(cherry picked from commit 40125ab3252453bf205ed906e46bf9741c27bf9d)

Co-authored-by: Irit Katriel <iritkatriel@yahoo.com>

* bpo-38070: _Py_DumpTraceback() writes <no Python frame> (GH-16244)

When a Python thread has no frame, _Py_DumpTraceback() and
_Py_DumpTracebackThreads() now write "<no Python frame>", rather than
writing nothing.

(cherry picked from commit 8fa3e1740b3f03ea65ddb68411c2238c5f98eec2)

* bpo-38070: Enhance _PyObject_Dump() (GH-16243)

_PyObject_Dump() now dumps the object address for freed objects and
objects with ob_type=NULL.

(cherry picked from commit b39afb78768418d9405c4b528c80fa968ccc974d)

* bpo-38070: Add _PyRuntimeState.preinitializing (GH-16245)

Add _PyRuntimeState.preinitializing field: set to 1 while
Py_PreInitialize() is running.

_PyRuntimeState: rename also pre_initialized field to preinitialized.

(cherry picked from commit d3b904144e86e2442961de6a7dccecbe133d5c6d)

* bpo-38070: Py_FatalError() logs runtime state (GH-16246)


(cherry picked from commit 1ce16fb0977283ae42a9f8917bbca5f44aa69324)

Automatically replace
tp_print -> tp_vectorcall_offset
tp_compare -> tp_as_async
tp_reserved -> tp_as_async

PyErr_WriteUnraisable() now creates a traceback object if there is no
current traceback. Moreover, call PyErr_NormalizeException() and
PyException_SetTraceback() to normalize the exception value. Ignore
silently any error.

Add new trashcan macros to deal with a double deallocation that could occur when the `tp_dealloc` of a subclass calls the `tp_dealloc` of a base class and that base class uses the trashcan mechanism.

Patch by Jeroen Demeyer.

Fix also return type for few other functions (clear, releasebuffer).

Rename Include/internal/ headers:

* pycore_hash.h -> pycore_pyhash.h
* pycore_lifecycle.h -> pycore_pylifecycle.h
* pycore_mem.h -> pycore_pymem.h
* pycore_state.h -> pycore_pystate.h

Add missing headers to Makefile.pre.in and PCbuild:

* pycore_condvar.h.
* pycore_hamt.h
* pycore_pyhash.h

* Rename Include/internal/ header files:

  * pyatomic.h -> pycore_atomic.h
  * ceval.h -> pycore_ceval.h
  * condvar.h -> pycore_condvar.h
  * context.h -> pycore_context.h
  * pygetopt.h -> pycore_getopt.h
  * gil.h -> pycore_gil.h
  * hamt.h -> pycore_hamt.h
  * hash.h -> pycore_hash.h
  * mem.h -> pycore_mem.h
  * pystate.h -> pycore_state.h
  * warnings.h -> pycore_warnings.h

* PCbuild project, Makefile.pre.in, Modules/Setup: add the
  Include/internal/ directory to the search paths of header files.
* Update includes. For example, replace #include "internal/mem.h"
  with #include "pycore_mem.h".

The recursive frame pruning code always undercounted the number of elided frames
by one. That is, in the "[Previous line repeated N more times]" message, N would
always be one too few. Near the recursive pruning cutoff, one frame could be
silently dropped. That situation is demonstrated in the OP of the bug report.

The fix is to start the identical frame counter at 1.

METH_NOARGS functions need only a single argument but they are cast
into a PyCFunction, which takes two arguments.  This triggers an
invalid function cast warning in gcc8 due to the argument mismatch.
Fix this by adding a dummy unused argument.