/* Python interface to inferiors. Copyright (C) 2009-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GDB. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . */ #include "defs.h" #include "auto-load.h" #include "gdbcore.h" #include "gdbthread.h" #include "inferior.h" #include "objfiles.h" #include "observable.h" #include "python-internal.h" #include "arch-utils.h" #include "language.h" #include "gdbsupport/gdb_signals.h" #include "py-event.h" #include "py-stopevent.h" #include using thread_map_t = std::unordered_map>; struct inferior_object { PyObject_HEAD /* The inferior we represent. */ struct inferior *inferior; /* thread_object instances under this inferior. This owns a reference to each object it contains. */ thread_map_t *threads; }; extern PyTypeObject inferior_object_type CPYCHECKER_TYPE_OBJECT_FOR_TYPEDEF ("inferior_object"); /* Deleter to clean up when an inferior is removed. */ struct infpy_deleter { void operator() (inferior_object *obj) { if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py; gdbpy_ref inf_obj (obj); inf_obj->inferior = NULL; delete inf_obj->threads; } }; static const registry::key infpy_inf_data_key; /* Require that INFERIOR be a valid inferior ID. */ #define INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID(Inferior) \ do { \ if (!Inferior->inferior) \ { \ PyErr_SetString (PyExc_RuntimeError, \ _("Inferior no longer exists.")); \ return NULL; \ } \ } while (0) static void python_on_normal_stop (struct bpstat *bs, int print_frame) { enum gdb_signal stop_signal; if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; if (inferior_ptid == null_ptid) return; stop_signal = inferior_thread ()->stop_signal (); gdbpy_enter enter_py; if (emit_stop_event (bs, stop_signal) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } static void python_on_resume (ptid_t ptid) { if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py (target_gdbarch ()); if (emit_continue_event (ptid) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } /* Callback, registered as an observer, that notifies Python listeners when an inferior function call is about to be made. */ static void python_on_inferior_call_pre (ptid_t thread, CORE_ADDR address) { gdbpy_enter enter_py (target_gdbarch ()); if (emit_inferior_call_event (INFERIOR_CALL_PRE, thread, address) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } /* Callback, registered as an observer, that notifies Python listeners when an inferior function call has completed. */ static void python_on_inferior_call_post (ptid_t thread, CORE_ADDR address) { gdbpy_enter enter_py (target_gdbarch ()); if (emit_inferior_call_event (INFERIOR_CALL_POST, thread, address) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } /* Callback, registered as an observer, that notifies Python listeners when a part of memory has been modified by user action (eg via a 'set' command). */ static void python_on_memory_change (struct inferior *inferior, CORE_ADDR addr, ssize_t len, const bfd_byte *data) { gdbpy_enter enter_py (target_gdbarch ()); if (emit_memory_changed_event (addr, len) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } /* Callback, registered as an observer, that notifies Python listeners when a register has been modified by user action (eg via a 'set' command). */ static void python_on_register_change (frame_info_ptr frame, int regnum) { gdbpy_enter enter_py (target_gdbarch ()); if (emit_register_changed_event (frame, regnum) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } static void python_inferior_exit (struct inferior *inf) { const LONGEST *exit_code = NULL; if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py (target_gdbarch ()); if (inf->has_exit_code) exit_code = &inf->exit_code; if (emit_exited_event (exit_code, inf) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } /* Callback used to notify Python listeners about new objfiles loaded in the inferior. OBJFILE may be NULL which means that the objfile list has been cleared (emptied). */ static void python_new_objfile (struct objfile *objfile) { if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py (objfile != NULL ? objfile->arch () : target_gdbarch ()); if (objfile == NULL) { if (emit_clear_objfiles_event () < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } else { if (emit_new_objfile_event (objfile) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } } /* Emit a Python event when an objfile is about to be removed. */ static void python_free_objfile (struct objfile *objfile) { if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py (objfile->arch ()); if (emit_free_objfile_event (objfile) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } /* Return a reference to the Python object of type Inferior representing INFERIOR. If the object has already been created, return it and increment the reference count, otherwise, create it. Return NULL on failure. */ gdbpy_ref inferior_to_inferior_object (struct inferior *inferior) { inferior_object *inf_obj; inf_obj = infpy_inf_data_key.get (inferior); if (!inf_obj) { inf_obj = PyObject_New (inferior_object, &inferior_object_type); if (!inf_obj) return NULL; inf_obj->inferior = inferior; inf_obj->threads = new thread_map_t (); /* PyObject_New initializes the new object with a refcount of 1. This counts for the reference we are keeping in the inferior data. */ infpy_inf_data_key.set (inferior, inf_obj); } /* We are returning a new reference. */ gdb_assert (inf_obj != nullptr); return gdbpy_ref::new_reference (inf_obj); } /* Called when a new inferior is created. Notifies any Python event listeners. */ static void python_new_inferior (struct inferior *inf) { if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py; if (evregpy_no_listeners_p (gdb_py_events.new_inferior)) return; gdbpy_ref inf_obj = inferior_to_inferior_object (inf); if (inf_obj == NULL) { gdbpy_print_stack (); return; } gdbpy_ref<> event = create_event_object (&new_inferior_event_object_type); if (event == NULL || evpy_add_attribute (event.get (), "inferior", (PyObject *) inf_obj.get ()) < 0 || evpy_emit_event (event.get (), gdb_py_events.new_inferior) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } /* Called when an inferior is removed. Notifies any Python event listeners. */ static void python_inferior_deleted (struct inferior *inf) { if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py; if (evregpy_no_listeners_p (gdb_py_events.inferior_deleted)) return; gdbpy_ref inf_obj = inferior_to_inferior_object (inf); if (inf_obj == NULL) { gdbpy_print_stack (); return; } gdbpy_ref<> event = create_event_object (&inferior_deleted_event_object_type); if (event == NULL || evpy_add_attribute (event.get (), "inferior", (PyObject *) inf_obj.get ()) < 0 || evpy_emit_event (event.get (), gdb_py_events.inferior_deleted) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } gdbpy_ref<> thread_to_thread_object (thread_info *thr) { gdbpy_ref inf_obj = inferior_to_inferior_object (thr->inf); if (inf_obj == NULL) return NULL; auto thread_it = inf_obj->threads->find (thr); if (thread_it != inf_obj->threads->end ()) return gdbpy_ref<>::new_reference ((PyObject *) (thread_it->second.get ())); PyErr_SetString (PyExc_SystemError, _("could not find gdb thread object")); return NULL; } static void add_thread_object (struct thread_info *tp) { inferior_object *inf_obj; if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py; gdbpy_ref thread_obj = create_thread_object (tp); if (thread_obj == NULL) { gdbpy_print_stack (); return; } inf_obj = (inferior_object *) thread_obj->inf_obj; auto ins_result = inf_obj->threads->emplace (thread_map_t::value_type (tp, std::move (thread_obj))); if (!ins_result.second) return; if (evregpy_no_listeners_p (gdb_py_events.new_thread)) return; gdbpy_ref<> event = create_thread_event_object (&new_thread_event_object_type, (PyObject *) ins_result.first->second.get ()); if (event == NULL || evpy_emit_event (event.get (), gdb_py_events.new_thread) < 0) gdbpy_print_stack (); } static void delete_thread_object (struct thread_info *tp, int ignore) { if (!gdb_python_initialized) return; gdbpy_enter enter_py; gdbpy_ref inf_obj = inferior_to_inferior_object (tp->inf); if (inf_obj == NULL) return; auto it = inf_obj->threads->find (tp); if (it != inf_obj->threads->end ()) { /* Some python code can still hold a reference to the thread_object instance. Make sure to remove the link to the associated thread_info object as it will be freed soon. This makes the python object invalid (i.e. gdb.InfThread.is_valid returns False). */ it->second->thread = nullptr; inf_obj->threads->erase (it); } } static PyObject * infpy_threads (PyObject *self, PyObject *args) { int i = 0; inferior_object *inf_obj = (inferior_object *) self; PyObject *tuple; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf_obj); try { update_thread_list (); } catch (const gdb_exception &except) { GDB_PY_HANDLE_EXCEPTION (except); } tuple = PyTuple_New (inf_obj->threads->size ()); if (!tuple) return NULL; for (const thread_map_t::value_type &entry : *inf_obj->threads) { PyObject *thr = (PyObject *) entry.second.get (); Py_INCREF (thr); PyTuple_SET_ITEM (tuple, i, thr); i = i + 1; } return tuple; } static PyObject * infpy_get_num (PyObject *self, void *closure) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf); return gdb_py_object_from_longest (inf->inferior->num).release (); } /* Return the gdb.TargetConnection object for this inferior, or None if a connection does not exist. */ static PyObject * infpy_get_connection (PyObject *self, void *closure) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf); process_stratum_target *target = inf->inferior->process_target (); return target_to_connection_object (target).release (); } /* Return the connection number of the given inferior, or None if a connection does not exist. */ static PyObject * infpy_get_connection_num (PyObject *self, void *closure) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf); process_stratum_target *target = inf->inferior->process_target (); if (target == nullptr) Py_RETURN_NONE; return gdb_py_object_from_longest (target->connection_number).release (); } static PyObject * infpy_get_pid (PyObject *self, void *closure) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf); return gdb_py_object_from_longest (inf->inferior->pid).release (); } static PyObject * infpy_get_was_attached (PyObject *self, void *closure) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf); if (inf->inferior->attach_flag) Py_RETURN_TRUE; Py_RETURN_FALSE; } /* Getter of gdb.Inferior.progspace. */ static PyObject * infpy_get_progspace (PyObject *self, void *closure) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf); program_space *pspace = inf->inferior->pspace; gdb_assert (pspace != nullptr); return pspace_to_pspace_object (pspace).release (); } /* Implementation of gdb.inferiors () -> (gdb.Inferior, ...). Returns a tuple of all inferiors. */ PyObject * gdbpy_inferiors (PyObject *unused, PyObject *unused2) { gdbpy_ref<> list (PyList_New (0)); if (list == NULL) return NULL; for (inferior *inf : all_inferiors ()) { gdbpy_ref inferior = inferior_to_inferior_object (inf); if (inferior == NULL) continue; if (PyList_Append (list.get (), (PyObject *) inferior.get ()) != 0) return NULL; } return PyList_AsTuple (list.get ()); } /* Membuf and memory manipulation. */ /* Implementation of Inferior.read_memory (address, length). Returns a Python buffer object with LENGTH bytes of the inferior's memory at ADDRESS. Both arguments are integers. Returns NULL on error, with a python exception set. */ static PyObject * infpy_read_memory (PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) { CORE_ADDR addr, length; gdb::unique_xmalloc_ptr buffer; PyObject *addr_obj, *length_obj; static const char *keywords[] = { "address", "length", NULL }; if (!gdb_PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords (args, kw, "OO", keywords, &addr_obj, &length_obj)) return NULL; if (get_addr_from_python (addr_obj, &addr) < 0 || get_addr_from_python (length_obj, &length) < 0) return NULL; try { buffer.reset ((gdb_byte *) xmalloc (length)); read_memory (addr, buffer.get (), length); } catch (const gdb_exception &except) { GDB_PY_HANDLE_EXCEPTION (except); } return gdbpy_buffer_to_membuf (std::move (buffer), addr, length); } /* Implementation of Inferior.write_memory (address, buffer [, length]). Writes the contents of BUFFER (a Python object supporting the read buffer protocol) at ADDRESS in the inferior's memory. Write LENGTH bytes from BUFFER, or its entire contents if the argument is not provided. The function returns nothing. Returns NULL on error, with a python exception set. */ static PyObject * infpy_write_memory (PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) { struct gdb_exception except; Py_ssize_t buf_len; const gdb_byte *buffer; CORE_ADDR addr, length; PyObject *addr_obj, *length_obj = NULL; static const char *keywords[] = { "address", "buffer", "length", NULL }; Py_buffer pybuf; if (!gdb_PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords (args, kw, "Os*|O", keywords, &addr_obj, &pybuf, &length_obj)) return NULL; Py_buffer_up buffer_up (&pybuf); buffer = (const gdb_byte *) pybuf.buf; buf_len = pybuf.len; if (get_addr_from_python (addr_obj, &addr) < 0) return nullptr; if (!length_obj) length = buf_len; else if (get_addr_from_python (length_obj, &length) < 0) return nullptr; try { write_memory_with_notification (addr, buffer, length); } catch (gdb_exception &ex) { except = std::move (ex); } GDB_PY_HANDLE_EXCEPTION (except); Py_RETURN_NONE; } /* Implementation of gdb.search_memory (address, length, pattern). ADDRESS is the address to start the search. LENGTH specifies the scope of the search from ADDRESS. PATTERN is the pattern to search for (and must be a Python object supporting the buffer protocol). Returns a Python Long object holding the address where the pattern was located, or if the pattern was not found, returns None. Returns NULL on error, with a python exception set. */ static PyObject * infpy_search_memory (PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) { struct gdb_exception except; CORE_ADDR start_addr, length; static const char *keywords[] = { "address", "length", "pattern", NULL }; PyObject *start_addr_obj, *length_obj; Py_ssize_t pattern_size; const gdb_byte *buffer; CORE_ADDR found_addr; int found = 0; Py_buffer pybuf; if (!gdb_PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords (args, kw, "OOs*", keywords, &start_addr_obj, &length_obj, &pybuf)) return NULL; Py_buffer_up buffer_up (&pybuf); buffer = (const gdb_byte *) pybuf.buf; pattern_size = pybuf.len; if (get_addr_from_python (start_addr_obj, &start_addr) < 0) return nullptr; if (get_addr_from_python (length_obj, &length) < 0) return nullptr; if (!length) { PyErr_SetString (PyExc_ValueError, _("Search range is empty.")); return nullptr; } /* Watch for overflows. */ else if (length > CORE_ADDR_MAX || (start_addr + length - 1) < start_addr) { PyErr_SetString (PyExc_ValueError, _("The search range is too large.")); return nullptr; } try { found = target_search_memory (start_addr, length, buffer, pattern_size, &found_addr); } catch (gdb_exception &ex) { except = std::move (ex); } GDB_PY_HANDLE_EXCEPTION (except); if (found) return gdb_py_object_from_ulongest (found_addr).release (); else Py_RETURN_NONE; } /* Implementation of gdb.Inferior.is_valid (self) -> Boolean. Returns True if this inferior object still exists in GDB. */ static PyObject * infpy_is_valid (PyObject *self, PyObject *args) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; if (! inf->inferior) Py_RETURN_FALSE; Py_RETURN_TRUE; } /* Implementation of gdb.Inferior.thread_from_handle (self, handle) -> gdb.InferiorThread. */ static PyObject * infpy_thread_from_thread_handle (PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) { PyObject *handle_obj; inferior_object *inf_obj = (inferior_object *) self; static const char *keywords[] = { "handle", NULL }; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf_obj); if (! gdb_PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords (args, kw, "O", keywords, &handle_obj)) return NULL; const gdb_byte *bytes; size_t bytes_len; Py_buffer_up buffer_up; Py_buffer py_buf; if (PyObject_CheckBuffer (handle_obj) && PyObject_GetBuffer (handle_obj, &py_buf, PyBUF_SIMPLE) == 0) { buffer_up.reset (&py_buf); bytes = (const gdb_byte *) py_buf.buf; bytes_len = py_buf.len; } else if (gdbpy_is_value_object (handle_obj)) { struct value *val = value_object_to_value (handle_obj); bytes = val->contents_all ().data (); bytes_len = val->type ()->length (); } else { PyErr_SetString (PyExc_TypeError, _("Argument 'handle' must be a thread handle object.")); return NULL; } try { struct thread_info *thread_info; thread_info = find_thread_by_handle (gdb::array_view (bytes, bytes_len), inf_obj->inferior); if (thread_info != NULL) return thread_to_thread_object (thread_info).release (); } catch (const gdb_exception &except) { GDB_PY_HANDLE_EXCEPTION (except); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } /* Implementation of gdb.Inferior.architecture. */ static PyObject * infpy_architecture (PyObject *self, PyObject *args) { inferior_object *inf = (inferior_object *) self; INFPY_REQUIRE_VALID (inf); return gdbarch_to_arch_object (inf->inferior->gdbarch); } /* Implement repr() for gdb.Inferior. */ static PyObject * infpy_repr (PyObject *obj) { inferior_object *self = (inferior_object *) obj; inferior *inf = self->inferior; if (inf == nullptr) return PyUnicode_FromString (""); return PyUnicode_FromFormat ("", inf->num, inf->pid); } static void infpy_dealloc (PyObject *obj) { inferior_object *inf_obj = (inferior_object *) obj; /* The inferior itself holds a reference to this Python object, which will keep the reference count of this object above zero until GDB deletes the inferior and py_free_inferior is called. Once py_free_inferior has been called then the link between this Python object and the inferior is set to nullptr, and then the reference count on this Python object is decremented. The result of all this is that the link between this Python object and the inferior should always have been set to nullptr before this function is called. */ gdb_assert (inf_obj->inferior == nullptr); Py_TYPE (obj)->tp_free (obj); } /* Implementation of gdb.selected_inferior() -> gdb.Inferior. Returns the current inferior object. */ PyObject * gdbpy_selected_inferior (PyObject *self, PyObject *args) { return ((PyObject *) inferior_to_inferior_object (current_inferior ()).release ()); } static int CPYCHECKER_NEGATIVE_RESULT_SETS_EXCEPTION gdbpy_initialize_inferior (void) { if (PyType_Ready (&inferior_object_type) < 0) return -1; if (gdb_pymodule_addobject (gdb_module, "Inferior", (PyObject *) &inferior_object_type) < 0) return -1; gdb::observers::new_thread.attach (add_thread_object, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::thread_exit.attach (delete_thread_object, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::normal_stop.attach (python_on_normal_stop, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::target_resumed.attach (python_on_resume, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::inferior_call_pre.attach (python_on_inferior_call_pre, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::inferior_call_post.attach (python_on_inferior_call_post, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::memory_changed.attach (python_on_memory_change, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::register_changed.attach (python_on_register_change, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::inferior_exit.attach (python_inferior_exit, "py-inferior"); /* Need to run after auto-load's new_objfile observer, so that auto-loaded pretty-printers are available. */ gdb::observers::new_objfile.attach (python_new_objfile, "py-inferior", { &auto_load_new_objfile_observer_token }); gdb::observers::free_objfile.attach (python_free_objfile, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::inferior_added.attach (python_new_inferior, "py-inferior"); gdb::observers::inferior_removed.attach (python_inferior_deleted, "py-inferior"); return 0; } GDBPY_INITIALIZE_FILE (gdbpy_initialize_inferior); static gdb_PyGetSetDef inferior_object_getset[] = { { "num", infpy_get_num, NULL, "ID of inferior, as assigned by GDB.", NULL }, { "connection", infpy_get_connection, NULL, "The gdb.TargetConnection for this inferior.", NULL }, { "connection_num", infpy_get_connection_num, NULL, "ID of inferior's connection, as assigned by GDB.", NULL }, { "pid", infpy_get_pid, NULL, "PID of inferior, as assigned by the OS.", NULL }, { "was_attached", infpy_get_was_attached, NULL, "True if the inferior was created using 'attach'.", NULL }, { "progspace", infpy_get_progspace, NULL, "Program space of this inferior" }, { NULL } }; static PyMethodDef inferior_object_methods[] = { { "is_valid", infpy_is_valid, METH_NOARGS, "is_valid () -> Boolean.\n\ Return true if this inferior is valid, false if not." }, { "threads", infpy_threads, METH_NOARGS, "Return all the threads of this inferior." }, { "read_memory", (PyCFunction) infpy_read_memory, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "read_memory (address, length) -> buffer\n\ Return a buffer object for reading from the inferior's memory." }, { "write_memory", (PyCFunction) infpy_write_memory, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "write_memory (address, buffer [, length])\n\ Write the given buffer object to the inferior's memory." }, { "search_memory", (PyCFunction) infpy_search_memory, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "search_memory (address, length, pattern) -> long\n\ Return a long with the address of a match, or None." }, /* thread_from_thread_handle is deprecated. */ { "thread_from_thread_handle", (PyCFunction) infpy_thread_from_thread_handle, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "thread_from_thread_handle (handle) -> gdb.InferiorThread.\n\ Return thread object corresponding to thread handle.\n\ This method is deprecated - use thread_from_handle instead." }, { "thread_from_handle", (PyCFunction) infpy_thread_from_thread_handle, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "thread_from_handle (handle) -> gdb.InferiorThread.\n\ Return thread object corresponding to thread handle." }, { "architecture", (PyCFunction) infpy_architecture, METH_NOARGS, "architecture () -> gdb.Architecture\n\ Return architecture of this inferior." }, { NULL } }; PyTypeObject inferior_object_type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT (NULL, 0) "gdb.Inferior", /* tp_name */ sizeof (inferior_object), /* tp_basicsize */ 0, /* tp_itemsize */ infpy_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */ 0, /* tp_print */ 0, /* tp_getattr */ 0, /* tp_setattr */ 0, /* tp_compare */ infpy_repr, /* tp_repr */ 0, /* tp_as_number */ 0, /* tp_as_sequence */ 0, /* tp_as_mapping */ 0, /* tp_hash */ 0, /* tp_call */ 0, /* tp_str */ 0, /* tp_getattro */ 0, /* tp_setattro */ 0, /* tp_as_buffer */ Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, /* tp_flags */ "GDB inferior object", /* tp_doc */ 0, /* tp_traverse */ 0, /* tp_clear */ 0, /* tp_richcompare */ 0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */ 0, /* tp_iter */ 0, /* tp_iternext */ inferior_object_methods, /* tp_methods */ 0, /* tp_members */ inferior_object_getset, /* tp_getset */ 0, /* tp_base */ 0, /* tp_dict */ 0, /* tp_descr_get */ 0, /* tp_descr_set */ 0, /* tp_dictoffset */ 0, /* tp_init */ 0 /* tp_alloc */ };