Update the vendored copy of libexpat to 2.4.1 (from 2.2.8) to get the
fix for the CVE-2013-0340 "Billion Laughs" vulnerability. This copy
is most used on Windows and macOS.

Co-authored-by: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>

Co-authored-by: Łukasz Langa <lukasz@langa.pl>.
(cherry picked from commit 3fc5d84046ddbd66abac5b598956ea34605a4e5d)

Use the "volatile" keyword to prevent tail call optimization
on any compiler, rather than relying on compiler specific pragma.
(cherry picked from commit 8b787964e0a647caa0558b7c29ae501470d727d9)

Co-authored-by: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
(cherry picked from commit 5044c889dfced2f43e2cccb673d889a4882f6b3b)

Co-authored-by: Miss Islington (bot) <31488909+miss-islington@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Miguel Brito <5544985+miguendes@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Łukasz Langa <lukasz@langa.pl>
(cherry picked from commit 0897253f426068ea6a6fbe0ada01689af9ef1019)

Various date parsing utilities in the email module, such as
email.utils.parsedate(), are supposed to gracefully handle invalid
input, typically by raising an appropriate exception or by returning
None.

The internal email._parseaddr._parsedate_tz() helper used by some of
these date parsing routines tries to be robust against malformed input,
but unfortunately it can still crash ungracefully when a non-empty but
whitespace-only input is passed. This manifests as an unexpected
IndexError.

In practice, this can happen when parsing an email with only a newline
inside a ‘Date:’ header, which unfortunately happens occasionally in the
real world.

Here's a minimal example:

    $ python
    Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 30 2021, 10:22:16)
    [GCC 11.1.0] on linux
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> import email.utils
    >>> email.utils.parsedate('foo')
    >>> email.utils.parsedate(' ')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
      File "/usr/lib/python3.9/email/_parseaddr.py", line 176, in parsedate
        t = parsedate_tz(data)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.9/email/_parseaddr.py", line 50, in parsedate_tz
        res = _parsedate_tz(data)
      File "/usr/lib/python3.9/email/_parseaddr.py", line 72, in _parsedate_tz
        if data[0].endswith(',') or data[0].lower() in _daynames:
    IndexError: list index out of range

The fix is rather straight-forward: guard against empty lists, after
splitting on whitespace, but before accessing the first element.
(cherry picked from commit 989f6a3800f06b2bd31cfef7c3269a443ad94fac)

Co-authored-by: wouter bolsterlee <wouter@bolsterl.ee>