queue

19962023 Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. queue Joe Bjarne Däcker 1 Bjarne Däcker 1997-01-15 B queue.xml

queue Abstract data type for FIFO queues.

This module provides (double-ended) FIFO queues in an efficient manner.

All functions fail with reason badarg if arguments are of wrong type, for example, queue arguments are not queues, indexes are not integers, and list arguments are not lists. Improper lists cause internal crashes. An index out of range for a queue also causes a failure with reason badarg.

Some functions, where noted, fail with reason empty for an empty queue.

The data representing a queue as used by this module is to be regarded as opaque by other modules. In abstract terms, the representation is a composite type of existing Erlang terms. See note on data types. Any code assuming knowledge of the format is running on thin ice.

All operations have an amortized O(1) running time, except all/2, any/2, delete/2, delete_r/2, delete_with/2, delete_with_r/2, filter/2, filtermap/2, fold/3, join/2, len/1, member/2, split/2 that have O(n). To minimize the size of a queue minimizing the amount of garbage built by queue operations, the queues do not contain explicit length information, and that is why len/1 is O(n). If better performance for this particular operation is essential, it is easy for the caller to keep track of the length.

Queues are double-ended. The mental picture of a queue is a line of people (items) waiting for their turn. The queue front is the end with the item that has waited the longest. The queue rear is the end an item enters when it starts to wait. If instead using the mental picture of a list, the front is called head and the rear is called tail.

Entering at the front and exiting at the rear are reverse operations on the queue.

This module has three sets of interface functions: the "Original API", the "Extended API", and the "Okasaki API".

The "Original API" and the "Extended API" both use the mental picture of a waiting line of items. Both have reverse operations suffixed "_r".

The "Original API" item removal functions return compound terms with both the removed item and the resulting queue. The "Extended API" contains alternative functions that build less garbage and functions for just inspecting the queue ends. Also the "Okasaki API" functions build less garbage.

The "Okasaki API" is inspired by "Purely Functional Data Structures" by Chris Okasaki. It regards queues as lists. This API is by many regarded as strange and avoidable. For example, many reverse operations have lexically reversed names, some with more readable but perhaps less understandable aliases.

As returned by new/0.

Original API Return true if all items in a queue satisfy Pred.

Returns true if Pred(Item) returns true for all items Item in Q, otherwise false.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
2> queue:all(fun (E) -> E > 3 end, Queue).
false
3> queue:all(fun (E) -> E > 0 end, Queue).
true

Return true if any of the items in a queue satisfy Pred.

Returns true if Pred(Item) returns true for at least one item Item in Q, otherwise false.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
2> queue:any(fun (E) -> E > 10 end, Queue).
false
3> queue:any(fun (E) -> E > 3 end, Queue).
true

Delete an item from the front of a queue.

Returns a copy of Q1 where the first item matching Item is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
2> Queue1 = queue:delete(3, Queue).
3> queue:member(3, Queue1).
false

Delete an item from the rear of a queue.

Returns a copy of Q1 where the last item matching Item is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,3,5]).
2> Queue1 = queue:delete_r(3, Queue).
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[1,2,3,4,5]

Delete an item matching a predicate from the front of a queue.

Returns a copy of Q1 where the first item for which Pred returns true is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([100,1,2,3,4,5]).
2> Queue1 = queue:delete_with(fun (E) -> E > 0, Queue).
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[1,2,3,4,5]

Delete an item matching a predicate from the rear of a queue.

Returns a copy of Q1 where the last item for which Pred returns true is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5,100]).
2> Queue1 = queue:delete_with(fun (E) -> E > 10, Queue).
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[1,2,3,4,5]

Filter a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of calling Fun(Item) on all items in Q1.

If Fun(Item) returns true, Item is copied to the result queue. If it returns false, Item is not copied. If it returns a list, the list elements are inserted instead of Item in the result queue.

Example 1:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> Queue1 = queue:filter(fun (E) -> E > 2 end, Queue).
{[5],[3,4]}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[3,4,5]

So, Fun(Item) returning [Item] is thereby semantically equivalent to returning true, just as returning [] is semantically equivalent to returning false. But returning a list builds more garbage than returning an atom.

Example 2:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> Queue1 = queue:filter(fun (E) -> [E, E+1] end, Queue).
{[6,5,5,4,4,3],[1,2,2,3]}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6]

Filter and map a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of calling Fun(Item) on all items in Q1.

If Fun(Item) returns true, Item is copied to the result queue. If it returns false, Item is not copied. If it returns {true, NewItem}, the queue element at this position is replaced with NewItem in the result queue.

Example 1:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> Queue1 = queue:filtermap(fun (E) -> E > 2 end, Queue).
{[5],[3,4]}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[3,4,5]
4> Queue1 = queue:filtermap(fun (E) -> {true, E+100} end, Queue).
{"ihg","ef"}
5> queue:to_list(Queue1).
"efghi

Fold a function over a queue.

Calls Fun(Item, AccIn) on successive items Item of Queue, starting with AccIn == Acc0. The queue is traversed in queue order, that is, from front to rear. Fun/2 must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. Acc0 is returned if the queue is empty.

Example:

1> queue:fold(fun(X, Sum) -> X + Sum end, 0, queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5])).
15
2> queue:fold(fun(X, Prod) -> X * Prod end, 1, queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5])).
120

Convert a list to a queue.

Returns a queue containing the items in L in the same order; the head item of the list becomes the front item of the queue.

Insert an item at the rear of a queue.

Inserts Item at the rear of queue Q1. Returns the resulting queue Q2.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> Queue1 = queue:in(100, Queue).
{[100,5,4,3],[1,2]}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[1,2,3,4,5,100]

Insert an item at the front of a queue.

Inserts Item at the front of queue Q1. Returns the resulting queue Q2.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> Queue1 = queue:in_r(100, Queue).
{[5,4,3],[100,1,2]}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[100,1,2,3,4,5]

Test if a queue is empty.

Tests if Q is empty and returns true if so, otherwise false.

Test if a term is a queue.

Tests if Term is a queue and returns true if so, otherwise false. Note that the test will return true for a term coinciding with the representation of a queue, even when not constructed by thus module. See also note on data types.

Join two queues.

Returns a queue Q3 that is the result of joining Q1 and Q2 with Q1 in front of Q2.

Example:

1> Queue1 = queue:from_list([1,3]).
{[3],[1]}
2> Queue2 = queue:from_list([2,4]).
{[4],[2]}
3> queue:to_list(queue:join(Queue1, Queue2)).
[1,3,2,4]

Get the length of a queue.

Calculates and returns the length of queue Q.

Test if an item is in a queue.

Returns true if Item matches some element in Q, otherwise false.

Create an empty queue.

Returns an empty queue.

Remove the front item from a queue.

Removes the item at the front of queue Q1. Returns tuple {{value, Item}, Q2}, where Item is the item removed and Q2 is the resulting queue. If Q1 is empty, tuple {empty, Q1} is returned.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> {{value, 1=Item}, Queue1} = queue:out(Queue).
{{value,1},{[5,4,3],[2]}}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[2,3,4,5]

Remove the rear item from a queue.

Removes the item at the rear of queue Q1. Returns tuple {{value, Item}, Q2}, where Item is the item removed and Q2 is the new queue. If Q1 is empty, tuple {empty, Q1} is returned.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> {{value, 5=Item}, Queue1} = queue:out_r(Queue).
{{value,5},{[4,3],[1,2]}}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[1,2,3,4]

Reverse a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 containing the items of Q1 in the reverse order.

Split a queue in two.

Splits Q1 in two. The N front items are put in Q2 and the rest in Q3.

Convert a queue to a list.

Returns a list of the items in the queue in the same order; the front item of the queue becomes the head of the list.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> List == queue:to_list(Queue).
true

Extended API Remove the front item from a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of removing the front item from Q1.

Fails with reason empty if Q1 is empty.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> Queue = queue:drop(Queue).
{[5,4,3],[2]}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[2,3,4,5]

Remove the rear item from a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of removing the rear item from Q1.

Fails with reason empty if Q1 is empty.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> Queue = queue:drop_r(Queue).
{[4,3],[1,2]}
3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
[1,2,3,4]

Return the front item of a queue.

Returns Item at the front of queue Q.

Fails with reason empty if Q is empty.

Example 1:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> 1 == queue:get(Queue).
true

Return the rear item of a queue.

Returns Item at the rear of queue Q.

Fails with reason empty if Q is empty.

Example 1:

1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
2> 5 == queue:get_r(Queue).
true

Return the front item of a queue.

Returns tuple {value, Item}, where Item is the front item of Q, or empty if Q is empty.

Example 1:

1> queue:peek(queue:new()).
empty
2> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
3> queue:peek(Queue).
{value, 1}

Return the rear item of a queue.

Returns tuple {value, Item}, where Item is the rear item of Q, or empty if Q is empty.

Example 1:

1> queue:peek_r(queue:new()).
empty
2> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
{[5,4,3],[1,2]}
3> queue:peek_r(Queue).
{value, 5}

Okasaki API Insert an item at the head of a queue.

Inserts Item at the head of queue Q1. Returns the new queue Q2.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:cons(0, queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
{[3,2],[0,1]}
2> queue:to_list(Queue).
[0,1,2,3]

Return the tail item of a queue.

Returns the tail item of queue Q.

Fails with reason empty if Q is empty.

Example 1:

1> queue:daeh(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
3

Return the item at the head of a queue.

Returns Item from the head of queue Q.

Fails with reason empty if Q is empty.

Example 1:

1> queue:head(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
1

Remove the tail item from a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of removing the tail item from Q1.

Fails with reason empty if Q1 is empty.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:init(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
{[2],[1]}
2> queue:to_list(Queue).
[1,2]

Remove the tail item from a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of removing the tail item from Q1.

Fails with reason empty if Q1 is empty.

The name lait/1 is a misspelling - do not use it anymore.

Return the tail item of a queue.

Returns the tail item of queue Q.

Fails with reason empty if Q is empty.

Example:

1> queue:last(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
3

Remove the tail item from a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of removing the tail item from Q1.

Fails with reason empty if Q1 is empty.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:liat(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
{[2],[1]}
2> queue:to_list(Queue).
[1,2]

Insert an item at the tail of a queue.

Inserts Item as the tail item of queue Q1. Returns the new queue Q2.

Example:

1> Queue = queue:snoc(queue:from_list([1,2,3]), 4).
{[4,3,2],[1]}
2> queue:to_list(Queue).
[1,2,3,4]

Remove the head item from a queue.

Returns a queue Q2 that is the result of removing the head item from Q1.

Fails with reason empty if Q1 is empty.