(backport from rev. 56280)

This was started by Mike Bland and completed by Guido
(with help from Neal).

This still needs a __future__ statement added;
Thomas is working on Michael's patch for that aspect.

There's a small amount of code cleanup and refactoring
in ast.c, compile.c and ceval.c (I fixed the lltrace
behavior when EXT_POP is used -- however I had to make
lltrace a static global).

Reduces the cost of "not" to almost zero.

Add a new opcode, LIST_APPEND, and apply it to the code generation for
list comprehensions.  Reduces the per-loop overhead by about a third.

The additional code complexity and new NOP opcode were not worth it.

* Can now test for basic blocks.
* Optimize inverted comparisions.
* Optimize unary_not followed by a conditional jump.
* Added a new opcode, NOP, to keep code size constant.
* Applied NOP to previous transformations where appropriate.

Note, the NOP would not be necessary if other functions were
added to re-target jump addresses and update the co_lnotab mapping.
That would yield slightly faster and cleaner bytecode at the
expense of optimizer simplicity and of keeping it decoupled
from the line-numbering structure.

Use a slightly different strategy to determine when not to call the line
trace function.  This removes the need for the RETURN_NONE opcode, so
that's gone again.  Update docs and comments to match.

Thanks to Neal and Armin!

Also add a test suite.  This should have come with the original patch...

[ 587993 ] SET_LINENO killer

Remove SET_LINENO.  Tracing is now supported by inspecting co_lnotab.

Many sundry changes to document and adapt to this change.