about the @code{target} attribute and the attribute syntax. The @code{#pragma GCC target} pragma is presently implemented for x86, PowerPC, and Nios II targets only. @end table @table @code @item #pragma GCC optimize (@var{"string"}...) @cindex pragma GCC optimize This pragma allows you to set global optimization options for functions defined later in the source file. One or more strings can be specified. Each function that is defined after this point is as if @code{attribute((optimize("STRING")))} was specified for that function. The parenthesis around the options is optional. @xref{Function Attributes}, for more information about the @code{optimize} attribute and the attribute syntax. The @samp{#pragma GCC optimize} pragma is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 4.4. @end table @table @code @item #pragma GCC push_options @itemx #pragma GCC pop_options @cindex pragma GCC push_options @cindex pragma GCC pop_options These pragmas maintain a stack of the current target and optimization options. It is intended for include files where you temporarily want to switch to using a different @samp{#pragma GCC target} or @samp{#pragma GCC optimize} and then to pop back to the previous options. The @samp{#pragma GCC push_options} and @samp{#pragma GCC pop_options} pragmas are not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 4.4. @end table @table @code @item #pragma GCC reset_options @cindex pragma GCC reset_options This pragma clears the current @code{#pragma GCC target} and @code{#pragma GCC optimize} to use the default switches as specified on the command line. The @samp{#pragma GCC reset_options} pragma is not implemented in GCC versions earlier than 4.4. @end table @node Loop-Specific Pragmas @subsection Loop-Specific Pragmas @table @code @item #pragma GCC ivdep @cindex pragma GCC ivdep @end table With this pragma, the programmer asserts that there are no loop-carried dependencies which would prevent that consecutive iterations of the following loop can be executed concurrently with SIMD (single instruction multiple data) instructions. For example, the compiler can only unconditionally vectorize the following loop with the pragma: @smallexample void foo (int n, int *a, int *b, int *c) @{ int i, j; #pragma GCC ivdep for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) a[i] = b[i] + c[i]; @} @end smallexample @noindent In this example, using the @code{restrict} qualifier had the same effect. In the following example, that would not be possible. Assume @math{k < -m} or @math{k >= m}. Only with the pragma, the compiler knows that it can unconditionally vectorize the following loop: @smallexample void ignore_vec_dep (int *a, int k, int c, int m) @{ #pragma GCC ivdep for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) a[i] = a[i + k] * c; @} @end smallexample @node Unnamed Fields @section Unnamed struct/union fields within structs/unions @cindex @code{struct} @cindex @code{union} As permitted by ISO C11 and for compatibility with other compilers, GCC allows you to define a structure or union that contains, as fields, structures and unions without names. For example: @smallexample struct @{ int a; union @{ int b; float c; @}; int d; @} foo; @end smallexample @noindent In this example, you are able to access members of the unnamed union with code like @samp{foo.b}. Note that only unnamed structs and unions are allowed, you may not have, for example, an unnamed @code{int}. You must never create such structures that cause ambiguous field definitions. For example, in this structure: @smallexample struct @{ int a; struct @{ int a; @}; @} foo; @end smallexample @noindent it is ambiguous which @code{a} is being referred to with @samp{foo.a}. The compiler gives errors for such constructs. @opindex fms-extensions Unless @option{-fms-extensions} is used, the unnamed field must be a structure or union definition without a tag (for example, @samp{struct @{ int a; @};}). If @option{-fms-extensions} is used, the field may also be a definition with a tag such as @samp{struct foo @{ int a; @};}, a reference to a previously defined structure or union such as @samp{struct foo;}, or a reference to a @code{typedef} name for a previously defined structure or union type. @opindex fplan9-extensions The option @option{-fplan9-extensions} enables @option{-fms-extensions} as well as two other extensions. First, a pointer to a structure is automatically converted to a pointer to an anonymous field for assignments and function calls. For example: @smallexample struct s1 @{ int a; @}; struct s2 @{ struct s1; @}; extern void f1 (struct s1 *); void f2 (struct s2 *p) @{ f1 (p); @} @end smallexample @noindent In the call to @code{f1} inside @code{f2}, the pointer @code{p} is converted into a pointer to the anonymous field. Second, when the type of an anonymous field is a @code{typedef} for a @code{struct} or @code{union}, code may refer to the field using the name of the @code{typedef}. @smallexample typedef struct @{ int a; @} s1; struct s2 @{ s1; @}; s1 f1 (struct s2 *p) @{ return p->s1; @} @end smallexample These usages are only permitted when they are not ambiguous. @node Thread-Local @section Thread-Local Storage @cindex Thread-Local Storage @cindex @acronym{TLS} @cindex @code{__thread} Thread-local storage (@acronym{TLS}) is a mechanism by which variables are allocated such that there is one instance of the variable per extant thread. The runtime model GCC uses to implement this originates in the IA-64 processor-specific ABI, but has since been migrated to other processors as well. It requires significant support from the linker (@command{ld}), dynamic linker (@command{ld.so}), and system libraries (@file{libc.so} and @file{libpthread.so}), so it is not available everywhere. At the user level, the extension is visible with a new storage class keyword: @code{__thread}. For example: @smallexample __thread int i; extern __thread struct state s; static __thread char *p; @end smallexample The @code{__thread} specifier may be used alone, with the @code{extern} or @code{static} specifiers, but with no other storage class specifier. When used with @code{extern} or @code{static}, @code{__thread} must appear immediately after the other storage class specifier. The @code{__thread} specifier may be applied to any global, file-scoped static, function-scoped static, or static data member of a class. It may not be applied to block-scoped automatic or non-static data member. When the address-of operator is applied to a thread-local variable, it is evaluated at run time and returns the address of the current thread's instance of that variable. An address so obtained may be used by any thread. When a thread terminates, any pointers to thread-local variables in that thread become invalid. No static initialization may refer to the address of a thread-local variable. In C++, if an initializer is present for a thread-local variable, it must be a @var{constant-expression}, as defined in 5.19.2 of the ANSI/ISO C++ standard. See @uref{http://www.akkadia.org/drepper/tls.pdf, ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage} for a detailed explanation of the four thread-local storage addressing models, and how the runtime is expected to function. @menu * C99 Thread-Local Edits:: * C++98 Thread-Local Edits:: @end menu @node C99 Thread-Local Edits @subsection ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Edits for Thread-Local Storage The following are a set of changes to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (aka C99) that document the exact semantics of the language extension. @itemize @bullet @item @cite{5.1.2 Execution environments} Add new text after paragraph 1 @quotation Within either execution environment, a @dfn{thread} is a flow of control within a program. It is implementation defined whether or not there may be more than one thread associated with a program. It is implementation defined how threads beyond the first are created, the name and type of the function called at thread startup, and how threads may be terminated. However, objects with thread storage duration shall be initialized before thread startup. @end quotation @item @cite{6.2.4 Storage durations of objects} Add new text before paragraph 3 @quotation An object whose identifier is declared with the storage-class specifier @w{@code{__thread}} has @dfn{thread storage duration}. Its lifetime is the entire execution of the thread, and its stored value is initialized only once, prior to thread startup. @end quotation @item @cite{6.4.1 Keywords} Add @code{__thread}. @item @cite{6.7.1 Storage-class specifiers} Add @code{__thread} to the list of storage class specifiers in paragraph 1. Change paragraph 2 to @quotation With the exception of @code{__thread}, at most one storage-class specifier may be given [@dots{}]. The @code{__thread} specifier may be used alone, or immediately following @code{extern} or @code{static}. @end quotation Add new text after paragraph 6 @quotation The declaration of an identifier for a variable that has block scope that specifies @code{__thread} shall also specify either @code{extern} or @code{static}. The @code{__thread} specifier shall be used only with variables. @end quotation @end itemize @node C++98 Thread-Local Edits @subsection ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Edits for Thread-Local Storage The following are a set of changes to ISO/IEC 14882:1998 (aka C++98) that document the exact semantics of the language extension. @itemize @bullet @item @b{[intro.execution]} New text after paragraph 4 @quotation A @dfn{thread} is a flow of control within the abstract machine. It is implementation defined whether or not there may be more than one thread. @end quotation New text after paragraph 7 @quotation It is unspecified whether additional action must be taken to ensure when and whether side effects are visible to other threads. @end quotation @item @b{[lex.key]} Add @code{__thread}. @item @b{[basic.start.main]} Add after paragraph 5 @quotation The thread that begins execution at the @code{main} function is called the @dfn{main thread}. It is implementation defined how functions beginning threads other than the main thread are designated or typed. A function so designated, as well as the @code{main} function, is called a @dfn{thread startup function}. It is implementation defined what happens if a thread startup function returns. It is implementation defined what happens to other threads when any thread calls @code{exit}. @end quotation @item @b{[basic.start.init]} Add after paragraph 4 @quotation The storage for an object of thread storage duration shall be statically initialized before the first statement of the thread startup function. An object of thread storage duration shall not require dynamic initialization. @end quotation @item @b{[basic.start.term]} Add after paragraph 3 @quotation The type of an object with thread storage duration shall not have a non-trivial destructor, nor shall it be an array type whose elements (directly or indirectly) have non-trivial destructors. @end quotation @item @b{[basic.stc]} Add ``thread storage duration'' to the list in paragraph 1. Change paragraph 2 @quotation Thread, static, and automatic storage durations are associated with objects introduced by declarations [@dots{}]. @end quotation Add @code{__thread} to the list of specifiers in paragraph 3. @item @b{[basic.stc.thread]} New section before @b{[basic.stc.static]} @quotation The keyword @code{__thread} applied to a non-local object gives the object thread storage duration. A local variable or class data member declared both @code{static} and @code{__thread} gives the variable or member thread storage duration. @end quotation @item @b{[basic.stc.static]} Change paragraph 1 @quotation All objects that have neither thread storage duration, dynamic storage duration nor are local [@dots{}]. @end quotation @item @b{[dcl.stc]} Add @code{__thread} to the list in paragraph 1. Change paragraph 1 @quotation With the exception of @code{__thread}, at most one @var{storage-class-specifier} shall appear in a given @var{decl-specifier-seq}. The @code{__thread} specifier may be used alone, or immediately following the @code{extern} or @code{static} specifiers. [@dots{}] @end quotation Add after paragraph 5 @quotation The @code{__thread} specifier can be applied only to the names of objects and to anonymous unions. @end quotation @item @b{[class.mem]} Add after paragraph 6 @quotation Non-@code{static} members shall not be @code{__thread}. @end quotation @end itemize @node Binary constants @section Binary constants using the @samp{0b} prefix @cindex Binary constants using the @samp{0b} prefix Integer constants can be written as binary constants, consisting of a sequence of @samp{0} and @samp{1} digits, prefixed by @samp{0b} or @samp{0B}. This is particularly useful in environments that operate a lot on the bit level (like microcontrollers). The following statements are identical: @smallexample i = 42; i = 0x2a; i = 052; i = 0b101010; @end smallexample The type of these constants follows the same rules as for octal or hexadecimal integer constants, so suffixes like @samp{L} or @samp{UL} can be applied. @node C++ Extensions @chapter Extensions to the C++ Language @cindex extensions, C++ language @cindex C++ language extensions The GNU compiler provides these extensions to the C++ language (and you can also use most of the C language extensions in your C++ programs). If you want to write code that checks whether these features are available, you can test for the GNU compiler the same way as for C programs: check for a predefined macro @code{__GNUC__}. You can also use @code{__GNUG__} to test specifically for GNU C++ (@pxref{Common Predefined Macros,, Predefined Macros,cpp,The GNU C Preprocessor}). @menu * C++ Volatiles:: What constitutes an access to a volatile object. * Restricted Pointers:: C99 restricted pointers and references. * Vague Linkage:: Where G++ puts inlines, vtables and such. * C++ Interface:: You can use a single C++ header file for both declarations and definitions. * Template Instantiation:: Methods for ensuring that exactly one copy of each needed template instantiation is emitted. * Bound member functions:: You can extract a function pointer to the method denoted by a @samp{->*} or @samp{.*} expression. * C++ Attributes:: Variable, function, and type attributes for C++ only. * Function Multiversioning:: Declaring multiple function versions. * Namespace Association:: Strong using-directives for namespace association. * Type Traits:: Compiler support for type traits * Java Exceptions:: Tweaking exception handling to work with Java. * Deprecated Features:: Things will disappear from G++. * Backwards Compatibility:: Compatibilities with earlier definitions of C++. @end menu @node C++ Volatiles @section When is a Volatile C++ Object Accessed? @cindex accessing volatiles @cindex volatile read @cindex volatile write @cindex volatile access The C++ standard differs from the C standard in its treatment of volatile objects. It fails to specify what constitutes a volatile access, except to say that C++ should behave in a similar manner to C with respect to volatiles, where possible. However, the different lvalueness of expressions between C and C++ complicate the behavior. G++ behaves the same as GCC for volatile access, @xref{C Extensions,,Volatiles}, for a description of GCC's behavior. The C and C++ language specifications differ when an object is accessed in a void context: @smallexample volatile int *src = @var{somevalue}; *src; @end smallexample The C++ standard specifies that such expressions do not undergo lvalue to rvalue conversion, and that the type of the dereferenced object may be incomplete. The C++ standard does not specify explicitly that it is lvalue to rvalue conversion that is responsible for causing an access. There is reason to believe that it is, because otherwise certain simple expressions become undefined. However, because it would surprise most programmers, G++ treats dereferencing a pointer to volatile object of complete type as GCC would do for an equivalent type in C@. When the object has incomplete type, G++ issues a warning; if you wish to force an error, you must force a conversion to rvalue with, for instance, a static cast. When using a reference to volatile, G++ does not treat equivalent expressions as accesses to volatiles, but instead issues a warning that no volatile is accessed. The rationale for this is that otherwise it becomes difficult to determine where volatile access occur, and not possible to ignore the return value from functions returning volatile references. Again, if you wish to force a read, cast the reference to an rvalue. G++ implements the same behavior as GCC does when assigning to a volatile object---there is no reread of the assigned-to object, the assigned rvalue is reused. Note that in C++ assignment expressions are lvalues, and if used as an lvalue, the volatile object is referred to. For instance, @var{vref} refers to @var{vobj}, as expected, in the following example: @smallexample volatile int vobj; volatile int &vref = vobj = @var{something}; @end smallexample @node Restricted Pointers @section Restricting Pointer Aliasing @cindex restricted pointers @cindex restricted references @cindex restricted this pointer As with the C front end, G++ understands the C99 feature of restricted pointers, specified with the @code{__restrict__}, or @code{__restrict} type qualifier. Because you cannot compile C++ by specifying the @option{-std=c99} language flag, @code{restrict} is not a keyword in C++. In addition to allowing restricted pointers, you can specify restricted references, which indicate that the reference is not aliased in the local context. @smallexample void fn (int *__restrict__ rptr, int &__restrict__ rref) @{ /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end smallexample @noindent In the body of @code{fn}, @var{rptr} points to an unaliased integer and @var{rref} refers to a (different) unaliased integer. You may also specify whether a member function's @var{this} pointer is unaliased by using @code{__restrict__} as a member function qualifier. @smallexample void T::fn () __restrict__ @{ /* @r{@dots{}} */ @} @end smallexample @noindent Within the body of @code{T::fn}, @var{this} has the effective definition @code{T *__restrict__ const this}. Notice that the interpretation of a @code{__restrict__} member function qualifier is different to that of @code{const} or @code{volatile} qualifier, in that it is applied to the pointer rather than the object. This is consistent with other compilers that implement restricted pointers. As with all outermost parameter qualifiers, @code{__restrict__} is ignored in function definition matching. This means you only need to specify @code{__restrict__} in a function definition, rather than in a function prototype as well. @node Vague Linkage @section Vague Linkage @cindex vague linkage There are several constructs in C++ that require space in the object file but are not clearly tied to a single translation unit. We say that these constructs have ``vague linkage''. Typically such constructs are emitted wherever they are needed, though sometimes we can be more clever. @table @asis @item Inline Functions Inline functions are typically defined in a header file which can be included in many different compilations. Hopefully they can usually be inlined, but sometimes an out-of-line copy is necessary, if the address of the function is taken or if inlining fails. In general, we emit an out-of-line copy in all translation units where one is needed. As an exception, we only emit inline virtual functions with the vtable, since it always requires a copy. Local static variables and string constants used in an inline function are also considered to have vague linkage, since they must be shared between all inlined and out-of-line instances of the function. @item VTables @cindex vtable C++ virtual functions are implemented in most compilers using a lookup table, known as a vtable. The vtable contains pointers to the virtual functions provided by a class, and each object of the class contains a pointer to its vtable (or vtables, in some multiple-inheritance situations). If the class declares any non-inline, non-pure virtual functions, the first one is chosen as the ``key method'' for the class, and the vtable is only emitted in the translation unit where the key method is defined. @emph{Note:} If the chosen key method is later defined as inline, the vtable is still emitted in every translation unit that defines it. Make sure that any inline virtuals are declared inline in the class body, even if they are not defined there. @item @code{type_info} objects @cindex @code{type_info} @cindex RTTI C++ requires information about types to be written out in order to implement @samp{dynamic_cast}, @samp{typeid} and exception handling. For polymorphic classes (classes with virtual functions), the @samp{type_info} object is written out along with the vtable so that @samp{dynamic_cast} can determine the dynamic type of a class object at run time. For all other types, we write out the @samp{type_info} object when it is used: when applying @samp{typeid} to an expression, throwing an object, or referring to a type in a catch clause or exception specification. @item Template Instantiations Most everything in this section also applies to template instantiations, but there are other options as well. @xref{Template Instantiation,,Where's the Template?}. @end table When used with GNU ld version 2.8 or later on an ELF system such as GNU/Linux or Solaris 2, or on Microsoft Windows, duplicate copies of these constructs will be discarded at link time. This is known as COMDAT support. On targets that don't support COMDAT, but do support weak symbols, GCC uses them. This way one copy overrides all the others, but the unused copies still take up space in the executable. For targets that do not support either COMDAT or weak symbols, most entities with vague linkage are emitted as local symbols to avoid duplicate definition errors from the linker. This does not happen for local statics in inlines, however, as having multiple copies almost certainly breaks things. @xref{C++ Interface,,Declarations and Definitions in One Header}, for another way to control placement of these constructs. @node C++ Interface @section #pragma interface and implementation @cindex interface and implementation headers, C++ @cindex C++ interface and implementation headers @cindex pragmas, interface and implementation @code{#pragma interface} and @code{#pragma implementation} provide the user with a way of explicitly directing the compiler to emit entities with vague linkage (and debugging information) in a particular translation unit. @emph{Note:} As of GCC 2.7.2, these @code{#pragma}s are not useful in most cases, because of COMDAT support and the ``key method'' heuristic mentioned in @ref{Vague Linkage}. Using them can actually cause your program to grow due to unnecessary out-of-line copies of inline functions. Currently (3.4) the only benefit of these @code{#pragma}s is reduced duplication of debugging information, and that should be addressed soon on DWARF 2 targets with the use of COMDAT groups. @table @code @item #pragma interface @itemx #pragma interface "@var{subdir}/@var{objects}.h" @kindex #pragma interface Use this directive in @emph{header files} that define object classes, to save space in most of the object files that use those classes. Normally, local copies of certain information (backup copies of inline member functions, debugging information, and the internal tables that implement virtual functions) must be kept in each object file that includes class definitions. You can use this pragma to avoid such duplication. When a header file containing @samp{#pragma interface} is included in a compilation, this auxiliary information is not generated (unless the main input source file itself uses @samp{#pragma implementation}). Instead, the object files contain references to be resolved at link time. The second form of this directive is useful for the case where you have multiple headers with the same name in different directories. If you use this form, you must specify the same string to @samp{#pragma implementation}. @item #pragma implementation @itemx #pragma implementation "@var{objects}.h" @kindex #pragma implementation Use this pragma in a @emph{main input file}, when you want full output from included header files to be generated (and made globally visible). The included header file, in turn, should use @samp{#pragma interface}. Backup copies of inline member functions, debugging information, and the internal tables used to implement virtual functions are all generated in implementation files. @cindex implied @code{#pragma implementation} @cindex @code{#pragma implementation}, implied @cindex naming convention, implementation headers If you use @samp{#pragma implementation} with no argument, it applies to an include file with the same basename@footnote{A file's @dfn{basename} is the name stripped of all leading path information and of trailing suffixes, such as @samp{.h} or @samp{.C} or @samp{.cc}.} as your source file. For example, in @file{allclass.cc}, giving just @samp{#pragma implementation} by itself is equivalent to @samp{#pragma implementation "allclass.h"}. In versions of GNU C++ prior to 2.6.0 @file{allclass.h} was treated as an implementation file whenever you would include it from @file{allclass.cc} even if you never specified @samp{#pragma implementation}. This was deemed to be more trouble than it was worth, however, and disabled. Use the string argument if you want a single implementation file to include code from multiple header files. (You must also use @samp{#include} to include the header file; @samp{#pragma implementation} only specifies how to use the file---it doesn't actually include it.) There is no way to split up the contents of a single header file into multiple implementation files. @end table @cindex inlining and C++ pragmas @cindex C++ pragmas, effect on inlining @cindex pragmas in C++, effect on inlining @samp{#pragma implementation} and @samp{#pragma interface} also have an effect on function inlining. If you define a class in a header file marked with @samp{#pragma interface}, the effect on an inline function defined in that class is similar to an explicit @code{extern} declaration---the compiler emits no code at all to define an independent version of the function. Its definition is used only for inlining with its callers. @opindex fno-implement-inlines Conversely, when you include the same header file in a main source file that declares it as @samp{#pragma implementation}, the compiler emits code for the function itself; this defines a version of the function that can be found via pointers (or by callers compiled without inlining). If all calls to the function can be inlined, you can avoid emitting the function by compiling with @option{-fno-implement-inlines}. If any calls are not inlined, you will get linker errors. @node Template Instantiation @section Where's the Template? @cindex template instantiation C++ templates are the first language feature to require more intelligence from the environment than one usually finds on a UNIX system. Somehow the compiler and linker have to make sure that each template instance occurs exactly once in the executable if it is needed, and not at all otherwise. There are two basic approaches to this problem, which are referred to as the Borland model and the Cfront model. @table @asis @item Borland model Borland C++ solved the template instantiation problem by adding the code equivalent of common blocks to their linker; the compiler emits template instances in each translation unit that uses them, and the linker collapses them together. The advantage of this model is that the linker only has to consider the object files themselves; there is no external complexity to worry about. This disadvantage is that compilation time is increased because the template code is being compiled repeatedly. Code written for this model tends to include definitions of all templates in the header file, since they must be seen to be instantiated. @item Cfront model The AT&T C++ translator, Cfront, solved the template instantiation problem by creating the notion of a template repository, an automatically maintained place where template instances are stored. A more modern version of the repository works as follows: As individual object files are built, the compiler places any template definitions and instantiations encountered in the repository. At link time, the link wrapper adds in the objects in the repository and compiles any needed instances that were not previously emitted. The advantages of this model are more optimal compilation speed and the ability to use the system linker; to implement the Borland model a compiler vendor also needs to replace the linker. The disadvantages are vastly increased complexity, and thus potential for error; for some code this can be just as transparent, but in practice it can been very difficult to build multiple programs in one directory and one program in multiple directories. Code written for this model tends to separate definitions of non-inline member templates into a separate file, which should be compiled separately. @end table When used with GNU ld version 2.8 or later on an ELF system such as GNU/Linux or Solaris 2, or on Microsoft Windows, G++ supports the Borland model. On other systems, G++ implements neither automatic model. You have the following options for dealing with template instantiations: @enumerate @item @opindex frepo Compile your template-using code with @option{-frepo}. The compiler generates files with the extension @samp{.rpo} listing all of the template instantiations used in the corresponding object files that could be instantiated there; the link wrapper, @samp{collect2}, then updates the @samp{.rpo} files to tell the compiler where to place those instantiations and rebuild any affected object files. The link-time overhead is negligible after the first pass, as the compiler continues to place the instantiations in the same files. This is your best option for application code written for the Borland model, as it just works. Code written for the Cfront model needs to be modified so that the template definitions are available at one or more points of instantiation; usually this is as simple as adding @code{#include } to the end of each template header. For library code, if you want the library to provide all of the template instantiations it needs, just try to link all of its object files together; the link will fail, but cause the instantiations to be generated as a side effect. Be warned, however, that this may cause conflicts if multiple libraries try to provide the same instantiations. For greater control, use explicit instantiation as described in the next option. @item @opindex fno-implicit-templates Compile your code with @option{-fno-implicit-templates} to disable the implicit generation of template instances, and explicitly instantiate all the ones you use. This approach requires more knowledge of exactly which instances you need than do the others, but it's less mysterious and allows greater control. You can scatter the explicit instantiations throughout your program, perhaps putting them in the translation units where the instances are used or the translation units that define the templates themselves; you can put all of the explicit instantiations you need into one big file; or you can create small files like @smallexample #include "Foo.h" #include "Foo.cc" template class Foo; template ostream& operator << (ostream&, const Foo&); @end smallexample @noindent for each of the instances you need, and create a template instantiation library from those. If you are using Cfront-model code, you can probably get away with not using @option{-fno-implicit-templates} when compiling files that don't @samp{#include} the member template definitions. If you use one big file to do the instantiations, you may want to compile it without @option{-fno-implicit-templates} so you get all of the instances required by your explicit instantiations (but not by any other files) without having to specify them as well. The ISO C++ 2011 standard allows forward declaration of explicit instantiations (with @code{extern}). G++ supports explicit instantiation declarations in C++98 mode and has extended the template instantiation syntax to support instantiation of the compiler support data for a template class (i.e.@: the vtable) without instantiating any of its members (with @code{inline}), and instantiation of only the static data members of a template class, without the support data or member functions (with @code{static}): @smallexample extern template int max (int, int); inline template class Foo; static template class Foo; @end smallexample @item Do nothing. Pretend G++ does implement automatic instantiation management. Code written for the Borland model works fine, but each translation unit contains instances of each of the templates it uses. In a large program, this can lead to an unacceptable amount of code duplication. @end enumerate @node Bound member functions @section Extracting the function pointer from a bound pointer to member function @cindex pmf @cindex pointer to member function @cindex bound pointer to member function In C++, pointer to member functions (PMFs) are implemented using a wide pointer of sorts to handle all the possible call mechanisms; the PMF needs to store information about how to adjust the @samp{this} pointer, and if the function pointed to is virtual, where to find the vtable, and where in the vtable to look for the member function. If you are using PMFs in an inner loop, you should really reconsider that decision. If that is not an option, you can extract the pointer to the function that would be called for a given object/PMF pair and call it directly inside the inner loop, to save a bit of time. Note that you still pay the penalty for the call through a function pointer; on most modern architectures, such a call defeats the branch prediction features of the CPU@. This is also true of normal virtual function calls. The syntax for this extension is @smallexample extern A a; extern int (A::*fp)(); typedef int (*fptr)(A *); fptr p = (fptr)(a.*fp); @end smallexample For PMF constants (i.e.@: expressions of the form @samp{&Klasse::Member}), no object is needed to obtain the address of the function. They can be converted to function pointers directly: @smallexample fptr p1 = (fptr)(&A::foo); @end smallexample @opindex Wno-pmf-conversions You must specify @option{-Wno-pmf-conversions} to use this extension. @node C++ Attributes @section C++-Specific Variable, Function, and Type Attributes Some attributes only make sense for C++ programs. @table @code @item abi_tag ("@var{tag}", ...) @cindex @code{abi_tag} attribute The @code{abi_tag} attribute can be applied to a function or class declaration. It modifies the mangled name of the function or class to incorporate the tag name, in order to distinguish the function or class from an earlier version with a different ABI; perhaps the class has changed size, or the function has a different return type that is not encoded in the mangled name. The argument can be a list of strings of arbitrary length. The strings are sorted on output, so the order of the list is unimportant. A redeclaration of a function or class must not add new ABI tags, since doing so would change the mangled name. The ABI tags apply to a name, so all instantiations and specializations of a template have the same tags. The attribute will be ignored if applied to an explicit specialization or instantiation. The @option{-Wabi-tag} flag enables a warning about a class which does not have all the ABI tags used by its subobjects and virtual functions; for users with code that needs to coexist with an earlier ABI, using this option can help to find all affected types that need to be tagged. @item init_priority (@var{priority}) @cindex @code{init_priority} attribute In Standard C++, objects defined at namespace scope are guaranteed to be initialized in an order in strict accordance with that of their definitions @emph{in a given translation unit}. No guarantee is made for initializations across translation units. However, GNU C++ allows users to control the order of initialization of objects defined at namespace scope with the @code{init_priority} attribute by specifying a relative @var{priority}, a constant integral expression currently bounded between 101 and 65535 inclusive. Lower numbers indicate a higher priority. In the following example, @code{A} would normally be created before @code{B}, but the @code{init_priority} attribute reverses that order: @smallexample Some_Class A __attribute__ ((init_priority (2000))); Some_Class B __attribute__ ((init_priority (543))); @end smallexample @noindent Note that the particular values of @var{priority} do not matter; only their relative ordering. @item java_interface @cindex @code{java_interface} attribute This type attribute informs C++ that the class is a Java interface. It may only be applied to classes declared within an @code{extern "Java"} block. Calls to methods declared in this interface are dispatched using GCJ's interface table mechanism, instead of regular virtual table dispatch. @item warn_unused @cindex @code{warn_unused} attribute For C++ types with non-trivial constructors and/or destructors it is impossible for the compiler to determine whether a variable of this type is truly unused if it is not referenced. This type attribute informs the compiler that variables of this type should be warned about if they appear to be unused, just like variables of fundamental types. This attribute is appropriate for types which just represent a value, such as @code{std::string}; it is not appropriate for types which control a resource, such as @code{std::mutex}. This attribute is also accepted in C, but it is unnecessary because C does not have constructors or destructors. @end table See also @ref{Namespace Association}. @node Function Multiversioning @section Function Multiversioning @cindex function versions With the GNU C++ front end, for x86 targets, you may specify multiple versions of a function, where each function is specialized for a specific target feature. At runtime, the appropriate version of the function is automatically executed depending on the characteristics of the execution platform. Here is an example. @smallexample __attribute__ ((target ("default"))) int foo () @{ // The default version of foo. return 0; @} __attribute__ ((target ("sse4.2"))) int foo () @{ // foo version for SSE4.2 return 1; @} __attribute__ ((target ("arch=atom"))) int foo () @{ // foo version for the Intel ATOM processor return 2; @} __attribute__ ((target ("arch=amdfam10"))) int foo () @{ // foo version for the AMD Family 0x10 processors. return 3; @} int main () @{ int (*p)() = &foo; assert ((*p) () == foo ()); return 0; @} @end smallexample In the above example, four versions of function foo are created. The first version of foo with the target attribute "default" is the default version. This version gets executed when no other target specific version qualifies for execution on a particular platform. A new version of foo is created by using the same function signature but with a different target string. Function foo is called or a pointer to it is taken just like a regular function. GCC takes care of doing the dispatching to call the right version at runtime. Refer to the @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/FunctionMultiVersioning, GCC wiki on Function Multiversioning} for more details. @node Namespace Association @section Namespace Association @strong{Caution:} The semantics of this extension are equivalent to C++ 2011 inline namespaces. Users should use inline namespaces instead as this extension will be removed in future versions of G++. A using-directive with @code{__attribute ((strong))} is stronger than a normal using-directive in two ways: @itemize @bullet @item Templates from the used namespace can be specialized and explicitly instantiated as though they were members of the using namespace. @item The using namespace is considered an associated namespace of all templates in the used namespace for purposes of argument-dependent name lookup. @end itemize The used namespace must be nested within the using namespace so that normal unqualified lookup works properly. This is useful for composing a namespace transparently from implementation namespaces. For example: @smallexample namespace std @{ namespace debug @{ template struct A @{ @}; @} using namespace debug __attribute ((__strong__)); template <> struct A @{ @}; // @r{OK to specialize} template void f (A); @} int main() @{ f (std::A()); // @r{lookup finds} std::f f (std::A()); @} @end smallexample @node Type Traits @section Type Traits The C++ front end implements syntactic extensions that allow compile-time determination of various characteristics of a type (or of a pair of types). @table @code @item __has_nothrow_assign (type) If @code{type} is const qualified or is a reference type then the trait is false. Otherwise if @code{__has_trivial_assign (type)} is true then the trait is true, else if @code{type} is a cv class or union type with copy assignment operators that are known not to throw an exception then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __has_nothrow_copy (type) If @code{__has_trivial_copy (type)} is true then the trait is true, else if @code{type} is a cv class or union type with copy constructors that are known not to throw an exception then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __has_nothrow_constructor (type) If @code{__has_trivial_constructor (type)} is true then the trait is true, else if @code{type} is a cv class or union type (or array thereof) with a default constructor that is known not to throw an exception then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __has_trivial_assign (type) If @code{type} is const qualified or is a reference type then the trait is false. Otherwise if @code{__is_pod (type)} is true then the trait is true, else if @code{type} is a cv class or union type with a trivial copy assignment ([class.copy]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __has_trivial_copy (type) If @code{__is_pod (type)} is true or @code{type} is a reference type then the trait is true, else if @code{type} is a cv class or union type with a trivial copy constructor ([class.copy]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __has_trivial_constructor (type) If @code{__is_pod (type)} is true then the trait is true, else if @code{type} is a cv class or union type (or array thereof) with a trivial default constructor ([class.ctor]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __has_trivial_destructor (type) If @code{__is_pod (type)} is true or @code{type} is a reference type then the trait is true, else if @code{type} is a cv class or union type (or array thereof) with a trivial destructor ([class.dtor]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __has_virtual_destructor (type) If @code{type} is a class type with a virtual destructor ([class.dtor]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_abstract (type) If @code{type} is an abstract class ([class.abstract]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_base_of (base_type, derived_type) If @code{base_type} is a base class of @code{derived_type} ([class.derived]) then the trait is true, otherwise it is false. Top-level cv qualifications of @code{base_type} and @code{derived_type} are ignored. For the purposes of this trait, a class type is considered is own base. Requires: if @code{__is_class (base_type)} and @code{__is_class (derived_type)} are true and @code{base_type} and @code{derived_type} are not the same type (disregarding cv-qualifiers), @code{derived_type} shall be a complete type. Diagnostic is produced if this requirement is not met. @item __is_class (type) If @code{type} is a cv class type, and not a union type ([basic.compound]) the trait is true, else it is false. @item __is_empty (type) If @code{__is_class (type)} is false then the trait is false. Otherwise @code{type} is considered empty if and only if: @code{type} has no non-static data members, or all non-static data members, if any, are bit-fields of length 0, and @code{type} has no virtual members, and @code{type} has no virtual base classes, and @code{type} has no base classes @code{base_type} for which @code{__is_empty (base_type)} is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_enum (type) If @code{type} is a cv enumeration type ([basic.compound]) the trait is true, else it is false. @item __is_literal_type (type) If @code{type} is a literal type ([basic.types]) the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_pod (type) If @code{type} is a cv POD type ([basic.types]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_polymorphic (type) If @code{type} is a polymorphic class ([class.virtual]) then the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_standard_layout (type) If @code{type} is a standard-layout type ([basic.types]) the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_trivial (type) If @code{type} is a trivial type ([basic.types]) the trait is true, else it is false. Requires: @code{type} shall be a complete type, (possibly cv-qualified) @code{void}, or an array of unknown bound. @item __is_union (type) If @code{type} is a cv union type ([basic.compound]) the trait is true, else it is false. @item __underlying_type (type) The underlying type of @code{type}. Requires: @code{type} shall be an enumeration type ([dcl.enum]). @end table @node Java Exceptions @section Java Exceptions The Java language uses a slightly different exception handling model from C++. Normally, GNU C++ automatically detects when you are writing C++ code that uses Java exceptions, and handle them appropriately. However, if C++ code only needs to execute destructors when Java exceptions are thrown through it, GCC guesses incorrectly. Sample problematic code is: @smallexample struct S @{ ~S(); @}; extern void bar(); // @r{is written in Java, and may throw exceptions} void foo() @{ S s; bar(); @} @end smallexample @noindent The usual effect of an incorrect guess is a link failure, complaining of a missing routine called @samp{__gxx_personality_v0}. You can inform the compiler that Java exceptions are to be used in a translation unit, irrespective of what it might think, by writing @samp{@w{#pragma GCC java_exceptions}} at the head of the file. This @samp{#pragma} must appear before any functions that throw or catch exceptions, or run destructors when exceptions are thrown through them. You cannot mix Java and C++ exceptions in the same translation unit. It is believed to be safe to throw a C++ exception from one file through another file compiled for the Java exception model, or vice versa, but there may be bugs in this area. @node Deprecated Features @section Deprecated Features In the past, the GNU C++ compiler was extended to experiment with new features, at a time when the C++ language was still evolving. Now that the C++ standard is complete, some of those features are superseded by superior alternatives. Using the old features might cause a warning in some cases that the feature will be dropped in the future. In other cases, the feature might be gone already. While the list below is not exhaustive, it documents some of the options that are now deprecated: @table @code @item -fexternal-templates @itemx -falt-external-templates These are two of the many ways for G++ to implement template instantiation. @xref{Template Instantiation}. The C++ standard clearly defines how template definitions have to be organized across implementation units. G++ has an implicit instantiation mechanism that should work just fine for standard-conforming code. @item -fstrict-prototype @itemx -fno-strict-prototype Previously it was possible to use an empty prototype parameter list to indicate an unspecified number of parameters (like C), rather than no parameters, as C++ demands. This feature has been removed, except where it is required for backwards compatibility. @xref{Backwards Compatibility}. @end table G++ allows a virtual function returning @samp{void *} to be overridden by one returning a different pointer type. This extension to the covariant return type rules is now deprecated and will be removed from a future version. The G++ minimum and maximum operators (@samp{?}) and their compound forms (@samp{?=}) have been deprecated and are now removed from G++. Code using these operators should be modified to use @code{std::min} and @code{std::max} instead. The named return value extension has been deprecated, and is now removed from G++. The use of initializer lists with new expressions has been deprecated, and is now removed from G++. Floating and complex non-type template parameters have been deprecated, and are now removed from G++. The implicit typename extension has been deprecated and is now removed from G++. The use of default arguments in function pointers, function typedefs and other places where they are not permitted by the standard is deprecated and will be removed from a future version of G++. G++ allows floating-point literals to appear in integral constant expressions, e.g.@: @samp{ enum E @{ e = int(2.2 * 3.7) @} } This extension is deprecated and will be removed from a future version. G++ allows static data members of const floating-point type to be declared with an initializer in a class definition. The standard only allows initializers for static members of const integral types and const enumeration types so this extension has been deprecated and will be removed from a future version. @node Backwards Compatibility @section Backwards Compatibility @cindex Backwards Compatibility @cindex ARM [Annotated C++ Reference Manual] Now that there is a definitive ISO standard C++, G++ has a specification to adhere to. The C++ language evolved over time, and features that used to be acceptable in previous drafts of the standard, such as the ARM [Annotated C++ Reference Manual], are no longer accepted. In order to allow compilation of C++ written to such drafts, G++ contains some backwards compatibilities. @emph{All such backwards compatibility features are liable to disappear in future versions of G++.} They should be considered deprecated. @xref{Deprecated Features}. @table @code @item For scope If a variable is declared at for scope, it used to remain in scope until the end of the scope that contained the for statement (rather than just within the for scope). G++ retains this, but issues a warning, if such a variable is accessed outside the for scope. @item Implicit C language Old C system header files did not contain an @code{extern "C" @{@dots{}@}} scope to set the language. On such systems, all header files are implicitly scoped inside a C language scope. Also, an empty prototype @code{()} is treated as an unspecified number of arguments, rather than no arguments, as C++ demands. @end table @c LocalWords: emph deftypefn builtin ARCv2EM SIMD builtins msimd @c LocalWords: typedef v4si v8hi DMA dma vdiwr vdowr followign