\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- @setfilename ../info/message @settitle Message Manual @synindex fn cp @synindex vr cp @synindex pg cp @copying This file documents Message, the Emacs message composition mode. Copyright @copyright{} 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License'' in the Emacs manual. (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. @end quotation @end copying @dircategory Emacs @direntry * Message: (message). Mail and news composition mode that goes with Gnus. @end direntry @iftex @finalout @end iftex @setchapternewpage odd @titlepage @title Message Manual @author by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @page @node Top @top Message All message composition from Gnus (both mail and news) takes place in Message mode buffers. @menu * Interface:: Setting up message buffers. * Commands:: Commands you can execute in message mode buffers. * Variables:: Customizing the message buffers. * Compatibility:: Making Message backwards compatible. * Appendices:: More technical things. * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. * Index:: Variable, function and concept index. * Key Index:: List of Message mode keys. @end menu @c Adjust ../Makefile.in if you change the following lines: Message is distributed with Gnus. The Gnus distribution @c corresponding to this manual is Gnus v5.11. @node Interface @chapter Interface When a program (or a person) wants to respond to a message -- reply, follow up, forward, cancel -- the program (or person) should just put point in the buffer where the message is and call the required command. @code{Message} will then pop up a new @code{message} mode buffer with appropriate headers filled out, and the user can edit the message before sending it. @menu * New Mail Message:: Editing a brand new mail message. * New News Message:: Editing a brand new news message. * Reply:: Replying via mail. * Wide Reply:: Responding to all people via mail. * Followup:: Following up via news. * Canceling News:: Canceling a news article. * Superseding:: Superseding a message. * Forwarding:: Forwarding a message via news or mail. * Resending:: Resending a mail message. * Bouncing:: Bouncing a mail message. * Mailing Lists:: Send mail to mailing lists. @end menu You can customize the Message Mode tool bar, see @kbd{M-x customize-apropos RET message-tool-bar}. This feature is only available in Emacs. @node New Mail Message @section New Mail Message @findex message-mail The @code{message-mail} command pops up a new message buffer. Two optional parameters are accepted: The first will be used as the @code{To} header and the second as the @code{Subject} header. If these are @code{nil}, those two headers will be empty. @node New News Message @section New News Message @findex message-news The @code{message-news} command pops up a new message buffer. This function accepts two optional parameters. The first will be used as the @code{Newsgroups} header and the second as the @code{Subject} header. If these are @code{nil}, those two headers will be empty. @node Reply @section Reply @findex message-reply The @code{message-reply} function pops up a message buffer that's a reply to the message in the current buffer. @vindex message-reply-to-function Message uses the normal methods to determine where replies are to go (@pxref{Responses}), but you can change the behavior to suit your needs by fiddling with the @code{message-reply-to-function} variable. If you want the replies to go to the @code{Sender} instead of the @code{From}, you could do something like this: @lisp (setq message-reply-to-function (lambda () (cond ((equal (mail-fetch-field "from") "somebody") (list (cons 'To (mail-fetch-field "sender")))) (t nil)))) @end lisp This function will be called narrowed to the head of the article that is being replied to. As you can see, this function should return a list. In this case, it returns @code{((To . "Whom"))} if it has an opinion as to what the To header should be. If it does not, it should just return @code{nil}, and the normal methods for determining the To header will be used. Each list element should be a cons, where the @sc{car} should be the name of a header (e.g. @code{Cc}) and the @sc{cdr} should be the header value (e.g. @samp{larsi@@ifi.uio.no}). All these headers will be inserted into the head of the outgoing mail. @node Wide Reply @section Wide Reply @findex message-wide-reply The @code{message-wide-reply} pops up a message buffer that's a wide reply to the message in the current buffer. A @dfn{wide reply} is a reply that goes out to all people listed in the @code{To}, @code{From} (or @code{Reply-to}) and @code{Cc} headers. @vindex message-wide-reply-to-function Message uses the normal methods to determine where wide replies are to go, but you can change the behavior to suit your needs by fiddling with the @code{message-wide-reply-to-function}. It is used in the same way as @code{message-reply-to-function} (@pxref{Reply}). @vindex message-dont-reply-to-names Addresses that match the @code{message-dont-reply-to-names} regular expression will be removed from the @code{Cc} header. @vindex message-wide-reply-confirm-recipients If @code{message-wide-reply-confirm-recipients} is non-@code{nil} you will be asked to confirm that you want to reply to multiple recipients. The default is @code{nil}. @node Followup @section Followup @findex message-followup The @code{message-followup} command pops up a message buffer that's a followup to the message in the current buffer. @vindex message-followup-to-function Message uses the normal methods to determine where followups are to go, but you can change the behavior to suit your needs by fiddling with the @code{message-followup-to-function}. It is used in the same way as @code{message-reply-to-function} (@pxref{Reply}). @vindex message-use-followup-to The @code{message-use-followup-to} variable says what to do about @code{Followup-To} headers. If it is @code{use}, always use the value. If it is @code{ask} (which is the default), ask whether to use the value. If it is @code{t}, use the value unless it is @samp{poster}. If it is @code{nil}, don't use the value. @node Canceling News @section Canceling News @findex message-cancel-news The @code{message-cancel-news} command cancels the article in the current buffer. @vindex message-cancel-message The value of @code{message-cancel-message} is inserted in the body of the cancel message. The default is @samp{I am canceling my own article.}. @cindex Cancel Locks @vindex message-insert-canlock @cindex canlock When Message posts news messages, it inserts @code{Cancel-Lock} headers by default. This is a cryptographic header that ensures that only you can cancel your own messages, which is nice. The downside is that if you lose your @file{.emacs} file (which is where Gnus stores the secret cancel lock password (which is generated automatically the first time you use this feature)), you won't be able to cancel your message. If you want to manage a password yourself, you can put something like the following in your @file{~/.gnus.el} file: @lisp (setq canlock-password "geheimnis" canlock-password-for-verify canlock-password) @end lisp Whether to insert the header or not is controlled by the @code{message-insert-canlock} variable. Not many news servers respect the @code{Cancel-Lock} header yet, but this is expected to change in the future. @node Superseding @section Superseding @findex message-supersede The @code{message-supersede} command pops up a message buffer that will supersede the message in the current buffer. @vindex message-ignored-supersedes-headers Headers matching the @code{message-ignored-supersedes-headers} are removed before popping up the new message buffer. The default is@* @samp{^Path:\\|^Date\\|^NNTP-Posting-Host:\\|^Xref:\\|^Lines:\\|@* ^Received:\\|^X-From-Line:\\|^X-Trace:\\|^X-Complaints-To:\\|@* Return-Path:\\|^Supersedes:\\|^NNTP-Posting-Date:\\|^X-Trace:\\|@* ^X-Complaints-To:\\|^Cancel-Lock:\\|^Cancel-Key:\\|^X-Hashcash:\\|@* ^X-Payment:}. @node Forwarding @section Forwarding @findex message-forward The @code{message-forward} command pops up a message buffer to forward the message in the current buffer. If given a prefix, forward using news. @table @code @item message-forward-ignored-headers @vindex message-forward-ignored-headers All headers that match this regexp will be deleted when forwarding a message. @item message-make-forward-subject-function @vindex message-make-forward-subject-function A list of functions that are called to generate a subject header for forwarded messages. The subject generated by the previous function is passed into each successive function. The provided functions are: @table @code @item message-forward-subject-author-subject @findex message-forward-subject-author-subject Source of article (author or newsgroup), in brackets followed by the subject. @item message-forward-subject-fwd Subject of article with @samp{Fwd:} prepended to it. @end table @item message-wash-forwarded-subjects @vindex message-wash-forwarded-subjects If this variable is @code{t}, the subjects of forwarded messages have the evidence of previous forwards (such as @samp{Fwd:}, @samp{Re:}, @samp{(fwd)}) removed before the new subject is constructed. The default value is @code{nil}. @item message-forward-as-mime @vindex message-forward-as-mime If this variable is @code{t} (the default), forwarded messages are included as inline @acronym{MIME} RFC822 parts. If it's @code{nil}, forwarded messages will just be copied inline to the new message, like previous, non @acronym{MIME}-savvy versions of Gnus would do. @item message-forward-before-signature @vindex message-forward-before-signature If non-@code{nil}, put forwarded message before signature, else after. @end table @node Resending @section Resending @findex message-resend The @code{message-resend} command will prompt the user for an address and resend the message in the current buffer to that address. @vindex message-ignored-resent-headers Headers that match the @code{message-ignored-resent-headers} regexp will be removed before sending the message. @node Bouncing @section Bouncing @findex message-bounce The @code{message-bounce} command will, if the current buffer contains a bounced mail message, pop up a message buffer stripped of the bounce information. A @dfn{bounced message} is typically a mail you've sent out that has been returned by some @code{mailer-daemon} as undeliverable. @vindex message-ignored-bounced-headers Headers that match the @code{message-ignored-bounced-headers} regexp will be removed before popping up the buffer. The default is @samp{^\\(Received\\|Return-Path\\|Delivered-To\\):}. @node Mailing Lists @section Mailing Lists @cindex Mail-Followup-To Sometimes while posting to mailing lists, the poster needs to direct followups to the post to specific places. The Mail-Followup-To (MFT) was created to enable just this. Three example scenarios where this is useful: @itemize @bullet @item A mailing list poster can use MFT to express that responses should be sent to just the list, and not the poster as well. This will happen if the poster is already subscribed to the list. @item A mailing list poster can use MFT to express that responses should be sent to the list and the poster as well. This will happen if the poster is not subscribed to the list. @item If a message is posted to several mailing lists, MFT may also be used to direct the following discussion to one list only, because discussions that are spread over several lists tend to be fragmented and very difficult to follow. @end itemize Gnus honors the MFT header in other's messages (i.e. while following up to someone else's post) and also provides support for generating sensible MFT headers for outgoing messages as well. @c @menu @c * Honoring an MFT post:: What to do when one already exists @c * Composing with a MFT header:: Creating one from scratch. @c @end menu @c @node Composing with a MFT header @subsection Composing a correct MFT header automagically The first step in getting Gnus to automagically generate a MFT header in posts you make is to give Gnus a list of the mailing lists addresses you are subscribed to. You can do this in more than one way. The following variables would come in handy. @table @code @vindex message-subscribed-addresses @item message-subscribed-addresses This should be a list of addresses the user is subscribed to. Its default value is @code{nil}. Example: @lisp (setq message-subscribed-addresses '("ding@@gnus.org" "bing@@noose.org")) @end lisp @vindex message-subscribed-regexps @item message-subscribed-regexps This should be a list of regexps denoting the addresses of mailing lists subscribed to. Default value is @code{nil}. Example: If you want to achieve the same result as above: @lisp (setq message-subscribed-regexps '("\\(ding@@gnus\\)\\|\\(bing@@noose\\)\\.org") @end lisp @vindex message-subscribed-address-functions @item message-subscribed-address-functions This can be a list of functions to be called (one at a time!!) to determine the value of MFT headers. It is advisable that these functions not take any arguments. Default value is @code{nil}. There is a pre-defined function in Gnus that is a good candidate for this variable. @code{gnus-find-subscribed-addresses} is a function that returns a list of addresses corresponding to the groups that have the @code{subscribed} (@pxref{Group Parameters, ,Group Parameters, gnus, The Gnus Manual}) group parameter set to a non-@code{nil} value. This is how you would do it. @lisp (setq message-subscribed-address-functions '(gnus-find-subscribed-addresses)) @end lisp @vindex message-subscribed-address-file @item message-subscribed-address-file You might be one organized human freak and have a list of addresses of all subscribed mailing lists in a separate file! Then you can just set this variable to the name of the file and life would be good. @end table You can use one or more of the above variables. All their values are ``added'' in some way that works :-) Now you are all set. Just start composing a message as you normally do. And just send it; as always. Just before the message is sent out, Gnus' MFT generation thingy kicks in and checks if the message already has a MFT field. If there is one, it is left alone. (Except if it's empty - in that case, the field is removed and is not replaced with an automatically generated one. This lets you disable MFT generation on a per-message basis.) If there is none, then the list of recipient addresses (in the To: and Cc: headers) is checked to see if one of them is a list address you are subscribed to. If none of them is a list address, then no MFT is generated; otherwise, a MFT is added to the other headers and set to the value of all addresses in To: and Cc: @kindex C-c C-f C-a @findex message-generate-unsubscribed-mail-followup-to @kindex C-c C-f C-m @findex message-goto-mail-followup-to Hm. ``So'', you ask, ``what if I send an email to a list I am not subscribed to? I want my MFT to say that I want an extra copy.'' (This is supposed to be interpreted by others the same way as if there were no MFT, but you can use an explicit MFT to override someone else's to-address group parameter.) The function @code{message-generate-unsubscribed-mail-followup-to} might come in handy. It is bound to @kbd{C-c C-f C-a} by default. In any case, you can insert a MFT of your own choice; @kbd{C-c C-f C-m} (@code{message-goto-mail-followup-to}) will help you get started. @c @node Honoring an MFT post @subsection Honoring an MFT post @vindex message-use-mail-followup-to When you followup to a post on a mailing list, and the post has a MFT header, Gnus' action will depend on the value of the variable @code{message-use-mail-followup-to}. This variable can be one of: @table @code @item use Always honor MFTs. The To: and Cc: headers in your followup will be derived from the MFT header of the original post. This is the default. @item nil Always dishonor MFTs (just ignore the darned thing) @item ask Gnus will prompt you for an action. @end table It is considered good netiquette to honor MFT, as it is assumed the fellow who posted a message knows where the followups need to go better than you do. @node Commands @chapter Commands @menu * Buffer Entry:: Commands after entering a Message buffer. * Header Commands:: Commands for moving headers or changing headers. * Movement:: Moving around in message buffers. * Insertion:: Inserting things into message buffers. * MIME:: @acronym{MIME} considerations. * IDNA:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} domain name considerations. * Security:: Signing and encrypting messages. * Various Commands:: Various things. * Sending:: Actually sending the message. * Mail Aliases:: How to use mail aliases. * Spelling:: Having Emacs check your spelling. @end menu @node Buffer Entry @section Buffer Entry @cindex undo @kindex C-_ You most often end up in a Message buffer when responding to some other message of some sort. Message does lots of handling of quoted text, and may remove signatures, reformat the text, or the like---depending on which used settings you're using. Message usually gets things right, but sometimes it stumbles. To help the user unwind these stumblings, Message sets the undo boundary before each major automatic action it takes. If you press the undo key (usually located at @kbd{C-_}) a few times, you will get back the un-edited message you're responding to. @node Header Commands @section Header Commands @subsection Commands for moving to headers These following commands move to the header in question. If it doesn't exist, it will be inserted. @table @kbd @item C-c ? @kindex C-c ? @findex describe-mode Describe the message mode. @item C-c C-f C-t @kindex C-c C-f C-t @findex message-goto-to Go to the @code{To} header (@code{message-goto-to}). @item C-c C-f C-o @kindex C-c C-f C-o @findex message-goto-from Go to the @code{From} header (@code{message-goto-from}). (The ``o'' in the key binding is for Originator.) @item C-c C-f C-b @kindex C-c C-f C-b @findex message-goto-bcc Go to the @code{Bcc} header (@code{message-goto-bcc}). @item C-c C-f C-f @kindex C-c C-f C-f @findex message-goto-fcc Go to the @code{Fcc} header (@code{message-goto-fcc}). @item C-c C-f C-c @kindex C-c C-f C-c @findex message-goto-cc Go to the @code{Cc} header (@code{message-goto-cc}). @item C-c C-f C-s @kindex C-c C-f C-s @findex message-goto-subject Go to the @code{Subject} header (@code{message-goto-subject}). @item C-c C-f C-r @kindex C-c C-f C-r @findex message-goto-reply-to Go to the @code{Reply-To} header (@code{message-goto-reply-to}). @item C-c C-f C-n @kindex C-c C-f C-n @findex message-goto-newsgroups Go to the @code{Newsgroups} header (@code{message-goto-newsgroups}). @item C-c C-f C-d @kindex C-c C-f C-d @findex message-goto-distribution Go to the @code{Distribution} header (@code{message-goto-distribution}). @item C-c C-f C-o @kindex C-c C-f C-o @findex message-goto-followup-to Go to the @code{Followup-To} header (@code{message-goto-followup-to}). @item C-c C-f C-k @kindex C-c C-f C-k @findex message-goto-keywords Go to the @code{Keywords} header (@code{message-goto-keywords}). @item C-c C-f C-u @kindex C-c C-f C-u @findex message-goto-summary Go to the @code{Summary} header (@code{message-goto-summary}). @item C-c C-f C-i @kindex C-c C-f C-i @findex message-insert-or-toggle-importance This inserts the @samp{Importance:} header with a value of @samp{high}. This header is used to signal the importance of the message to the receiver. If the header is already present in the buffer, it cycles between the three valid values according to RFC 1376: @samp{low}, @samp{normal} and @samp{high}. @item C-c C-f C-a @kindex C-c C-f C-a @findex message-generate-unsubscribed-mail-followup-to Insert a reasonable @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header (@pxref{Mailing Lists}) in a post to an unsubscribed list. When making original posts to a mailing list you are not subscribed to, you have to type in a @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header by hand. The contents, usually, are the addresses of the list and your own address. This function inserts such a header automatically. It fetches the contents of the @samp{To:} header in the current mail buffer, and appends the current @code{user-mail-address}. If the optional argument @code{include-cc} is non-@code{nil}, the addresses in the @samp{Cc:} header are also put into the @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header. @end table @subsection Commands to change headers @table @kbd @item C-c C-o @kindex C-c C-o @findex message-sort-headers @vindex message-header-format-alist Sort headers according to @code{message-header-format-alist} (@code{message-sort-headers}). @item C-c C-t @kindex C-c C-t @findex message-insert-to Insert a @code{To} header that contains the @code{Reply-To} or @code{From} header of the message you're following up (@code{message-insert-to}). @item C-c C-n @kindex C-c C-n @findex message-insert-newsgroups Insert a @code{Newsgroups} header that reflects the @code{Followup-To} or @code{Newsgroups} header of the article you're replying to (@code{message-insert-newsgroups}). @item C-c C-l @kindex C-c C-l @findex message-to-list-only Send a message to the list only. Remove all addresses but the list address from @code{To:} and @code{Cc:} headers. @item C-c M-n @kindex C-c M-n @findex message-insert-disposition-notification-to Insert a request for a disposition notification. (@code{message-insert-disposition-notification-to}). This means that if the recipient support RFC 2298 she might send you a notification that she received the message. @item M-x message-insert-importance-high @kindex M-x message-insert-importance-high @findex message-insert-importance-high @cindex Importance Insert an @samp{Importance} header with a value of @samp{high}, deleting headers if necessary. @item M-x message-insert-importance-low @kindex M-x message-insert-importance-low @findex message-insert-importance-low @cindex Importance Insert an @samp{Importance} header with a value of @samp{low}, deleting headers if necessary. @item C-c C-f s @kindex C-c C-f s @findex message-change-subject @cindex Subject Change the current @samp{Subject} header. Ask for new @samp{Subject} header and append @samp{(was: )}. The old subject can be stripped on replying, see @code{message-subject-trailing-was-query} (@pxref{Message Headers}). @item C-c C-f x @kindex C-c C-f x @findex message-cross-post-followup-to @vindex message-cross-post-default @vindex message-cross-post-note-function @cindex X-Post @cindex cross-post Set up the @samp{FollowUp-To} header with a target newsgroup for a cross-post, add that target newsgroup to the @samp{Newsgroups} header if it is not a member of @samp{Newsgroups}, and insert a note in the body. If @code{message-cross-post-default} is @code{nil} or if this command is called with a prefix-argument, only the @samp{FollowUp-To} header will be set but the target newsgroup will not be added to the @samp{Newsgroups} header. The function to insert a note is controlled by the @code{message-cross-post-note-function} variable. @item C-c C-f t @kindex C-c C-f t @findex message-reduce-to-to-cc Replace contents of @samp{To} header with contents of @samp{Cc} or @samp{Bcc} header. (Iff @samp{Cc} header is not present, @samp{Bcc} header will be used instead.) @item C-c C-f w @kindex C-c C-f w @findex message-insert-wide-reply Insert @samp{To} and @samp{Cc} headers as if you were doing a wide reply even if the message was not made for a wide reply first. @item C-c C-f a @kindex C-c C-f a @findex message-add-archive-header @vindex message-archive-header @vindex message-archive-note @cindex X-No-Archive Insert @samp{X-No-Archive: Yes} in the header and a note in the body. The header and the note can be customized using @code{message-archive-header} and @code{message-archive-note}. When called with a prefix argument, ask for a text to insert. If you don't want the note in the body, set @code{message-archive-note} to @code{nil}. @end table @node Movement @section Movement @table @kbd @item C-c C-b @kindex C-c C-b @findex message-goto-body Move to the beginning of the body of the message (@code{message-goto-body}). @item C-c C-i @kindex C-c C-i @findex message-goto-signature Move to the signature of the message (@code{message-goto-signature}). @item C-a @kindex C-a @findex message-beginning-of-line @vindex message-beginning-of-line If at beginning of header value, go to beginning of line, else go to beginning of header value. (The header value comes after the header name and the colon.) This behavior can be disabled by toggling the variable @code{message-beginning-of-line}. @end table @node Insertion @section Insertion @table @kbd @item C-c C-y @kindex C-c C-y @findex message-yank-original Yank the message that's being replied to into the message buffer (@code{message-yank-original}). @item C-c C-M-y @kindex C-c C-M-y @findex message-yank-buffer Prompt for a buffer name and yank the contents of that buffer into the message buffer (@code{message-yank-buffer}). @item C-c C-q @kindex C-c C-q @findex message-fill-yanked-message Fill the yanked message (@code{message-fill-yanked-message}). Warning: Can severely mess up the yanked text if its quoting conventions are strange. You'll quickly get a feel for when it's safe, though. Anyway, just remember that @kbd{C-x u} (@code{undo}) is available and you'll be all right. @item C-c C-w @kindex C-c C-w @findex message-insert-signature Insert a signature at the end of the buffer (@code{message-insert-signature}). @item C-c M-h @kindex C-c M-h @findex message-insert-headers Insert the message headers (@code{message-insert-headers}). @item C-c M-m @kindex C-c M-m @findex message-mark-inserted-region Mark some region in the current article with enclosing tags. See @code{message-mark-insert-begin} and @code{message-mark-insert-end}. @item C-c M-f @kindex C-c M-f @findex message-mark-insert-file Insert a file in the current article with enclosing tags. See @code{message-mark-insert-begin} and @code{message-mark-insert-end}. @end table @node MIME @section MIME @cindex MML @cindex MIME @cindex multipart @cindex attachment Message is a @acronym{MIME}-compliant posting agent. The user generally doesn't have to do anything to make the @acronym{MIME} happen---Message will automatically add the @code{Content-Type} and @code{Content-Transfer-Encoding} headers. @findex mml-attach-file @kindex C-c C-a The most typical thing users want to use the multipart things in @acronym{MIME} for is to add ``attachments'' to mail they send out. This can be done with the @kbd{C-c C-a} command (@kbd{M-x mml-attach-file}), which will prompt for a file name and a @acronym{MIME} type. @vindex mml-dnd-protocol-alist @vindex mml-dnd-attach-options If your Emacs supports drag and drop, you can also drop the file in the Message buffer. The variable @code{mml-dnd-protocol-alist} specifies what kind of action is done when you drop a file into the Message buffer. The variable @code{mml-dnd-attach-options} controls which @acronym{MIME} options you want to specify when dropping a file. If it is a list, valid members are @code{type}, @code{description} and @code{disposition}. @code{disposition} implies @code{type}. If it is @code{nil}, don't ask for options. If it is @code{t}, ask the user whether or not to specify options. You can also create arbitrarily complex multiparts using the @acronym{MML} language (@pxref{Composing, , Composing, emacs-mime, The Emacs MIME Manual}). @node IDNA @section IDNA @cindex IDNA @cindex internationalized domain names @cindex non-ascii domain names Message is a @acronym{IDNA}-compliant posting agent. The user generally doesn't have to do anything to make the @acronym{IDNA} happen---Message will encode non-@acronym{ASCII} domain names in @code{From}, @code{To}, and @code{Cc} headers automatically. Until @acronym{IDNA} becomes more well known, Message queries you whether @acronym{IDNA} encoding of the domain name really should occur. Some users might not be aware that domain names can contain non-@acronym{ASCII} now, so this gives them a safety net if they accidently typed a non-@acronym{ASCII} domain name. @vindex message-use-idna The @code{message-use-idna} variable control whether @acronym{IDNA} is used. If the variable is @code{nil} no @acronym{IDNA} encoding will ever happen, if it is set to the symbol @code{ask} the user will be queried, and if set to @code{t} (which is the default if @acronym{IDNA} is fully available) @acronym{IDNA} encoding happens automatically. @findex message-idna-to-ascii-rhs If you want to experiment with the @acronym{IDNA} encoding, you can invoke @kbd{M-x message-idna-to-ascii-rhs RET} in the message buffer to have the non-@acronym{ASCII} domain names encoded while you edit the message. Note that you must have @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/libidn/, GNU Libidn} installed in order to use this functionality. @node Security @section Security @cindex Security @cindex S/MIME @cindex PGP @cindex PGP/MIME @cindex sign @cindex encrypt @cindex secure Using the @acronym{MML} language, Message is able to create digitally signed and digitally encrypted messages. Message (or rather @acronym{MML}) currently support @acronym{PGP} (RFC 1991), @acronym{PGP/MIME} (RFC 2015/3156) and @acronym{S/MIME}. @menu * Signing and encryption:: Signing and encrypting commands. * Using S/MIME:: Using S/MIME * Using PGP/MIME:: Using PGP/MIME * PGP Compatibility:: Compatibility with older implementations @end menu @node Signing and encryption @subsection Signing and encrypting commands Instructing @acronym{MML} to perform security operations on a @acronym{MIME} part is done using the @kbd{C-c C-m s} key map for signing and the @kbd{C-c C-m c} key map for encryption, as follows. @table @kbd @item C-c C-m s s @kindex C-c C-m s s @findex mml-secure-message-sign-smime Digitally sign current message using @acronym{S/MIME}. @item C-c C-m s o @kindex C-c C-m s o @findex mml-secure-message-sign-pgp Digitally sign current message using @acronym{PGP}. @item C-c C-m s p @kindex C-c C-m s p @findex mml-secure-message-sign-pgpmime Digitally sign current message using @acronym{PGP/MIME}. @item C-c C-m c s @kindex C-c C-m c s @findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-smime Digitally encrypt current message using @acronym{S/MIME}. @item C-c C-m c o @kindex C-c C-m c o @findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-pgp Digitally encrypt current message using @acronym{PGP}. @item C-c C-m c p @kindex C-c C-m c p @findex mml-secure-message-encrypt-pgpmime Digitally encrypt current message using @acronym{PGP/MIME}. @item C-c C-m C-n @kindex C-c C-m C-n @findex mml-unsecure-message Remove security related @acronym{MML} tags from message. @end table These commands do not immediately sign or encrypt the message, they merely insert the proper @acronym{MML} secure tag to instruct the @acronym{MML} engine to perform that operation when the message is actually sent. They may perform other operations too, such as locating and retrieving a @acronym{S/MIME} certificate of the person you wish to send encrypted mail to. When the mml parsing engine converts your @acronym{MML} into a properly encoded @acronym{MIME} message, the secure tag will be replaced with either a part or a multipart tag. If your message contains other mml parts, a multipart tag will be used; if no other parts are present in your message a single part tag will be used. This way, message mode will do the Right Thing (TM) with signed/encrypted multipart messages. Since signing and especially encryption often is used when sensitive information is sent, you may want to have some way to ensure that your mail is actually signed or encrypted. After invoking the above sign/encrypt commands, it is possible to preview the raw article by using @kbd{C-u C-c RET P} (@code{mml-preview}). Then you can verify that your long rant about what your ex-significant other or whomever actually did with that funny looking person at that strange party the other night, actually will be sent encrypted. @emph{Note!} Neither @acronym{PGP/MIME} nor @acronym{S/MIME} encrypt/signs RFC822 headers. They only operate on the @acronym{MIME} object. Keep this in mind before sending mail with a sensitive Subject line. By default, when encrypting a message, Gnus will use the ``signencrypt'' mode, which means the message is both signed and encrypted. If you would like to disable this for a particular message, give the @code{mml-secure-message-encrypt-*} command a prefix argument, e.g., @kbd{C-u C-c C-m c p}. Actually using the security commands above is not very difficult. At least not compared with making sure all involved programs talk with each other properly. Thus, we now describe what external libraries or programs are required to make things work, and some small general hints. @node Using S/MIME @subsection Using S/MIME @emph{Note!} This section assume you have a basic familiarity with modern cryptography, @acronym{S/MIME}, various PKCS standards, OpenSSL and so on. The @acronym{S/MIME} support in Message (and @acronym{MML}) require OpenSSL. OpenSSL performs the actual @acronym{S/MIME} sign/encrypt operations. OpenSSL can be found at @uref{http://www.openssl.org/}. OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later should work. Version 0.9.5a cannot extract mail addresses from certificates, and it insert a spurious CR character into @acronym{MIME} separators so you may wish to avoid it if you would like to avoid being regarded as someone who send strange mail. (Although by sending @acronym{S/MIME} messages you've probably already lost that contest.) To be able to send encrypted mail, a personal certificate is not required. Message (@acronym{MML}) need a certificate for the person to whom you wish to communicate with though. You're asked for this when you type @kbd{C-c C-m c s}. Currently there are two ways to retrieve this certificate, from a local file or from DNS. If you chose a local file, it need to contain a X.509 certificate in @acronym{PEM} format. If you chose DNS, you're asked for the domain name where the certificate is stored, the default is a good guess. To my belief, Message (@acronym{MML}) is the first mail agent in the world to support retrieving @acronym{S/MIME} certificates from DNS, so you're not likely to find very many certificates out there. At least there should be one, stored at the domain @code{simon.josefsson.org}. LDAP is a more popular method of distributing certificates, support for it is planned. (Meanwhile, you can use @code{ldapsearch} from the command line to retrieve a certificate into a file and use it.) As for signing messages, OpenSSL can't perform signing operations without some kind of configuration. Especially, you need to tell it where your private key and your certificate is stored. @acronym{MML} uses an Emacs interface to OpenSSL, aptly named @code{smime.el}, and it contain a @code{custom} group used for this configuration. So, try @kbd{M-x customize-group RET smime RET} and look around. Currently there is no support for talking to a CA (or RA) to create your own certificate. None is planned either. You need to do this manually with OpenSSL or using some other program. I used Netscape and got a free @acronym{S/MIME} certificate from one of the big CA's on the net. Netscape is able to export your private key and certificate in PKCS #12 format. Use OpenSSL to convert this into a plain X.509 certificate in PEM format as follows. @example $ openssl pkcs12 -in ns.p12 -clcerts -nodes > key+cert.pem @end example The @file{key+cert.pem} file should be pointed to from the @code{smime-keys} variable. You should now be able to send signed mail. @emph{Note!} Your private key is now stored unencrypted in the file, so take care in handling it. Storing encrypted keys on the disk are supported, and Gnus will ask you for a passphrase before invoking OpenSSL. Read the OpenSSL documentation for how to achieve this. If you use unencrypted keys (e.g., if they are on a secure storage, or if you are on a secure single user machine) simply press @code{RET} at the passphrase prompt. @node Using PGP/MIME @subsection Using PGP/MIME @acronym{PGP/MIME} requires an external OpenPGP implementation, such as @uref{http://www.gnupg.org/, GNU Privacy Guard}. Pre-OpenPGP implementations such as PGP 2.x and PGP 5.x are also supported. One Emacs interface to the PGP implementations, PGG (@pxref{Top, ,PGG, pgg, PGG Manual}), is included, but Mailcrypt and Florian Weimer's @code{gpg.el} are also supported. @xref{PGP Compatibility}. @cindex gpg-agent Message internally calls GnuPG (the @command{gpg} command) to perform data encryption, and in certain cases (decrypting or signing for example), @command{gpg} requires user's passphrase. Currently the recommended way to supply your passphrase to @command{gpg} is to use the @command{gpg-agent} program. To use @command{gpg-agent} in Emacs, you need to run the following command from the shell before starting Emacs. @example eval `gpg-agent --daemon` @end example This will invoke @command{gpg-agent} and set the environment variable @code{GPG_AGENT_INFO} to allow @command{gpg} to communicate with it. It might be good idea to put this command in your @file{.xsession} or @file{.bash_profile}. @xref{Invoking GPG-AGENT, , , gnupg, Using the GNU Privacy Guard}. Once your @command{gpg-agent} is set up, it will ask you for a passphrase as needed for @command{gpg}. Under the X Window System, you will see a new passphrase input dialog appear. The dialog is provided by PIN Entry (the @command{pinentry} command), and as of version 0.7.2, @command{pinentry} cannot cooperate with Emacs on a single tty. So, if you are using a text console, you may need to put a passphrase into gpg-agent's cache beforehand. The following command does the trick. @example gpg --use-agent --sign < /dev/null > /dev/null @end example The Lisp variable @code{pgg-gpg-use-agent} controls whether to use @command{gpg-agent}. See also @xref{Caching passphrase, , , pgg, The PGG Manual}. @node PGP Compatibility @subsection Compatibility with older implementations @vindex gpg-temp-directory Note, if you are using the @code{gpg.el} you must make sure that the directory specified by @code{gpg-temp-directory} have permissions 0700. Creating your own key is described in detail in the documentation of your PGP implementation, so we refer to it. If you have imported your old PGP 2.x key into GnuPG, and want to send signed and encrypted messages to your fellow PGP 2.x users, you'll discover that the receiver cannot understand what you send. One solution is to use PGP 2.x instead (i.e., if you use @code{pgg}, set @code{pgg-default-scheme} to @code{pgp}). If you do want to use GnuPG, you can use a compatibility script called @code{gpg-2comp} available from @uref{http://muppet.faveve.uni-stuttgart.de/~gero/gpg-2comp/}. You could also convince your fellow PGP 2.x users to convert to GnuPG. @vindex mml-signencrypt-style-alist As a final workaround, you can make the sign and encryption work in two steps; separately sign, then encrypt a message. If you would like to change this behavior you can customize the @code{mml-signencrypt-style-alist} variable. For example: @lisp (setq mml-signencrypt-style-alist '(("smime" separate) ("pgp" separate) ("pgpauto" separate) ("pgpmime" separate))) @end lisp This causes to sign and encrypt in two passes, thus generating a message that can be understood by PGP version 2. (Refer to @uref{http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/pgp2x.html} for more information about the problem.) @node Various Commands @section Various Commands @table @kbd @item C-c C-r @kindex C-c C-r @findex message-caesar-buffer-body Caesar rotate (aka. rot13) the current message (@code{message-caesar-buffer-body}). If narrowing is in effect, just rotate the visible portion of the buffer. A numerical prefix says how many places to rotate the text. The default is 13. @item C-c C-e @kindex C-c C-e @findex message-elide-region @vindex message-elide-ellipsis Elide the text between point and mark (@code{message-elide-region}). The text is killed and replaced with the contents of the variable @code{message-elide-ellipsis}. The default value is to use an ellipsis (@samp{[...]}). @item C-c C-z @kindex C-c C-z @findex message-kill-to-signature Kill all the text up to the signature, or if that's missing, up to the end of the message (@code{message-kill-to-signature}). @item C-c C-v @kindex C-c C-v @findex message-delete-not-region Delete all text in the body of the message that is outside the region (@code{message-delete-not-region}). @item M-RET @kindex M-RET @findex message-newline-and-reformat Insert four newlines, and then reformat if inside quoted text. Here's an example: @example > This is some quoted text. And here's more quoted text. @end example If point is before @samp{And} and you press @kbd{M-RET}, you'll get: @example > This is some quoted text. * > And here's more quoted text. @end example @samp{*} says where point will be placed. @item C-c M-r @kindex C-c M-r @findex message-rename-buffer Rename the buffer (@code{message-rename-buffer}). If given a prefix, prompt for a new buffer name. @item TAB @kindex TAB @findex message-tab @vindex message-tab-body-function If @code{message-tab-body-function} is non-@code{nil}, execute the function it specifies. Otherwise use the function bound to @kbd{TAB} in @code{text-mode-map} or @code{global-map}. @end table @node Sending @section Sending @table @kbd @item C-c C-c @kindex C-c C-c @findex message-send-and-exit Send the message and bury the current buffer (@code{message-send-and-exit}). @item C-c C-s @kindex C-c C-s @findex message-send Send the message (@code{message-send}). @item C-c C-d @kindex C-c C-d @findex message-dont-send Bury the message buffer and exit (@code{message-dont-send}). @item C-c C-k @kindex C-c C-k @findex message-kill-buffer Kill the message buffer and exit (@code{message-kill-buffer}). @end table @node Mail Aliases @section Mail Aliases @cindex mail aliases @cindex aliases @vindex message-mail-alias-type The @code{message-mail-alias-type} variable controls what type of mail alias expansion to use. Currently only one form is supported---Message uses @code{mailabbrev} to handle mail aliases. If this variable is @code{nil}, no mail alias expansion will be performed. @code{mailabbrev} works by parsing the @file{/etc/mailrc} and @file{~/.mailrc} files. These files look like: @example alias lmi "Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen " alias ding "ding@@ifi.uio.no (ding mailing list)" @end example After adding lines like this to your @file{~/.mailrc} file, you should be able to just write @samp{lmi} in the @code{To} or @code{Cc} (and so on) headers and press @kbd{SPC} to expand the alias. No expansion will be performed upon sending of the message---all expansions have to be done explicitly. @node Spelling @section Spelling @cindex spelling @findex ispell-message There are two popular ways to have Emacs spell-check your messages: @code{ispell} and @code{flyspell}. @code{ispell} is the older and probably more popular package. You typically first write the message, and then run the entire thing through @code{ispell} and fix all the typos. To have this happen automatically when you send a message, put something like the following in your @file{.emacs} file: @lisp (add-hook 'message-send-hook 'ispell-message) @end lisp @vindex ispell-message-dictionary-alist If you're in the habit of writing in different languages, this can be controlled by the @code{ispell-message-dictionary-alist} variable: @lisp (setq ispell-message-dictionary-alist '(("^Newsgroups:.*\\bde\\." . "deutsch8") (".*" . "default"))) @end lisp @code{ispell} depends on having the external @samp{ispell} command installed. The other popular method is using @code{flyspell}. This package checks your spelling while you're writing, and marks any mis-spelled words in various ways. To use @code{flyspell}, put something like the following in your @file{.emacs} file: @lisp (defun my-message-setup-routine () (flyspell-mode 1)) (add-hook 'message-setup-hook 'my-message-setup-routine) @end lisp @code{flyspell} depends on having the external @samp{ispell} command installed. @node Variables @chapter Variables @menu * Message Headers:: General message header stuff. * Mail Headers:: Customizing mail headers. * Mail Variables:: Other mail variables. * News Headers:: Customizing news headers. * News Variables:: Other news variables. * Insertion Variables:: Customizing how things are inserted. * Various Message Variables:: Other message variables. * Sending Variables:: Variables for sending. * Message Buffers:: How Message names its buffers. * Message Actions:: Actions to be performed when exiting. @end menu @node Message Headers @section Message Headers Message is quite aggressive on the message generation front. It has to be -- it's a combined news and mail agent. To be able to send combined messages, it has to generate all headers itself (instead of letting the mail/news system do it) to ensure that mail and news copies of messages look sufficiently similar. @table @code @item message-generate-headers-first @vindex message-generate-headers-first If @code{t}, generate all required headers before starting to compose the message. This can also be a list of headers to generate: @lisp (setq message-generate-headers-first '(References)) @end lisp @vindex message-required-headers The variables @code{message-required-headers}, @code{message-required-mail-headers} and @code{message-required-news-headers} specify which headers are required. Note that some headers will be removed and re-generated before posting, because of the variable @code{message-deletable-headers} (see below). @item message-draft-headers @vindex message-draft-headers When running Message from Gnus, the message buffers are associated with a draft group. @code{message-draft-headers} says which headers should be generated when a draft is written to the draft group. @item message-from-style @vindex message-from-style Specifies how @code{From} headers should look. There are four valid values: @table @code @item nil Just the address -- @samp{king@@grassland.com}. @item parens @samp{king@@grassland.com (Elvis Parsley)}. @item angles @samp{Elvis Parsley }. @item default Look like @code{angles} if that doesn't require quoting, and @code{parens} if it does. If even @code{parens} requires quoting, use @code{angles} anyway. @end table @item message-deletable-headers @vindex message-deletable-headers Headers in this list that were previously generated by Message will be deleted before posting. Let's say you post an article. Then you decide to post it again to some other group, you naughty boy, so you jump back to the @code{*post-buf*} buffer, edit the @code{Newsgroups} line, and ship it off again. By default, this variable makes sure that the old generated @code{Message-ID} is deleted, and a new one generated. If this isn't done, the entire empire would probably crumble, anarchy would prevail, and cats would start walking on two legs and rule the world. Allegedly. @item message-default-headers @vindex message-default-headers This string is inserted at the end of the headers in all message buffers. @item message-subject-re-regexp @vindex message-subject-re-regexp @cindex Aw @cindex Sv @cindex Re Responses to messages have subjects that start with @samp{Re: }. This is @emph{not} an abbreviation of the English word ``response'', but is Latin, and means ``in response to''. Some illiterate nincompoops have failed to grasp this fact, and have ``internationalized'' their software to use abominations like @samp{Aw: } (``antwort'') or @samp{Sv: } (``svar'') instead, which is meaningless and evil. However, you may have to deal with users that use these evil tools, in which case you may set this variable to a regexp that matches these prefixes. Myself, I just throw away non-compliant mail. Here's an example of a value to deal with these headers when responding to a message: @lisp (setq message-subject-re-regexp (concat "^[ \t]*" "\\(" "\\(" "[Aa][Nn][Tt][Ww]\\.?\\|" ; antw "[Aa][Ww]\\|" ; aw "[Ff][Ww][Dd]?\\|" ; fwd "[Oo][Dd][Pp]\\|" ; odp "[Rr][Ee]\\|" ; re "[Rr][\311\351][Ff]\\.?\\|" ; ref "[Ss][Vv]" ; sv "\\)" "\\(\\[[0-9]*\\]\\)" "*:[ \t]*" "\\)" "*[ \t]*" )) @end lisp @item message-subject-trailing-was-query @vindex message-subject-trailing-was-query @vindex message-subject-trailing-was-ask-regexp @vindex message-subject-trailing-was-regexp Controls what to do with trailing @samp{(was: )} in subject lines. If @code{nil}, leave the subject unchanged. If it is the symbol @code{ask}, query the user what to do. In this case, the subject is matched against @code{message-subject-trailing-was-ask-regexp}. If @code{message-subject-trailing-was-query} is @code{t}, always strip the trailing old subject. In this case, @code{message-subject-trailing-was-regexp} is used. @item message-alternative-emails @vindex message-alternative-emails Regexp matching alternative email addresses. The first address in the To, Cc or From headers of the original article matching this variable is used as the From field of outgoing messages, replacing the default From value. For example, if you have two secondary email addresses john@@home.net and john.doe@@work.com and want to use them in the From field when composing a reply to a message addressed to one of them, you could set this variable like this: @lisp (setq message-alternative-emails (regexp-opt '("john@@home.net" "john.doe@@work.com"))) @end lisp This variable has precedence over posting styles and anything that runs off @code{message-setup-hook}. @item message-allow-no-recipients @vindex message-allow-no-recipients Specifies what to do when there are no recipients other than @code{Gcc} or @code{Fcc}. If it is @code{always}, the posting is allowed. If it is @code{never}, the posting is not allowed. If it is @code{ask} (the default), you are prompted. @item message-hidden-headers @vindex message-hidden-headers A regexp, a list of regexps, or a list where the first element is @code{not} and the rest are regexps. It says which headers to keep hidden when composing a message. @lisp (setq message-hidden-headers '(not "From" "Subject" "To" "Cc" "Newsgroups")) @end lisp @item message-header-synonyms @vindex message-header-synonyms A list of lists of header synonyms. E.g., if this list contains a member list with elements @code{Cc} and @code{To}, then @code{message-carefully-insert-headers} will not insert a @code{To} header when the message is already @code{Cc}ed to the recipient. @end table @node Mail Headers @section Mail Headers @table @code @item message-required-mail-headers @vindex message-required-mail-headers @xref{News Headers}, for the syntax of this variable. It is @code{(From Subject Date (optional . In-Reply-To) Message-ID (optional . User-Agent))} by default. @item message-ignored-mail-headers @vindex message-ignored-mail-headers Regexp of headers to be removed before mailing. The default is@* @samp{^[GF]cc:\\|^Resent-Fcc:\\|^Xref:\\|^X-Draft-From:\\|@* ^X-Gnus-Agent-Meta-Information:}. @item message-default-mail-headers @vindex message-default-mail-headers This string is inserted at the end of the headers in all message buffers that are initialized as mail. @end table @node Mail Variables @section Mail Variables @table @code @item message-send-mail-function @vindex message-send-mail-function @findex message-send-mail-with-sendmail @findex message-send-mail-with-mh @findex message-send-mail-with-qmail @findex message-smtpmail-send-it @findex smtpmail-send-it @findex feedmail-send-it Function used to send the current buffer as mail. The default is @code{message-send-mail-with-sendmail}. Other valid values include @code{message-send-mail-with-mh}, @code{message-send-mail-with-qmail}, @code{message-smtpmail-send-it}, @code{smtpmail-send-it} and @code{feedmail-send-it}. @item message-mh-deletable-headers @vindex message-mh-deletable-headers Most versions of MH doesn't like being fed messages that contain the headers in this variable. If this variable is non-@code{nil} (which is the default), these headers will be removed before mailing when sending messages via MH. Set it to @code{nil} if your MH can handle these headers. @item message-qmail-inject-program @vindex message-qmail-inject-program @cindex qmail Location of the qmail-inject program. @item message-qmail-inject-args @vindex message-qmail-inject-args Arguments passed to qmail-inject programs. This should be a list of strings, one string for each argument. It may also be a function. For e.g., if you wish to set the envelope sender address so that bounces go to the right place or to deal with listserv's usage of that address, you might set this variable to @code{'("-f" "you@@some.where")}. @item message-sendmail-f-is-evil @vindex message-sendmail-f-is-evil @cindex sendmail Non-@code{nil} means don't add @samp{-f username} to the sendmail command line. Doing so would be even more evil than leaving it out. @item message-sendmail-envelope-from @vindex message-sendmail-envelope-from When @code{message-sendmail-f-is-evil} is @code{nil}, this specifies the address to use in the @acronym{SMTP} envelope. If it is @code{nil}, use @code{user-mail-address}. If it is the symbol @code{header}, use the @samp{From} header of the message. @item message-mailer-swallows-blank-line @vindex message-mailer-swallows-blank-line Set this to non-@code{nil} if the system's mailer runs the header and body together. (This problem exists on SunOS 4 when sendmail is run in remote mode.) The value should be an expression to test whether the problem will actually occur. @item message-send-mail-partially-limit @vindex message-send-mail-partially-limit @cindex split large message The limitation of messages sent as message/partial. The lower bound of message size in characters, beyond which the message should be sent in several parts. If it is @code{nil}, the size is unlimited. @end table @node News Headers @section News Headers @vindex message-required-news-headers @code{message-required-news-headers} a list of header symbols. These headers will either be automatically generated, or, if that's impossible, they will be prompted for. The following symbols are valid: @table @code @item From @cindex From @findex user-full-name @findex user-mail-address This required header will be filled out with the result of the @code{message-make-from} function, which depends on the @code{message-from-style}, @code{user-full-name}, @code{user-mail-address} variables. @item Subject @cindex Subject This required header will be prompted for if not present already. @item Newsgroups @cindex Newsgroups This required header says which newsgroups the article is to be posted to. If it isn't present already, it will be prompted for. @item Organization @cindex organization @vindex message-user-organization @vindex message-user-organization-file This optional header will be filled out depending on the @code{message-user-organization} variable. @code{message-user-organization-file} will be used if this variable is @code{t}. This variable can also be a string (in which case this string will be used), or it can be a function (which will be called with no parameters and should return a string to be used). @item Lines @cindex Lines This optional header will be computed by Message. @item Message-ID @cindex Message-ID @vindex message-user-fqdn @vindex mail-host-address @vindex user-mail-address @findex system-name @cindex Sun @cindex i-did-not-set--mail-host-address--so-tickle-me This required header will be generated by Message. A unique ID will be created based on the date, time, user name (for the local part) and the domain part. For the domain part, message will look (in this order) at @code{message-user-fqdn}, @code{system-name}, @code{mail-host-address} and @code{message-user-mail-address} (i.e. @code{user-mail-address}) until a probably valid fully qualified domain name (FQDN) was found. @item User-Agent @cindex User-Agent This optional header will be filled out according to the @code{message-newsreader} local variable. @item In-Reply-To This optional header is filled out using the @code{Date} and @code{From} header of the article being replied to. @item Expires @cindex Expires @vindex message-expires This extremely optional header will be inserted according to the @code{message-expires} variable. It is highly deprecated and shouldn't be used unless you know what you're doing. @item Distribution @cindex Distribution @vindex message-distribution-function This optional header is filled out according to the @code{message-distribution-function} variable. It is a deprecated and much misunderstood header. @item Path @cindex path @vindex message-user-path This extremely optional header should probably never be used. However, some @emph{very} old servers require that this header is present. @code{message-user-path} further controls how this @code{Path} header is to look. If it is @code{nil}, use the server name as the leaf node. If it is a string, use the string. If it is neither a string nor @code{nil}, use the user name only. However, it is highly unlikely that you should need to fiddle with this variable at all. @end table @findex yow @cindex Mime-Version In addition, you can enter conses into this list. The @sc{car} of this cons should be a symbol. This symbol's name is the name of the header, and the @sc{cdr} can either be a string to be entered verbatim as the value of this header, or it can be a function to be called. This function should return a string to be inserted. For instance, if you want to insert @code{Mime-Version: 1.0}, you should enter @code{(Mime-Version . "1.0")} into the list. If you want to insert a funny quote, you could enter something like @code{(X-Yow . yow)} into the list. The function @code{yow} will then be called without any arguments. If the list contains a cons where the @sc{car} of the cons is @code{optional}, the @sc{cdr} of this cons will only be inserted if it is non-@code{nil}. If you want to delete an entry from this list, the following Lisp snippet might be useful. Adjust accordingly if you want to remove another element. @lisp (setq message-required-news-headers (delq 'Message-ID message-required-news-headers)) @end lisp Other variables for customizing outgoing news articles: @table @code @item message-syntax-checks @vindex message-syntax-checks Controls what syntax checks should not be performed on outgoing posts. To disable checking of long signatures, for instance, add @lisp (signature . disabled) @end lisp to this list. Valid checks are: @table @code @item approved @cindex approved Check whether the article has an @code{Approved} header, which is something only moderators should include. @item continuation-headers Check whether there are continuation header lines that don't begin with whitespace. @item control-chars Check for invalid characters. @item empty Check whether the article is empty. @item existing-newsgroups Check whether the newsgroups mentioned in the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-To} headers exist. @item from Check whether the @code{From} header seems nice. @item illegible-text Check whether there is any non-printable character in the body. @item invisible-text Check whether there is any invisible text in the buffer. @item long-header-lines Check for too long header lines. @item long-lines @cindex long lines Check for too long lines in the body. @item message-id Check whether the @code{Message-ID} looks syntactically ok. @item multiple-headers Check for the existence of multiple equal headers. @item new-text Check whether there is any new text in the messages. @item newsgroups Check whether the @code{Newsgroups} header exists and is not empty. @item quoting-style Check whether text follows last quoted portion. @item repeated-newsgroups Check whether the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-to} headers contains repeated group names. @item reply-to Check whether the @code{Reply-To} header looks ok. @item sender @cindex Sender Insert a new @code{Sender} header if the @code{From} header looks odd. @item sendsys @cindex sendsys Check for the existence of version and sendsys commands. @item shoot Check whether the domain part of the @code{Message-ID} header looks ok. @item shorten-followup-to Check whether to add a @code{Followup-to} header to shorten the number of groups to post to. @item signature Check the length of the signature. @item size Check for excessive size. @item subject Check whether the @code{Subject} header exists and is not empty. @item subject-cmsg Check the subject for commands. @item valid-newsgroups Check whether the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-to} headers are valid syntactically. @end table All these conditions are checked by default, except for @code{sender} for which the check is disabled by default if @code{message-insert-canlock} is non-@code{nil} (@pxref{Canceling News}). @item message-ignored-news-headers @vindex message-ignored-news-headers Regexp of headers to be removed before posting. The default is@* @samp{^NNTP-Posting-Host:\\|^Xref:\\|^[BGF]cc:\\|^Resent-Fcc:\\|@* ^X-Draft-From:\\|^X-Gnus-Agent-Meta-Information:}. @item message-default-news-headers @vindex message-default-news-headers This string is inserted at the end of the headers in all message buffers that are initialized as news. @end table @node News Variables @section News Variables @table @code @item message-send-news-function @vindex message-send-news-function Function used to send the current buffer as news. The default is @code{message-send-news}. @item message-post-method @vindex message-post-method Gnusish @dfn{select method} (see the Gnus manual for details) used for posting a prepared news message. @end table @node Insertion Variables @section Insertion Variables @table @code @item message-ignored-cited-headers @vindex message-ignored-cited-headers All headers that match this regexp will be removed from yanked messages. The default is @samp{.}, which means that all headers will be removed. @item message-cite-prefix-regexp @vindex message-cite-prefix-regexp Regexp matching the longest possible citation prefix on a line. @item message-citation-line-function @vindex message-citation-line-function @cindex attribution line Function called to insert the citation line. The default is @code{message-insert-citation-line}, which will lead to citation lines that look like: @example Hallvard B Furuseth writes: @end example Point will be at the beginning of the body of the message when this function is called. Note that Gnus provides a feature where clicking on `writes:' hides the cited text. If you change the citation line too much, readers of your messages will have to adjust their Gnus, too. See the variable @code{gnus-cite-attribution-suffix}. @xref{Article Highlighting, , Article Highlighting, gnus, The Gnus Manual}, for details. @item message-yank-prefix @vindex message-yank-prefix @cindex yanking @cindex quoting When you are replying to or following up an article, you normally want to quote the person you are answering. Inserting quoted text is done by @dfn{yanking}, and each line you yank will have @code{message-yank-prefix} prepended to it (except for quoted and empty lines which uses @code{message-yank-cited-prefix}). The default is @samp{> }. @item message-yank-cited-prefix @vindex message-yank-cited-prefix @cindex yanking @cindex cited @cindex quoting When yanking text from an article which contains no text or already cited text, each line will be prefixed with the contents of this variable. The default is @samp{>}. See also @code{message-yank-prefix}. @item message-indentation-spaces @vindex message-indentation-spaces Number of spaces to indent yanked messages. @item message-cite-function @vindex message-cite-function @findex message-cite-original @findex sc-cite-original @findex message-cite-original-without-signature @cindex Supercite Function for citing an original message. The default is @code{message-cite-original}, which simply inserts the original message and prepends @samp{> } to each line. @code{message-cite-original-without-signature} does the same, but elides the signature. You can also set it to @code{sc-cite-original} to use Supercite. @item message-indent-citation-function @vindex message-indent-citation-function Function for modifying a citation just inserted in the mail buffer. This can also be a list of functions. Each function can find the citation between @code{(point)} and @code{(mark t)}. And each function should leave point and mark around the citation text as modified. @item message-mark-insert-begin @vindex message-mark-insert-begin String to mark the beginning of some inserted text. @item message-mark-insert-end @vindex message-mark-insert-end String to mark the end of some inserted text. @item message-signature @vindex message-signature String to be inserted at the end of the message buffer. If @code{t} (which is the default), the @code{message-signature-file} file will be inserted instead. If a function, the result from the function will be used instead. If a form, the result from the form will be used instead. If this variable is @code{nil}, no signature will be inserted at all. @item message-signature-file @vindex message-signature-file File containing the signature to be inserted at the end of the buffer. The default is @file{~/.signature}. @item message-signature-insert-empty-line @vindex message-signature-insert-empty-line If @code{t} (the default value) an empty line is inserted before the signature separator. @end table Note that RFC1036bis says that a signature should be preceded by the three characters @samp{-- } on a line by themselves. This is to make it easier for the recipient to automatically recognize and process the signature. So don't remove those characters, even though you might feel that they ruin your beautiful design, like, totally. Also note that no signature should be more than four lines long. Including @acronym{ASCII} graphics is an efficient way to get everybody to believe that you are silly and have nothing important to say. @node Various Message Variables @section Various Message Variables @table @code @item message-default-charset @vindex message-default-charset @cindex charset Symbol naming a @acronym{MIME} charset. Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in messages are assumed to be encoded using this charset. The default is @code{iso-8859-1} on non-@sc{mule} Emacsen; otherwise @code{nil}, which means ask the user. (This variable is used only on non-@sc{mule} Emacsen.) @xref{Charset Translation, , Charset Translation, emacs-mime, Emacs MIME Manual}, for details on the @sc{mule}-to-@acronym{MIME} translation process. @item message-signature-separator @vindex message-signature-separator Regexp matching the signature separator. It is @samp{^-- *$} by default. @item mail-header-separator @vindex mail-header-separator String used to separate the headers from the body. It is @samp{--text follows this line--} by default. @item message-directory @vindex message-directory Directory used by many mailey things. The default is @file{~/Mail/}. All other mail file variables are derived from @code{message-directory}. @item message-auto-save-directory @vindex message-auto-save-directory Directory where Message auto-saves buffers if Gnus isn't running. If @code{nil}, Message won't auto-save. The default is @file{~/Mail/drafts/}. @item message-signature-setup-hook @vindex message-signature-setup-hook Hook run when initializing the message buffer. It is run after the headers have been inserted but before the signature has been inserted. @item message-setup-hook @vindex message-setup-hook Hook run as the last thing when the message buffer has been initialized, but before yanked text is inserted. @item message-header-setup-hook @vindex message-header-setup-hook Hook called narrowed to the headers after initializing the headers. For instance, if you're running Gnus and wish to insert a @samp{Mail-Copies-To} header in all your news articles and all messages you send to mailing lists, you could do something like the following: @lisp (defun my-message-header-setup-hook () (let ((group (or gnus-newsgroup-name ""))) (when (or (message-fetch-field "newsgroups") (gnus-group-find-parameter group 'to-address) (gnus-group-find-parameter group 'to-list)) (insert "Mail-Copies-To: never\n")))) (add-hook 'message-header-setup-hook 'my-message-header-setup-hook) @end lisp @item message-send-hook @vindex message-send-hook Hook run before sending messages. If you want to add certain headers before sending, you can use the @code{message-add-header} function in this hook. For instance: @findex message-add-header @lisp (add-hook 'message-send-hook 'my-message-add-content) (defun my-message-add-content () (message-add-header "X-In-No-Sense: Nonsense") (message-add-header "X-Whatever: no")) @end lisp This function won't add the header if the header is already present. @item message-send-mail-hook @vindex message-send-mail-hook Hook run before sending mail messages. This hook is run very late -- just before the message is actually sent as mail. @item message-send-news-hook @vindex message-send-news-hook Hook run before sending news messages. This hook is run very late -- just before the message is actually sent as news. @item message-sent-hook @vindex message-sent-hook Hook run after sending messages. @item message-cancel-hook @vindex message-cancel-hook Hook run when canceling news articles. @item message-mode-syntax-table @vindex message-mode-syntax-table Syntax table used in message mode buffers. @item message-strip-special-text-properties @vindex message-strip-special-text-properties Emacs has a number of special text properties which can break message composing in various ways. If this option is set, message will strip these properties from the message composition buffer. However, some packages requires these properties to be present in order to work. If you use one of these packages, turn this option off, and hope the message composition doesn't break too bad. @item message-send-method-alist @vindex message-send-method-alist @findex message-mail-p @findex message-news-p @findex message-send-via-mail @findex message-send-via-news Alist of ways to send outgoing messages. Each element has the form: @lisp (@var{type} @var{predicate} @var{function}) @end lisp @table @var @item type A symbol that names the method. @item predicate A function called without any parameters to determine whether the message is a message of type @var{type}. The function will be called in the buffer where the message is. @item function A function to be called if @var{predicate} returns non-@code{nil}. @var{function} is called with one parameter -- the prefix. @end table The default is: @lisp ((news message-news-p message-send-via-news) (mail message-mail-p message-send-via-mail)) @end lisp The @code{message-news-p} function returns non-@code{nil} if the message looks like news, and the @code{message-send-via-news} function sends the message according to the @code{message-send-news-function} variable (@pxref{News Variables}). The @code{message-mail-p} function returns non-@code{nil} if the message looks like mail, and the @code{message-send-via-mail} function sends the message according to the @code{message-send-mail-function} variable (@pxref{Mail Variables}). All the elements in this alist will be tried in order, so a message containing both a valid @samp{Newsgroups} header and a valid @samp{To} header, for example, will be sent as news, and then as mail. @end table @node Sending Variables @section Sending Variables @table @code @item message-fcc-handler-function @vindex message-fcc-handler-function A function called to save outgoing articles. This function will be called with the name of the file to store the article in. The default function is @code{message-output} which saves in Unix mailbox format. @item message-courtesy-message @vindex message-courtesy-message When sending combined messages, this string is inserted at the start of the mailed copy. If the string contains the format spec @samp{%s}, the newsgroups the article has been posted to will be inserted there. If this variable is @code{nil}, no such courtesy message will be added. The default value is @samp{"The following message is a courtesy copy of an article\\nthat has been posted to %s as well.\\n\\n"}. @item message-fcc-externalize-attachments @vindex message-fcc-externalize-attachments If @code{nil}, attach files as normal parts in Fcc copies; if it is non-@code{nil}, attach local files as external parts. @item message-interactive @vindex message-interactive If non-@code{nil} wait for and display errors when sending a message; if @code{nil} let the mailer mail back a message to report errors. @end table @node Message Buffers @section Message Buffers Message will generate new buffers with unique buffer names when you request a message buffer. When you send the message, the buffer isn't normally killed off. Its name is changed and a certain number of old message buffers are kept alive. @table @code @item message-generate-new-buffers @vindex message-generate-new-buffers Controls whether to create a new message buffer to compose a message. Valid values include: @table @code @item nil Generate the buffer name in the Message way (e.g., *mail*, *news*, *mail to whom*, *news on group*, etc.) and continue editing in the existing buffer of that name. If there is no such buffer, it will be newly created. @item unique @item t Create the new buffer with the name generated in the Message way. This is the default. @item unsent Similar to @code{unique} but the buffer name begins with "*unsent ". @item standard Similar to @code{nil} but the buffer name is simpler like *mail message*. @end table @table @var @item function If this is a function, call that function with three parameters: The type, the To address and the group name (any of these may be @code{nil}). The function should return the new buffer name. @end table The default value is @code{unique}. @item message-max-buffers @vindex message-max-buffers This variable says how many old message buffers to keep. If there are more message buffers than this, the oldest buffer will be killed. The default is 10. If this variable is @code{nil}, no old message buffers will ever be killed. @item message-send-rename-function @vindex message-send-rename-function After sending a message, the buffer is renamed from, for instance, @samp{*reply to Lars*} to @samp{*sent reply to Lars*}. If you don't like this, set this variable to a function that renames the buffer in a manner you like. If you don't want to rename the buffer at all, you can say: @lisp (setq message-send-rename-function 'ignore) @end lisp @item message-kill-buffer-on-exit @findex message-kill-buffer-on-exit If non-@code{nil}, kill the buffer immediately on exit. @end table @node Message Actions @section Message Actions When Message is being used from a news/mail reader, the reader is likely to want to perform some task after the message has been sent. Perhaps return to the previous window configuration or mark an article as replied. @vindex message-kill-actions @vindex message-postpone-actions @vindex message-exit-actions @vindex message-send-actions The user may exit from the message buffer in various ways. The most common is @kbd{C-c C-c}, which sends the message and exits. Other possibilities are @kbd{C-c C-s} which just sends the message, @kbd{C-c C-d} which postpones the message editing and buries the message buffer, and @kbd{C-c C-k} which kills the message buffer. Each of these actions have lists associated with them that contains actions to be executed: @code{message-send-actions}, @code{message-exit-actions}, @code{message-postpone-actions}, and @code{message-kill-actions}. Message provides a function to interface with these lists: @code{message-add-action}. The first parameter is the action to be added, and the rest of the arguments are which lists to add this action to. Here's an example from Gnus: @lisp (message-add-action `(set-window-configuration ,(current-window-configuration)) 'exit 'postpone 'kill) @end lisp This restores the Gnus window configuration when the message buffer is killed, postponed or exited. An @dfn{action} can be either: a normal function, or a list where the @sc{car} is a function and the @sc{cdr} is the list of arguments, or a form to be @code{eval}ed. @node Compatibility @chapter Compatibility @cindex compatibility Message uses virtually only its own variables---older @code{mail-} variables aren't consulted. To force Message to take those variables into account, you can put the following in your @file{.emacs} file: @lisp (require 'messcompat) @end lisp This will initialize many Message variables from the values in the corresponding mail variables. @node Appendices @chapter Appendices @menu * Responses:: Standard rules for determining where responses go. @end menu @node Responses @section Responses To determine where a message is to go, the following algorithm is used by default. @table @dfn @item reply A @dfn{reply} is when you want to respond @emph{just} to the person who sent the message via mail. There will only be one recipient. To determine who the recipient will be, the following headers are consulted, in turn: @table @code @item Reply-To @item From @end table @item wide reply A @dfn{wide reply} is a mail response that includes @emph{all} entities mentioned in the message you are responded to. All mailboxes from the following headers will be concatenated to form the outgoing @code{To}/@code{Cc} headers: @table @code @item From (unless there's a @code{Reply-To}, in which case that is used instead). @item Cc @item To @end table If a @code{Mail-Copies-To} header is present, it will also be included in the list of mailboxes. If this header is @samp{never}, that means that the @code{From} (or @code{Reply-To}) mailbox will be suppressed. @item followup A @dfn{followup} is a response sent via news. The following headers (listed in order of precedence) determine where the response is to be sent: @table @code @item Followup-To @item Newsgroups @end table If a @code{Mail-Copies-To} header is present, it will be used as the basis of the new @code{Cc} header, except if this header is @samp{never}. @end table @node GNU Free Documentation License @chapter GNU Free Documentation License @include doclicense.texi @node Index @chapter Index @printindex cp @node Key Index @chapter Key Index @printindex ky @summarycontents @contents @bye @c End: @ignore arch-tag: 16ab76af-a281-4e34-aed6-5624569f7601 @end ignore