PyObject_IsInstance(), PyObject_RichCompareBool() and _PyDict_Contains()
to check for and handle errors correctly.

"xmlcharrefreplace", and "surrogatepass" error handlers.

- io.TextIOWrapper (and hence the open() builtin) now use the
  internal codec marking system added for issue #19619
- also tweaked the C code to only look up the encoding once,
  rather than multiple times
- the existing output type checks remain in place to deal with
  unmarked third party codecs.

str.encode, bytes.decode and bytearray.decode now use an
internal API to throw LookupError for known non-text encodings,
rather than attempting the encoding or decoding operation and
then throwing a TypeError for an unexpected output type.

The latter mechanism remains in place for third party non-text
encodings.

The utf-16* and utf-32* encoders no longer allow surrogate code points
(U+D800-U+DFFF) to be encoded.
The utf-32* decoders no longer decode byte sequences that correspond to
surrogate code points.
The surrogatepass error handler now works with the utf-16* and utf-32* codecs.

Based on patches by Victor Stinner and Kang-Hao (Kenny) Lu.

- output type errors now redirect users to the type-neutral
  convenience functions in the codecs module
- stateless errors that occur during encoding and decoding
  will now be automatically wrapped in exceptions that give
  the name of the codec involved